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En el contexto actual, el concepto de justicia social basado en la redistribución de recurso, el reconocimiento de identidades y la representación debe ser releído aportando nuevas dimensiones, como la ambiental, la cognitiva y universalista. Esta relectura se enmarca en los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) de la ONU. La escuela tiene un papel imprescindible en su consecución, siendo la garante de uno de los objetivos por un lado y por su papel en la lucha contra las desigualdades. Este artículo tiene como objetivo iniciar esa relectura necesaria del concepto de Justicia Social, relacionándolo con los ODS como horizonte hacia el que debe avanzar la educación. Además, se revisa la importancia que el liderazgo tiene en este modelo de educación, aportando también propuestas para desarrollar un perfil de liderazgo adecuado., In the current context, a concept of social justice based on the redistribution of resources, the recognition of identities and representation must be reevaluated, providing new dimensions, such as environmental, cognitive and universalistic ones. This reevaluation can be linked with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). School has an essential role in achieving them, being responsible for one of the goals and because of its role in the fight against inequalities. This article aims to initiate that necessary reevaluation of the concept of Social Justice, relating it to the SDGs as a horizon towards which education must walk. In addition, the importance of leadership in this education model is reviewed, also offering proposals to develop an appropriate leadership profile.

In 1972, researchers reported that only 4% of the Master of Business Administration graduates were women. This figure now exceeds 33%. Similarly, in 1972, women occupied about 20% of non-clerical, white-collar jobs. This figure has now grown to more than 46% (Sharpe, 1994). Sharpe also contended that in 1972, only 17% of all managerial positions were held by women, but by 1994 that number had increased by 43%. Although women have flooded managerial positions in recent years, concern still remains about what some refer to as a "glass ceiling" that prohibits women from reaching the topmost levels of corporate leadership. Ragins, Townsend, and Mattis (1998) stated that, of the most highly compensated corporate executives in Fortune 500 companies only 2% are currently women and only .4% of the Fortune 1000 Chief Executive Officer, (CEO), positions are held by women. Maruca (1997) promulgated that male CEOs blamed the "glass ceiling" on women's lack of experience and time in organizations. In the same study, however, female executives disagreed citing exclusionary corporate cultures as the reason for their lack of advancement to top management positions. This paper looks at one of the human behaviors known to be compatible with emergent leadership, self-monitoring behavior, and its possible relationship to the "glass ceiling" prohibiting women's advancement within corporations, Advancing Women in Leadership Journal, Vol. 14 (2003)

Los estudios sobre el liderazgo escolar están teniendo un desarrollo creciente en los últimos años. El interés por comprender y analizar sus características, estilos, procesos y efectos ha movilizado a numerosos especialistas y grupos de investigación en países y contextos diferentes. Animados por esa inquietud, los autores de este artículo, de las Universidades de Barcelona, Autónoma de Barcelona y de California, nos propusimos compartir conocimientos y profundizar en su estudio durante el período sabático del profesor Charles Slater en la Universidad de Barcelona en el curso 2012-2013.

Aquest treball defensa la importància del lideratge a les escoles per promoure el rendiment i del benestar dels alumnes, i repassa literatura on se suggereix que els directors poden provocar diferències en influir en les variables que hi intervenen, en particular pel que fa a la motivació dels docents. S'hi analitzen les diferències culturals entre Mèxic, Espanya i els Estats Units i es connecten a les pràctiques de lideratge. Cada país podria treure'n profit examinant les pràctiques dels altres i, possiblement, adoptant les maneres de fer les coses que modifiquen o són contràries a les normes culturals imperants. L'enfocament unificador que es podria aplicar a cada país es basa en el lideratge transformacional., Leadership is important in schools to promote student achievement and well-being. This paper undertakes a review of the literature that suggests that a school principal can make a difference by having an impact on the intervening variables, in particular in enhancing teacher motivation. The cultural differences between Mexico, Spain, and the United States are examined and related to leadership practices. Each country could benefit from examining the practices of the other and from adopting ways of proceeding that might modify or run counter to their prevailing cultural norms. A unifying approach that might be applied in all three countries is centered on the practices of transformational leadership., Este trabajo argumenta la importancia del liderazgo en las escuelas para promover el rendimiento y bienestar de los estudiantes, repasa la literatura que sugiere que el director marca la diferencia interviniendo en ciertas variables, particularmente en la motivación de los profesores. Son analizadas las diferencias culturales en México, España y los Estados Unidos y conectadas con las prácticas de liderazgo. Cada país puede beneficiarse observando las prácticas del otro, y eventualmente, adoptando maneras de hacer cosas que modifiquen o que son contrarias a las normas culturales imperantes. El enfoque unificador que se podría aplicar a cada país se basa en el liderazgo transformacional.

Leadership is important in schools to promote student achievement and well-being. This paper undertakes a review of the literature that suggests that a school principal can make a difference by having an impact on the intervening variables, in particular in enhancing teacher motivation. The cultural differences between Mexico, Spain, and the United States are examined and related to leadership practices. Each country could be nefit from examining the practices of the other and from adopting ways of proceeding that might modify or run counter to their prevailing cultural norms. A unifying approach that might be applied in all three countries is centered on the practices of transformational leadership

Debido al papel decisivo que tiene el director en el desempeño de la escuela, la situación y problemas de los directores en sus primeros años en el puesto es un tema de investigación que está cobrando cada vez mayor importancia en el medio internacional. A pesar del avance de la investigación en los últimos 30 años, no se han realizado revisiones de la literatura que analicen el grueso de la investigación producida. El propósito de este trabajo fue revisar el estado de la investigación sobre los nuevos directores y analizar la evolución de la investigación de dirección escolar en México; forma parte del proyecto de investigación de la red International Study of Principal Preparation

Este trabajo es un informe parcial del análisis de las prácticas de dirección y liderazgo de los nuevos directores de escuelas primarias públicas en México. Se identificaron los principales problemas, acciones y resultados obtenidos a partir de los relatos de los directores en el primer y el tercer año en el puesto. El estudio presenta la evolución de los problemas y de las prácticas, así como una mirada ampliada al problema de mayor relevancia: el personal de la escuela. Ante éste se encontraron tres prácticas en el primer año: dialogar/informar/negociar, dejar pasar y ejercer la autoridad, las cuales dejaron de desplegarse como acciones aisladas para combinarse con otras acciones en el tercer año. Los directores se orientan hacia una dirección unipersonal, centrada en las relaciones y ejercen un liderazgo orientado a la eficacia social más que educativa.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-86)., This study aims to achieve insight into how students identify core knowledge in a supported problem-based learning (PBL) medical curriculum. Self-directed learning and an emphasis on the clinical relevance of core knowledge are features of this curriculum.

A team of US and Mexican researchers used focus groups to determine challenges faced by rural school directors who worked in isolated, poor communities. They had no preparation before becoming directors. Their stories express frustration with teachers who do not come to school on time and are not committed to education. Yet the directors throw themselves into their work and persist over the years. They ask for training in how to work with teachers, and they bring qualities of idealism and persistence to their work. The profiles of the directors suggest a changing dynamic on Hofstede's (2001) cultural dimensions

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Los estudios sobre el liderazgo escolar están teniendo un desarrollo creciente en los últimos años. El interés por comprender y analizar sus características, estilos, procesos y efectos ha movilizado a numerosos especialistas y grupos de investigación en países y contextos diferentes. Animados por esa inquietud, los autores de este artículo, de las Universidades de Barcelona, Autónoma de Barcelona y de California, nos propusimos compartir conocimientos y profundizar en su estudio durante el período sabático del profesor Charles Slater en la Universidad de Barcelona en el curso 2012-2013.

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women and surgery remains the primary treatment. Evaluation of tumour spread is done by axillary lymph node assessment by surgical excision. Such invasive treatments, in conjunction with adjuvant therapies such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormonal therapy, may alter patient healing patterns giving rise to complications such as axillary web syndrome (AWS). AWS presents as a puckering web of axillary skin overlying a cord of tissue that tightens with shoulder abduction. It is painful, limits shoulder range of movement (ROM) and reduces the quality of life of the patients. The syndrome is elusive, does not occur in everyone and is thought to be self-limiting in nature with spontaneous cord resolution. Evidence, however, is pointing towards long-term morbidity in some patients. The cord itself has been hypothesised to be lymphatic or vascular in origin and damage during axillary surgery gives rise to the structure. Anatomically, the vascular structures are bound by the connective tissue network of fascia. The adhesive and puckering appearance of the cord on clinical examination and in limited biopsy studies could imply a possible role of damaged fascia in the syndrome. The fascia, as a three-dimensional body-wide network, has been shown to be a functional unit with the musculoskeletal system and is important in coordinating movement. Furthermore, the fascia contains numerous receptors imperative for proprioceptive and nociceptive functioning. The fibroblast cells and fibres that it comprises are involved in tissue healing and scar tissue formation. Chronic inflammation upon fascial damage can lead to tissue adhesions and fibrosis, rendering a non-functional scar. Ultrasonography (US) has been able to visualise fascial differences and has been used to examine fascial abnormalities including scars and adhesions. Physiotherapy treatment has been shown to aid in remobilising scar tissue and in being able to help improve morbidity in AWS patients. The authors therefore hypothesised that damaged fascia contributes to the symptomology of AWS. The present study set out to evaluate whether altered fascia plays a role in the syndrome using fascial explanations for risk factors in the AWS literature and US in patients with AWS to observe anatomical changes. Furthermore, the authors hypothesised that myofascial physiotherapy could aid in cord resolution and symptom improvement and that it would reflect in fascial changes on US. The current descriptive, observational, pilot, proof-of-concept case-series study focused on fascial changes before and after myofascial release physiotherapy in women presenting with AWS following breast cancer treatment (n = 11). At the time points, US in the area of interest (the axilla) and MRI scans of a single patient were done pre-physiotherapy. Furthermore, patient variables of ROM, pain and disability using the SPADI questionnaire, and quality of life using the FACT-B questionnaire, were evaluated to relate to any fascial differences between affected and unaffected arms on US and compared to findings after physiotherapy to determine trends. To observe fascial continuity, alignment of US scans was attempted. The results from the case studies and overall trends indicated thickened fascia, reduced continuity, decreased gliding potential and increased adherence between the different fascial layers on US in the majority of patients on the affected arm in the area of interest suggesting that they are changes resulting from the treatment. The findings related to the external cord appearance. On MRI, a fibrous band of tissue was observed connecting to muscles and skin. The findings were found to descriptively show a trend with reduced ROM and increased SPADI scores. No descriptive relationship with FACT-B was noted. Several patients (n = 6) continued with physiotherapy for six treatments. The treatment proved beneficial for all patients, who improved on ROM and SPADI scores. However, not all their symptoms were completely resolved. The findings corroborate observations on US showing improved gliding, more regular and organised fascia, and less adhesions post-physiotherapy. Cord resolution or reduction occurred in half of the patients. Risk factors for AWS as identified in the literature and related to the patients, such as more invasive treatments and (neo)adjuvant therapies, were explained to cause more fibrosis and possibly contributed to the symptoms seen but could not be verified in the study due to the small, varied sample. Furthermore, due to the difficulty of finding suitable patients and the low sample size, the current study could not statistically corroborate many correlations and hence was limited to descriptive trend description. Using the fascial literature, restricted fascia and adhesions could be explained to lead to biomechanical limitations, explaining reduced ROM and nociceptor activation as seen in pain reported in the study. A fibrosed vessel damaged during axillary surgery as well as surrounding fascial changes, which occurred as the result of the healing response, could explain the varying appearances of the cord. The author concluded that the trends seen suggest a link for morbidity resulting from fascial damage and adds weight to the evidence of fascial involvement in AWS. Wider fascial involvement on US and MRI descriptively related to the presence of cording, limited shoulder ROM and pain before and improvements and changes in the domains after physiotherapy, supported the hypotheses. The present study highlighted that myofascial release can be beneficial for patients suffering from AWS and suggests that US may be a feasible outcome measure to aid in evaluating fascia and fibrosis subsequent to physiotherapy, guide it and determine its efficacy. Furthermore, risk factors need to be identified to implement an early warning system for the sequelae of breast cancer so that patients at risk are identified timeously and receive the help they need to minimise the effect of the syndrome on their wellbeing in order to improve their quality of life.