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In Australia, the deep-water (bathyal and abyssal) benthic invertebrate fauna is poorly known in comparison with that of shallow (subtidal and shelf) habitats. Benthic fauna from the deep eastern Australian margin was sampled systematically for the first time during 2017 RV ‘Investigator’ voyage ‘Sampling the Abyss’. Box core, Brenke sledge, and beam trawl samples were collected at one-degree intervals from Tasmania, 42°S, to southern Queensland, 24°S, from 900 to 4800 m depth. Annelids collected were identified by taxonomic experts on individual families around the world. A complete list of all identified species is presented, accompanied with brief morphological diagnoses, taxonomic remarks, and colour images. A total of more than 6000 annelid specimens consisting of 50 families (47 Polychaeta, one Echiura, two Sipuncula) and 214 species were recovered. Twenty-seven species were given valid names, 45 were assigned the qualifier cf., 87 the qualifier sp., and 55 species were considered new to science. Geographical ranges of 16 morphospecies extended along the eastern Australian margin to the Great Australian Bight, South Australia; however, these ranges need to be confirmed with genetic data. This work providing critical baseline biodiversity data on an important group of benthic invertebrates from a virtually unknown region of the world’s ocean will act as a springboard for future taxonomic and biogeographic studies in the area.

We present DNA taxonomy of abyssal polychaete worms from the eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ), central Pacific Ocean, using material collected as part of the Abyssal Baseline (ABYSSLINE) environmental survey cruises ‘AB01’ and ‘AB02’ to the UK Seabed Resources Ltd (UKSRL) polymetallic nodule exploration contract area ‘UK-1’, the Ocean Mineral Singapore exploration contract area ‘OMS-1’ and an Area of Particular Environmental Interest, ‘APEI-6’. This is the fourth paper in a series to provide regional taxonomic data with previous papers reporting on Cnidaria, Echinodermata and Mollusca. Taxonomic data are presented for 23 species from 85 records within four polychaete families: Capitellidae, Opheliidae, Scalibregmatidae and Travisiidae, identified by a combination of morphological and genetic data, including molecular phylogenetic analyses. Two taxa (genetically separated from one another) morphologically matched the same known cosmopolitan species,Ophelina abranchiatathat has a type locality in a different ocean basin and depth from where no genetic data was available. These two species were assigned the open nomenclature ‘cf.’ as a precautionary approach in taxon assignments to avoid over-estimating species ranges. Twelve (12) taxa are here described as new species,Ammotrypanella keenanisp. nov.,Ammotrypanella kerstenisp. nov.,Ophelina curlisp. nov.,Ophelina ganaesp. nov.,Ophelina juhazisp. nov.,Ophelina martinezarbizuisp. nov.,Ophelina meyeraesp. nov.,Ophelina nunnallyisp. nov.,Oligobregma brasieraesp. nov.,Oligobregma tanisp. nov.,Oligobregma whaleyisp. nov.andTravisia ziegleraesp. nov.For the remaining nine taxa, we have determined them to be potentially new species, for which we make the raw data, imagery and vouchers available for future taxonomic study. The CCZ is a region undergoing intense exploration for potential deep-sea mineral extraction from polymetallic nodules. We present these data to facilitate future taxonomic and environmental impact study by making both data and voucher materials available through curated and accessible biological collections.

Scalibregmatidae is a small annelid family of subsurface deposit feeders in sand or mud, which are generally well adapted to infaunal burrowing. The overall morphology of Scalibregmatidae is very similar, with thick bodies, small parapodia, and no prostomial appendages or short horns. The only exception is members of the genera Axiokebuita and Speleobregma that most frequently inhabit crevices or gravel and possess extensive ventral ciliated palps and globular adhesive pygidium. Character reconstruction using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods show that ciliated palps and adhesive pygidium are synapomorphies of the Axiokebuita–Speleobregma clade. The most likely transformation series is from horns to ciliated palps, the origin of which correlates with the occurrence of Axiokebuita and Speleobregma in crevices or gravel. The wide spaces among rocks or granules yield high permeability and inertial water flow, preventing deposition of organic matter. Under these flow conditions that differ significantly from those of sand or mud bottom, ciliated palps aid to the collection of suspended particles and an adhesive pygidium provides attachment. With palps being a highly debated character in annelid evolution, it is remarkable that prominent ciliated palps are gained within a lineage of ancestrally nonpalpate annelids, most likely increasing their fitness when colonizing a new environment.

The Antarctic marine environment is a diverse ecosystem currently experiencing some of the fastest rates of climatic change. The documentation and management of these changes requires accurate estimates of species diversity. Recently, there has been an increased recognition of the abundance and importance of cryptic species, i.e. those that are morphologically identical but genetically distinct. This article presents the largest genetic investigation into the prevalence of cryptic polychaete species within the deep Antarctic benthos to date. We uncover cryptic diversity in 50% of the 15 morphospecies targeted through the comparison of mitochondrial DNA sequences, as well as 10 previously overlooked morphospecies, increasing the total species richness in the sample by 233%. Our ability to describe universal rules for the detection of cryptic species within polychaetes, or normalization to expected number of species based on genetic data is prevented by taxon-specific differences in phylogenetic outputs and genetic variation between and within potential cryptic species. These data provide the foundation for biogeographic and functional analysis that will provide insight into the drivers of species diversity and its role in ecosystem function.

[Abstract] The deep-sea genus Axiokebuita (Annelida, Scalibregmatidae) has hitherto been considered to contain two species, Axiokebuita minuta (Hartman, 1967) and Axiokebuita millsi Pocklington and Fournier, 1987, each rarely recorded in the literature and both supposedly having bipolar distributions. From the study of some types, other museum collection material, plus newly collected specimens from the slope depths of the Bellingshausen Sea and off the Antarctic Peninsula (Antarctica), Iceland and Iberian Peninsula, as well as from hydrothermal vents of the southeastern Pacific Ocean, the taxonomic history of the genus is revisited. Based on the results of this study, the features traditionally used to distinguish between the two species are actually the same in both. Therefore, A. millsi is proposed to be synonymised with A. minuta, which is redescribed and considered the only valid species of the genus, leaving Axiokebuita monotypic. Two previously unnoticed body sensory structures, i.e. a ciliated neck organ and a prostomial depression, were observed under scanning electron microscopy. United States. National Science Foundation; OCE- 0241613 United States. National Science Foundation; OCE-0350554 Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia; GLC2004–01856/ANT

The phylogenetic position of the polychaete genus Travisia within Annelida is a matter of ongoing debate. Travisia is usually placed within Opheliidae, but morphological similarities with Scalibregmatidae, such as a rugose epidermis, are obvious. To further examine placement of this enigmatic group, we examined 28 annelid species from a range of families, but with special emphasis on Scalibregmatidae and Opheliidae. Our data set consisted of four genes: 16S rDNA, 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA and Histone 3. By combining genes and conducting Maximum Likelihood, Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian analysis, our results strongly support a sister-group relationship of Travisia and Scalibregmatidae. None of the phylogenetic analyses clustered Travisia with or within Opheliidae and such placements are also significantly rejected by hypothesis testing. Moreover, we obtained new insights on relationships within Opheliidae and Scalibregmatidae. Within Opheliidae, the traditional classification into Opheliinae and Ophelininae rece...

The fine structure of mouth parts was studied in 19 species from 13 genera belonging to the three families that are known to have a soft non-muscular axial proboscis: Orbiniidae, Opheliidae, and Scalibregmatidae. Four types of mouth structures divergent from the simple non-muscular axial proboscis were found. (1) A bubble-like symmetrical ciliated proboscis was found in both Ophelia and Euzonus, genera in the subfamily Opheliinae. A similar mouth structure is known for Paraonidae, Capitellidae, and some Maldanidae. (2) A folded symmetrical axial proboscis with well-developed ciliated lobes that form a complicated structure with intricate patterns; the mouth opening is terminal, and the whole structure is symmetrical. Orbiniidae, Scalibregmatidae, and Travisia (Opheliidae) have this type. (3) An asymmetrical dorsal lobed proboscis. The plane of asymmetry is dorsoventral. It is a tongue-like lobed or flattened eversible structure. The mouth opening is situated below and behind it. When inverted into the pharyngeal cavity, the entire structure is rooted dorsally. It is found in all studied species of Ophelina and Polyophthalmus and in Armandia brevis. (4) Oral tentacles (about 12 ciliated tentacles). When retracted, the oral tentacles are situated dorsally in the pharyngeal cavity, similar to the folds of an asymmetrical lobed proboscis (type 3). Contractor muscles and vascular vessels are found inside the cavity of the tentacles. This type is found in Armandia maculata and A. leptocirrus. A tentative scheme of transformation of the soft axial proboscis is presented. Three main trends of proboscis transformation in the Scolecida are discussed: (1) enlargement of the ciliated surface of the proboscis by the development of numerous folds and intricate patterns, (2) appearance of an asymmetrical proboscis, and (3) transformation of the asymmetrical dorsal lobed proboscis into oral tentacles.

Blake, James A. (2015): New species of Scalibregmatidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the East Antarctic Peninsula including a description of the ecology and post-larval development of species of Scalibregma and Oligobregma. Zootaxa 4033 (1): 57-93, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4033.1.3

Genus Pseudoscalibregma Ashworth, 1901 Type-species: Scalibregma parvum Hansen, 1879. Diagnosis. Body elongate, arenicoliform. Prostomium T-shaped with lateral horns. Peristomium achaetous, surrounding prostomium dorsally and forming upper and lower lips of mouth ventrally. Parapodia of posterior segments with dorsal and ventral cirri; interramal papillae present; postsetal lamellae absent. Branchiae absent. Setae include capillaries, lyrate setae, and sometimes few inconspicuous spinous setae among capillaries of setigers 1���2, blunt, pointed, or bifurcated, representing homologues of lyrate setae; large conspicuous spines absent. Pygidium with long anal cirri. Remarks. Apart from a more variable morphology of dorsal and ventral cirri, the only character that separates Pseudoscalibregma from Scalibregma is the absence of branchiae. The presence of short spinous setae in the first 1���2 setigers as occurs in species of Scalibregma was confirmed by Imajima (2009) as part of his description of P. orientalis Imajima, 2009 from Japan and Bakken et al. (2014) as part of their redescription of the type species, P. parvum. I can also confirm after a re-examination of the holotype that P. usarpium Blake, 1981 from Antarctica also has these setae. Four species of Pseudoscalibregma have been reported from Antarctic seas: (1) P. bransfieldium (Hartman, 1967), (2) P. usarpium, (3) P. papilla Sch��ller, 2008, and (4) P. h ar t m a na e (Blake, 1981), new combination. A fifth species was found in the LIS-A collections and is described here. Additional descriptive notes are provided for P. bransfieldium. Character���N��. Setigers 10 14 �� 15 16 17 �� 18 20 22 �� 24 28 30 Length 630 ��m 850 �� 900 ��m 945 �� 990 ��m 960 �� 1,221 ��m 1300 �� 1875 ��m 2.6 �� 2.8 mm 3.5 mm 5.67 mm Width 70 ��m 220 �� 232 ��m 305 �� 325 ��m 353 �� 407 ��m 450 �� 580 ��m 0.62 mm 0.75 mm 0.95 mm Pr��st��mium Bulb��us,r��unded Bulb��us, R��unded, Inflated, lateral Bec��ming wide, Br��ad, thickened Lateral h��rns well Lateral h��rns fully extended apically p��inted apically bulges, tapering thickened acr��ss anteri��r margin, devel��ped devel��ped apically t�� r��unded subterminally, then lateral h��rns tip tapering t�� r��unded devel��ping anteri��r peak Perist��mium Singlering Single ring Single ring Single narr��w ring single ring d��rsally; Single ring d��rsally, Single ring d��rsally; Single ring d��rsally; d��rsally and d��rsally and d��rsally and d��rsally bec��ming ventrally enlarging ventral ring expanding ventral ring f��rming three rings ventrally ventrally ventrally ventrally expanded ventrally, anteri��r t�� m��uth t�� enc��mpass upper lip upper and l��wer lips ��f enc��mpassing the with pads devel��ping ��f m��uth m��uth m��uth Branchiae Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent 22 Setigers∶ ��ne Branchiae present Branchiae present branchial anlage, setigers 2 �� 5; with 1, 2, setigers 2 �� 5 with setigers 3 �� 4; 3, and 4 l��be(s) individual l��bes 24 Setigers∶ ��ne respectively branching branchial l��be ��n setigers 3 �� 5 D��rsal cirri Absent Absent Present, fr��m Present Present Present Present Present ab��ut setiger 8 �� 9 ventral cirri Absent Absent Absent Absent 1 �� 2 present, p��steri��r Present Present Present m��st setigers D��rsal pigmented Absent Absent Absent Absent Present Present Present Present glands setiger 4 Pygidium Bulb��us,r��unded, Bulb��us, divided Bulb��us, Bulb��us, divided int�� With additi��nal With additi��nal With additi��nal With 5 �� 6 additi��nal 2 weakly int�� 2 halves divided int�� 2 2 halves, with divisi��ns ��r l��bes divisi��ns ��r l��bes divisi��ns n��w distinct divisi��ns distinct devel��ped halves halves additi��nal divisi��ns devel��ping devel��ping ��r l��bes devel��ping Pygidial cirri Absent 3 ∶ 1 mid-ventral, 3 cirri present 3 �� 5 cirri present 5 cirri present 5 cirri present 5 cirri present 5 cirri present 2 d��rs��lateral Spin��us setae, lyrate 1 �� 2 spines, 1 �� 2 spines 1 �� 2 spines 2 �� 3 spines setigers 3 �� 4 spines setigers 3 �� 4 spines setigers 1- 3 �� 4 spines setiger 1; 4 �� 5 spines setiger 1; , & capillaries setigers 1 �� 4; setigers 1-4; setigers 1 �� 4; 1 ��� 1 �� 4; 1 �� 2 lyrate setae 1 �� 4; 1 �� 2 lyrate setae 4; 2 �� 3 lyrate setae 2 �� 4 lyrate setae all 3 �� 4 lyrate setae all lyrate setae absent; lyrate setae 2 lyrate setae setigers 2-4; 3 �� 5 setigers 2-4; 5 �� 6 setigers 2-4, and setigers fr��m setiger 2; setigers fr��m setiger 2; 2 �� 3 capillaries all absent; 3 �� 4 setigers 3 ��� 4 capillaries all setigers capillaries all setigers present m��st middle 8 ��� 10 capillaries all 12 ��r m��re capillaries setigers capillaries all ��nly; 3 �� 4 and p��steri��r setigers; setigers all setigers setigers capillaries all 6 �� 8 capillaries all setigers setigers ventral gr����ve Absent Initial Medial paired Distinct, surr��unded L��ngitudinal r��w ��f L��ngitudinal r��w ��f L��ngitudinal r��w ��f Large pads in gr����ve devel��pment, pads present by paired pads paired pads paired pads paired pads fr��m setiger 2 t�� with paired pads p��steri��r end Nuchal ��rgans N��t apparent N��t apparent N��t apparent N��t apparent Large, lateral ciliated Large, lateral ciliated Lateral ciliated Lateral, ciliated gr����ves gr����ves anteri��r t�� gr����ves anteri��r t�� gr����ves anteri��r t�� anteri��r t�� d��rsal d��rsal perist��mial ring d��rsal perist��mial ring d��rsal perist��mial ring perist��mial ring, Published as part of Blake, James A., 2015, New species of Scalibregmatidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the East Antarctic Peninsula including a description of the ecology and post-larval development of species of Scalibregma and Oligobregma, pp. 57-93 in Zootaxa 4033 (1) on pages 74-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4033.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/289810, {"references":["Ashworth, J. H. (1901) The anatomy of Scalibregma inflatum Rathke. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 45, 237 - 309. [London]","Hansen, G. A. (1879) Annelider fra den norske Nordhavsexpedition i 1876. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaern, 24, 1 - 17.","Imajima, M. (2009) Deep-sea polychaetes off Pacific coast of the northern Honshu, Japan. In: Fugita, T. (Ed.), Deep-sea Fauna and Pollutants off Pacific Coast of Northern Japan. National Museum of Nature and Science Monographs, 39, 39 - 192.","Bakken, T., Oug, E. & Kongsrud, J. A. (2014) Occurrence and distribution of Pseudoscalibregma and Scalibregma (Annelida, Scalibregmatidae) in the deep Nordic Seas, with the description of Scalibregma hanseni n. sp. Zootaxa, 3753 (2), 101 - 117. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3753.2.1","Blake, J. A. (1981) The Scalibregmatidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South American and Antarctic Seas, collected chiefly during the cruises of the R / V Anton Bruun, R / V Hero and USNS Eltanin. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 94, 1131 - 1162. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 107603 (Accessed 19 Oct. 2015)","Hartman, O. (1967) Polychaetous annelids collected by the USNS Eltanin and Staten Island cruises, chiefly from Antarctic seas. Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology, 2, 1 - 387.","Schuller, M. (2008) New polychaete species collected during the expeditions ANDEEP I, II, and III to the deep Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean in the austral summers 2002 and 2005 - Ampharetidae, Opheliidae, and Scalibregmatidae. Zootaxa, 1705, 51 - 68."]}

Genus Polyphysia Quatrefages, 1866 Polyphysia crassa fauveli (Laubier, 1959) DISTRIBUTION: NA, CA. LITERATURE RECORDS: Amoureux 1983 c; Požar-Domac 1994; Zavodnik & Kovačić 2000; Castelli et al. 2008. OTHER REPORTED NAMES: Eumenia crassa fauveli Laubier, 1959; Eumenia crassa Laubier, 1959., Published as part of Mikac, Barbara, 2015, A sea of worms: polychaete checklist of the Adriatic Sea, pp. 1-172 in Zootaxa 3943 (1) on page 102, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3943.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/244663, {"references":["Amoureux, L. (1983 c) Annelides Polychetes de l'Adriatique. Thalassia Jugoslavica, 19, 15 - 21.","Pozar-Domac, A. (1994) Index of the Adriatic Sea Polychaetes (Annelida, Polychaeta). Natura Croatica, 3, (Supplement 1), 1 - 23.","Zavodnik, D. & Kovacic, M. (2000) Index of marine fauna in Rijeka Bay (Adriatic Sea, Croatia). Natura Croatica, 9 (4), 297 - 379.","Castelli, A., Bianchi, C. N., Cantone, G., Cinar, M. E., Gambi, M. C., Giangrande, A., Iraci Sareri, D., Lanera, P., Licciano, M., Musco, L. & Sanfilippo, R. (2008) Annelida Polychaeta. In: Relini, G. (Ed), Checklist della flora e della fauna dei mari italiani (Parte I). Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement 1), pp. 327 - 377."]}

Pseudoscalibregma palmeri new species Figures 6 A���E; 7 Material examined. East Antarctic Peninsula, RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer Cruise 2000 -03, Collector, J.A. Blake.��� Prince Gustav Channel, Sta. NBP-01, 768 m, 1 paratype (LACM Poly 7008).��� Weddell Sea, Off Lindenberg Island, Sta. NBP-03, 385 m, holotype (LACM-AHF Poly 7009). Description. Holotype incomplete, 6.2 mm long, 1.5 mm wide for 21 setigerous segments; paratype incomplete, 3.2 mm long, 1.2 mm wide with 16 setigerous segments. Body with weakly expanded thoracic region, narrowing posteriorly. Color in alcohol light tan, with reddish pigmented glands dorsally on setigers 3���4 and ventrally on setigers 3���6 (Figs. 6 A���B); anterior and middle segments with small reddish pigment spots along individual annulae (Figs. 7 A���B). Body segments with transverse rows of pads; setigers 1���2 biannulate with large, prominent pads dorsally, not evident ventrally; subsequent setigers quadriannulate with numerous small pads closely spaced, becoming triannulate from about setiger 16. Venter with prominent ventral groove bearing large elevated pads from setiger 2, continuing posteriorly forming ventral ridge line with rounded, elevated pad at midpoint of each segment within groove (Figs. 6 B, 7 B). Branchiae absent; pygidium not present on either specimen. Prostomium with two long, diverging lateral horns directed anterolaterally (Figs. 6 A���B); eyes absent, nuchal organs not observed; proboscis not everted. Peristomium a single lobed ring around prostomium dorsally (Fig. 6 A), ventrally forming upper and lower lips of mouth; upper lip with 9���10 narrow lobes; lower lip with about seven large, elongate inflated lobes (Fig. 6 B). Parapodia with elongate conical podial lobes throughout Fig. 7 B���C). Dorsal and ventral cirri from setiger 14, these short, inconspicuous at first, becoming longer and more prominent posteriorly (Fig. 7 C); dorsal cirri triangular, broad basally, tapering to pointed tip (Figs. 7 C���D); ventral cirri asymmetrical with broad basal attachment and elongated, rounded tip (Figs. 7 C, E); both dorsal and ventral cirri with prominent darkly pigmented internal glands; glands on dorsal cirri exiting toward apex and glands on ventral cirri exiting along ventral surface (Fig. 7 D���E). Interramal papillae present between noto- and neuropodia, more developed in posterior parapodia (Figs. 6 C, 7 C); these papillae with glandular contents, not ciliated (Fig 6 C). Noto- and neuropodial capillary setae in 2���4 rows throughout, successive rows with longer setae. Setigers 1���2 with anterior group of 3���4 short, blunt-tipped spinous setae (Fig. 6 D); these homologous to lyrate setae that begin from setiger 3 and continue on subsequent segments. Lyrate setae, short, anterior to capillaries with unequal tynes bearing short bristles (Fig. 6 E); lyrate setae numbering 3���4 per noto- and neuropodium in anterior segments and 9���10 in posterior most segments. Remarks. Pseudoscalibregma palmeri n. sp. resembles P. usarpium Blake, 1981 in the shape of the prostomium, single lobate peristomial ring, and by having prominent rows of annulated pads on anterior setigers. Major differences are that in P. usarpium the first two segments are quadriannulate, with subsequent segments having five annulae and with all annulae being large and prominent (Blake 1981). In contrast, in P. palmeri n. sp. the annulae of setigers 1���2 are biannulate, with large, prominent pads, followed by quadriannulate segments where the rows are narrow and have numerous small inconspicuous pads bearing pigment spots. The asymmetrical form of the ventral cirri in Pseudoscalibregma palmeri n. sp. is unique for the genus. The pigmented glands of the dorsal and ventral cirri are similar to those described for Scalibregma australis n. sp. earlier in this paper. Similar glands in the dorsal and ventral cirri of the closely related P. usarpium were reported by Blake (1981) but not described in detail. It is likely that these glands are widespread in scalibregmatids but have been largely overlooked. Similarly, the dorsal and ventral glands that occur in some anterior setigers from setiger 4 are similar to those of Scalibregma species but are newly reported for Pseudoscalibregma. The extensive array of pigment spots across the annulae in P. p al m e r i n. sp., however, is unique and has not been reported for other scalibregmatids. The short anterior spinous setae of setigers 1���2 present in P. pa l m er i n. sp. were not reported for P. usarpium. However, an examination of the holotype (USNM 60583) showed that such setae are present, but not as short as in P. palmeri n. sp. Etymology. This species is named for the RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer, research vessel of the United States Antarctic Program, on which most of the specimens reported in this paper were collected. Additionally, this research vessel was in turn named for Nathaniel B. Palmer, an American whaler, who is reputed to be among the first to sight the Antarctic continent. Distribution. Known only from the vicinity of the Larsen Ice Shelf A area of the Weddell Sea side of the Antarctic Peninsula, 385��� 768 m., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2015, New species of Scalibregmatidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the East Antarctic Peninsula including a description of the ecology and post-larval development of species of Scalibregma and Oligobregma, pp. 57-93 in Zootaxa 4033 (1) on pages 76-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4033.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/289810, {"references":["Blake, J. A. (1981) The Scalibregmatidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South American and Antarctic Seas, collected chiefly during the cruises of the R / V Anton Bruun, R / V Hero and USNS Eltanin. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 94, 1131 - 1162. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 107603 (Accessed 19 Oct. 2015)"]}

Genus Scalibregma Rathke, 1843 Scalibregma inflatum Rathke, 1843 DISTRIBUTION: NA, CA, SA. LITERATURE RECORDS: Fauvel 1934; Vatova 1935, 1949a; Marcuzzi 1972; Katzmann 1972, 1973a; Amoureux 1976, 1979; Zavodnik 1979; Amoureux 1983 a; Avčin & Vri��er 1983; Katzmann 1983; Požar-Domac 1983, 1986; Gillet 1986; Orel et al. 1987; Aleffi et al. 1988; ��pan et al. 1989; Županović & Jardas 1989; Požar-Domac 1994; Zahtila 1995; Zavodnik & Kovačić 2000; Cantone & Di Pietro 2002; Ceschia et al. 2002; Aleffi et al. 2003; Zavodnik et al. 2006; Simonini et al. 2007; Solis-Weiss et al. 2007; Castelli et al. 2008. NEW RECORDS: BM 11, BM 13, BM 28, BM 34, BM 44, BM 45, BM 47, BM 49, BM 52, BM 53, BM 54., Published as part of Mikac, Barbara, 2015, A sea of worms: polychaete checklist of the Adriatic Sea, pp. 1-172 in Zootaxa 3943 (1) on pages 102-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3943.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/244663, {"references":["Fauvel, P. (1934) Annelides Polychetes de Rovigno d'Istria. Thalassia, 1 (7), 1 - 78.","Vatova, A. (1935) Ricerche preliminari sulle biocenosi del Golfo di Rovigno. Thalassia, 2 (2), 1 - 30.","Vatova, A. (1949 a) La fauna bentonica dell'Alto e Medio Adriatico. Nova Thalassia, 1 (3), 1 - 110.","Marcuzzi, G. (1972) Le collezioni dell'ex Istituto di Biologia marina di Rovigno conservate presso la stazione Idrobiologica di Chioggia. Atti e Memorie dell'Accademia Patavina di Scienze Lettere ed Arti, 84 (2), 169 - 219.","Katzmann, W. (1972) Die Polychaeten Rovinjs (Istrien / Jugoslawien). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 188, 116 - 144.","Katzmann, W. (1973 a) Contributo alla conoscenza dei policheti del Mare Adriatico (Medio Adriatico - Fondi mobili tra 10 e 230 metri di profondita). Quaderni del Laboratorio di Technologia della Pesca, 1 (5), 143 - 155.","Amoureux, L. (1976) Inventaire d'une petit collection d'Annelides Polychetes des parages sud de Rovinj (Haute - Adriatique). Thalassia Jugoslavica, 12, 381 - 390.","Amoureux, L. (1983 a) Annelides Polychetes recueillies par D. Zavodnik. Thalassia Jugoslavica, 19, 1 - 6.","Avcin, A. & Vriser, B. (1983) Znacilnosti zdruzb sedimentnega dna obalnega morja Slovenske Istre na primeru Piranskega zaliva. Bioloski Vestnik, 31 (1), 129 - 160.","Katzmann, W. (1983) Bemerkungen zur Systematik, Okologie und Tiergeographie der mitteladriatischen Weichbodenpolychaeten. Annalen des Naturhistorichen Museums in Wien, 84 / B, 87 - 122.","Pozar-Domac, A. (1983) Polychaeta u bentoskim biocenozama juznog Jadrana. Studia Marina, 13 - 14, 292 - 311.","Pozar-Domac, A. (1986) Prilog poznavanju faune mnogocetinasa (Polychaeta) juznog Jadrana-sireg podrucja Dubrovnika. Studia Marina, 17 - 18, 5 - 20.","Gillet, P. (1986) Annelides Polychetes des fonds meubles du Canal de Lim pres de Rovinj (Yugoslavie). Thalassia Jugoslavica, 22 / 21, 127 - 138.","Orel, G., Maroco, R., Vio, E., Del Piero, D. & Della Seta, G. (1987) Sedimenti e biocenosi bentoniche tra la Foce del Po ed il Golfo di Trieste (Alto Adriatico). Bulletin d'ecologie, 18 (2), 229 - 241.","Aleffi, F., Orel, G., Vio, E. & Del Piero, D. (1988) Popolamenti bentonici e fenomeni di anossia nel Golfo di Trieste (Alto Adriatico): Dati. Nova Thalassia, 9, 165 - 231.","Span, A., Pozar-Domac A., Antolic, B. & Belamaric, J. (1989) Bentos litoralnog podrucja otoka Lokruma. Otok Lokrum, Ekoloske monografije, Hrvatsko Ekolosko Drustvo, 1, 329 - 360.","Zupanovic, S. & Jardas, I. (1989) Fauna i flora Jadrana. Jabucka kotlina. Prva knjiga. Logos, Split, 415 pp.","Pozar-Domac, A. (1994) Index of the Adriatic Sea Polychaetes (Annelida, Polychaeta). Natura Croatica, 3, (Supplement 1), 1 - 23.","Zahtila, E. (1995) Ecological and biogeographical analysis of the Polychaetes fauna (Annelida, Polychaeta) of the Adriatic Sea (Ekoloska i biogeografska analiza faune mnogocetinasa (Annelida, Polychaeta) Jadranskog mora). Doctoral thesis, University of Zagreb, 483 pp.","Zavodnik, D. & Kovacic, M. (2000) Index of marine fauna in Rijeka Bay (Adriatic Sea, Croatia). Natura Croatica, 9 (4), 297 - 379.","Cantone, G. & Di Pietro, N. (2002) Policheti bentonici della Fossa di Pomo (Medio Adriatico). Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 9 (1), 494 - 500.","Ceschia, C., Orel, G., Treleani, R., De Giorgio, E. & Zamboni, R. (2002) Osservazioni sulle comunita bentoniche del dosso di Santa Croce (Golfo di Trieste, Adriatico settentrionale). Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 9 (1), 180 - 190.","Aleffi, F., Bettoso, N. & Solis - Weiss, V. (2003) Spatial distribution of soft - bottom polychaetes along western coast of the northern Adriatic Sea (Italy). Anali za istarske in mediteranske studije Series Historia Naturalis, 13 (2), 211 - 222.","Zavodnik, D., Legac, M. & Gluhak, T. (2006) An account of the marine fauna of Pag Island (Adriatic Sea, Croatia). Natura Croatica, 15 (3), 65 - 107.","Simonini, R., Ansaloni, I., Bonini, P., Grandi, V., Graziosi, F., Iotti, M., Massamba - N'Siala, G., Mauri, M., Montanari, G., Preti, M., De Nigris, N. & Prevedelli, D. (2007) Recolonization and recovery dynamics of the macrozoobenthos after sand extraction in relict sand bottoms of the Northern Adriatic Sea. Marine Environmental Research, 64, 574 - 589. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marenvres. 2007.06.002","Castelli, A., Bianchi, C. N., Cantone, G., Cinar, M. E., Gambi, M. C., Giangrande, A., Iraci Sareri, D., Lanera, P., Licciano, M., Musco, L. & Sanfilippo, R. (2008) Annelida Polychaeta. In: Relini, G. (Ed), Checklist della flora e della fauna dei mari italiani (Parte I). Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement 1), pp. 327 - 377."]}

Ribas, Julia, Hutchings, Pat (2015): Lizard Island Polychaete Workshop: sampling sites and a checklist of polychaetes. Zootaxa 4019 (1): 7-34, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4019.1.4

Genus Asclerocheilus Ashworth, 1901 Asclerocheilus intermedius (Saint-Joseph, 1894) DISTRIBUTION: NA, CA, SA. LITERATURE RECORDS: Katzmann 1973 a, 1983; Fassari 1983; Požar-Domac 1994; Zahtila 1995; Castelli et al. 2008., Published as part of Mikac, Barbara, 2015, A sea of worms: polychaete checklist of the Adriatic Sea, pp. 1-172 in Zootaxa 3943 (1) on page 102, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3943.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/244663, {"references":["Katzmann, W. (1973 a) Contributo alla conoscenza dei policheti del Mare Adriatico (Medio Adriatico - Fondi mobili tra 10 e 230 metri di profondita). Quaderni del Laboratorio di Technologia della Pesca, 1 (5), 143 - 155.","Katzmann, W. (1983) Bemerkungen zur Systematik, Okologie und Tiergeographie der mitteladriatischen Weichbodenpolychaeten. Annalen des Naturhistorichen Museums in Wien, 84 / B, 87 - 122.","Fassari, G. (1983) Policheti e molluschi delle Bocche del Cattaro (Jugoslavia). Animalia, 10 (1 / 3), 41 - 46.","Pozar-Domac, A. (1994) Index of the Adriatic Sea Polychaetes (Annelida, Polychaeta). Natura Croatica, 3, (Supplement 1), 1 - 23.","Zahtila, E. (1995) Ecological and biogeographical analysis of the Polychaetes fauna (Annelida, Polychaeta) of the Adriatic Sea (Ekoloska i biogeografska analiza faune mnogocetinasa (Annelida, Polychaeta) Jadranskog mora). Doctoral thesis, University of Zagreb, 483 pp.","Castelli, A., Bianchi, C. N., Cantone, G., Cinar, M. E., Gambi, M. C., Giangrande, A., Iraci Sareri, D., Lanera, P., Licciano, M., Musco, L. & Sanfilippo, R. (2008) Annelida Polychaeta. In: Relini, G. (Ed), Checklist della flora e della fauna dei mari italiani (Parte I). Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement 1), pp. 327 - 377."]}

Genus Scalibregma Rathke, 1843 Type Species: Scalibregma inflatum Rathke, 1843. Synonym: Oligobranchus Sars, 1846. Fide Hartman 1959. Diagnosis. Body elongate, arenicoliform. Prostomium T-shaped with lateral horns. Peristomium achaetous, surrounding prostomium dorsally and forming upper and lower lips of mouth ventrally. Parapodia of posterior segments with dorsal and ventral cirri; interramal papilla present; postsetal lamellae absent. Branchiae present in anterior segments. Setae include capillaries, lyrate setae, and sometimes inconspicuous blunt, pointed, or bifurcated spinous setae anterior to capillaries of setigers 1 or 1���2, representing homologues of lyrate setae; large conspicuous acicular spines absent. Pygidium with long anal cirri. Remarks. Until recently, Scalibregma inflatum was considered to be cosmopolitan in its distribution. Mackie (1991), however, demonstrated sufficient variability in European populations to define an additional, closely related species, S. celticum Mackie, 1991. Among other observations, Mackie (1991) discovered that short slender spines were present anterior to the capillaries of a few anterior noto- and neuropodia anterior to the setigers where lyrate setae occurred. Prior to this study Scalibregma had been defined as lacking any type of spinous seta. The spinous setae discovered by Mackie were not the large, curved acicular spines that have been reported for species of Asclerocheilus, Oligobregma, Parasclerocheilus Sclerobregma, and Sclerocheilus but were instead inconspicuous companions of the capillaries. For S. inflatum Mackie (1991) found that some of these setae were forked or split on their tips. This observation plus their position in the setal fascicles suggested that they were homologous to the lyrate setae of following segments. Mackie further suggested that the larger recurved spines of other genera were homologous with capillaries. Mackie (1991) redescribed Scalibregma inflatum based on specimens from the type locality in Norway as well as from Sweden, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. The second species, S. celticum, was from Scotland, Wales, and France and differed in that the small spinous setae of setigers 1���2 were blunt-tipped instead of bifurcate. Additionally, eyes were present instead of absent and there were differences in the form of the peristomium, size and distribution of the epidermal pads above the notopodia, and in the number and arrangement of the pygidial cirri. S. celticum was subsequently reported from the Mediterranean by ��inar (2005) and Lomiri et al. (2012). Mackie (1991) also re-examined Sclerobregma stenocerum Bertelsen & Weston, 1980, from shelf depths along the southeastern United States and found that the anterior acicular spines reported for the species by Bertelsen & Weston (1980) were of the small, inconspicuous kind found in Scalibregma species instead of the large, curved acicular spines found on other species of the Sclerobregma. S. stenocerum was therefore transferred by Mackie (1991) to Scalibregma. Mackie also examined the holotype of S. branchiatum Hartman, 1965, the type-species of Sclerobregma from deep water in the western North Atlantic and found short spinous setae anterior to the larger acicular spines of setigers 1 and 2. A similar situation exists in Cryptosclerocheilus baffinensis Blake, 1972, described from deep water in Baffin Bay. This species was reported to have slender, blunt-tipped spines in the noto- and neuropodia of setiger 2; these were replaced by furcate setae from setiger 3 (Blake 1972). A re-examination of prepared slides of these spines confirms that these are the same type of seta reported by Mackie (1991) for the three species of Scalibregma examined by him. Following the lead of Mackie (1991), Blake (2000) examined specimens from California previously identified as Scalibregma inflatum and described a new species, S. californicum Blake, 2000. He also suggested that specimens from the U.S. Atlantic coast included at least one new species in addition to S. stenocerum. Most recently, Bakken et al. (2014) described S. hanseni Bakken, Oug & Kongsrud, 2014 from deep water off Norway. These authors also focused on the short, spinous setae anterior to normal capillaries in setigers 1���2 and found similar spines in Pseudoscalibregma parvum (Hansen, 1879). In my own work, numerous species of Scalibregmatidae have been examined and these short spinous setae, considered homologous to the lyrate setae, have been found in other genera including some with large curved acicular spines. I now believe that most species of Scalibregmatidae having lyrate setae will be found to have the same type of short spinous setae in segments anterior to where the lyrate setae begin. To date, specimens of Scalibregma from Antarctic waters have been identified in several faunal and ecological accounts as S. inflatum (see reference list below). The only original illustrations of Scalibregma from Antarctica appear to be by Knox & Cameron (1998) of the anterior end and a branchiate parapodium from a specimen collected from the Ross Sea in 578 m., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2015, New species of Scalibregmatidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the East Antarctic Peninsula including a description of the ecology and post-larval development of species of Scalibregma and Oligobregma, pp. 57-93 in Zootaxa 4033 (1) on pages 60-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4033.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/289810, {"references":["Rathke, H. (1843) Beitrage zur Fauna Norwegens. Verhandlungen Kaiserlichen Leopoldinisch-Carolinischen Akademie Naturforscher, 20, 1 - 264. [Breslau] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11613","Hartman, O. (1959) Catalogue of the polychaetous annelids of the world. Allan Hancock Foundation, Occasional Paper, 23, 1 - 628.","Mackie, A. S. Y. (1991) Scalibregma celticum new species (Polychaeta, Scalibregmatidae) from Europe, with a redescription of Scalibregma inflatum Rathke, 1843 and comments on the genus Sclerobregma Hartman, 1965. Bulletin of Marine Science, 48, 268 - 276.","Cinar, M. H. (2005) Polychaetes from the coast of northern Cyprus (eastern Mediterranean Sea), with two new records for the Mediterranean Sea. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 46, 143 - 159.","Lomiri, S., Vani, D., Tomassetti, P., Trabucco, B., Maggi, C., & Nonnis, O. (2012) First record of Scalibregma celticum (Annelida: Polychaeta: Scalibregmatidae) in Italian marine waters. Marine Biodiversity Records, 5, 1 - 4. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 175526721100100 X","Bertelsen, R. D. & Weston, D. P. (1980) A new species of Sclerobregma (Polychaeta: Scalibregmatidae) from off the southeastern United States. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 93, 708 - 713. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 107589 (Accessed 19 Oct. 2015)","Hartman, O. (1965) Deep-water benthic polychaetous annelids off New England to Bermuda and other North Atlantic areas. Allan Hancock Foundation Publications Occasional Paper, 28, 1 - 378.","Blake, J. A. (1972) Two new species of polychaetous annelid worms from Baffin Bay and the Davis Strait. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 71, 127 - 132. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 106891 (Accessed 19 Oct. 2015)","Blake, J. A. (2000) Family Scalibregmatidae Malmgren, 1867. In: Blake, J. A., Hilbig, B. & Scott, P. H. (Eds.), Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and the Western Santa Barbara Channel. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, pp. 129 - 144.","Bakken, T., Oug, E. & Kongsrud, J. A. (2014) Occurrence and distribution of Pseudoscalibregma and Scalibregma (Annelida, Scalibregmatidae) in the deep Nordic Seas, with the description of Scalibregma hanseni n. sp. Zootaxa, 3753 (2), 101 - 117. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3753.2.1","Hansen, G. A. (1879) Annelider fra den norske Nordhavsexpedition i 1876. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaern, 24, 1 - 17.","Knox, G. A. & Cameron, D. B. (1998) The Marine Fauna of the Ross Sea: Polychaeta. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 108, 1 - 127."]}

Oligobregma mucronata new species Figures 8���9 Material examined. East Antarctic Peninsula, RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer Cruise 2000 -03, Collector, J.A. Blake.��� Larsen-A Ice Shelf Area, Greenpeace Trough: Sta. NBP-06, 733 m, 2 specimens poorly preserved (JAB); Sta. NBP-07A, 839 m, 3 paratypes (2 complete, LACM-AHF Poly 7011); Sta. NBP-07B, 839 m, 1 specimen (JAB); Sta. NBP- 16, 713 m, 5 specimens (1 adult, 4 juveniles) (JAB); Sta. NBP- 17, 719 m, 1 juvenile (JAB); Sta. NBP- 18, 665 m, 3 paratypes, 1 adult, 2 juveniles (AHF-Poly 7012); Sta. NBP- 19, 879 m, 1 specimen (JAB); Sta. NBP- 20, 899 m, 7 paratypes (USNM 1281914); Sta. NBP- 21, 912 m, holotype and 4 paratypes (LACM-AHF Poly 7013, 7014); Sta. NBP- 22, 868 m, 4 specimens (JAB).��� LIS-A Area, transect along border with Larsen Ice Shelf B: Sta. NBP- 13, 323 m, 1 specimen (JAB). Description. Holotype incomplete, 16 mm long, 3.5 mm wide for 30 setigerous segments; two complete paratypes from Sta. NBP- 21, one 11 mm long, 1.4 mm wide with 27 setigerous segments; second 9.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide with 28 setigerous segments. Body expanded through first eight setigers, thereafter narrowing to posterior end. Color in alcohol light pink, without body pigment. Body segments with transverse rows of weakly raised pads; setigers 1���3 uniannulate to biannulate (Fig. 8 A���B); setigers 4 and subsequent segments becoming quadriannulate with low inconspicuous pads throughout (Fig. 9 A). Venter with prominent ventral midline from setiger 2 composed of a row of large pads within a groove (Fig. 8 B); each segment with at least two pads, each subdivided at middle by transverse groove, forming four structures per segment, corresponding to quadriannulate rows of segmental pads (Fig. 9 A). Branchiae absent. Pygidium of holotype with indistinct lobes, with two cirri present; paratypes with up to four anal cirri (Fig. 8 F). Prostomium broadly curved across anterior margin, weakly expanded laterally, narrowing posteriorly; with two short, rounded lobes emerging subapically from anterior margin and extending forward forming short frontal horns (Figs. 8 A���B, 9 A); eyes absent; nuchal organs not observed; proboscis not everted. Peristomium a doublelobed ring around prostomium dorsally (Fig. 8 A), ventrally forming upper and lower lips of mouth; upper lip with 4���5 narrow lobes; lower lip with about seven large, elongate inflated lobes, together forming a ring of elongate lobes around oral opening (Figs. 8 B, 9 A). Parapodia with short, conical-shaped podial lobes in anterior third of body, becoming longer posteriorly; dorsal and ventral cirri from setiger 14 on holotype, these podial lobes inconspicuous anteriorly, becoming longer and more prominent posteriorly, both cirri asymmetrical; dorsal cirri triangular, broad, basally tapering to narrow nipple-like tip (Figs. 8 E, 9 B���C); ventral cirri strongly asymmetrical with broad basal attachment narrowing to elongated, nipple-like tip (Figs. 8 E, 9 B���D); both dorsal and ventral cirri with darkly pigmented internal tubularshaped glands extending toward nipple-like tips (Fig. 9 C���D). Interramal papilla present, best developed in posterior parapodia (Fig. 8 E). Heavy curved acicular spines present in both noto- and neuropodia of setigers 1���3 (Fig. 8 A���B); notopodia with up to 12 spines arranged in two rows in setigers 1���2 and single row with up to seven spines in setiger 3, spines accompanied posteriorly by single row of capillaries; neuropodia with 3���5 spines in single row in setigers 1���3, accompanied by posterior row of capillaries; spines curved, narrowing to blunt tip bearing thin terminal arista (Fig. 8 C); internal fibrils in spines apparent; notopodial spines more robust than those of neuropodia. Short spinous setae anterior to heavy spines absent. Setiger 4 with lyrate setae anterior to a row of short curved pointed setae and a third row of long, thin capillaries; setiger 4 therefore transitional between first three setigers bearing heavy curved spines and subsequent body segments having long thin capillaries. Lyrate setae continue on subsequent segments anterior to capillaries that generally occur in two rows from setiger 5. Lyrate setae from setiger 4, short, with unequal tynes bearing short bristles (Figs. 8 D, 9 K), numbering 3���4 per noto- and neuropodium in anterior segments and 8���10 in posterior most segments (Fig. 9 K). Reproduction. Sperm platelets were observed in one large paratype measuring 10 mm long and with 27 setigers of Oligobregma mucronata n. sp. from Sta. NBP- 20 (Fig. 9 J). These are similar in size and appearance to those described earlier for Scalibregma australis n. sp. Individual sperm were observed to have a short rounded nucleus, middle piece consisting of two spherical mitochondria and a long tail or flagellum. As with S. australis n. sp., the sperm structure for O. mucronata n. sp. suggests that they are ect-aquasperm, which are discharged into the sea. Morphology of juveniles. The smallest juveniles available for study had 20���21 setigers and measured 2.3���2.8 mm long. The noto- and neuropodial acicular spines of setigers 1���3 develop early; these smallest juveniles had the full complement of notopodial spines on setigers 1���3, but spines were present only on neuropodia of setigers 1���2. A 24 -setiger specimen that was 3.0 mm long had spines on setigers 1���3 in both noto- and neuropodia. Lyrate setae were present from setiger 4 in the smallest 20 -setiger specimen examined. While the setae or hard structures develop early, the soft morphology develops later. Changes to the prostomial morphology is shown in Figure 9: E, 20 setigers (2.3 mm long); F, 21 setigers (2.8 mm long); G, 24 setigers (3.0 mm long), H, 28 setigers (4.0 mm long); and I, 30 setigers (9.5 mm long). The initial prostomial shape in the available specimens is blunt across the anterior margin with a nearly square overall shape. With growth, the anterior margin becomes rounded or curved, eventually developing lateral bulges and a medial notch. The characteristic subapical lobes that become elongate and directed frontally do not develop until later, but were observed in 28 -setiger juveniles that were 5���6 mm in length. The development of segments in O. mucronata n. sp. appears to be limited to a maximal number of 28���30 setigers; within this range, the body length ranges from 4���16 mm indicating that continued growth of the worm is within a defined number of final segments. Parapodia develop dorsal and ventral cirri relatively early, at about 24 setigers and a length of 4.0 mm. These cirri also develop the tubular internal glands. Remarks. These specimens of Oligobregma mucronata n. sp. were originally identified as O. collare due to the prostomium having two short anteriorly subapical frontal horns. Further study, however, showed that the large anterior acicular spines occurred on both the noto- and neuropodia of setigers 1���3 instead of only the notopodia and that most of these spines terminated in a thin arista. Further, the dorsal and ventral cirri were larger and of a different shape than in O. collare, with both cirri bearing internal glands similar to those described for Scalibregma australis n. sp. and Pseudoscalibregma palmeri n. sp. To date, O. mucronata n. sp. is the only species of the genus from Antarctic waters known to have large curved acicular spines in both noto- and neuropodia of anterior setigers. Examination of specimens of the type-species, O. aciculata (from deep-water off the Western North Atlantic collected as part of the Atlantic Continental Slope and Rise Program (ACSAR)) permitted elaboration of the original description which was based on a single incomplete specimen. O. aciculata, like O. mucronata n. sp. has acicular spines in noto- and neuropodia of setigers 1���3 and similar appearing frontal horns. However, a few short spinous setae occur anterior to the large acicular spines in O. aciculata, but are absent in O. mucronata n. sp. In addition, the form of the dorsal and ventral cirri differs significantly between the two taxa. In O. aciculata the dorsal cirrus is small oval and rounded on the tip and the ventral cirrus is larger, round and globular (not pointed as in Hartman (1965)); whereas in O. mucronata n. sp., the dorsal cirrus is triangular and pointed at the tip and the ventral cirrus has a broad asymmetrical base and tapers to a pointed tip. Further, the acicular spines of O. aciculata taper to a long capillary-like tip and are not mucronate; blunt-tipped acicular spines reported by Hartman (1965) were not observed in the new material. Oligobregma mucronata n. sp. bears some resemblance to O. quadrispinosa from deep water in the Weddell Sea. However, the prostomium and nature of the dorsal and ventral cirri is different in O. quadrispinosa and this species is reported to have heavy spines in the notopodia of setigers 1���4 but no neuropodial spines (Sch��ller & Hilbig 2007). The development of juvenile morphology indicates that the noto- and neuropodial acicular spines are present at least by the 20 -setiger stage and with a length of 2.3 mm. In contrast, the characteristic form of the prostomium is not developed until at least 28 setigers with a length of 5���6 mm have developed. These results, like those for Scalibregma australis n. sp. suggest that small specimens of scalibregmatids cannot be specifically identified without sufficient numbers of specimens available to identify a growth sequence and transition of characters. Before reaching the final configuration, the prostomium passes through growth phases that have been described for other species. Etymology. The epithet is derived from the Latin mucro, referring to a sharply pointed thin aristate-like tip on some of the large acicular spines of setigers 1���3. Ecology. Specimens of Oligobregma mucronata n. sp. collected as part of the LIS-A survey were mostly limited to the nearshore Greenpeace Trough, newly open to the sea and discovered by multibeam bathymetry during the survey in May 2000. These nearshore sediments were described from 20���25 cm cores as coarse-grained in the upper 5 cm near the surface, overlying fine-grained silt and clay size sediments with depth (Gilbert & Domack 2003). While the nature of coarse-grained surficial sediments and deeper fine-grained sediments provide a variable sedimentary habitat, the seafloor at this site also appeared to be in a constant state of disturbance due to the presence of numerous deposit-feeding elasapoid holothurians, Elpidia glacialis Th��el, 1876, which were observed by video to be constantly moving over the surface. Several of the holothurians were observed on the surface of 10 X 10 X 50 cm megacore tubes collected in the Greenpeace Trough (Blake & Maciolek unpublished). As burrowing deposit feeders, scalibregmatids would be better adapted to such an environment than tube-building species. Scalibregma australis n. sp. was also abundant in these sediments. Distribution. East Antarctic Peninsula, former Larsen Ice Shelf A area, 323��� 912 m., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2015, New species of Scalibregmatidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the East Antarctic Peninsula including a description of the ecology and post-larval development of species of Scalibregma and Oligobregma, pp. 57-93 in Zootaxa 4033 (1) on pages 80-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4033.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/289810, {"references":["Hartman, O. (1965) Deep-water benthic polychaetous annelids off New England to Bermuda and other North Atlantic areas. Allan Hancock Foundation Publications Occasional Paper, 28, 1 - 378.","Schuller, M. & Hilbig, B. (2007) Three new species of the genus Oligobregma (Polychaeta, Scalibregmatidae) from the Scotia and Weddell Seas (Antarctica). Zootaxa, 1391, 35 - 45.","Gilbert, R. & Domack, E. W. (2003) Sedimentary record of disintegrating ice shelves in a warming climate, Antarctic Peninsula. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 4 (4), 1 - 12."]}

Pseudoscalibregma bransfieldium (Hartman, 1967) Figure 6 F���G Eusclerocheilus bransfieldia Hartman, 1967: 130 ���131, pl. 39 Hyboscolex bransfieldia: Kudenov & Blake, 1978: 440. Pseudoscalibregma bransfieldia: Hartman, 1978: 180 ���181, fig. 28 Pseudoscalibregma bransfieldium: Blake, 1981: 1143 ���1145, fig. 6; Hartmann-Schr��der & Rosenfeldt, 1991: 75. Material examined. East Antarctic Peninsula, RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer Cruise 2000 -03, Collector, J.A. Blake. ���Larsen-A Ice Shelf Area, transect along border with Larsen B, Sta. NBP- 10, 332 m, 1 specimen (LACM- AHF Poly 7010). Additions to description. Single specimen complete, 10 mm long, 3 mm wide with 22 setigers; the body more maggot-shaped than arenicoliform. In alcohol, color light tan with no body pigment. Prostomium bears two long frontal horns projecting anterolateral; dorsal surface of prostomium somewhat domed or elevated, clearly visible; eyes absent; nuchal organs not apparent. Peristomium a single dorsal ring surrounding the prostomium dorsally; ventrally forming upper and lower lips of mouth with upper lip relatively smooth and lower lip with three weakly developed lobes. A weakly developed ventral groove apparent along body from setiger 4; initially, groove formed by a single large segmental annulus that at the mid-point produces a notch between segments; in last 5���6 segments, a distinct furrow develops at segmental mid-point. The pygidium damaged, but bears five anal cirri. Anterior parapodia weakly developed with low noto- and neuropodia; posteriorly podial lobes elongate, apically pointed, bearing distinctive dorsal and ventral cirri (Fig. 6 G), both of which are bulbous extensions of the podial lobes; internal glands absent from cirri and elsewhere on body. Interramal papillae weakly developed. Setae consist of numerous capillaries arranged in 2���3 rows throughout; lyrate setae from setiger 2; setiger 1 bears an anterior row of short, thin, spinous setae (Fig. 6 F) anterior to capillaries, the homologues of lyrate setae now known to occur on numerous species of Scalibregmatidae. Remarks. Pseudoscalibregma bransfieldium differs from other scalibregmatids by the distinctive dorsal and ventral inflated extensions of the podial lobes. The short anterior spinous setae of setiger 1 are newly reported. Distribution. Widespread in Antarctic seas 332��� 916 m., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2015, New species of Scalibregmatidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the East Antarctic Peninsula including a description of the ecology and post-larval development of species of Scalibregma and Oligobregma, pp. 57-93 in Zootaxa 4033 (1) on page 79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4033.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/289810, {"references":["Hartman, O. (1967) Polychaetous annelids collected by the USNS Eltanin and Staten Island cruises, chiefly from Antarctic seas. Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology, 2, 1 - 387.","Kudenov, J. D. & Blake, J. A. (1978) A review of the genera and species of the Scalibregmidae (Polychaeta) with description of one new genus and three new species from Australia. Journal of Natural History, 12, 427 - 444. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937800770291","Hartman, O. (1978) Polychaeta from the Weddell Sea quadrant, Antarctica. Antarctic Research Series, 26, 125 - 223. Available from: American Geophysical Union]","Blake, J. A. (1981) The Scalibregmatidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South American and Antarctic Seas, collected chiefly during the cruises of the R / V Anton Bruun, R / V Hero and USNS Eltanin. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 94, 1131 - 1162. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 107603 (Accessed 19 Oct. 2015)","Hartmann-Schroder, G. & Rosenfeldt, P. (1991) Die Polychaeten der \" Walther Herwig \" Reise 68 / 1 nach Elephant Island (Antarktis) 1985. Teil 2: Acrocirridae bis Sabellidae. Mitteilungen des hamburgischen Zoologischen Museums und Instituts, 88, 73 - 96."]}

Scalibregma australis new species Figures 1���3 Scalibregma inflatum: Hartman 1967: 134, 1978: 181; Blake 1981: 1146; Siciński 1986: Table II, Fig. 5, 2000: 164, 2004: 82; Hartmann-Schr��der 1986: 84; Hartmann-Schr��der & Rosenfeldt 1989: 73, 1991: 75; Cantone & Sanfilippo 1992; Knox & Cameron 1998: 75, figs 141���142; Cantone 1994: 41; Cantone et al. 2000: 554; San Mart��n et al. 2000: 85, 91; Lovell & Trego 2003: 1813; Montiel et al. 2005: 199; Hilbig et al. 2006: 724; Sch��ller et al. 2009: 63; Barbosa et al. 2010: 1155; Parapar et al. 2011 a: 728; Pabis & Sobczyk 2015: 115 ���117. Not Rathke 1843. Material examined. East Antarctic Peninsula, RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer Cruise 2000 -03, Collector, J.A. Blake.��� Prince Gustav Channel, Sta. NBP-01, 768 m, 62 paratypes (LACM-AHF Poly 7001); Sta. NBP- 27, 684 m, 12 paratypes (USNM 1281913); Sta. NBP- 28, 794 m, 4 specimens (JAB); Sta. NBP- 29, 690 m, 11 paratypes (LACM-AHF Poly 7007); Sta. NBP- 30, 843 m, 13 specimens (JAB); Sta. NBP- 33, 587 m, 19 specimens (JAB); Stas. NBP- 35, NBP- 35 A, NBP- 35 B, 651 m, 3, 6, and 14 specimens, respectively, from three grabs (JAB).��� Off Cape Longing, Sta. NBP-02, 504 m, 19 paratypes (LACM-AHF Poly 7002).��� Off Lindenberg Island, Sta. NBP-03, 385 m, 12 paratypes (USNM 1281909).��� Larsen Ice Shelf Area, Greenpeace Trough, Sta. NBP-04, 668 m, holotype and 17 paratypes (LACM-AHF Poly 7003, 7004); Sta. NBP-05, 798 m, 7 specimens (JAB); Sta. NBP-06, 733 m, 7 paratypes (LACM-AHF Poly 7005); Sta. NBP-07A, 839 m, 8 paratypes (USNM 1281910); Sta. NBP-07B, 839 m, 15 paratypes (MCZ 60891); Sta. NBP- 16, 713 m, 14 paratypes (MCZ 60892); NBP- 17, 719 mm, 7 paratypes (MCZ 60893); Sta. NBP- 18, 665 m, 11 specimens (JAB); Sta. NBP- 19, 879 m, 2 specimens (JAB); Sta. NBP- 20, 899 m, 1 specimen (JAB); NBP-22, 3 specimens (JAB); Sta. NBP- 23, 901 m, 7 specimens (JAB).��� Larsen Ice Shelf Area, transect along border with Larsen Ice Shelf B, Sta. NBP- 10, 332 m, 18 paratypes (USNM 1281911); Sta. NBP- 11, 350 m, 3 specimens (JAB); Sta. NBP- 12, 317 m, 27 paratypes ( LACM-AHF Poly 7006); NBP- 13, 323 m, 16 paratypes (USNM 1281912); Sta. NBP-14, 8 specimens (JAB).��� Weddell Sea off LIS-A Area, Sta. NBP- 25, 628 m, 9 specimens (JAB).��� East Antarctica, Wilkes Land, Vincennes Bay, Casey Station, coll. Australian Antarctic Division, O���Brien Bay, SRE- 1, Control R2, 12 Nov 1997, 66.295 ��S; 110.536 ��E, diver cores, 12���25 m, 1 specimen (AM). Description. A large species, body elongate, arenicoliform, expanded in anterior half to variable degree, usually from about setiger 4���5 continuing to mid-body, then tapering to narrow abdominal region (Fig. 3 C). Body surface covered with numerous annulated rings; most annulations formed of separate elevated pads or blocks (Figs. 1 A���E, 2 A). Holotype from Sta. NBP-04 ovigerous female, 32 mm long, 4.5 mm wide across expanded anterior region, with 40 setigerous segments; large paratype from Sta. NBP-01, 21 mm long, 4.5 mm wide anteriorly, for 41 setigers; six smaller paratypes from same sample, 7���10 mm long, 1.1���2.1 mm wide for 32���40 setigers. Numerous smaller specimens including post-larval forms as small as 1 mm long or less with as few as 10 setigers common in samples. Color in alcohol light tan with no yellow-orange caste as in other species; some specimens with distinct dark reddish-colored glands forming a row across dorsum of setigers 4���5 (Fig. 3 A); similar isolated pigmented glands consisting of numerous twisted tubules on some anterior neuropodia (Fig. 2 B); these glands likely retaining color derived from Rose Bengal stain used in sample processing; similar reddish-colored glands in dorsal and ventral cirri of posterior parapodia (Figs. 2 C���D, 3 D���G). Prostomium T-shaped, with lateral processes or horns well developed, pointed laterally, sometimes oriented dorsally or anteriorly (Figs. 1 A���C, 2 A, 3 A���C); posterior margin of prostomium visible dorsally (Fig. 1 A���B); eyes absent. Nuchal organs not everted on any specimens; ciliated grooves apparent between prostomium and peristomium on some specimens. Peristomium achaetous, not concealing posterior margin of prostomium, consisting of single ring complete dorsally (Figs. 1 A���C), split into three rings ventrally forming the upper lip of the mouth and together with annulated rows from setiger 1 forming the lower lip of the mouth (Figs. 2 A, 3 B). Mouth surrounded by broad lateral lips divided anteriorly into a row of small elongate lobes forming upper lip of mouth and posteriorly by 4���5 large paired lobes or blocks forming lower lip of mouth at level of setiger 1 (Fig. 2 A). Juvenile morphology suggests that upper and lower lip morphology entirely derived from peristomium (see below). Proboscis smooth sac when everted. Dorsally, setiger 1 biannulate and setigers 2���3 triannulate (Figs. 1 A���B); ventrally, setigers 1���3 triannulate (Fig. 2 A); subsequent anterior setigers of expanded region quadriannulate, narrow posterior segments initially quadriannulate, then becoming pentannulate and quadriannulate in far posterior setigers (Fig. 1 D). Each annulation divided into separated elevated pads or square-shaped blocks, providing complex areolated appearance to body surface. Ventral midline from setiger 2 with group of four large epidermal pads per segment in anterior segments (Figs. 2 A, 3 B), merging into a single pad in middle and posterior segments, forming ridge line within mid-ventral groove; mid-ventral groove and ridge line continuing posteriorly (Fig. 3 C). Arborescent or dendritically branched branchiae present on setigers 2���5 posterior to notosetae (Figs. 1 A, C, 2 A���B, 3 B). Parapodia reduced, inconspicuous anteriorly (Figs. 1 C, 2 B) becoming larger and more conspicuous in middle and posterior setigers (Figs. 1 D, 2 C���D); Dorsal and ventral cirri develop from about setigers 17���20 or midbody; dorsal cirri initially short, triangular (Figs. 2 C, 3 D), becoming slightly longer and narrower by about setiger 30 (Figs. 1 E, 2 D, 3 F), continuing to posterior end; ventral cirri narrower than dorsal cirri, oval, tapering to rounded tip. Each dorsal and ventral cirrus with darkly pigmented glands; each gland formed of tubules appearing to exit dorsally on dorsal cirri and ventrally on ventral cirri (Figs. 3 D���G). Interramal papillae small, inconspicuous in anterior setigers, becoming larger in middle and posterior parapodia (Fig. 2 C). All setigers with noto- and neuropodial fascicles of slender capillaries, with those of anterior fascicles more numerous, arranged into 2���3 rows, with setae of posterior row longest; capillaries of middle and posterior setigers arranged in 1���2 rows; all capillaries with numerous short bristles along length, representing emerging fibril endings (Figs. 1 F���G); setiger 1 with additional anterior row of inconspicuous short, slender, pointed aristate spinous setae (Figs. 1 F���G; 2 E) with occasional spine having two thin branches (Fig. 2 E); spines numbering 8���12 on large specimens, fewer on specimens of 10 mm or less in length. Setigers 2 and following with lyrate setae in same anterior position as short spines of setiger 1; each lyrate seta with nearly equal tynes tapering to filamentous tips and with numerous flattened, plate-like bristles on inner margins (Fig. 1 H���I, 2 F), details best seen with SEM. Pygidium of largest specimens with anal opening surrounded by about 12 elongate lobes (Fig. 1 D), pygidium inflated in smaller specimens with fewer poorly defined lobes poorly defined (Fig. 2 G); pygidium with five long, thin anal cirri, two dorsal, two ventral and one mid-ventral (Fig. 2 G); these cirri fragile, missing on most specimens. Ecology. Sediment particle size distributions analyzed from the same grabs as the biology samples from vertical subcores taken to a depth of 12 cm were reported by Gilbert & Domack (2003). A core closest to the Antarctic Peninsula in the LIS-A area (Sta. NBP-05) was dominated by silt and clay, but exhibited higher concentrations of coarse sand and gravel of up to 30 % near the surface; adjacent cores taken further offshore (Stas. NBP-06 and -07) had a more uniform particle size distribution of fine silt with depth. Out of 16 subcores analyzed from the LIS-A area, ten showed the maximum amount of gravel to occur in the upper 2.5 cm; of the remaining six subcores, four showed a decrease of coarse particles at the surface and two had subsurface maxima. Of nine subcores collected from the Prince Gustav Channel, seven had a sand-gravel maximum at the surface. Of the 26 subcores collected and analyzed for particle size, 65 % had a sand-gravel maximum near the surface overlying fine silt and clay. With respect to diversity, the dominance of silt + clay overlain with coarse sediments provides a variable sedimentary habitat to support an interesting mix of benthic invertebrates (Blake & Maciolek unpublished data). Out of 32 successful grab samples (21 from the LIS-A area; 11 from the Prince Gustav Channel), a total of 270 species of benthic invertebrates were identified, 128 of which were polychaetes. Of the total invertebrate fauna, Scalibregma australis n. sp. was the fifth most abundant species identified, with a total of 419 specimens. Two cirratulid polychaetes, Tharyx homosetosus (Hartmann-Schr��der & Rosenfeldt, 1989) (891 specimens) and Chaetozone sp. 1 (828 specimens), a bivalve, Yoldiella cf. vallettei (Lamy, 1906) (704 specimens) and a scaphopod, Siphonodentalium sp. (688 specimens) were the four most abundant species. Elsewhere in Antarctica, high benthic biomass (1.3 g / 0.1 m 2) and high density (37.3 �� 20.6 ind/ 0.1 m 2) for S. inflatum was reported by Pabis & Sobczyk (2015) from a glacial fjord on King George Island, South Shetland Islands having strong currents, away from glacial influence, and with poorly sorted sandy sediments. Typically, scalibregmatid polychaetes do not occur in high densities in benthic communities. Therefore, the dominance of Scalibregma australis n. sp. in sediments along the east Antarctic Peninsula is unusual and reminiscent of similar high densities of S. inflatum in continental slope sediments (600���1500 m) off Cape Hatteras, NC (Blake 1993; Blake & Hilbig 1994). Live phytoplankton cells were recovered at 14 cm depth in the sediments from the Cape Hatteras sediments, suggesting rapid subduction (Cahoon et al. 1994) and possibly caching by deposit feeders such as S. inflatum. Blair et al. (1996) documented rapid in situ uptake of 13 C-labeled Chlorella sp. by S. inflatum and rapid subduction of labeled material from the same area. Similar efforts to understand organic content of sediments along the east Antarctic Peninsula have not been undertaken. R.E. Ruff (personal communication) also provided evidence of high densities of S. californicum in one sample from the NE Pacific in the San Juan Archipelago from 24 m in silt and clay (376 specimens, 14 June 2012) and another from Bellingham Bay, 26 m in silt and clay (683 specimens, 0 8 Apr 2014). Most scalibregmatids are believed to be burrowing subsurface deposit feeders (Jumars et al. 2015). Available data on the reproduction and post-larval development of S. australis n. sp. is presented in a separate section (below). Remarks. Scalibregma australis n. sp. from Antarctica is compared with five previously known species, all from the northern hemisphere (Table 2). All of the six known species have a T-shaped prostomium with laterally or anteriorly directed fronta l horns, short spinous setae anterior to capillaries in setigers 1 or 2, lyrate setae from Scalibregma Scalibregma hanseni Scalibregma inflatum Scalibregma celticum Scalibregma californicum stenocerum Species/Morphology Bakken, Oug & Scalibregma australis n. sp. (Ashworth, 1902) Mackie, 1991 Blake, 2000 (Bertelsen & Weston, Kongsrud, 2014 1980) T���shaped, lateral T���shaped, lateral processed pointed T���shaped, lateral T���shaped, lateral T���shaped, lateral processes pointed T���shaped, lateral anterolaterally; narrow posterior to Prostomium processes pointed laterally processes pointed processes pointed laterally or processes anterior/lateral projections, then becoming wide and or anterolaterally anterolaterally anterolaterally anterolaterally inflated Posterolaterally Pair of dark brown to located, V-shaped Absent Absent Absent Absent black subdermal eyes with points directed anteriorly Does not conceal A single ring dorsally; posterior margin of Two dorsal rings, partial One dorsal ring encompassing approximately 3 rings Dorsally expanded, hood��� prostomium, 2 rings Achaetous and covering of posterior prostomium; three rings ventrally Peristomium ventrally, merging with like, covering eyes and merge dorsally and apodous prostomium; ventrally forming anterior and posterior lips of the upper lips of the posterior prostomium encompass mouth narrow mouth mouth ventrally Branched, originating Present, eversible, Present, eversible, on at posterolateral Ciliated; present laterally on both sides Nuchal Organs dorsolateral on either lateral side of prostomium?? margins of of prostomium side of the prostomium immediately behind eyes prostomium Upper lip a large Upper lip with distinct Surrounded by broad Upper lip with a row of narrow pads; biannulate and tessellate longitudinal median fold, lateral lips; small rounded Broad anterior and dorsal Mouth? lower lip with two rows of 5���6 large pad, lower lip narrow, lower lip large with upper lip; lower lip with lips pads; small lobes laterally single row of pads radiating wrinkles 4���5 short lobes Proboscis Smooth sac Smooth sac Smooth sac Smooth sac Folded, undulating rim Smooth sac Setigers 1���4 Setigers 1���3 triannulate, Setiger 1 triannulate, Anterior most segments triannulate or Setigers 1���4 triannulate, Transverse quadriannulate; Annulation quadriannulate or quadriannulate or quadriannulate, posterior segments pentannulate after annulation subsequent with 5���6 pentannulate after pentannulate after pentannulate annulations From setiger 2 From setiger 2 (broad (hexagonal or Narrow ventral From setiger 2, four raised pads in rectangular to trapezoidal From setiger 2, deep pentagonal on 2 groove depicted in Present, 1 pad per mid-ventral groove, continuing along Ventral Midline/ Groove and biannulate on 2, then groove containing large (possibly 3���4) drawing, but not segment body; groove deep in narrow posterior rectangular and biannulate epidermal pads rectangular or biannulate described segments after) after) Branchiae Present, setigers 2���5 Present, setigers 2���5 Present, setigers 2���5 Present, setigers 3���5 Present, setigers 3���5 Present, setigers 2���5 Initially small and Initially small and Bulbous, low and Short, inflated, Short triangular at first, rounded, then becoming rounded, then becoming rounded at first, then becoming more Short, triangular at first, then elongate, Dorsal/Ventral Cirri becoming lanceolate in triangular, then triangular, then becoming becoming larger and elongate in posterior fingerlike posterior segments becoming lanceolate lanceolate triangular segments Dorsal and ventral Glands on dorsal and ventral Black spots on dorsal and cirri retain reddish Present Present Present, yellowish color Present, dark reddish ventral cirri brown pigment in alcohol 1 setiger rare aristate, around margin 2 dorsal, 2; between some ventral spots apparent when, from rounded and most 1 setiger, setiger 2 equal multilobate / aperture thin anal cirri, 1 ��� ventral mid dorsally spots ��� 3 4 and 5 4 on ��� isolated, some 2. ��� 3 These with Bengal Rose Small Present bifurcate From Nearly Crenulate anal Five long ventral, Band of setigers specimens on setigers stained setiger about , 2 1 ��� blunt tipped dorsal dorsal and yellow from setigers curved setiger 3 equal lobes 10 cirri 5 3 5 with ���transverse; bands with cirri Present 15 Present, short From Nearly About to Up Setigers yellow pigment ventral glands rounded and, and posterior 2 ���, setigers 1 3 setiger specimens, located Small middle parapodia Present From Unequal? 3 ��� 0 on examined ventrally and ventrolateral? , of cirri most , some., inconspicuous 1 setiger 1 setiger row,, short pointed 12 setiger 2 equal Numerous lobes anal, thin long from ventral yellow-orange spots black on and rings ventral and cirri Scalibregma Small from Present ��� 10 spines From Nearly Five arising lobes Body with annulated dorsal of Species 1 1, 2 ��� smooth about around anal cirri stained ventral setigers on Six from setiger setigers blunt, 3 setiger of ratio(margin aperture, ventrally filiform patches Bengal on dorsally 5 4 ��� of, Adults Small Present. short, From Unequal 1.3) Crenulate anal (1 long Five inserted Solitary with Rose parapodia to ���; 4 and 6 ��� setigers among 1 setiger, 1 bifurcate ca 2 of about margin around cirri anal 2 and) patches to ventral 4 setigers Morphology Small from, Present setiger pointed and numbers equal setiger From Unequal (ratio) 1.2 Crenulate anal aperture filiform Five ventral median ventrolateral pairs glandular Small and dorsal parapodia on 5 of Comparison Sense Organ with 2 / or short row 1 in st. 2 1 and setae to capillaries Setae Tynes Setae Cirri pigment TABLE Interramal Setiger spinous anterior Lyrate Lyrate Pygidium Anal Body setigers 2 or 3, dendritically branched branchiae on four or five anterior setigers, well-developed dorsal and ventral cirri on middle and posterior setigers, and a ventral groove containing elevated pads running the length of the body. Scalibregma australis n. sp. is most closely related to S. inflatum and S. californicum Blake, 2000. All three species have lyrate setae from setiger 2; the other three species have them from setiger 3; branchiae are on setigers 2���5, two other species have them on setigers 3���5; eyes are absent, two other species have eyes (Table 2). The main characters that separate S. australis n. sp., S. inflatum, and S. californicum from one another are (1) details of the peristomium, (2) the development of the upper and lower lips that surround the mouth, (3) the shape of the dorsal and ventral cirri along the body, and (4) the structure of the short spinous setae in setiger 1. Peristomium. The peristomium of S. inflatum consists of a single ring dorsally and approximately four rings ventrally, merging with the upper lips of the mouth (Mackie 1991); in S. californicum the peristomium has two rings dorsally that extend ventrally to merge with the lateral lips of the mouth (Blake 2000); in S. australis n. sp., the single dorsal peristomial ring divides into three ventral rings that merge with the upper lip of the mouth., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2015, New species of Scalibregmatidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the East Antarctic Peninsula including a description of the ecology and post-larval development of species of Scalibregma and Oligobregma, pp. 57-93 in Zootaxa 4033 (1) on pages 61-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4033.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/289810, {"references":["Hartman, O. (1967) Polychaetous annelids collected by the USNS Eltanin and Staten Island cruises, chiefly from Antarctic seas. Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology, 2, 1 - 387.","Blake, J. A. (1981) The Scalibregmatidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South American and Antarctic Seas, collected chiefly during the cruises of the R / V Anton Bruun, R / V Hero and USNS Eltanin. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 94, 1131 - 1162. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 107603 (Accessed 19 Oct. 2015)","Sicinski J. (1986) Benthic assemblages of Polychaeta in chosen regions of the Admiralty Bay (King George Island, South Shetland Islands). Polish Polar Research, 7, 63 - 78.","Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1986) Die Polychaeten der 56. Reise der \" Meteor \" zu den South Shetland-Inseln (Antarktis). Mitteilungen des hamburgischen Zoologischen Museums und Instituts, 83, 71 - 100.","Hartmann-Schroder, G. & Rosenfeldt, P. (1989) Die Polychaeten der \" Polarstern \" Reise ANT III / 2 in the Antarktis 1984 Teil 2: Cirratulidae bis Serpulidae. Mitteilungen des hamburgischen Zoologischen Museums und Instituts, 86, 65 - 106.","Cantone, G. & Sanfilippo, R. (1992) Polychaeta from Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica). In: Gallardo, V. A., Ferretti, O., & Moyanao, I. (Eds.), Oceanographia en Antartida. ENEA-PNRA-EULA, Conception, Chile, pp. 372 - 377.","Knox, G. A. & Cameron, D. B. (1998) The Marine Fauna of the Ross Sea: Polychaeta. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 108, 1 - 127.","Cantone, G. (1994) Polychaeta Sedentaria of Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica): Orbiniidae to Oweniidae (Annelida). Animalia, 21, 35 - 47.","Cantone, G., Castelli, A. & Gambi, M. C. (2000) Benthic polychaetes off Terra Nova Bay and Ross Sea: Species composition, biogeography, and ecological role. In: Faranda, F. M., Guglielmo, L. & Ianora, A. (Eds.), Ross Sea Ecology. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 551 - 561.","San Martin, G, Parapar, J., Garcia, F. J. & Redondo, M. S. (2000) Quantitative analysis of soft bottoms infaunal macrobenthic polychaetes from South Shetland Islands (Antarctica). Bulletin of Marine Science, 67, 83 - 102.","Lovell, L. L. & Trego, K. D. (2003) The epibenthic megafaunal and benthic infaunal invertebrates of Port Foster, Deception Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). Deep-Sea Research II, 50, 1799 - 1819.","Montiel, A., Gerdes, D., Hilbig, B. & Arntz, W. E. (2005) Polychaete assemblages on the Magellan and Weddell Sea shelves: comparative ecological evaluation. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 297, 189 - 202. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 297189","Hilbig, B., Gerdes, D. & Montiel, A. (2006) Distribution patterns and biodiversity in polychaete communities of the Weddell Sea and Antarctic Peninsula area (Southern Ocean). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 86, 711 - 725. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315406013610","Schuller, M., Hilbig, B. & Wagele, J. - W. (2009) Community structure and diversity of polychaetes (Annelida) in the deep Weddell Sea (Southern Ocean) and adjacent basins. Marine Biodiversity, 39, 95 - 108. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 009 - 0009 - 4","Barbosa, L. S., Soares-Gomes, A. & Paiva, P. S. (2010) Distribution of polychaetes in the shallow, sublittoral zone of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica in the early and late austral summer. Natural Science, 2 (10), 1155 - 1163. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4236 / ns. 2010.210143","Parapar, J., Lopez, E., Gambi, M. C., Nunez, J. & Ramos, A. (2011 a) Quantitative analysis of soft-bottom polychaetes of the Bellingshausen Sea and Gerlach Strait (Antarctica). Polar Biology, 34, 715 - 730. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 010 - 0927 - 4","Pabis, K. & Sobczyk, R. (2015) Small-scale variation of soft-bottom polychaete biomass in an Antarctic glacial fjord (Ezcurra Inlet, South Shetlands): comparison of sites at different levels of disturbance. Helogland Marine Research, 69, 113 - 121. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10152 - 014 - 0420 - 5","Rathke, H. (1843) Beitrage zur Fauna Norwegens. Verhandlungen Kaiserlichen Leopoldinisch-Carolinischen Akademie Naturforscher, 20, 1 - 264. [Breslau] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11613","Gilbert, R. & Domack, E. W. (2003) Sedimentary record of disintegrating ice shelves in a warming climate, Antarctic Peninsula. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 4 (4), 1 - 12.","Blake, J. A. (1993) Life history analysis of five dominant infaunal polychaete species from the continental slope off North Carolina. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 73, 123 - 141. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315400032689","Blake, J. A. & Hilbig, B. (1994) Dense infaunal assemblages on the continental slope off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Deep- Sea Research II, 41, 875 - 899.","Cahoon, L. B., Laws, R. A. & Thomas, C. J. (1994) Viable diatoms and chlorophyll a in continental slope sediments off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Deep-Sea Research II, 41, 767 - 782.","Blair, N. E., Levin, L. A., DeMaster, D. J. & Plaia, G. (1996) The short-term fate of fresh algal carbon in continental slope sediments. Limnology & Oceanography, 41, 1208 - 1219. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4319 / lo. 1996.41.6.1208","Jumars, P. A., Dorgan, K. M. & Lindsey, S. M. (2015) Diet of worms emended: an update of polychaete feeding guilds. Annual Review of Marine Science, 7, 497 - 520 + Supplemental Appendix. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev-marine- 010814 - 020007","Mackie, A. S. Y. (1991) Scalibregma celticum new species (Polychaeta, Scalibregmatidae) from Europe, with a redescription of Scalibregma inflatum Rathke, 1843 and comments on the genus Sclerobregma Hartman, 1965. Bulletin of Marine Science, 48, 268 - 276.","Blake, J. A. (2000) Family Scalibregmatidae Malmgren, 1867. In: Blake, J. A., Hilbig, B. & Scott, P. H. (Eds.), Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and the Western Santa Barbara Channel. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, pp. 129 - 144.","Bakken, T., Oug, E. & Kongsrud, J. A. (2014) Occurrence and distribution of Pseudoscalibregma and Scalibregma (Annelida, Scalibregmatidae) in the deep Nordic Seas, with the description of Scalibregma hanseni n. sp. Zootaxa, 3753 (2), 101 - 117. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3753.2.1"]}

Family Scalibregmatidae Malmgren, 1867 Records. Lizard Island: Crystal Beach (14 �� 40 ���S 145 �� 28 ���E) AM W. 40304; Lagoon (14 �� 42 ���S 145 �� 28 ���E) AM W. 40303. Comments. No published record of this family from Lizard Island., Published as part of Ribas, Julia & Hutchings, Pat, 2015, Lizard Island Polychaete Workshop: sampling sites and a checklist of polychaetes, pp. 7-34 in Zootaxa 4019 (1) on page 30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4019.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/289472

Mikac, Barbara (2015): A sea of worms: polychaete checklist of the Adriatic Sea. Zootaxa 3943 (1): 1-172, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3943.1.1

Genus Oligobregma Kudenov & Blake, 1978 Type-species: Pseudoscalibregma aciculatum Hartman, 1965, designated by Kudenov & Blake 1978. Diagnosis. Body elongate and arenicoliform. Prostomium T-shaped with two prominent frontal horns; eyes present or absent; nuchal organs present. Peristomium achaetous, surrounding prostomium dorsally and forming upper and lower lips of mouth ventrally. Branchiae absent. Parapodia with well-developed dorsal and ventral cirri on posterior segments; interramal papilla present or absent. Large acicular spines present on anterior setigers. Capillaries present in all parapodia; lyrate setae present anterior to capillaries of setigers 2, 3, or 4; some species with short, slender, blunt or pointed spinous setae anterior to capillaries of setigers 1, 2 or 3, representing homologues of lyrate setae. Pygidium with anal cirri. Remarks. Oligobregma is one of four genera with dorsal and ventral cirri: Scalibregma (with branchiae and without large anterior acicular spines); Sclerobregma (with branchiae and with large anterior acicular spines); Pseudoscalibregma (without branchiae or large anterior acicular spines); and Oligobregma (without branchiae and with large anterior acicular spines). The boundaries between these genera are not great and since the presence and absence of branchiae and large anterior acicular spines are characters occurring in other genera, it is obvious that the generic arrangement of scalibregmatids should be revised. In addition, the observations in this paper of branchiae developing late in juvenile Scalibregma australis n. sp. ontogeny means that they pass through a Pseudoscalibregma -like phase where the genus (and species) cannot be confirmed. A similar situation has been identified with Sclerobregma branchiatum in the western North Atlantic, where juveniles lacking branchiae were initially thought to represent a new species of Oligobregma (Blake & Luzak unpublished). However, for the time being the definition of these genera and others provide a practical way to use a suite of characters to classify and identify them with the caveat that small specimens thought to be one genus might be a juvenile of another. At present, ten species have been described as Oligobregma, all except one from the southern ocean and hemisphere: Oligobregma aciculata (Hartman, 1965). Western North Atlantic Oligobregma blakei Sch��ller & Hilbig, 2007. Antarctica, Scotia Sea, 2889���2892 m. Juvenile, possibly belongs to a different genus. Oligobregma collare (Levenstein, 1975). Subantarctic and Antarctic seas, 1622���6070 m. Oligobregma hartmanae Blake, 1981. Antarctica, Weddell Sea, 505 m. Here referred to the genus Pseudoscalibregma. Oligobregma lonchochaeta Detinova, 1985, North Atlantic, Reykjanes Ridge. Oligobregma notiale Blake, 1981. Antarctica, widespread, shallow water to over 900 m. Oligobregma oculata Kudenov & Blake, 1978. Off New Caledonia, 57 m. Oligobregma pseudocollare Sch��ller & Hilbig, 2007. Antarctica, Scotia and Weddell Seas, 753���3050 m. Oligobregma quadrispinosa Sch��ller & Hilbig, 2007. Antarctica, Scotia and Weddell Seas, 2258���4069 m. Oligobregma simplex Kudenov & Blake, 1978. SE Australia, Westernport Bay, 11 m. Of these species, all except O. hartmanae and O. blakei are validly placed in Oligobregma. O. hartmanae has only small spines in setigers 1���2 anterior to and smaller than the accompanying capillaries. These represent the small spinous setae that are considered to be homologues of lyrate setae that occur from setiger 3 and are not the large heavy acicular spines of other species. The short spinous setae have now been observed in many species in which they were not originally described. O. hartmanae is therefore referred to the genus Pseudoscalibregma. Oligobregma blakei is described from a very small specimen only 3 mm in length and less than the size where branchiae developed in Scalibregma australis n. sp. (see above) and may not be validly placed in Oligobregma. A new species of Oligobregma has been discovered in the LIS-A area and is described herein., Published as part of Blake, James A., 2015, New species of Scalibregmatidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the East Antarctic Peninsula including a description of the ecology and post-larval development of species of Scalibregma and Oligobregma, pp. 57-93 in Zootaxa 4033 (1) on pages 79-80, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4033.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/289810, {"references":["Kudenov, J. D. & Blake, J. A. (1978) A review of the genera and species of the Scalibregmidae (Polychaeta) with description of one new genus and three new species from Australia. Journal of Natural History, 12, 427 - 444. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937800770291","Hartman, O. (1965) Deep-water benthic polychaetous annelids off New England to Bermuda and other North Atlantic areas. Allan Hancock Foundation Publications Occasional Paper, 28, 1 - 378.","Schuller, M. & Hilbig, B. (2007) Three new species of the genus Oligobregma (Polychaeta, Scalibregmatidae) from the Scotia and Weddell Seas (Antarctica). Zootaxa, 1391, 35 - 45.","Levenstein, R. Y. (1975) [The polychaetous annelids of the deep trenches of the Atlantic sector of the Antarctic Ocean]. Trudy Institute Oceanologica, 103, 119 - 142. [in Russian]","Blake, J. A. (1981) The Scalibregmatidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South American and Antarctic Seas, collected chiefly during the cruises of the R / V Anton Bruun, R / V Hero and USNS Eltanin. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 94, 1131 - 1162. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 107603 (Accessed 19 Oct. 2015)"]}

Genus Lipobranchius Cunningham & Ramage, 1888 Lipobranchius jeffreysii (McIntosh, 1869) DISTRIBUTION: CA. LITERATURE RECORDS: Katzmann 1973 a, 1983; Požar-Domac 1994., Published as part of Mikac, Barbara, 2015, A sea of worms: polychaete checklist of the Adriatic Sea, pp. 1-172 in Zootaxa 3943 (1) on page 102, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3943.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/244663, {"references":["Katzmann, W. (1973 a) Contributo alla conoscenza dei policheti del Mare Adriatico (Medio Adriatico - Fondi mobili tra 10 e 230 metri di profondita). Quaderni del Laboratorio di Technologia della Pesca, 1 (5), 143 - 155.","Katzmann, W. (1983) Bemerkungen zur Systematik, Okologie und Tiergeographie der mitteladriatischen Weichbodenpolychaeten. Annalen des Naturhistorichen Museums in Wien, 84 / B, 87 - 122.","Pozar-Domac, A. (1994) Index of the Adriatic Sea Polychaetes (Annelida, Polychaeta). Natura Croatica, 3, (Supplement 1), 1 - 23."]}

Genus Sclerocheilus Grube, 1863 * Sclerocheilus minutus Grube, 1863 DISTRIBUTION: NA, CA, SA. LITERATURE RECORDS: Grube 1863, 1864; Carus 1884; Banse 1959; Katzmann 1972, 1973; Matja��ić & ��tirn 1975; Bellan 1976; Avčin & Vri��er 1983; Katzmann 1983; Požar-Domac 1983, 1986, 1994; Zahtila 1995; Casellato & Stefanon 2008; Castelli et al. 2008. NEW RECORDS: BM 54, BM 99., Published as part of Mikac, Barbara, 2015, A sea of worms: polychaete checklist of the Adriatic Sea, pp. 1-172 in Zootaxa 3943 (1) on page 103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3943.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/244663, {"references":["Grube, E. (1863) Beschreibung neuer oder Wenig becannter Anneliden. 5. Zahereiche Gattungen. Archiv Fur Naturgeschicthe, 29, 37 - 69.","Grube, E. (1864) Die Insel Lussin und ihre Meeresfauna. Verlag Ferdinand Hirt, Breslau, 113 pp.","Carus, J. V. (1884) Prodromus Faunae Mediterraneae, I. E. Schweizerbarfsche Verlagshandlung (E. Koch), Stuttgart, 524 pp.","Banse, K. (1959) Polychaeten aus Rovinj. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 169, 295 - 313.","Katzmann, W. (1972) Die Polychaeten Rovinjs (Istrien / Jugoslawien). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 188, 116 - 144.","Matjasic, J. & Stirn, J. (1975) Flora in favna Severnega Jadrana 1. Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti Ljubljana, 54 pp.","Bellan, G. (1976) Contribution a l'etude des Annelides Polychetes de quelques fonds meubles circalittoraux des cotes Yougoslaves. Thalassia Jugoslavica, 12, 391 - 397.","Avcin, A. & Vriser, B. (1983) Znacilnosti zdruzb sedimentnega dna obalnega morja Slovenske Istre na primeru Piranskega zaliva. Bioloski Vestnik, 31 (1), 129 - 160.","Katzmann, W. (1983) Bemerkungen zur Systematik, Okologie und Tiergeographie der mitteladriatischen Weichbodenpolychaeten. Annalen des Naturhistorichen Museums in Wien, 84 / B, 87 - 122.","Pozar-Domac, A. (1983) Polychaeta u bentoskim biocenozama juznog Jadrana. Studia Marina, 13 - 14, 292 - 311.","Pozar-Domac, A. (1986) Prilog poznavanju faune mnogocetinasa (Polychaeta) juznog Jadrana-sireg podrucja Dubrovnika. Studia Marina, 17 - 18, 5 - 20.","Pozar-Domac, A. (1994) Index of the Adriatic Sea Polychaetes (Annelida, Polychaeta). Natura Croatica, 3, (Supplement 1), 1 - 23.","Zahtila, E. (1995) Ecological and biogeographical analysis of the Polychaetes fauna (Annelida, Polychaeta) of the Adriatic Sea (Ekoloska i biogeografska analiza faune mnogocetinasa (Annelida, Polychaeta) Jadranskog mora). Doctoral thesis, University of Zagreb, 483 pp.","Casellato, S. & Stefanon, A. (2008) Coralligenous habitat in the northern Adriatic Sea: an overview. Marine Ecology, 29, 321 - 341. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.2008.00236. x","Castelli, A., Bianchi, C. N., Cantone, G., Cinar, M. E., Gambi, M. C., Giangrande, A., Iraci Sareri, D., Lanera, P., Licciano, M., Musco, L. & Sanfilippo, R. (2008) Annelida Polychaeta. In: Relini, G. (Ed), Checklist della flora e della fauna dei mari italiani (Parte I). Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement 1), pp. 327 - 377."]}

PseudoscalIbregma parvum (Hansen, 1879) Figures 1���3 Scalibregma parvum Hansen, 1879: 7 ���8, pl. V, figs 7���14.��� 1882: 35���36. Eumenia longisetosa Th��el, 1879: 49 ���51, pl. III, figs 45���47, pl. IV, fig. 48. Pseudoscalibregma longisetosum.��� Furreg 1925: 170 ���176, figs S���X. Pseudoscalibregma parvum.��� Ashworth 1901: 296.��� St��p-Bowitz 1945: 72 ���75, fig. 3.��� 1948: 27���29, fig. 9.��� Jirkov 2001: 368.��� Bakken et al. 2010: 12. Type locality. The Norwegian Sea, off the coast of western Norway at 63 �� 10 ���N 4 ��0���E, 763 m, The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition Sta. 31 (lectotype designated here). Type material. Pseudoscalibregma parvum: Lectotype (ZMBN 94015) and 3 paralectotypes (ZMBN 2275). Paralectotypes from two different localities, Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition Sta. 31 (type locality) and Sta. 18, 62�� 44 'N 1 �� 48 'E, 753 m (see ���Remarks��� for details). Eumenia longisetosa Theel, 1879 (all syntypes): SMNH- 118416, 4 spms, Kara Sea, Russia, 5 Aug 1875, 20 m, sand, No 150, 70�� 40 'N 64 �� 17 'E, Leg N. Semlja Exp. 1875; SMNH-118413, 5 spms, Kara Sea, Russia, 3 Aug 1875, NE of Jugar Scharr, 218 m, clay, Leg N. Semlja Exp. 1875; SMNH-118411, 5 spms, Kara Sea, Russia, No 147, 164 m, mud, 71 ��05'N 61 �� 20 'E, Leg N. Semlja Exp. 1875; SMNH-118412, 3 spms, Kara Sea, Russia, 4 Aug 1875, No 147, 71��05'N 61 �� 20 'E, 164 m, clay, Leg N. Semlja Exp. 1875; SMNH-118414, 1 spm, Novaja Zemlja, Kara Sea, Russia, No 148, 4 Aug 1875, 127 m, 71 �� 40 'N 63 �� 50 'E, Leg N. Semlja Exp. 1875; SMNH-118415, 2 spms, Kara Sea, Russia, 31 Aug 1875, No 186, 109 m, 73 �� 34 'N 57 �� 56 'E, Leg N. Semlja Exp. 1875; SMNH-118409, 1 spm, Matoschkin Scharr, E of Rossman Station, Russia, No 12, 73��� 91 m, muddy stones, 4 Aug 1876, Leg Nordenskiolds Exp. 1876. Other material. Swedish Arctic Expedition 1899: SMNH-126668, 9 spms, Hurry's Inlet, Scoresby Sound, eastern Greenland, No 33, 4 Aug 1899, 70�� 43 'N 22 �� 29 'W, 70 m; SMNH-126665, 5 spms, eastern Greenland, No 18, 4 July, No 18, 4 July 1899, 74�� 55 'N 17 �� 59 'W, 350 m, ooze, sand and pebbles; SMNH-126664, 4 spms, Jan Mayen, 24 June 1899, No 17, 71�� 12 'N 08�� 28 'W, 1275 m, grey clay; SMNH-126666, 11 spms, Cap Darry, eastern Greenland, 24 July 1899, No 25, 72�� 28 'N 21 �� 48 'W, 180 m, mud with stones;. SMNH-126667, 3 spms, about 1 km W of Murray's Inlet, eastern Greenland, 28 July 1899, No 28, 71�� 33 'N 21 �� 44 'W, 200 m, mud with some stones. R/ V ��� H. Mosby ��� stations: Sta. 81.03. 21.1, Lat: 63.166 Long: 0 4.816, 830 m, - 0.9 ��C, 21 Mar. 1981, 12 spms; Sta. 81.03. 22.1, Lat: 63.285 Long: 0 4.413, 1260 m, - 0.9 ��C, 22 Mar. 1981, 8 spms; Sta. 81.06.0 4.4, Lat: 66.983 Long: 0 4.270, 1380 m, - 0.9 ��C, 4 June 1981, 3 spms; Sta. 81.06.0 6.3, Lat: 65.686 Long: 0 5.633, 602 m, 0.3 ��C, 6 June 1981, 1 spm; Sta. 81.06.0 6.7, Lat: 65.716 Long: 0 5.238, 794 m, - 0.9 ��C, 6 June 1981, 23 spms; Sta. 81.06.0 6.8, Lat: 65.666 N Long: 0 4.815, 996 m, -1.0��C, 6 June 1981, 1 spm; Sta. 81.06.0 7.1, Lat: 65.696 Long: 0 4.381, 1211 m, - 1.0��C, 7 June 1981, 1 spm; Sta. 81.08. 13.2, Lat: 63.423 Long: 0 4.090, 1288 m, - 0.9 ��C, 13 Aug. 1981, 5 spms; Sta. 81.08. 15.5, Lat:. 63.198 Long: 0 0.693, 1494 m, - 0.9 ��C, 15 Aug. 1981, 2 spms; Sta. 81.08. 15.6, Lat: 63.201 Long: 0 0.693, 1501 m, -1.0��C, 15 Aug. 1981, 1 spm; Sta. 81.08. 16.3, Lat: 62.800 Long: 0 1.043, 1009, -1.0��C, 16 Aug. 1981, 5 spms; Sta. 81.08. 16.7, Lat: 62.553 Long: 0 0.981, 800 m, - 0.9 ��C, 16 Aug. 1981, 18 spms; Sta. 82.01. 21.2, Lat: 62.491 Long: 0 1.721, 604 m, 1.1 ��C, 21 Jan. 1982, 6 spms; Sta. 82.01. 21.4, Lat: 62.560 Long: 0 0.981, 804 m, - 0.9 ��C, 21 Jan. 1982, 10 spms; Sta. 82.01. 21.6, Lat: 62.803 Long: 0 1.088, 984 m, - 0.9 ��C, 21 Jan. 1982, 2 spms; Sta. 82.08. 15.1, Lat: 63.048 Long: 0 0.808, 1286 m, -1.0��C, 15 Aug. 1982, 6 spms; Sta. 82.08. 19.1, Lat: 66.626 Long: 0 2.515, 1626 m, - 0.9 ��C, 19 Aug. 1982, 1 spm; Sta. 82.08. 23.1, Lat: 63.213 Long: 0 3.121, 1003 m, -1.0��C, 23 Aug. 1982, 12 spms; Sta. 82.11. 26.1, Lat: 63.178 Long: 0 2.765, 1030 m, -1.0��C, 26 Nov. 1982, 8 spms; Sta. 82.11. 27.1, Lat: 62.985 Long: 0 3.218, 804 m, -1.0��C, 27 Nov. 1982, 20 spms; Sta. 83.06.0 2.1, Lat: 62.198 Long: -00.003, 708 m, - 0.3 ��C, 2 June 1983, 4 spms; Sta. 83.06.0 3.1, Lat: 61.343 Long: -03.185, 1338 m, - 0.7 ��C, 3 June 1983, 2 spms; Sta. 83.06.0 3.2, Lat: 60.201 Long: -06.625, 1220 m, - 0.8 ��C, 3 June 1983, 1 spm; Sta. 83.06.0 7.2, Lat: 64.435 Long: - 11.170, 400 m, - 0.2 ��C, 7 June 1983, 1 spm; Sta. 83.06.0 8.1, Lat: 65.168 Long: -09.493, 784 m, - 0.6 ��C, 2 spms; Sta. 83.06.0 8.2, Lat: 65.460 Long: -07.588, 1626 m, - 0.9 ��C, 8 June 1983, 7 spms; Sta. 83.06. 17.3, Lat: 62.593 Long: 0 1.233, 781 m, - 0.9 ��C, 17 June 1983, 108 spms; Sta. 84.03. 15.2, Lat: 68.891 Long: -14.238, 1588 m, - 0.9 ��C, 15 Mars 1984, 2 spms; Sta. 84.05. 23.1, Lat: 62.585 Long: 0 1.793, 656 m, - 0.8 ��C, 23 May 1984, 80 spms; Sta. 84.05. 23.2, Lat: 62.590 Long: 0 1.795, 650 m, 23 May 1984, 4 spms; Sta. 84.05. 23.3, Lat: 62.508 Long: 0 1.851, 576 m, - 0.4 ��C, 23 May 1984, 1 spm; Sta. 84.05. 23.5, Lat: 62.603 Long: 0 2.233, 576 m, - 0.8 ��C, 23 May 1984, 6 spms; Sta. 84.11. 20.2, Lat: 63.133 Long: 0 1.895, 1087 m, - 0.9 ��C, 20 Nov. 1984, 28 spms; Sta. 84.11. 21.1, Lat: 62.791 Long: 0 1.836, 811 m, - 0.9 ��C, 21 Nov. 1984, 3 spms; Sta. 84.11. 21.2, Lat: 62.553 Long: 0 1.820, 625 m, - 0.8 ��C, 21 Nov. 1984, 53 spms; Sta. 85.01.0 8.1, Lat: 62.525 Long: 0 1.443, 701 m, - 0.9 ��C, 8 Jan. 1985, 75 spms; Sta. 85.01.0 8.2, Lat: 62.706 Long: 0 1.186, 897 m, - 0.9 ��C, 8 Jan. 1985, 34 spms; Sta. 85.01.0 8.3, Lat: 62.911 Long: 0 0.928, 1112 m, - 0.9 ��C, 8 Jan. 1985, 14 spms; Sta. 85.01.0 8.4, Lat: 63.291 Long: 0 0.471, 1698 m, - 0.9 ��C, 8 Jan. 1985, 1 spm; Sta. 85.01. 12.2, Lat: 63.166 Long: 0 0.643, 1489 m, - 0.9 ��C, 12 Jan. 1985, 8 spms; Sta. 85.01. 12.3, Lat: 63.048 Long: 0 0.796, 1293 m, - 0.9 ��C, 12 Jan. 1985, 12 spms; Sta. 86.06. 12.2, Lat: 63.638 Long: -07.025, 1533 m, - 0.9 ��C, 12 June 1986, 2 spms; Sta. 86.06. 13.1, Lat: 63.218 Long: -07.031, 1261 m, - 0.8 ��C, 13 June 1986, 2 spms; Sta. 86.06. 13.4, Lat: 63.045 Long: -07.028, 1022 m, - 0.8 ��C, 13 June 1986, 2 spms; Sta. 86.06. 13.5, Lat: 62.948 Long: -07.002, 748 m, - 0.6 ��C, 13 June 1986, 1 spm; Sta. 86.06. 16.1, Lat: 62.855 Long: -05.698, 750 m, - 0.4 ��C, 16 June 1986, 6 spms; Sta. 86.07. 25.1, Lat: 69.023 Long: -08.410, 879 m, - 0.6 ��C, 25 July 1986, 464 spms; Sta. 86.07. 27.2, Lat: 70.810 Long: -09.728, 886 m, - 0.6 ��C, 27 July 1986, 234 spms; Sta. 86.07. 27.5, Lat: 70.678 Long: -07.631, 1243 m, - 0.6 ��C, 27 July 1986, 9 spms; Sta. 86.07. 31.1, Lat: 63.103 Long: -00.841, 1751 m, - 0.9 ��C, 31 July 1986, 8 spms; Sta. 86.08. 15.5, Lat: 62.610 Long: 0 1.573, 654 m, - 0.9 ��C, 15 Aug. 1986, 44 spms; Sta. 86.08. 15.7, Lat: 62.843 Long: 0 1.431, 951 m, - 0.9 ��C, 15 Aug. 1986, 8 spms; Sta. 86.08. 16.2, Lat: 63.118 Long: 0 0.851, 1342 m, - 0.9 ��C, 16 Aug. 1986, 9 spms; Sta. 86.08. 17.3, Lat: 63.368 Long: 0 0.551, 1750 m, - 0.9 ��C, 17 Aug. 1986, 2 spms; Sta. 86.08. 17.5, Lat: 62.996 Long: 0 1.140, 1143 m, - 0.9 ��C, 17 Aug. 1986, 11 spms; Sta. 86.08. 17.6, Lat: 62.691 Long: 0 1.756, 750 m, - 0.9 ��C, 17 Aug. 1986, 132 spms; Sta. 87.06. 13.1, Lat: 69.978 Long: 12.545, 1832 m, - 0.9 ��C, 13 June 1987, 1 spm. R/V ��� Jan Mayen ��� stations: Sta. 808 - 99, Lat: 70.9768 Long: - 0 8.7735, 109 m, 14 Sept. 1999, 1 spm; Sta. 813 - 99, Lat: 71.1068 Long: -09.5877, 514 m, 15 Sept. 1999, 22 spms; Sta. 834 - 99, Lat: 70.7512 Long: -07.9623, 771 m, 16 Sept. 1999, 104 spms; Sta. 848 - 99, Lat: 70.6478 Long: - 0 9.3722, 599 m, 17 Sept. 1999, 7 spms; Sta. 850 - 99, Lat: 70.6032 Long: -09.3453, 313 m, 17 Sept. 1999, 4 spms. R/V ��� Meteor ��� station: Sta. M 414 / 90, Lat: 74.9667 Long: 14.0283, 1748 m, - 1.1 ��C, 17 July 1990, 2 spms. R/V ��� G. O. Sars ��� CGB stations: Sta. Dive-07, Lat: 71.2998 Long: -5.7800, 616 m, June 2006, 1 spm; Sta. Dive- 12, Lat: 71.2997 Long: - 5.7820, 616 m, June 2006, 2 spms. MAREANO stations: Sta. R 405 - 59, RP, Lat: 72.14017 Long: 15.34583, 899 m, April 2009, 10 spms (3 mounted for SEM); Sta. R 754 - 132, RP, Lat: 67.80459 Long: 9.68544, 823 m, 22 Sept. 2011, 21 spms; Sta. R 882 - 12, RP, Lat: 67.28434 Long: 8.13304, 1117 m, 8 May 2012, 5 spms. Environmental monitoring stations: Sta. OL-01, Lat: 63.48446 Long: 0 5.36994, 837 m, 17 June 2004, 7 spms; Sta. OL-02, Lat: 63.49451 Long: 0 5.41986, 822 m, 17 June 2004, 5 spms; Sta. OL-03, Lat: 63.50035 Long: 0 5.36968, 867 m, 17 June 2004, 8 spms; Sta. OL-04, Lat: 63.51289 Long: 0 5.37823, 858 m, 18 June 2004, 6 spms; Sta. OL- 0 5, Lat: 63.50675 Long: 0 5.40527, 828 m, 17 June 2004, 3 spms; Sta. OL-06, Lat: 63.52350 Long: 0 5.37058, 870 m, 18 June 2004, 5 spms; Sta. OL-07, Lat: 63.52469 Long: 0 5.40486, 843 m, 18 June 2004, 2 spms; Sta. OL-08, Lat: 63.53813 Long: 0 5.38181, 852 m, 18 June 2004, 8 spms; Sta. OL-09, Lat: 63.53583 Long: 0 5.40537, 854 m, 18 June 2004, 5 spms; Sta. OL- 10, Lat: 63.53050 Long: 0 5.43927, 810 m, 18 June 2004, 3 spms; Sta. OL- 11, Lat: 63.55031 Long: 0 5.42835, 851 m, 18 June 2004, 11 spms; Sta. OL- 12, Lat: 63.55516 Long: 0 5.36859, 901 m, 19 June 2004, 6 spms (2 mounted for SEM); Sta. OL- 13, Lat: 63.56073 Long: 0 5.39664, 883 m, 19 June 2004, 1 spm; Sta. V-02, Lat: 63.50148 Long: 0 2.33322, 1325 m, 1 June 1998, 1 spm; Sta. V-06, Lat: 63.50074 Long: 0 5.33366, 913 m, 1 June 1998, 5 spms; Sta. V-09, Lat: 65.00138 Long: 0 5.00019, 757 m, 1 June 1998, 6 spms; Sta. V- 16, Lat: 67.00162 Long: 0 7.33367, 1174 m, 1 June 1998, 2 spms. Redescription. Lectotype complete specimen with everted proboscis, anterior end swollen in chaetigers 2 ���8, 13 mm body length for 32 chaetigers (Fig. 1 B). Paralectotypes three complete specimens with some damage, measuring 11 mm for 31 chaetigers, 14 mm for 34 chaetigers, and 16 mm for 34 chaetigers, respectively. Among the original material is also one anterior fragment with 6 chaetigers, one mid-body fragment, and two posterior parts. Length of complete specimens 4���35 mm for 29���36 chaetigers. Body elongated, tapering posteriorly. Preserved specimens usually swollen in anterior chaetigers (Figs 1, 2 A���B). Prostomium T-shaped, squarish with a pair of prominent horns projecting anterolaterally (Fig. 2 A, C). Nuchal slits on either side of prostomium, eversible nuchal organs observed in a few specimens. Peristomium achaetous, narrow dorsally, expanding laterally to a broad ring ventrally. Mouth ventral, peristomium and first chaetiger fused. Proboscis a large smooth sac, occasionally everted (Figs 1 B, 2 D). Dorsal body surface with rectangular pads (Fig. 2 A). Dorsal body surface with secondary annulations arranged as a double row of pads dorsal to notopodia, in addition an intermediate annulation between chaetigers; annulations similar throughout, smoothed out but visible in swollen area (Fig. 2 A). Ventrally body surface with a longitudinal midventral furrow, midventrally with a prominent longitudinal row of rectangular pads, most prominent in anterior half of body (Fig. 2 B). Pygidium rounded with a dorso-ventral indentation (Fig. 2 E), and smooth folds on the rim. Pygidial cirri absent. Parapodia on anterior part of body inconspicuous, with noto- and neuropodium well separated. In anterior chaetigers prechaetal lobe present in noto- and neuropodia, on chaetiger 1���2 prechaetal lobe barely visible (Fig. 2 F), evident from chaetiger 3���4. Parapodia gradually becoming more developed from chaetiger 12 (Figs 1, 2 A). Notopodium rounded in first few chaetigers from 12 (Fig. 2 G), becoming more produced posteriorly (Figs 1 D, 2 H). Neuropodium rounded from chaetiger 12, becoming increasingly produced posteriorly (Figs 1 D, 2 H). Noto- and neuropodium more or less equal in size. Dorsal and ventral cirri present from chaetiger 12. Dorsal cirri rounded knoblike, shorter than notopodium from chaetiger 12 (Fig. 2 G), becoming as long as notopodium posteriorly (Fig. 1 D). Ventral cirri barely visible on chaetigers 12���13, appearing as a low brim from chaetiger 14, then becoming increasingly rounded to elliptical posteriorly, as long as or slightly longer than neuropodium from chaetigers 20���25 (Figs 1 D, 2 H). Interramal papilla present, knoblike (Fig. 1 D). Chaetae include hirsute slender capillaries in noto- and neuropodia in all chaetigers (Fig. 3). Chaetiger 1 with one row of small pointed spines with bifurcate tips (Fig. 3 A���B) placed anterior to capillaries in both noto- (Fig. 3 A) and neuropodia (Fig. 3 D). Furcate chatae present from chaetiger 2 in both notopodia and neuropodia, having unequal tines in anterior chaetigers (Fig. 3 E���F), approaching more or less equal length in posteriormost chaetigers (Fig. 3 G), with dentation on inner side of tines (Fig. 3 F���H). Furcate chaetae occasionally found in chaetiger 1 (Fig 3 C) in both noto- and neuropodia, (not observed in all specimens). Chaetae numerous and long, organised in rows with one anterior row of furcate chaetae followed by 3���4 rows of capillaries. Chaetae most numerous in anterior chaetigers, length of chaetae subject to variation over specimens. Reproduction. Several ovigerous females observed in January (R/V ��� H. Mosby ��� Sta. 85.01.08.1). Diameter of eggs up to 200 ��m. Remarks. The original material used by Hansen (1879) to describe P. p a r v u m from stations 18 and 31 from The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition 1876 ��� 78 were found in one vial (ZMBN 2275). The material consists of 4 complete specimens, of which 3 are damaged. In the original description Hansen stated that one specimen with damage to the mid-body was from Sta. 18, which is easy to identify among the specimens. Hence, the remaining specimens are from Sta. 31. An undamaged specimen agrees with the original description and illustration and is selected as the lectotype; the remaining 3 specimens thereby becoming paralectotypes. The two stations where the original material was collected were relatively close to the shelf break in the Norwegian Sea at 753 m (Sta. 18) and 763 m (Sta. 31) depth. Both stations were reported to have a water temperature at the bottom of - 1 ��C (Hansen 1882). By selecting a lectotype from Sta. 31, the type locality is fixed to this position. Small pointed spines were observed on chaetiger 1; in most cases with a bifurcated tip (Fig. 3 B). The spines are similar to those described in Scalibregma inflatum (Mackie 1991) and Pseudoscalibregma orientalis (Imajima 2009). The observation of small spines on chaetiger 1 in two species of Pseudoscalibregma suggests that this represents a character that may be found in other species in this genus as well. The number of chaetigers is generally stable. The majority of specimens have 33���34 chaetigers, largely irrespective of body length. The observed range is 29���36 chaetigers in specimens measuring from 4 mm to 35 mm in body length. There are presently six valid species in Pseudoscalibregma, of which P. parvum is the only species in the Nordic Seas and the North Atlantic. Pseudoscalibregma parvum is most similar to P. orientalis Imajima, 2009 from Japan, but is distinguished by having a smooth proboscis, which is papillated in P. orientalis, by having short dorsal and ventral cirri, which are very long in P. orientalis, and by having parapodial lobes and cirri present from chaetiger 12, in contrast to chaetiger 14 in P. orientalis. Pseudoscalibregma papilia Sch��ller, 2008 possesses very large inflated cirri in posterior parapodia (Sch��ller 2008), as does P. bransfieldium (Hartman, 1967) (Blake 1981). In P. usarpium Blake, 1981 dorsal and ventral cirri commence on chaetiger 12, as in P. parvum, but P. usarpium differs from all other species of Pseudoscalibregma in the shape of the prostomium and by possessing papillae on the dorsum (Blake 1981). Th��el (1879) gave a rather detailed description of Eumenia longisetosa based on specimens from six stations at Novaja Zemlja and in the Kara Sea, Russia. Furreg (1925) extended the species description (as Pseudoscalibregma longisetosum) based on the original material and specimens from several other Arctic localities. He also discussed P. parvum and considered Hansen���s description to represent young specimens of P. longisetosum. Later, St��p- Bowitz (1945) confirmed the synonymy of the species, but indicated that Hansen���s name was published first and took priority. There is no indication that St��p-Bowitz actually studied Th��el���s specimens. In the present study the available material from Th��el's description was examined. None of the vials is labelled as type material or in any way indicated as such. There are some discrepancies in positions and depths as well as station numbers compared to the station list in the original description, but the specimens obviously represent those used by Th��el for his description. No morphological differences between Th��el's specimens and Hansen's specimens were found. Hence, the two names must be regarded as synonymous. The descriptions of Scalibregma parvum and Eumenia longisetosa were both published in 1879. St��p-Bowitz (1945) argued that Hansen���s name was the oldest by referring to a citation of Hansen���s work in Th��el (1879, p. 9: synonymy list for Polynoe imbricata) with the year 1877 or 1878 and indicated as a separate offprint. The case is not fully clear, but Hansen's name has been used consistently in the literature following St��p-Bowitz (1945). To provide stability we suggest that this should be continued. Distribution. Pseudoscalibregma parvum has been recorded from East Greenland, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Norwegian Sea and Kara Sea, in depths from 20 to 1715 m (this study; Furreg 1925; St��p-Bowitz 1948; Jirkov 2001; Bakken et al. 2010). The shallowest records are all Arctic, from East Greenland and the Kara Sea. On the shelf around the island of Jan Mayen some shallow records, from 109 m, are from an area with mixed North Atlantic and Arctic water masses with temperatures down to below 0��C (Bakken et al. 2010). In the Norwegian Sea there are a few records in shelf areas, but most records are from 600 m and deeper, where water temperatures are below 0��C (Fig. 7 A)., Published as part of Bakken, Torkild, Oug, Eivind & Kongsrud, Jon Anders, 2014, Occurrence and distribution of Pseudoscalibregma and Scalibregma (Annelida, Scalibregmatidae) in the deep Nordic Seas, with the description of Scalibregma hanseni n. sp., pp. 101-117 in Zootaxa 3753 (2) on pages 102-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/225662, {"references":["Hansen, G. A. (1879) Annelider fra den norske Nordhavsexpedition i 1876. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 24, 1 - 17.","Theel, H. (1879) Les annelides polychetes des mers de la Nouvelle-Zemble. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-akademiens Handlingar, 16, 1 - 75.","Furreg, E. (1925) Zur Systematik der Polychatenfamilie Scalibregmidae. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 50, 123 - 190.","Ashworth, J. H. (1901) The anatomy of Scalibregma inflatum Rathke. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, London, 45, 237 - 309.","Stop-Bowitz, C. (1945) Les Scalibregmiens de Norvege. Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskapene, 85, 63 - 87.","Jirkov, I. A. (2001) Polychaeta of the Arctic Ocean. Yanus, Moskva, 632 pp.","Bakken, T., Kongsrud, J. A., Oug, E., Cochrane, S. K. J., Moen, T. L. & Solbakken, B. E. B. (2010) Polychaetes from Jan Mayen (Annelida, Polychaeta). Polar Research, 29, 1 - 21. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1751 - 8369.2009.00132. x","Hansen, G. A. (1882) Annelida. In: The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition 1876 - 1878. Grondahl & Son, Christiania, pp. 1 - 53.","Mackie, A. S. Y. (1991) Scalibregma celticum new species (Polychaeta, Scalibregmatidae) from Europe, with a redescription of Scalibregma inflatum Rathke, 1843 and comments on the genus Sclerobregma Hartman, 1965. Bulletin of Marine Science, 48, 268 - 276.","Imajima, M. (2009) Deep-sea Benthic Polychaetes off Pacific Coast of the Northern Honshu, Japan. National Museum of Nature and Science Monographs, 39 - 192.","Schuller, M. (2008) New polychaete species collected during the expeditions ANDEEP I, II, and III to the deep Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean in the austral summers 2002 and 2005 - Ampharetidae, Opheliidae, and Scalibregmatidae. Zootaxa, 1705, 51 - 68.","Hartman, O. (1967) Polychaetotus annelids collected by the USNS Eltanin and Staten Island cruises, chiefly from Antarctic Seas. Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology, 2, 1 - 387.","Blake, J. A. (1981) The Scalibregmatidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South America and Antarctica collected chiefly during the cruises of the R / V Anton Bruun, R / V Hero and USNS Eltanin. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 94, 1131 - 1162.","Stop-Bowitz, C. (1948) Sur les polychetes arctiques des familles des Glyceriens, des Opheliens, des Scalibregmiens et des Flabelligeriens. Tromso Museums Arshefter, 66, 1 - 58."]}

ScalIbregma hansenI n. sp. Figures 4���6 Type locality. Norwegian continental shelf break, ���Egga���, west of Nordland County, 68 �� 50.42 'N 13 ��05.22'E, 765 m. Type material. Holotype (ZMBN 94016), MAREANO Sta. R 351-355, RP, 29 Oct. 2008, complete specimen, female with eggs in body cavity, in ethanol; 5 paratypes (ZMBN 94017), same sample as holotype, in ethanol; 1 paratype (ZMBN 94018), same sample as holotype, mounted for SEM; 1 paratype (ZMBN 94019), 1 paratype (ZMBN 94021) MAREANO Sta. R 351-356, RP, from type locality, 29 Oct. 2008, in ethanol; 1 paratype (ZMBN 94020), same sample as previous, mounted for SEM. Other material. R/V ��� H��kon Mosby ��� stations: Sta. 81.03. 21.1, Lat: 63.166 Long: 0 4.816, 830 m, - 0.9 ��C, 21 Mar. 1981, 2 spms; Sta. 81.06.0 6.3, Lat: 65.686 Long: 0 5.633, 602 m, 0.3 ��C, 6 June 1981, 1 spm; Sta. 81.08. 16.7, Lat: 62.553 Long: 0 0.981, 800 m, - 0.9 ��C, 3 spms; Sta. 82.01. 20.4, Lat: 62.495 Long: 0 2.136, 497 m, 2.2 ��C, 20 Jan. 1982, 1 spm; Sta. 82.01. 21.2, Lat: 62.491 Long: 0 1.721, 604 m, 1.1 ��C, 21 Jan. 1982, 10 spms; Sta. 82.01. 21.4, Lat: 62.560 Long: 0 0.981, 804 m, - 0.9 ��C, 21 Jan. 1982, 1 spm; Sta. 82.11. 27.1, Lat: 62.985 Long: 0 3.218, 804 m, - 1.0��C, 27 Nov. 1982, 11 spms; Sta. 83.06.0 2.1, Lat: 62.198 Long: -00.003, 708 m, - 0.3 ��C, 2 June 1983, 5 spms; Sta. 83.06.0 2.1, Lat: 62.198 Long: -00.003, 708 m, - 0.3 ��C, 2 June 1983, 5 spms; Sta. 83.06.0 3.2, Lat: 60.201 Long: -06.625, 1220 m, - 0.8 ��C, 3 June 1983, 4 spms; Sta. 83.06. 17.3, Lat: 62.593 Long: 0 1.233, 781 m, - 0.9 ��C, 17 June 1983, 17 spms; Sta. 84.05. 23.1, Lat: 62.585 Long: 0 1.793, 656 m, - 0.8 ��C, 23 May 1984, 3 spms; Sta. 84.05. 23.2, Lat: 62.590 Long: 0 1.795, 650 m, 23 May 1984, 2 spms; Sta. 84.05. 23.3, Lat: 62.508 Long: 0 1.851, 576 m, - 0.4 ��C, 23 May 1984, 4 spms; Sta. 84.05. 23.5, Lat: 62.603 Long: 0 2.233, 576 m, - 0.8 ��C, 23 May 1984, 4 spms; Sta. 84.11. 21.2, Lat: 62.553 Long: 0 1.820, 625 m, - 0.8 ��C, 21 Nov. 1984, 8 spms; Sta. 85.01.0 8.1, Lat: 62.525 Long: 0 1.443, 701 m, - 0.9 ��C, 8 Jan. 1985, 5 spms (1 mounted for SEM); Sta. 85.01.0 8.2, Lat: 62.706 Long: 0 1.186, 897 m, - 0.9 ��C, 8 Jan. 1985, 4 spms; Sta. 86.07. 25.1, Lat: 69.023 Long: -08.410, 879 m, - 0.6 ��C, 25 July 1986, 7 spms; Sta. 86.07. 27.2, Lat: 70.810 Long: -09.728, 886 m, - 0.6 ��C, 27 July 1986, 5 spms (1 mounted for SEM); Sta. 86.07. 27.5, Lat: 70.678 Long: 0 7.631, 1243 m, - 0.6 ��C, 27 July 1986, 1 spm; Sta. 86.08. 15.5, Lat: 62.610 Long: 0 1.573, 654 m, - 0.9 ��C, 15 Aug. 1986, 1 spm; Sta. 86.08. 15.7, Lat: 62.843 Long: 0 1.431, 951 m, - 0.9 ��C, 15 Aug. 1986, 1 spm; Sta. 86.08. 17.5, Lat: 62.996 Long: 0 1.140, 1143 m, - 0.9 ��C, 17 Aug. 1986, 2 spms; Sta. 86.08. 17.6, Lat: 62.691 Long: 0 1.756, 750 m, - 0.9 ��C, 17 Aug. 1986, 16 spms. MAREANO stations: Sta. R 351-355, RP, Lat: 68.84033 Long: 13.08700, 765 m, 29 Oct. 2008, 9 spms; Sta. R 351-356, 68.84033 N 13.08700E, 765 m, 29 Oct. 2008, 8 spms; Sta. R 416 - 386, Lat: 71.93600 Long: 15.53133, 777 m, 22 April 2009, 10 spms; Sta. R 464 - 143, Lat: 71.33700 Long: 16.51324, 853 m, - 0.48 ��C, 25 Sept. 2009, 2 spms. Environmental monitoring stations: Sta. OL-01, Lat: 63.48446 Long: 0 5.36994, 837 m, 17 June 2004, 2 spms; Sta. OL-04, Lat: 63.51289 Long: 0 5.37823, 858 m, 18 June 2004, 1 spm; Sta. OL-06, Lat: 63.52350 Long: 0 5.37058, 870 m, 18 June 2004, 2 spms; Sta. OL-08, Lat: 63.53813 Long: 0 5.38181, 852 m, 18 June 2004, 1 spm; Sta. OL- 13, Lat: 63.56073 Long: 0 5.39664, 883 m, 19 June 2004, 3 spm; Sta. V-07, Lat: 63.50149 Long: 0 5.65205, 591 m, 1 June 1991, 6 spms; Sta. V-09, Lat: 65.00138 Long: 0 5.00019, 757 m, 1 June 1998, 3 spms. Description. Length of entire specimens 7���10 mm for 35���41 segments, width up to 1.9 mm. Body arenicoliform, anterior part swollen, posterior region tapered (Fig. 4). Holotype 9.5 mm long for 38 chaetigers, maximum width 1.8 mm, body swollen at chaetigers 5���13. Prostomium T-shaped, with two long digitiform processes directed laterally or anterolaterally (Fig. 5 A). Eyes lacking. Peristomium achaetous, dorsally well-developed with two rings and partly covering posterior part of prostomium, ventrally narrow. Mouth ventral, rounded oval, with broad anterior and posterior lips. Proboscis occasionally everted, simple or folded with undulating rim. Peristomium and first chaetiger of about same width as posterior body. Following chaetigers gradually increasing in width, body swollen from chaetigers 5���7 to chaetigers 13���16 (Fig. 4 A). Anterior segments with four annuli, segments posterior to swollen part with 5���6 annuli. Body surface tessellate. Ventral side with medial longitudinal furrow with rounded borders. Furrow with row of squarish epidermal pads (���ventral shields���), one pad per segment, pads mostly indistinct in swollen region and posterior part of body (Fig. 4 B). Pygidium rounded, with ventral furrow and about ten short dorsal and lateral lobes (Fig. 5 B). Anal cirri filiform, somewhat thicker distally than proximally, easily detached (Fig. 4 F). Number of cirri not ascertained, up to five observed. Three pairs of branchiae, situated on chaetigers 3���5. Branchiae mostly simple, consisting of 1���4 simple or partly subdivided filaments, arising posterior to notopodia (Fig. 5 C, D). Branchiae usually increasing in size from anterior to posterior. Parapodia in anterior third of body small, inconspicuous, with low, evenly rounded prechaetal lobes in both rami (Fig. 4 C). Parapodia gradually developing from chaetigers 10���12, becoming well-developed from about chaetigers 14���16 (Fig. 5 E, 4 D). Dorsal cirri appearing from chaetigers 13���14, short triangular on most of body, becoming lanceolate in far posterior chaetigers. Ventral cirri appearing from chaetigers 14���16, triangular in most anterior chaetigers, rapidly becoming more pointed to lanceolate in following chaetigers (Fig. 5 F). Dorsal and ventral cirri with internal glandular structure, yellow coloured in preserved specimens (Fig. 4 E). Papillate interramal sense organ from about chaetiger 15 to posterior end (Fig. 5 G���H). All chaetigers with slender capillaries in both rami. First and second chaetiger in addition with gently curved, thin, blunt-tipped spines anterior to capillaries (Fig. 6 A���C), first chaetiger with 4���6 spines in both rami, second chaetiger with 6���8 somewhat longer spines. Notopodial spines located in a slightly curved vertical row in lower part of chaetal fascicle, neuropodial spines in a vertical row anterior to capillaries. All following chaetigers with furcate chaetae in both rami, located in a vertical row anterior to capillaries. Chaetiger 3 with 7���8 furcate chaetae, further back 8���12 (Fig. 6 D���E). Tines of furcate chaetae of unequal lengths (ratio 1.15: 1.35), longest tine with thin whip-shaped distal part, inner margin of tines with strong comb of teeth (Fig. 6 E���F). Capillaries hirsute, blunt spines and furcate chaetae with even surface structure (Fig. 6). Colour. Alcohol-preserved specimens light grey-brownish. Dorsal and ventral cirri usually bright yellow to brownish from colouring of internal glandular structure. Some specimens with transverse bands of light brownish epidermal pads on swollen part of body. Holotype with yellow transversal pigment bands dorsally on chaetigers 3��� 5, dorsal and ventral cirri in posterior body yellow. Reproduction. Ovigerous females observed in samples from continental shelf break off Nordland County at 68 �� N, 765 m, October 2008. Diameter of eggs up to 180 ��m. Holotype with eggs 120���140 ��m in diameter. Distribution. The species has been found on the continental slope in the eastern Norwegian Sea, from deep areas around Jan Mayen, and from a single record on the Wyville-Thomspon Ridge at 1220 m depth (Fig. 7 C). The depth range is 497���1243 m. Most samples are from the upper slope (600���800 m), coinciding with a transition zone from temperate North Atlantic water to cold Norwegian Sea water, with temperatures fluctuating around 0��C. Etymology. This species is named after Gerhard Armauer Hansen for his contribution on polychaetes in the Norwegian Sea. In his treatment of the polychaetes from the Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition 1876���1878, he described Pseudoscalibregma parvum and provided a description of Scalibregma abyssorum, which may have included material of the present species (Hansen 1879, 1882). Remarks. Presently six species are considered valid in the genus Scalibregma. Four species are found in NE Atlantic and Arctic waters, viz. S. inflatum, S. robustum Zachs, 1925, S. wireni Furreg, 1925, and S. celticum Mackie, 1991, and two species are found in US coastal waters: S. stenocerum (Bertelsen & Weston, 1980), and S. californicum Blake, 2000. Scalibregma hanseni n. sp shares with S. stenocerum the possession of three pairs of branchiae (on chaetigers 3���5), whereas all other species have four pairs of branchiae. Scalibregma hanseni n. sp. differs from S. stenocerum by having short rather than long, slender prostomial horns, by lacking eyes, and by having rather simple branchiae with few branches in contrast to bushy, multibranched branchiae. Scalibregma hanseni n. sp., S. stenocerum and S. celticum all have smooth blunt spines on chaetigers 1 and 2. Mackie (1991) discussed the taxonomic relevance of spines on the most anterior chaetigers and their possible homology with furcate chaetae in more posterior chaetigers., Published as part of Bakken, Torkild, Oug, Eivind & Kongsrud, Jon Anders, 2014, Occurrence and distribution of Pseudoscalibregma and Scalibregma (Annelida, Scalibregmatidae) in the deep Nordic Seas, with the description of Scalibregma hanseni n. sp., pp. 101-117 in Zootaxa 3753 (2) on pages 110-115, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/225662, {"references":["Hansen, G. A. (1879) Annelider fra den norske Nordhavsexpedition i 1876. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 24, 1 - 17.","Hansen, G. A. (1882) Annelida. In: The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition 1876 - 1878. Grondahl & Son, Christiania, pp. 1 - 53.","Zachs, I. (1925) Nouvelles additions a la faune des Polychaeta du Murman. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences de SSSR, Leningrad, 1925, 1 - 3.","Furreg, E. (1925) Zur Systematik der Polychatenfamilie Scalibregmidae. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 50, 123 - 190.","Mackie, A. S. Y. (1991) Scalibregma celticum new species (Polychaeta, Scalibregmatidae) from Europe, with a redescription of Scalibregma inflatum Rathke, 1843 and comments on the genus Sclerobregma Hartman, 1965. Bulletin of Marine Science, 48, 268 - 276.","Bertelsen, R. D. & Weston, D. P. (1980) A new species of Sclerobregma (Polychaeta: Scalibregmatidae) from off the southeastern United States. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 93, 708 - 713.","Blake, J. A. (2000) Family Scalibregmatidae Malmgren, 1867. In: Blake, J. A., Hilbig, B. & Scott, P. H. (Eds.), Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and the Western Santa Barbara Channel. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, pp. 129 - 144."]}

ScalIbregma abyssorum Hansen, 1879, nomen dubium Scalibregma (?) abyssorum Hansen, 1879: 6 ���7, pl. V, figs 1���6.��� 1882: 34���35. Scalibregma abyssorum. ��� Furreg 1925: 170. Scalibregma inflatum.��� St��p-Bowitz 1945: 70 ���71. Material examined. The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition 1876���1878, Norwegian continental shelf break, Sta. 18, 62�� 44 'N 1 �� 48 'E, 753 m, holotype of Scalibregma abyssorum (ZMBN 2274). Remarks. The description of Scalibregma abyssorum was based on one incomplete specimen (Hansen 1879; 1882). The species was stated to have three segments with gills, a squarish prostomium without lateral processes, anterior segments with no dorsal annulation, and furcate chaetae in neuropodia only. One incomplete specimen labelled as original material is kept in the collections of the University Museum of Bergen. St��p-Bowitz (1945) examined the specimen and noted that it had four pairs of branchiae and a prostomium with frontal horns. The branchiae were situated on chaetigers 2���5, as in S. inflatum. He concluded that it referred to a small specimen of S. inflatum. The examination of the specimen in the present study supports the observations by St��p-Bowitz (1945). The specimen is damaged, broken after chaetiger 13, and has lost parapodia on the right side. Bushy gills are present on chaetigers 2���5. The specimen, however, differs in several respects from the description and figures given by Hansen (1879, 1882), for instance in the dorsal annulation of segments, the development of prostomial frontal horns, and the number of gills. It may therefore be suspected that the deposited specimen is not the one Hansen (1879; 1882) used for his species description. The species is here considered indeterminable., Published as part of Bakken, Torkild, Oug, Eivind & Kongsrud, Jon Anders, 2014, Occurrence and distribution of Pseudoscalibregma and Scalibregma (Annelida, Scalibregmatidae) in the deep Nordic Seas, with the description of Scalibregma hanseni n. sp., pp. 101-117 in Zootaxa 3753 (2) on page 109, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/225662, {"references":["Hansen, G. A. (1879) Annelider fra den norske Nordhavsexpedition i 1876. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 24, 1 - 17.","Furreg, E. (1925) Zur Systematik der Polychatenfamilie Scalibregmidae. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 50, 123 - 190.","Stop-Bowitz, C. (1945) Les Scalibregmiens de Norvege. Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskapene, 85, 63 - 87.","Hansen, G. A. (1882) Annelida. In: The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition 1876 - 1878. Grondahl & Son, Christiania, pp. 1 - 53."]}

PseudoscalIbregma Ashworth, 1901 Pseudoscalibregma Ashworth, 1901: 296. Type species: Scalibregma parvum Hansen, 1879 Diagnosis (emended). Body elongate, posterior part tapering (���arenicoliform���). Prostomium T-shaped with distinct lateral processes. Posterior parapodia with dorsal and ventral cirri. Branchiae absent. Large acicular spines absent; small thin, pointed or bifurcate spines present in chaetiger 1. Remarks. The diagnosis for the genus follows Blake (1981), with the exception of details concerning the presence of small spines in the first chaetiger as observed in the recently described species, P. orientalis from Japan (Imajima 2009) and in the type species P. parvum (present study, see below). The spines are similar to the thin spines in chaetigers 1���2 in species of Scalibregma that may be blunt or bifurcate. The spines are believed to be homologues of the furcate setae found in more posterior chaetigers (Mackie 1991)., Published as part of Bakken, Torkild, Oug, Eivind & Kongsrud, Jon Anders, 2014, Occurrence and distribution of Pseudoscalibregma and Scalibregma (Annelida, Scalibregmatidae) in the deep Nordic Seas, with the description of Scalibregma hanseni n. sp., pp. 101-117 in Zootaxa 3753 (2) on page 102, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/225662, {"references":["Ashworth, J. H. (1901) The anatomy of Scalibregma inflatum Rathke. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, London, 45, 237 - 309.","Hansen, G. A. (1879) Annelider fra den norske Nordhavsexpedition i 1876. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 24, 1 - 17.","Blake, J. A. (1981) The Scalibregmatidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South America and Antarctica collected chiefly during the cruises of the R / V Anton Bruun, R / V Hero and USNS Eltanin. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 94, 1131 - 1162.","Imajima, M. (2009) Deep-sea Benthic Polychaetes off Pacific Coast of the Northern Honshu, Japan. National Museum of Nature and Science Monographs, 39 - 192.","Mackie, A. S. Y. (1991) Scalibregma celticum new species (Polychaeta, Scalibregmatidae) from Europe, with a redescription of Scalibregma inflatum Rathke, 1843 and comments on the genus Sclerobregma Hartman, 1965. Bulletin of Marine Science, 48, 268 - 276."]}

ScalIbregma Rathke, 1843 Scalibregma Rathke, 1843: 182 ���184.��� Blake 2000: 132. Type species: Scalibregma inflatum Rathke, 1843 Diagnosis. Body elongate, arenicoliform. Prostomium T-shaped with distinct lateral horns. Parapodia of posterior segments with dorsal and ventral cirri, interramal papillae or cilia present; postchaetal lamellae absent. Branchiae present. Chaetae including capillaries, lyrate chaetae, and sometimes few inconspicuous spines, blunt or bifurcated among capillaries of chaetigers 1���2, representing precursors of lyrate chaetae; large conspicuous spines absent. Pygidium with long anal cirri (Blake 2000: 132)., Published as part of Bakken, Torkild, Oug, Eivind & Kongsrud, Jon Anders, 2014, Occurrence and distribution of Pseudoscalibregma and Scalibregma (Annelida, Scalibregmatidae) in the deep Nordic Seas, with the description of Scalibregma hanseni n. sp., pp. 101-117 in Zootaxa 3753 (2) on page 108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/225662, {"references":["Rathke, H. (1843) Beitrage zur Fauna Norwegens. Verhandlungen Kaiserlichen Leopoldinisch-Carolinischen Akademie Naturforscher, Breslau ,, 20, 1 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11613","Blake, J. A. (2000) Family Scalibregmatidae Malmgren, 1867. In: Blake, J. A., Hilbig, B. & Scott, P. H. (Eds.), Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and the Western Santa Barbara Channel. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, pp. 129 - 144."]}

ScalIbregma Inflatum Rathke, 1843 Scalibregma inflatum Rathke, 1843: 184 ���186, pl. IX, figs 15���21.��� Furreg 1925: 157 ���163, figs C���H.��� St��p-Bowitz 1945: 67 ��� 72, fig. 2; 1948: 25���26, fig. 8.��� Mackie 1991: 268 ���271, figs 1���10. Oligobranchus roseus M. Sars, 1846: 91 ���94, pl. 10, figs 20���27. Type localities. Scalibregma inflatum: near Molde, western Norway. Oligobranchus roseus: Flor��, western Norway. Material examined. The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition 1876���1878, Norwegian continental shelf break, Sta. 18, 62�� 44 'N 1 �� 48 'E, 753 m, 1 spm (ZMBN 2276), identified by Hansen (1882). R/V ��� H��kon Mosby��� stations: Sta. 82.01. 21.2, Lat: 62.491 Long: 0 1.721, 604 m, 1.1 ��C, 21 Jan. 1982, 1 spm; Sta. 83.06.0 2.1, Lat: 62.198 Long: -00.003, 708 m, - 0.3 ��C, 0 2 June 1983, 1 spm; Sta. 83.06. 17.3, Lat: 62.593 Long: 0 1.233, 781 m, - 0.9 ��C, 17 June 1983, 2 spms; Sta. 84.11. 21.2, Lat: 62.553 Long: 0 1.820, 625 m, - 0.8 ��C, 21 Nov. 1984, 3 spms; Sta. 85.01.0 8.1, Lat: 62.525,Long: 0 1.443, 701 m, - 0.9 ��C, 8 Jan. 1985, 6 spms; Sta. 86.07. 27.2, Lat: 70.810 Long: - 0 9.728, 886 m, - 0.6 ��C, 27 July 1986, 1 spm; Sta. 86.08. 15.5, Lat: 62.610 Long: 0 1.573, 654 m, - 0.9 ��C, 15 Aug. 1986, 1 spm; Sta. 86.08. 17.6, Lat: 62.691 Long: 0 1.756, 750 m, - 0.9 ��C, 17 Aug 1986, 4 spms. R/V ��� Jan Mayen ��� stations: Sta. 808 - 99, Lat: 70.9768 Long: -08.7735, 109 m, 14 Sept. 1999, 17 spms; Sta. 813 - 99, Lat: 71.1068 Long: -09.5877, 514 m, 15 Sept. 1999, 1 spm. Environmental monitoring stations: Sta. OL-02, Lat: 63.49451 Long: 0 5.41986, 822 m, 17 June 2004, 2 spms; Sta. OL-03, Lat: 63.50035 Long: 0 5.36968, 867 m, 17 June 2004, 7 spms; Sta. OL-04, Lat: 63.51289 Long: 0 5.37823, 858 m, 18 June 2004, 3 spms; Sta. OL-05, Lat: 63.50675 Long: 0 5.40527, 828 m, 17 June 2004, 2 spms; Sta. OL-06, Lat: 63.52349 Long: 5.37058, 870 m, 18 June 2004, 4 spms; Sta. OL-07, Lat: 63.52469 Long: 0 5.40486, 843 m, 18 June 2004, 2 spms; Sta. OL-08, Lat: 63.53813 Long: 05.38181E, 852 m, 18 June 2004, 2 spms; Sta. OL-09, Lat: 63.53583 Long: 0 5.40537, 854 m, 18 June 2004, 2 spms; Sta. OL- 10, Lat: 63.53050 Long: 0 5.43927, 810 m, 18 June 2004, 3 spms; Sta. OL- 11, Lat: 63.55031 Long: 0 5.42835, 851 m, 18 June 2004, 6 spms; Sta. OL- 12, Lat: 63.55516 Long: 0 5.36859, 901 m, 19 June 2004, 2 spms; Sta. OL- 13, Lat: 63.56073 Long: 0 5.39664, 883 m, 19 June 2004, 2 spms; Sta. V-06, Lat: 63.50074 Long: 0 5.33366, 913 m, 0 1 June 1998, 6 spms; Sta. V-09, Lat: 65.00138 Long: 0 5.00019, 757 m, 0 1 June 1998, 2 spms. Remarks. Type material of Scalibregma inflatum is not known to exist. Mackie (1991) gave a redescription of S. inflatum based on specimens from the Sunndalsfjord in western Norway, close to the original type locality. He also confirmed the synonymy of Oligobranchus roseus with S. inflatum after examining a specimen of O. roseus kept at the Zoological Museum, University of Oslo, and presumed to be the material for the original description. M. Sars (1846) described O. roseus, being unaware of Rathke���s description (note p. 94; 1846), but appears later to have accepted the synonymy (M. Sars in G. O. Sars 1872). The specimens examined in the present study were all collected on the upper slope of the Norwegian continental margin, at depths greater than 600 m, and from Jan Mayen. The specimens agree with the description given by Mackie (1991). The presence of short, acute or bifurcate spines on chaetiger 1���2, as described by Mackie (1991), was confirmed. Distribution. Scalibregma inflatum is known to have a wide distribution in northern coastal waters. St��p- Bowitz (1945, 1948) reported S. inflatum from a number of localities in Norwegian and Arctic areas in depths from 10 to 200 m. In deeper waters there are scattered records from west Greenland, Spitsbergen and Jan Mayen in 450��� 1275 m (St��p-Bowitz 1948). This study confirms the presence of the species in shelf break areas down to about 900 m depths in the Norwegian Sea (Fig. 7 B). The species may seem to have a depth limit at about 1000 m in the Nordic Seas. Scalibregma inflatum is reported from world-wide areas (Blake 1981). Most probably several species are confounded. Mackie (1991) commented that several descriptions in faunal works from the northeast Atlantic may incorporate S. celticum Mackie, 1991 as well., Published as part of Bakken, Torkild, Oug, Eivind & Kongsrud, Jon Anders, 2014, Occurrence and distribution of Pseudoscalibregma and Scalibregma (Annelida, Scalibregmatidae) in the deep Nordic Seas, with the description of Scalibregma hanseni n. sp., pp. 101-117 in Zootaxa 3753 (2) on pages 109-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/225662, {"references":["Rathke, H. (1843) Beitrage zur Fauna Norwegens. Verhandlungen Kaiserlichen Leopoldinisch-Carolinischen Akademie Naturforscher, Breslau ,, 20, 1 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11613","Furreg, E. (1925) Zur Systematik der Polychatenfamilie Scalibregmidae. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 50, 123 - 190.","Stop-Bowitz, C. (1945) Les Scalibregmiens de Norvege. Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskapene, 85, 63 - 87.","Mackie, A. S. Y. (1991) Scalibregma celticum new species (Polychaeta, Scalibregmatidae) from Europe, with a redescription of Scalibregma inflatum Rathke, 1843 and comments on the genus Sclerobregma Hartman, 1965. Bulletin of Marine Science, 48, 268 - 276.","Sars, M. (1846) Fauna littoralis Norvegiae I. Oder Beschreibung und Abbildungen neuer oder wenig bekannten Seethiere, nebst Beobachtungen uber die Organisation, Lebensweise und Entwickelung derselben. Johann Dahl, Christiania, 194 pp.","Hansen, G. A. (1882) Annelida. In: The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition 1876 - 1878. Grondahl & Son, Christiania, pp. 1 - 53.","Sars, G. O. (1872) Diagnoser af nye Annelider fra Christianiafjorden, efter Professor M. Sars' efterladte Manuskripter. Forhandlinger fra Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania, 1871, 406 - 417.","Stop-Bowitz, C. (1948) Sur les polychetes arctiques des familles des Glyceriens, des Opheliens, des Scalibregmiens et des Flabelligeriens. Tromso Museums Arshefter, 66, 1 - 58.","Blake, J. A. (1981) The Scalibregmatidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South America and Antarctica collected chiefly during the cruises of the R / V Anton Bruun, R / V Hero and USNS Eltanin. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 94, 1131 - 1162."]}

Travisia Johnston, 1840 (key: Dauvin & Bellan 1994) chinensis Grube, 1869: Chinese Sea, probably Shingdao, China. ZMB 6029 horsti Caullery, 1944: SW Flores, Indonesia. NML 2148, Published as part of Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I., Carrera-Parra, Luis F., Muir, Alexander I., León-González, Jesús Angel De, Piotrowski, Christina & Sato, Masanori, 2014, Polychaete species (Annelida) described from the Philippine and China Seas, pp. 1-68 in Zootaxa 3842 (1) on page 28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3842.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4928482, {"references":["Dauvin, J. - C. & Bellan, G. (1994) Systematics, ecology and biogeographical relationships in the sub-family Travisiinae (Polychaeta, Opheliidae). Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 162, 169 - 184.","Grube, A. E. (1869) Familie der Opheliaceen. Jahres-Bericht der Schlesiche Gesellschaft fuer vaterlandische Cultur, Breslau, 1868, 59 - 67."]}

Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I., Carrera-Parra, Luis F., Muir, Alexander I., León-González, Jesús Angel De, Piotrowski, Christina, Sato, Masanori (2014): Polychaete species (Annelida) described from the Philippine and China Seas. Zootaxa 3842 (1): 1-68, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3842.1.1

The polychaete Scalibregma celticum was recorded for the first time along the western Italian coast (Mediterranean Sea). A survey was carried out in February 2009 off the Sardinia north-east coast. Six individuals of S. celticum were collected at 40 m depth on a sandy substratum. In the present study they are described, pointing out the difference between S. celticum and S. inflatum a species more common along the Italian coast.

Pseudoscalibregma papilia sp. nov. (Fig. 5 A���E) Holotype. ANDEEP I ��� II, South Sandwich Islands, Sta. 141 -10, 23 March 2002, 58�� 25.08 ���S, 25 �� 0.77 ���W, 2258���2313 m, EBS, ZMH P- 24761. Paratypes. ANDEEP I ��� II, South Sandwich Islands, Sta. 141 -10, 23 March 2002, 58�� 25.08 ���S, 25 �� 0.77 ���W, 2258���2313 m, EBS, 2 specimens, ZMH P- 24762. Additional material. 42 - 2 (3), 46 - 7 (2), 121 - 11 (1), 142 - 5 (1), 150 - 6 (5), 153 - 7 (1). Etymology. The species is named after the shape of the posterior parapodia which resemble butterfly wings. Diagnosis. The species can be recognized by prominent, almost foliose dorsal and ventral cirri in its posterior parapodia, distinctly rounded prostomial lobes and a rather smooth to irregularly wrinkled body surface. Description. Holotype. complete, 6 mm long and 1 mm wide for 33 chaetigers. A moderately large species of 5���12 mm length and 0.5���1 mm width. Number of chaetigers 26���33 (Fig. 5 A). Color in alcohol white to a light tan. Body sometimes expanded in anterior region to about chaetiger 12. Prostomium with two spherical lobes anterolaterally; no eyes, nuchal organs not apparent. Peristomium a single achaetous ring, well developed (Fig. 5 B). Body surface almost smooth, sometimes irregularly wrinkled, a scheme in annulation not apparent. Anterior parapodia with reduced parapodial lobes, dorsal and ventral cirri, these rapidly increasing in size in median region; posterior dorsal and ventral cirri of large size, almost foliose, ventral cirri larger than dorsal ones; interramal sense organs missing (Fig. 5 C). All parapodia with simple chaetae; furcate chaetae with unequal tynes covered by fine hairs, present from chaetiger 2 (Fig. 5 D). Pygidium terminal, formed by a ring of large tubercles carrying cirri of different lengths (Fig. 5 E). Remarks. The species is most similar to Pseudoscalibregma bransfieldium (Hartman, 1967) which is also very common in the Southern Ocean (Blake 1981). The two species have in common the moderately large size and the lack of a schematic annulation (unlike P. ursapium e.g. which is covered by prominent tubercles). Pseudoscalibregma papilia sp. nov. can easily be distinguished from P. bransfieldium by the lack of a prominent nuchal organ dorsally on the prostomium, the distinctly spherical form of the anterolateral prostomial lobes, and the exceptionally large size of the posterior dorsal and ventral cirri. Distribution. Weddell Sea, Antarctic Peninsula, Drake Passage and South Sandwich Trench, 1970���3690 m, Published as part of Sch��ller, Myriam, 2008, New polychaete species collected during the expeditions ANDEEP I, II, and III to the deep Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean in the austral summers 2002 and 2005 ��� Ampharetidae, Opheliidae, and Scalibregmatidae, pp. 51-68 in Zootaxa 1705 on pages 62-65, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180892, {"references":["Hartman, O. (1967) Polychaetous annelids collected by the USNS ELTANIN and Staten Island cruises, chiefly from Antarctic Seas. Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology, 2, 1 - 387.","Blake, J. A. (1981) The Scalibregmatidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Southern America and Antarctica collected chiefly during the cruises of the R / V ANTON BRUUN, R / V HERO and USNS ELTANIN. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 94 (4), 1131 - 1162."]}

Seven new species of polychaetes are presented from the Southern Ocean deep sea. The ampharetid species Anobothrus pseudoampharete sp. nov. is the third species of its genus reported for the Southern Ocean, the same applies to the scalibregmatid species Pseudoscalibregma papilia sp. nov. Five new opheliid species are described — two belong to the genus Ophelina Örsted, 1843, namely O. ammotrypanella sp. nov. and O. robusta sp. nov. The remaining three species, Ammotrypanella cirrosa sp. nov., A. mcintoshi sp. nov., and A. princessa sp. nov., belong to the formerly monospecific genus Ammotrypanella McIntosh, 1879. Based on these new findings the genus is revised, its type species A. arctica McIntosh, 1879 is redescribed.

Pseudoscalibregma papilia sp. nov. (Fig. 5 A–E) Holotype. ANDEEP I – II, South Sandwich Islands, Sta. 141 -10, 23 March 2002, 58° 25.08 ’S, 25 ° 0.77 ’W, 2258–2313 m, EBS, ZMH P- 24761. Paratypes. ANDEEP I – II, South Sandwich Islands, Sta. 141 -10, 23 March 2002, 58° 25.08 ’S, 25 ° 0.77 ’W, 2258–2313 m, EBS, 2 specimens, ZMH P- 24762. Additional material. 42 - 2 (3), 46 - 7 (2), 121 - 11 (1), 142 - 5 (1), 150 - 6 (5), 153 - 7 (1). Etymology. The species is named after the shape of the posterior parapodia which resemble butterfly wings. Diagnosis. The species can be recognized by prominent, almost foliose dorsal and ventral cirri in its posterior parapodia, distinctly rounded prostomial lobes and a rather smooth to irregularly wrinkled body surface. Description. Holotype. complete, 6 mm long and 1 mm wide for 33 chaetigers. A moderately large species of 5–12 mm length and 0.5–1 mm width. Number of chaetigers 26–33 (Fig. 5 A). Color in alcohol white to a light tan. Body sometimes expanded in anterior region to about chaetiger 12. Prostomium with two spherical lobes anterolaterally; no eyes, nuchal organs not apparent. Peristomium a single achaetous ring, well developed (Fig. 5 B). Body surface almost smooth, sometimes irregularly wrinkled, a scheme in annulation not apparent. Anterior parapodia with reduced parapodial lobes, dorsal and ventral cirri, these rapidly increasing in size in median region; posterior dorsal and ventral cirri of large size, almost foliose, ventral cirri larger than dorsal ones; interramal sense organs missing (Fig. 5 C). All parapodia with simple chaetae; furcate chaetae with unequal tynes covered by fine hairs, present from chaetiger 2 (Fig. 5 D). Pygidium terminal, formed by a ring of large tubercles carrying cirri of different lengths (Fig. 5 E). Remarks. The species is most similar to Pseudoscalibregma bransfieldium (Hartman, 1967) which is also very common in the Southern Ocean (Blake 1981). The two species have in common the moderately large size and the lack of a schematic annulation (unlike P. ursapium e.g. which is covered by prominent tubercles). Pseudoscalibregma papilia sp. nov. can easily be distinguished from P. bransfieldium by the lack of a prominent nuchal organ dorsally on the prostomium, the distinctly spherical form of the anterolateral prostomial lobes, and the exceptionally large size of the posterior dorsal and ventral cirri. Distribution. Weddell Sea, Antarctic Peninsula, Drake Passage and South Sandwich Trench, 1970–3690 m

Oligobregma pseudocollare sp. nov. (Fig. 2 A–E) Holotype. Scotia Sea northeast off Elephant Island, Sta. 46 ­7, 30 January 2002, 60° 38.35 ’S, 53 ° 57.36 ’W, 2889–2892 m, EBS (ZMH, P­ 24733) Paratypes. Scotia Sea northeast off Elephant Island, Sta. 46 ­7, 30 January 2002, 60° 38.35 ’S, 53 ° 57.36 ’W, 2889–2892 m, EBS, 19 specimens (ZMH, P­ 24734); Scotia Sea, South Sandwich Islands, east off Montagu Island, Sta. 143 ­1, 25 March 2002, 58° 44.69 ’S, 25 ° 10.27 ’W, 753–774 m, EBS, 8 specimens (NHM 2006.1691 – 1698); Weddell Sea, Antarctic Peninsula, Sta. 131 ­ 3, 0 5 March 2002, 65° 19.83 ’S, 51 ° 31.62 ’W, 3049–3050 m, EBS, 1 specimen (ZMH, P­ 24735). Etymology. The name refers to the strong resemblance of the species to Oligobregma collare (Levenstein, 1975). Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the presence of two rows of acicular spines in the first and second notopodia. Description Holotype incomplete, posterior segments in poor condition, pygidium missing; 6.5 mm long and 1.3 mm Prostomium with 2 rounded lobes projecting from anterolateral margin; no eyes; nuchal organs not apparent. Peristomium well developed, forming 1–2 achaetous rings lateral to prostomium; proboscis smooth and saclike (Fig. 2 B). Chaetigers 1–3 smooth, following segments becoming rugose; anterior chaetigers tri­ to quadriannulated, 5 annulations present from chaetiger 10 (Fig. 2 A). Anterior parapodia reduced to simple lobes; medial and posterior parapodial lobes becoming more distinct, conical, with short conical dorsal and ventral cirri (Fig. 2 C); interramal sense organs apparent between posterior noto­ and neuropodia. Chaetigers 1 and 2 with strong, sickle­shaped acicular spines in notopodia in addition to capillaries; spines arranged in 2 rows, surface smooth (Fig. 2 A, D); all noto­ and neuropodia with capillaries; short furcate chaetae present in both rami from chaetiger 3, covered by fine hairs; tynes unequal in length, short tyne about half of long one (Fig. 2 E). Pygidium terminal; unknown for adult types; juvenile pygidium trilobate, without cirri. Remarks. Oligobregma pseudocollare sp. nov. is most closely related to O. collare also known from deep Southern Ocean. The two species resemble each other in the shape of the pro­ and peristomium and the texture of the body surface. Oligobregma pseudocollare sp. nov., however, is more strongly annulated with four to five annulations. Oligobregma collare only bears three to four. The two species can easily be distinguished by the number of the anterior notopodia armed with acicular spines. Oligobregma pseudocollare sp. nov., has acicular spines in chaetigers one and two, arranged in two rows while O. collare shows an additional row of spines in chaetiger three. Distribution. Scotia and Weddell Seas, in 753–3050 m.

Oligobregma quadrispinosa sp. nov. (Fig. 3 A��� 4 B) Holotype. Scotia Sea, South Sandwich Islands, east off Montagu Island, Sta. 141 ��10, 23 March 2002, 58�� 25.08 ���S, 25 �� 0.77 ���W, 2258���2313 m, EBS (ZMH, P�� 24736) Paratypes. Weddell Sea, Sta. 131 �� 3, 0 5 March 2002, 65�� 19.83 ���S, 51 �� 31.62 ���W, 3049���3050 m, EBS, 8 specimens (ZMH, P�� 24738); Sta. 134 �� 4, 0 9 March 2002, 65�� 19.20 ���S, 48 �� 3.81 ���W, 4066���4069 m, EBS, 2 specimens (ZMH, P�� 24737), Scotia Sea, northwest off Elephant Island, Sta. 42 ��2, 27 January 2002, 59�� 40.29 ���S, 57 �� 35.43 ���W, 3683���3690 m, EBS, 5 specimens (NHM 2006.1699 �� 1703). Etymology. The name refers to the presence of acicular spines in the first to fourth notopodia. Diagnosis. The species can be distinguished by the size of the posterior parapodial cirri and the presence of acicular spines in the first to fourth notopodia. Description Holotype complete, 11 mm long and 2 mm wide for 28 chaetigers. A moderately large species, 8���11 mm long and 1.5���2 mm wide for 28 chaetigers. Colour in alcohol: white to a light tan; body anteriorly expanded from chaetigers 5���13 (Fig. 3 A). Prostomium anteriorly with 2 rounded lobes; no eyes; nuchal organs not apparent; peristomium well developed, partially covering prostomium, appearing as up to 3 rings; proboscis saclike, without papillae (Fig. 3 B). Anterior and middle chaetigers quadriannulated, posterior ones with 5 annulations; anterior parapodial lobes reduced, increasing in size towards median and posterior region; dorsal cirri of posterior parapodia enlarged, ventral cirri almost foliose (Fig. 4 A���B). Chaetigers 1 and 2 with heavy acicular spines in notopodia, arranged in 2 rows; 1 row of acicular spines in notopodia of chaetigers 3 and 4 (Fig. 3 B); spines smooth and sickle��shaped (Fig. 3 C); capillary chaetae in all rami, accompanied by furcate chaetae from chaetiger 5; furcate chaetae covered by fine hairs; tynes unequal in length, short tyne about �� of long one (Fig. 3 D). Pygidium terminal, ringlike; slightly pointed, bearing at least 2 long and slender anal cirri (Fig. 3 A). Remarks. The great size of the posterior dorsal and ventral cirri of O. quadrispinosa sp. nov., clearly distinguishes it from other species of Oligobregma. The shape of the prostomium and its concealment under the peristomium are similar to O. notiale Blake, 1981. The arrangement of acicular spines in the anterior notopodia, however, indicates a close relationship to O. collare. Oligobregma collare has two rows of acicular spines in the first two chaetigers and one row in the third. Oligobregma quadrispinosa sp. nov., bears an additional row in chaetiger four. Distribution. Scotia and Weddell Seas, in 2258���4069 m., Published as part of Sch��ller, Myriam & Hilbig, Brigitte, 2007, Three new species of the genus Oligobregma (Polychaeta, Scalibregmatidae) from the Scotia and Weddell Seas (Antarctica), pp. 35-45 in Zootaxa 1391 on pages 40-41, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175240, {"references":["Blake, JA. (1981) The Scalibregmatidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South America and Antarctica collected chiefly during the cruises of R / V Anton Bruun, R / V Hero and USNS Eltanin. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 94 (4), 1131 - 1162."]}

Oligobregma blakei sp. nov. (Fig. 1 A–E) Holotype. Scotia Sea, northeast off Elephant Island, Sta. 46 ­7, 30 January 2002, 60° 38.35 ’S, 53 ° 57.36 ’W, 2889–2892 m, EBS (ZMH, P­ 24732). Etymology. The species is named after J.A. Blake, whose monograph about the Scalibregmatidae of the Southern oceans contributed immensely to this study. Diagnosis. The distinguishing character of this species is the presence of acicular spines in the first and second notopodia arranged in single rows. Description Holotype of medium size, 3 mm long and 0.5 mm wide for 19 segments; posterior segments regenerating (Fig. 1 A). Colour in alcohol: white to a light tan; body anteriorly expanded. Prostomium bearing 2 rounded lobes anterolaterally; no eyes; nuchal organs not apparent; peristomium well developed, achaetous (Fig. 1 B). Anterior 4 chaetigers smooth, lacking annulations; chaetigers 5–7 triannulated, subsequent chaetigers quadriannulated; parapodia of anterior segments reduced to simple lobes, becoming more distinct in median and posterior region; median and posterior ventral and dorsal cirri short and conical (Fig. 1 C); interramal sense organs not apparent. Acicular spines present in notopodia of chaetigers 1 and 2, accompanied by simple capillaries; spines smooth and sickle­shaped (Fig. 1 D), arranged in single rows; long, simple capillaries in both rami of all chaetigers; small furcate chaetae present from chaetiger 4, covered by a fringe of short hairs (Fig. 1 E); length of tynes unequal, one tyne about twice as long as other. Pygidium terminal, trilobate, without cirri (Fig. 1 A). Remarks. The species is only represented by the holotype. Its posterior end is in the process of regeneration. Posterior chaetigers might therefore differ from additional specimens of this species. The description of anterior characters, however, is sufficient to define a species within the genus Oligobrema since the arrangement of the acicular spines, the surface texture of anterior segments, and the presence of eyes and nuchal organs are the most important traits. Oligobregma blakei sp. nov., is most closely related to O. pseudocollare sp. nov. The species bears only one row of acicular spines each in chaetigers one and two, while spines of O. pseudocollare sp. nov., are arranged in two rows. Therefore it is undoubted that the present specimen belongs to a new species. Distribution. Scotia Sea, in 2889–2892 m.

Oligobregma quadrispinosa sp. nov. (Fig. 3 A– 4 B) Holotype. Scotia Sea, South Sandwich Islands, east off Montagu Island, Sta. 141 ­10, 23 March 2002, 58° 25.08 ’S, 25 ° 0.77 ’W, 2258–2313 m, EBS (ZMH, P­ 24736) Paratypes. Weddell Sea, Sta. 131 ­ 3, 0 5 March 2002, 65° 19.83 ’S, 51 ° 31.62 ’W, 3049–3050 m, EBS, 8 specimens (ZMH, P­ 24738); Sta. 134 ­ 4, 0 9 March 2002, 65° 19.20 ’S, 48 ° 3.81 ’W, 4066–4069 m, EBS, 2 specimens (ZMH, P­ 24737), Scotia Sea, northwest off Elephant Island, Sta. 42 ­2, 27 January 2002, 59° 40.29 ’S, 57 ° 35.43 ’W, 3683–3690 m, EBS, 5 specimens (NHM 2006.1699 ­ 1703). Etymology. The name refers to the presence of acicular spines in the first to fourth notopodia. Diagnosis. The species can be distinguished by the size of the posterior parapodial cirri and the presence of acicular spines in the first to fourth notopodia. Description Holotype complete, 11 mm long and 2 mm wide for 28 chaetigers. A moderately large species, 8–11 mm long and 1.5–2 mm wide for 28 chaetigers. Colour in alcohol: white to a light tan; body anteriorly expanded from chaetigers 5–13 (Fig. 3 A). Prostomium anteriorly with 2 rounded lobes; no eyes; nuchal organs not apparent; peristomium well developed, partially covering prostomium, appearing as up to 3 rings; proboscis saclike, without papillae (Fig. 3 B). Anterior and middle chaetigers quadriannulated, posterior ones with 5 annulations; anterior parapodial lobes reduced, increasing in size towards median and posterior region; dorsal cirri of posterior parapodia enlarged, ventral cirri almost foliose (Fig. 4 A–B). Chaetigers 1 and 2 with heavy acicular spines in notopodia, arranged in 2 rows; 1 row of acicular spines in notopodia of chaetigers 3 and 4 (Fig. 3 B); spines smooth and sickle­shaped (Fig. 3 C); capillary chaetae in all rami, accompanied by furcate chaetae from chaetiger 5; furcate chaetae covered by fine hairs; tynes unequal in length, short tyne about ¾ of long one (Fig. 3 D). Pygidium terminal, ringlike; slightly pointed, bearing at least 2 long and slender anal cirri (Fig. 3 A). Remarks. The great size of the posterior dorsal and ventral cirri of O. quadrispinosa sp. nov., clearly distinguishes it from other species of Oligobregma. The shape of the prostomium and its concealment under the peristomium are similar to O. notiale Blake, 1981. The arrangement of acicular spines in the anterior notopodia, however, indicates a close relationship to O. collare. Oligobregma collare has two rows of acicular spines in the first two chaetigers and one row in the third. Oligobregma quadrispinosa sp. nov., bears an additional row in chaetiger four. Distribution. Scotia and Weddell Seas, in 2258–4069 m.

Oligobregma blakei sp. nov. (Fig. 1 A���E) Holotype. Scotia Sea, northeast off Elephant Island, Sta. 46 ��7, 30 January 2002, 60�� 38.35 ���S, 53 �� 57.36 ���W, 2889���2892 m, EBS (ZMH, P�� 24732). Etymology. The species is named after J.A. Blake, whose monograph about the Scalibregmatidae of the Southern oceans contributed immensely to this study. Diagnosis. The distinguishing character of this species is the presence of acicular spines in the first and second notopodia arranged in single rows. Description Holotype of medium size, 3 mm long and 0.5 mm wide for 19 segments; posterior segments regenerating (Fig. 1 A). Colour in alcohol: white to a light tan; body anteriorly expanded. Prostomium bearing 2 rounded lobes anterolaterally; no eyes; nuchal organs not apparent; peristomium well developed, achaetous (Fig. 1 B). Anterior 4 chaetigers smooth, lacking annulations; chaetigers 5���7 triannulated, subsequent chaetigers quadriannulated; parapodia of anterior segments reduced to simple lobes, becoming more distinct in median and posterior region; median and posterior ventral and dorsal cirri short and conical (Fig. 1 C); interramal sense organs not apparent. Acicular spines present in notopodia of chaetigers 1 and 2, accompanied by simple capillaries; spines smooth and sickle��shaped (Fig. 1 D), arranged in single rows; long, simple capillaries in both rami of all chaetigers; small furcate chaetae present from chaetiger 4, covered by a fringe of short hairs (Fig. 1 E); length of tynes unequal, one tyne about twice as long as other. Pygidium terminal, trilobate, without cirri (Fig. 1 A). Remarks. The species is only represented by the holotype. Its posterior end is in the process of regeneration. Posterior chaetigers might therefore differ from additional specimens of this species. The description of anterior characters, however, is sufficient to define a species within the genus Oligobrema since the arrangement of the acicular spines, the surface texture of anterior segments, and the presence of eyes and nuchal organs are the most important traits. Oligobregma blakei sp. nov., is most closely related to O. pseudocollare sp. nov. The species bears only one row of acicular spines each in chaetigers one and two, while spines of O. pseudocollare sp. nov., are arranged in two rows. Therefore it is undoubted that the present specimen belongs to a new species. Distribution. Scotia Sea, in 2889���2892 m., Published as part of Sch��ller, Myriam & Hilbig, Brigitte, 2007, Three new species of the genus Oligobregma (Polychaeta, Scalibregmatidae) from the Scotia and Weddell Seas (Antarctica), pp. 35-45 in Zootaxa 1391 on pages 37-38, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175240

Oligobregma pseudocollare sp. nov. (Fig. 2 A���E) Holotype. Scotia Sea northeast off Elephant Island, Sta. 46 ��7, 30 January 2002, 60�� 38.35 ���S, 53 �� 57.36 ���W, 2889���2892 m, EBS (ZMH, P�� 24733) Paratypes. Scotia Sea northeast off Elephant Island, Sta. 46 ��7, 30 January 2002, 60�� 38.35 ���S, 53 �� 57.36 ���W, 2889���2892 m, EBS, 19 specimens (ZMH, P�� 24734); Scotia Sea, South Sandwich Islands, east off Montagu Island, Sta. 143 ��1, 25 March 2002, 58�� 44.69 ���S, 25 �� 10.27 ���W, 753���774 m, EBS, 8 specimens (NHM 2006.1691 ��� 1698); Weddell Sea, Antarctic Peninsula, Sta. 131 �� 3, 0 5 March 2002, 65�� 19.83 ���S, 51 �� 31.62 ���W, 3049���3050 m, EBS, 1 specimen (ZMH, P�� 24735). Etymology. The name refers to the strong resemblance of the species to Oligobregma collare (Levenstein, 1975). Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the presence of two rows of acicular spines in the first and second notopodia. Description Holotype incomplete, posterior segments in poor condition, pygidium missing; 6.5 mm long and 1.3 mm Prostomium with 2 rounded lobes projecting from anterolateral margin; no eyes; nuchal organs not apparent. Peristomium well developed, forming 1���2 achaetous rings lateral to prostomium; proboscis smooth and saclike (Fig. 2 B). Chaetigers 1���3 smooth, following segments becoming rugose; anterior chaetigers tri�� to quadriannulated, 5 annulations present from chaetiger 10 (Fig. 2 A). Anterior parapodia reduced to simple lobes; medial and posterior parapodial lobes becoming more distinct, conical, with short conical dorsal and ventral cirri (Fig. 2 C); interramal sense organs apparent between posterior noto�� and neuropodia. Chaetigers 1 and 2 with strong, sickle��shaped acicular spines in notopodia in addition to capillaries; spines arranged in 2 rows, surface smooth (Fig. 2 A, D); all noto�� and neuropodia with capillaries; short furcate chaetae present in both rami from chaetiger 3, covered by fine hairs; tynes unequal in length, short tyne about half of long one (Fig. 2 E). Pygidium terminal; unknown for adult types; juvenile pygidium trilobate, without cirri. Remarks. Oligobregma pseudocollare sp. nov. is most closely related to O. collare also known from deep Southern Ocean. The two species resemble each other in the shape of the pro�� and peristomium and the texture of the body surface. Oligobregma pseudocollare sp. nov., however, is more strongly annulated with four to five annulations. Oligobregma collare only bears three to four. The two species can easily be distinguished by the number of the anterior notopodia armed with acicular spines. Oligobregma pseudocollare sp. nov., has acicular spines in chaetigers one and two, arranged in two rows while O. collare shows an additional row of spines in chaetiger three. Distribution. Scotia and Weddell Seas, in 753���3050 m., Published as part of Sch��ller, Myriam & Hilbig, Brigitte, 2007, Three new species of the genus Oligobregma (Polychaeta, Scalibregmatidae) from the Scotia and Weddell Seas (Antarctica), pp. 35-45 in Zootaxa 1391 on pages 38-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175240, {"references":["Levenstein, RY. (1975) [The polychaetous annelids of the deep trenches of the Atlantic sector of the Antarctic Ocean]. Trudy Institute Okeanologia, 103, 119 - 142 [in Russian]"]}

We provide a description of newly collected specimens of Axiokebuita Pocklington & Fournier from Norway, previously known only from east Canada and the Antarctic. Due to delineation problems between the only two described species, A. minuta (Hartman) and A. millsi Pocklington & Fournier, these new specimens cannot unambiguously be referred to either species. Previously unnoticed adhesive papillae on the pygidium are present in both species and may constitute an apomorphy for Axiokebuita. The taxon lacks many morphological features otherwise characteristic for scalibregmatids, and to assess its affinities we present 18S rDNA and 28S rDNA-based analyses together with six other scalibregmatids and twenty other polychaetes. A nemertean is used as outgroup. All analyses support that Axiokebuita is a scalibregmatid. Furthermore, Travisia Johnston, traditionally referred to the Opheliidae, is nested within the scalibregmatids, as sister to Neolipobranchius Hartman & Fauchald. Arenicolidae and Maldanidae may constitute the sister group of scalibregmatids.

Axiokebuita Pocklington & Fournier, 1987 (Figs. 1, 2) Axiokebuita Pocklington & Fournier, 1987: 108. Type species. Kebuita minuta Hartman, 1967, by original designation (Pocklington & Fournier: 108). Material examined. ANTARCTIC: holotype for Axiokebuita minuta (USNM 55553, incl. 1 slide with parapodium), South Orkney Islands, 61 �� 26 ������ 61 �� 24 ���S, 41 �� 55 ���W, 593���598 m, coll. USNS Eltanin, 13 Apr 1964; 1 spm (USNM 56626), Scotia Sea, 62 �� 25 ���S, 56 �� 30 ������ 56 �� 32 ���W, 300 m, coll. USNS Eltanin, 13 March 1964; 2 spms (USNM 56625, incl. 2 slides with parapodia; Hartman���s original description recorded a single spm from this locality, but the vial actually includes 2 spms), Antarctic Peninsula, 64 �� 54 ���S, 68 �� 21 ������ 68 �� 18 ���W, 412 m, coll. USNS Eltanin, 21 Oct 1962; 1 paratype for Axiokebuita millsi (USNM 60574), Ross Sea, 73 �� 59 ���S, 170 �� 41 ���E ��� 73 �� 58 ���E, 170 �� 58 ���S, 608 m, coll. USNS Eltanin, 13 January 1968. NORWAY, TRONDHEIMSFJORD: 2 spms (used for DNA sequencing), R��dberg, 63 �� 28.32 ���N, 10 ��00.02���E, 230���280 m, Lophelia reef, triangular dredge, 19 Jan 2002; 12 spms (2 preserved in formaldehyde, SMNH 75817; 8 used for SEM; 2 used for DNA sequencing), R��dberg, 63 �� 28.36 ���N, 10 �� 00.04E, 180���250 m, Lophelia reef, triangular dredge, coll. FP, 21 Feb 2003; 10 specimens (6 preserved in formaldehyde, SMNH 75819; 2 used for SEM; 1 preserved in 95 % ethanol, SMNH 75820; 2 used for DNA sequencing), same locality data, 26 Feb 2003. Description of specimens from Trondheim. Body elongate, slightly tapered at both ends (Fig. 1). Specimens 5���6 mm in length for 22���25 segments. Live specimens opaque, unpigmented, white to pinkish in color. Prostomium pentagonal, with straight frontal margin, bearing two distinct laterally directed and well delineated palps (see remarks below); eyes lacking (Fig. 2 A). Nuchal organs not visible on figures but may occur as ciliated bands bordering posterior part of prostomium. Fully everted proboscis not seen; visible basal part with longitudinal folds (Fig. 2 A). Peristomium complete ring, dorsally incised. Segment 1 similar to following segments. Each segment with four annullae. Notopodia and neuropodia joined, on a vertically oriented parapodial extension (Fig. 2 B). Notopodia with small knob ventral to chaetal bundle, neuropodia with digitate, pointed dorsal cirrus dorsal to chaetal bundle. Notochaetae less numerous than neurochaetae; both noto�� and neurochaetae long, fine capillaries. Intestine strongly spiraling in middle part of body. Pygidium with two pad��shaped lobes, densely covered by digitate papillae (Fig. 2 C, D); each papilla terminating in 4���5 pores. Distribution of Axiokebuita. South Orkney Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, Scotia Sea, Ross Sea, east Canada, western Norway. Remarks. As seen from studies of live specimens, the papillae covering the pygidial lobes (Fig. 2 C, D) are used to adhere to surfaces. Although they have not been noted previously in the literature, examination of types and other specimens shows them to be present in both A. minuta and A. millsi. Unless they have been overlooked in other, closely related scalibregmatids, they constitute an apomorphy for Axiokebuita. We are unable to state whether the Norwegian specimens should be referred to A. minuta, to A. millsi, or to an undescribed species. Axiokebuita minuta, according to Pocklington & Fournier (1987), should lack notopodial postchaetal lamellae, (here referred to as notopodial knobs due to their shape and position, which is below, rather than behind the chaetae), it should have neuropodial lamellae (here referred to as neuropodial cirri due to their cirriform shape) in posterior segments only, and it should have a simple pygidial ring. However, reexamination of Hartman���s type did not confirm these differences; the neuropodial cirri are not restricted to posterior segments but occur minimally also on anterior segments (median segments are too damaged to allow observation), and the pygidium is bilobed and actually have the same papillation as shown in Fig. 2 C and D, not previously observed in the literature. As for the notopodial lobes these may, or may not, be presentthe type is too poorly preserved to permit unequivocal assessment of this feature. This situation is further complicated by the fact that the description of A. millsi was based on material both from east Canada and from the Antarctic. Without access to further specimens in good condition from the type locality of A. minuta, it is difficult to state if the separation between the two can be corroborated by other features. For this reason, we do not allocate our Norwegian specimens further than to Axiokebuita., Published as part of Persson, Jenny & Pleijel, Fredrik, 2005, On the phylogenetic relationships of Axiokebuita, Travisia and Scalibregmatidae (Polychaeta), pp. 1-14 in Zootaxa 998 on pages 7-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171399, {"references":["Pocklington, P. & Fournier, J. A. (1987) Axiokebutia millsi, new genus, new species, (Polychaeta: Scalibregmatidae) from eastern Canada. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 7, 108 - 113."]}

Until recent years, only a few scalibregmatid species have been known from the Nordic Seas, largely from shelf and coastal waters. Access to a large collection from deep areas has made it possible to provide more knowledge on the diversity of this group in the area. Pseudoscalibregma parvum (Hansen, 1879) is here redescribed. The species has a wide geographic distribution in the Nordic Seas, the Barents Sea, and the Kara Sea. Type specimens of Eumenia longisetosa Théel, 1879 were found to be similar to specimens of P. parvum, confirming the synonymy of the species. A new species, Scalibregma hanseni n. sp., is described from specimens found on the continental slope. It is particularly characterised by having three pairs of rather simple branchiae. Both P. parvum and S. hanseni have small spines in the most anterior chaetiger(s), resembling spines reported from a few other Pseudoscalibregma and Scalibregma species and supporting the need to emend the genus diagnosis of Pseudoscalibregma. Scalibregma abyssorum Hansen, 1879 was reassessed and considered to be a nomen dubium. Scalibregma inflatum, which has a wide distribution along the Norwegian coast and continental shelf, is found to be restricted to depths above about 900 m. Depths from 600– 800 m on the continental slope represent a transition zone with fluctuations between temperate North Atlantic water (about 7°C) and cold Norwegian Sea water (below 0°C). The three species coexist in this zone, whereas P. parvum and S. hanseni n. sp. extend down to 1700 and 1200 m, respectively, on the slope at temperatures below 0°C.