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Context Identifying trophic guilds, i.e. species groups having similar trophic niches, is a first step in effective stock and fisheries management with consideration of multiple species interactions or ecosystems. Aims We evaluated isotopic niches by using stable isotope values (δ13C and δ15N) for 53 species, including commercially important demersal fishes, squids and crustaceans, from the continental shelf to the slope of the East China Sea (ECS), to segregate these species into guilds. Methods We inferred the isotopic niche space of each species and community metrics for guilds using Bayesian statistics. Key results Values of δ13C and δ15N showed different isotopic niches among species, reflecting a range of trophic positions and baseline food sources. The 53 species were segregated into 12 guilds on the basis of isotopic niche overlaps. Niche size and evenness differed among guilds; half of the guilds had smaller and less diverse niches than did the others. Conclusions The guilds identified for ECS demersal biota reflected similarities of taxonomy, behaviour, habitat and feeding type; niche size and evenness within each guild might have been influenced by the degree of species interaction. Implications These results provide important ecological information for considering effective multi-species management.

ボリビアの算数教育の改善に向け，2017 年～2019 年にかけて，国際協力機構（JICA）の草の根プロジェクトが，鳴門教育大学によって実施された．本研究では，同プロジェクト開始前・期間中・終了後におけるボリビアの算数教育の変化とプロジェクトにおける研修の関係を考察し，開発途上国における授業改善モデルを開発することを目的とした．図形に関する副教材（ドリル問題）を開発し，その内容に係る教科内容・教授法に係る研修会を行い，学校現場におけるドリル問題の活用をモニタリングし，授業コンクールを行い，グッドプラクティスを対象教師全体で共有した．その結果，ドリル問題を活用することにより数学的背景を授業に取り入れやすくなるとともに，授業の質が変わることにより児童の理解が変わり，それが教師の教材研究に対する意識をも変えることにつながったことが分かった．研修の事前・事後に実施した算数テストの結果からも，教師の教科内容に関する理解，児童の図形に関する知識・技能が向上したことが確認された．同プロジェクトによって「数学的背景に関する研修」を経由しつつ，「数学的概念を形成する授業」が実現できたことから，模範となる算数科授業の実践ができる拠点校を増やし，ボリビアのみならず開発途上国に適した指導者養成研修の枠組みや拠点校型授業研究会のシステムを構築する必要性があることが結論付けられた．

グローバル人材としての教員の育成を目的に，国際的な授業研究プログラムであるGlobal Lesson Study（GLS）が設計された．算数科における様々な取り組みを通じ，その成果が確認されるとともに，プログラムの有する可能性についても報告されている．そこで本研究では，算数と同様に国際的な取り組みにおいて親和性が高いと考えられる理科について，GLS を通じた，日本とシンガポールの教員のやり取りを分析し，どのような「授業研究のための異文化間能力」が活用されてきたのかを明らかにすることを目的とする．分析を通じ，双方の教員から「授業研究のための異文化間能力」の多くの部分に該当する姿勢が観察されたものの，研究授業前の協議を通じ，新しい教育内容や方法の創造は十分ではなかったことが明らかとなった．また，e-mail による交流では，オンライン会議システムを活用した場合と比べ，重層的なコミュニケーションが実現されず，教育内容・方法に関する双方の違いを理解し合い，さらに新たなものを創造し深めていくことが難しいことが明らかになった．

We developed a new seven-beam heterodyne receiver “7BEE” in the 72–116 GHz band for the Nobeyama 45 m telescope to investigate the early stage of star formation by deriving the deuterium fraction of dense cores. The optics for the receiver employs wideband corrugated horns covering the 72–116 GHz band and dielectric lenses to couple the incoming radiation from the antenna on to the feeds. One of the important aspects in the lens design is the anti-reflection (AR) structure to mitigate the reflections on the lens surfaces. Triangular grooves, which gradually change the effective refractive index from air to dielectric, were adopted as a basic AR design since the return loss can be in the order of 20 dB or better. The main goal of this study is to compare the radio frequency (RF) characteristics of the lenses with different patterns and sizes of AR grooving structures. We confirmed that concentric grooves degraded beam symmetry, cross-polarization characteristics, and aperture efficiency due to the birefringence of the grooves, which gave rise to wavefront distortions. Straight grooves of two different gap widths, 1.2 mm and 1.7 mm, were compared and showed similar good performance in terms of beam patterns and noise contribution. However, the latter showed a few percent higher aperture efficiency. Therefore, the straight grooves with 1.7 mm gap width were adopted as the AR structure of our lens.

In this study, based on the Global Lesson Study (GLS) program, a mathematics lesson study was conducted between teachers in Japan and Singapore, with Singapore as the host school. During the GLS process, the childrenʼs ideas̶diff ered greatly between the two countries̶were shared, and the lesson plans were improved to move toward integrated learning, which could not have been conceived during the in-school research discussions in Singapore, and then, the improvements were refl ected in the lessons. This suggests that GLS is eff ective in improving the teaching of Mathematics.

In this study, based on the Global Lesson Study (GLS) program, an mathematics lesson study was conducted between teachers in Japan and Singapore, with Japan as the host school. In the process of the GLS, it was confi rmed that the GLS functions as a Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle and that it is eff ective to implement the GLS in a two-year cycle when it is implemented among in-service teachers. As an “Extension”, we proposed the following two points: (1) the possibility of action research by combining survey research and classroom practice, and (2) the possibility of a “GLS package” in the context of international educational cooperation.

PurposeThe authors aim to determine the effects of Global Lesson Study (GLS) – a two-year, one-cycle program defined as “international cooperative lesson study through international exchange among teachers using ICT” – on intercultural competence for lesson study based on pre- and post-survey conducted for Japanese teachers.Design/methodology/approachIn accordance with the GLS program, mathematics lesson studies on mathematics between Japanese and Singaporean elementary school teachers were conducted over a two-year period. Questionnaire surveys on intercultural competence for lesson study was conducted using 7-point Likert scale and descriptive questions with Japanese teachers (N = 5). Analysis of Wilcoxon's signed rank test and correlation analysis were conducted.FindingsFollowings are identified as the effects of GLS for Japanese teachers: (1) Japanese participants felt improvement of their competence in areas of attitude, internal outcomes and outward impact. (2) Participating in a GLS led to the improvement of Japanese teachers' qualities and abilities for subject teaching related to mathematics education. (3) Improvement of intercultural competence for lesson study was related to each other, and GLS led to improvement of these competences. (4) It was meaningful to have a two-year period to assimilate and adjust to independent experience of the host and guest.Originality/valueThe GLS led to teacher empowerment among this sample, not only as cooperative research, but also at the individual level of teachers where participants continued to develop lessons based on the GLS learning after study completion. This has important implications for the implementation and dissemination of the GLS.

We present a study of chemistry toward 294 dense cores in 12 molecular clumps using the data obtained from the ALMA Survey of 70 $μ\rm m$ dark High-mass clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). We identified 97 protostellar cores and 197 prestellar core candidates based on the detection of outflows and molecular transitions of high upper energy levels ($E_{u}/k > 45$ K). The detection rate of the N$_{2}$D$^{+}$ emission toward the protostellar cores is 38%, which is higher than 9% for the prestellar cores, indicating that N$_{2}$D$^{+}$ does not exclusively trace prestellar cores. The detection rates of the DCO$^{+}$ emission are 35% for the prestellar cores and 49% for the protostellar cores, which are higher than those of N$_{2}$D$^{+}$, implying that DCO$^{+}$ appears more frequently than N$_{2}$D$^{+}$ in both prestellar and protostellar cores. Both N$_{2}$D$^{+}$ and DCO$^{+}$ abundances appear to decrease from the prestellar to protostellar stage. The DCN, C$_{2}$D and $^{13}$CS emission lines are rarely seen in the dense cores of early evolutionary phases. The detection rate of the H$_{2}$CO emission toward dense cores is 52%, three times higher than that of CH$_{3}$OH (17%). In addition, the H$_{2}$CO detection rate, abundance, line intensities, and line widths increase with the core evolutionary status, suggesting that the H$_{2}$CO line emission is sensitive to protostellar activity., Accepted for Publication in ApJ. 36 pages, 15 figures, 5 tables. Table 5 available at https://github.com/ShanghuoLi/70-um-dark-high-mass-clumps

Seasonal and day–night changes in the vertical distribution and habitat of mesopelagic crustaceans, Gnathophausia longispina and G. elegans were investigated in the East China Sea during four oceanographic cruises carried out between May 2012 and January 2013. The abundance of G. elegans was approximately one-tenth that of G. longispina, although both species appeared throughout the year. The main distribution range of G. longispina was 100–600 m, and G. elegans was 600–700 m. Only G. longispina showed ontogenetic differences in diel vertical migration (ODVM); most individuals inhabited depths of 500–600 m during the day and 100–400 m at night when younger individuals inhabited shallower layers than mature individuals. Overall, both species showed a small overlap in their vertical distribution at around 600-m depth. Vertical segregation of habitat could have facilitated the sympatric biogeographic distribution of these two congeneric species around the West/Central Pacific Ocean.

Studying the physical and chemical properties of cold and dense molecular clouds is crucial for the understanding of how stars form. Under the typical conditions of infrared dark clouds, CO is removed from the gas phase and trapped on to the surface of dust grains by the so-called depletion process. This suggests that the CO depletion factor ($f_{\rm D}$) can be a useful chemical indicator for identifying cold and dense regions (i.e., prestellar cores). We have used the 1.3 mm continuum and C$^{18}$O(2-1) data observed at the resolution of $\sim$5000 au in the ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu$m Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES) to construct averaged maps of $f_{\rm D}$ in twelve clumps to characterise the earliest stages of the high-mass star formation process. The average $f_{\rm D}$ determined for 277 of the 294 ASHES cores follows an unexpected increase from the prestellar to the protostellar stage. If we exclude the temperature effect due to the slight variations in the NH$_3$ kinetic temperature among different cores, we explain this result as a dependence primarily on the average gas density, which increases in cores where protostellar conditions prevail. This shows that $f_{\rm D}$ determined in high-mass star-forming regions at the core scale is insufficient to distinguish among prestellar and protostellar conditions for the individual cores, and should be complemented by information provided by additional tracers. However, we confirm that the clump-averaged $f_{\rm D}$ values correlates with the luminosity-to-mass ratio of each source, which is known to trace the evolution of the star formation process., Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal (ApJ)

Here we determine the compressional and shear wave velocities (vp and vs) of hexagonal close-packed iron, a candidate for the main constituent of the Earth’s inner core, to pressures above 300 gigapascals using a newly designed diamond anvil cell and inelastic X-ray scattering combined with X-ray diffraction. The present results reveal that the vp and vs of the Preliminary reference Earth model (PREM) inner core are 4(±2)% and 36(±17)% slower than those of the pure iron, respectively at the centre of the core. The density and sound velocity of the PREM inner core can be explained by addition of 3(±1) wt% silicon and 3(±2) wt% sulphur to iron‒5 wt% nickel alloy. Our suggested inner core composition is consistent with the existing outer core model with oxygen, as the growth of the inner core may have created a secular enrichment of the element in the outer core.

Lignin monomers have attracted attention as functional materials for various industrial uses. However, it is challenging to obtain these monomers by degrading polymerized lignin due to the rigid ether linkage between the aromatic rings. Here, we propose a novel approach based on molecular vibrational excitation using infrared free electron laser (IR-FEL) for the degradation of lignin. The IR-FEL is an accelerator-based pico-second pulse laser, and commercially available powdered lignin was irradiated by the IR-FEL under atmospheric conditions. Synchrotron-radiation infrared microspectroscopy analysis showed that the absorption intensities at 1050 cm−1, 1140 cm−1, and 3400 cm−1 were largely decreased alongside decolorization. Electrospray ionization mass chromatography analysis showed that coumaryl alcohol was more abundant and a mass peak corresponding to hydrated coniferyl alcohol was detected after irradiation at 2.9 μm (νO-H) compared to the original lignin. Interestingly, a mass peak corresponding to vanillic acid appeared after irradiation at 7.1 μm (νC=C and νC-C), which was supported by our two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis. Therefore, it seems that partial depolymerization of lignin can be induced by IR-FEL irradiation in a wavelength-dependent manner.

We compared the shapes and catches of two trawl nets having differing headrope and groundrope configurations based on paired tow data collected by two research vessels (Yoko Maru and Kumamoto Maru) in the East China Sea. According to the paired data, the vertical opening of the net was significantly higher on the Yoko Maru, which employed a headrope kite, than the Kumamoto Maru, which uses floats on the headrope, while the horizontal opening of the net was significantly wider on the Kumamoto Maru than Yoko Maru (p < 0.01). According to generalized linear model (GLM) analysis of paired data, the capture of Dentex hypselosomus and Photololigo edulis increased when either or both the vertical and horizontal openings of the net of Yoko Maru increased or the horizontal opening of the net of Kumamoto Maru decreased. The catch of these fishes was estimated to be 0.9–4.0 times greater for Yoko Maru compared with Kumamoto Maru, depending on the vertical opening of the net of Yoko Maru. The catch of Champsodon snyderi was only influenced by the horizontal opening of the net, while for two Carangidae species, Trachurus japonicus and Kaiwarinus equula, no influence of the net shape was detected.

PurposeThe purpose of this exploratory study was to develop Global Lesson Study (GLS) defined as an international collaborative lesson study through international exchange of teachers using ICT. Its purpose is to nurture teachers from different countries with intercultural competence to conduct lesson study.Design/methodology/approachWe developed an initial program for GLS in the subject of mathematics education between elementary school teachers in Japan and Singapore. The qualitative analysis of activities at each stage of the Pilot GLS was conducted from two perspectives: (1) intercultural competence for lesson study and (2) teacher's competency for subject instruction.FindingsThrough GLS, a new lesson was created that was only possible with discussions from teachers from different locations. It was clarified that GLS was not only useful for training teachers with intercultural competence for lesson study but also has led to the improvement of teacher's competency for subject instruction in mathematics.Originality/valueThe GLS is a new attempt in the sense of developing a high-quality lesson study method for creating new lessons as well as improving qualities and abilities of teachers through international exchange.

We observed the high-mass protostellar core G335.579-0.272 ALMA1 at ${\sim}200$ au (0.05") resolution with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) at 226 GHz (with a mass sensitivity of $5\sigma=0.2$ M$_\odot$ at 10 K). We discovered that at least a binary system is forming inside this region, with an additional nearby bow-like structure (${\lesssim}1000$ au) that could add an additional member to the stellar system. These three sources are located at the center of the gravitational potential well of the ALMA1 region and the larger MM1 cluster. The emission from CH$_3$OH (and many other tracers) is extended ($>1000$ au), revealing a common envelope toward the binary system. We use CH$_2$CHCN line emission to estimate an inclination angle of the rotation axis of $26^\circ$ with respect to the line of sight based on geometric assumptions and derive a kinematic mass of the primary source (protostar+disk) of 3.0 M$_\odot$ within a radius of 230 au. Using SiO emission, we find that the primary source drives the large scale outflow revealed by previous observations. Precession of the binary system likely produces a change in orientation between the outflow at small scales observed here and large scales observed in previous works. The bow structure may have originated by entrainment of matter into the envelope due to widening or precession of the outflow, or, alternatively, an accretion streamer dominated by the gravity of the central sources. An additional third source, forming due to instabilities in the streamer, cannot be ruled out as a temperature gradient is needed to produce the observed absorption spectra., Comment: 23 pages, 16 figures, 4 tables, 2 appendices. Accepted for publication in ApJ

Background Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease. Patients with the condition have a high risk of developing chronic kidney disease. Treatment of kidney disease in patients with complex hemodynamics presents unique challenges. However, there are very few reports on the treatment of end-stage renal failure in patients with tetralogy of Fallot. Case presentation We present a rare case of peritoneal dialysis in a 47-year-old man with tetralogy of Fallot who had not undergone intracardiac repair. Peritoneal dialysis successfully removed fluids and solutes without adversely affecting the patient’s hemodynamics. Our patient was managed with peritoneal dialysis for 5 years before he succumbed to sepsis secondary to digestive tract perforation. Conclusions In this paper, we discuss the importance of monitoring acid–base balance, changes in cyanosis, and hyperviscosity syndrome during peritoneal dialysis in patients with tetralogy of Fallot. Lower leg edema and B-type natriuretic peptide level were useful monitoring parameters in this case. This case illustrates that with attention to the patient’s unique requirements, peritoneal dialysis can provide successful renal replacement therapy without compromising hemodynamics in patients with tetralogy of Fallot.

We have developed a test setup to measure frequency up-conversion gain in superconductor–insulator–superconductor (SIS) junctions at W band (75–110 GHz). A conventional SIS mixer with Nb/AlOx/Nb tunnel junctions was used as a frequency up-converter. An up-converted signal is measured by a room-temperature down-converter system. We observed distinct intermediate frequency responses to signal inputs from a continuous microwave source. The measured single-sideband up-conversion gain in SIS junctions was clearly positive (> 0 dB) with input frequency less than 2 GHz, which was well-calibrated by using an input from the continuous-wave source.

We introduce a green approach to obtain glucose and low-molecular-weight saccharides directly from the cellulose aggregate by using near- and mid-infrared free electron lasers (IR-FELs). The IR-FEL...

Estimation and understanding of the state of the fuel debris and fission products inside the plant comprise an essential step in the decommissioning of Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings’ Fukush...

Activity of deep earthquakes, which increases with depth from ~400 km to a peak at ~600 km and abruptly decreases to zero at 680 km, is enigmatic, because brittle failure is unlikely to occur under the corresponding pressures of 13−24 GPa. It has been suggested that pressure-induced phase transitions of olivine in subducted slabs are responsible for occurrence of the deep earthquakes, based on deformation experiments under pressure. However, most experiments were made using analogue materials of mantle olivine and at pressures below ~5 GPa, which are not applicable directly to the actual slabs. Here we report the results of deformation experiments combined with in situ X-ray observations and acoustic emission measurements on (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 olivine at 11−17 GPa and 860−1250 K, equivalent to the conditions of colder regions of the slabs subducted into the mantle transition region. We find that faulting occurs only at very limited temperatures of 1100−1160 K, accompanied by intense acoustic emissions from both inside and outside of the sample, immediately before the rupture. The formation of lenticular packets filled with nanocrystalline olivine and wadsleyite is confirmed in the recovered sample without faulting, indicating that the faulting is caused by adiabatic shear heating along the weak layer of the connected lenticular packets, where nanocrystalline olivine plays important roles. Our study suggests that the transformational faulting occurs on the isothermal surface of the metastable olivine wedge in subducted slabs, leading to deep earthquakes in limited regions and depth range.

Imai et al., The chemical diversity of low-mass protostellar sources has so far been recognized, and environmental effects are invoked as its origin. In this context, observations of isolated protostellar sources without the influence of nearby objects are of particular importance. Here, we report the chemical and physical structures of the low-mass Class 0 protostellar source IRAS 16544−1604 in the Bok globule CB 68, based on 1.3 mm Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations at a spatial resolution of ∼70 au that were conducted as part of the large program FAUST. Three interstellar saturated complex organic molecules (iCOMs), CH3OH, HCOOCH3, and CH3OCH3, are detected toward the protostar. The rotation temperature and the emitting region size for CH3OH are derived to be 131 ± 11 K and ∼10 au, respectively. The detection of iCOMs in close proximity to the protostar indicates that CB 68 harbors a hot corino. The kinematic structure of the C18O, CH3OH, and OCS lines is explained by an infalling–rotating envelope model, and the protostellar mass and the radius of the centrifugal barrier are estimated to be 0.08–0.30 M⊙ and, This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2016.1.01376.S. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), NSC and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ. The authors acknowledge financial support from JSPS and MAEE under the Japan–France Integrated Action Program (SAKURA: 25765VC). D.J. is supported by NRC Canada and by an NSERC Discovery Grant. E.B. and G.B. acknowledge funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, for the project "The Dawn of Organic Chemistry," grant agreement No. 741002. G.B. acknowledges support from the PID2020-117710GB-I00 grant funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and from the Unit of Excellence María de Maeztu 2020–2023 award to the Institute of Cosmos Sciences (CEX2019-00918-M). I.J.-S. has received partial support from the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) through project Nos. PID2019-105552RB-C41 and MDM-2017-0737 Unidad de Excelencia "Maria de Maeztu" - Centro de Astrobiologia (CSIC-INTA). This study is supported by grants-in-aid from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (18H05222, 18J11010, 19H05069, 19K14753, and 21K13954).

This is a correction for 2021 ApJ 923 147DOI 10.3847/1538-4357/ac2365

Current anvil designs and problems associated with various efforts to generate static high pressures beyond the limit of conventional diamond anvil cells (DACs) (∼400 GPa) are reviewed. Pressures o...

We present the first application of double-stage diamond anvil cells (ds-DACs) to X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of Rhenium (Re) metal. By using highly stable and sub-micron sized X-ray beam, ...

Both micro-paired and conical support type double-stage diamond anvil cells (ds-DAC) were tested using a newly synthesized ultra-fine nano-polycrystalline diamond (NPD). Well-focused X-ray sub-micr...

The activity of deep-focus earthquakes, which increases with depth from ~400 km to a peak at ~600 km, is enigmatic, because conventional brittle failure is unlikely to occur at elevated pressures. It becomes increasingly clear that pressure-induced phase transitions of olivine are responsible for the occurrence of the earthquakes, based on deformation experiments under pressure. However, many such experiments were made using analogue materials and those on mantle olivine are required to verify the hypotheses developed by these studies. Here we report the results of deformation experiments on (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 olivine at 11−17 GPa and 860−1350 K, equivalent to the conditions of the slabs subducted into the mantle transition zone. We find that throughgoing faulting occurs only at very limited temperatures of 1100−1160 K, accompanied by intense acoustic emissions at the onset of rupture. Fault sliding aided by shear heating occurs along a weak layer, which is formed via linking-up of lenticular packets filled with nanocrystalline olivine and wadsleyite. Our study suggests that transformational faulting occurs on the isothermal surface of the metastable olivine wedge in slabs, leading to deep-focus earthquakes in limited regions and depth range.

We have observed the 70 $\mu$m dark infrared dark cloud (IRDC) G14.492-00.139 in the N$_2$D$^+$ $J$=3--2, DCO$^+$ $J$=3--2, DCN $J$=3--2, and C$^{18}$O $J$=2--1 lines, using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) as part of the ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu$m Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). We find that the spatial distribution is different among the observed emission from the deuterated molecular lines. The N$_2$D$^+$ emission traces relatively quiescent regions, while both the DCO$^+$ and DCN emission emanates mainly from regions with signs of active star-formation. In addition, the DCO$^+$/N$_2$D$^+$ ratio is found to be lower in several dense cores than in starless cores embedded in low-mass star-forming regions. By comparing the observational results with chemical model calculations, we discuss the origin of the low DCO$^+$/N$_2$D$^+$ ratio in this IRDC clump. The low DCO$^+$/N$_2$D$^+$ ratio can be explained if the temperature of the dense cores is in the range between the sublimation temperature of N$_2$ ($\sim$20 K) and CO ($\sim$25 K). The results suggest that the dense cores in G14.492-00.139 are warmer and denser than the dense cores in low-mass star-forming regions., Comment: accepted for publication in ApJ

Background Esophageal involvement length (EIL) is a promising indicator of metastasis or recurrence in mediastinal lymph nodes (MLNs) in adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (EGJ). This study aimed to elucidate the accuracy of the preoperative endoscopic evaluations of EIL and its clinical significance in this disease. Materials and methods In total, 75 patients with Siewert type II (N = 53) or III (N = 22) adenocarcinoma of the EGJ, who underwent surgical resection without preoperative therapy between 1995 and 2016 were enrolled. We retrospectively examined the accuracy of the preoperative endoscopic evaluations of EIL (preoperative EIL), compared to the pathologically evaluated EIL. Finally, we investigated the association between preoperative EIL and metastasis or recurrence in MLNs. Results The accuracy of the preoperative EIL within a 1-cm interval was only 53.3%. Among patients with discordance between the pre- and postoperative evaluations, 68.6 % had the underestimation in the preoperative EIL. pN1–3 (OR = 5.85, 95% CI: 1.03–33.17) and undifferentiated histologic type (OR = 2.52, 95% CI: 0.89–7.14) were potential risk factors for the discordance. Regarding metastasis or recurrence in MLNs, preoperative EIL of 2–3 cm (OR = 10.41, 95% CI: 1.35–80.11) and >3 cm (OR = 8.33, 95% CI: 1.09–63.96) were independent predictors. Conclusion Although the accuracy of the endoscopic evaluations of EIL is insufficient with many underestimations, EIL should be assessed in preoperative staging because of significant predictive power for metastasis or recurrence in MLNs.

We have observed the young protostellar system NGC 2264 CMM3 in the 1.3 mm and 2.0 mm bands at a resolution of about 0.1$"$ (70 au) with ALMA. The structures of two distinct components, CMM3A and CMM3B, are resolved in the continuum images of both bands. CMM3A has an elliptical structure extending along the direction almost perpendicular to the known outflow, while CMM3B reveals a round shape. We have fitted two 2D-Gaussian components to the elliptical structure of CMM3A and CMM3B, and have separated the disk and envelope components for each source. The spectral index $\alpha$ between 2.0 mm and 0.8 mm is derived to be 2.4-2.7 and 2.4-2.6 for CMM3A and CMM3B, respectively, indicating the optically thick dust emission and/or the grain growth. A velocity gradient in the disk/envelope direction is detected for CMM3A in the CH$_3$CN, CH$_3$OH, and $^{13}$CH$_3$OH lines detected in the 1.3 mm band, which can be interpreted as the rotation of the disk/envelope system. From this result, the protostellar mass of CMM3A is roughly evaluated to be $0.1- 0.5$ $M_\odot$ by assuming Keplerian rotation. The mass accretion rate is thus estimated to be $5\times10^{-5}$ - 4 $\times$ $10^{-3}$ $M_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$, which is higher than typical mass accretion rate of low-mass protostars. The OCS emission line shows a velocity gradient in both outflow direction and disk/envelope direction. A hint of outflow rotation is found, and the specific angular momentum of the outflow is estimated to be comparable to that of the disk. These results provide us with novel information on the initial stage of a binary/multiple system., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal, 21 pages, 12 figures

A full understanding of high-mass star formation requires the study of one of the most elusive components of the energy balance in the interstellar medium: magnetic fields. We report Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) 1.2 mm, high-resolution (700 au) dust polarization and molecular line observations of the rotating hot molecular core embedded in the high-mass star-forming region IRAS 18089-1732. The dust continuum emission and magnetic field morphology present spiral-like features resembling a whirlpool. The velocity field traced by the H13CO+ (J = 3-2) transition line reveals a complex structure with spiral filaments that are likely infalling and rotating, dragging the field with them. We have modeled the magnetic field and find that the best model corresponds to a weakly magnetized core with a mass-to-magnetic-flux ratio (λ) of 8.38. The modeled magnetic field is dominated by a poloidal component, but with an important contribution from the toroidal component that has a magnitude of 30% of the poloidal component. Using the Davis-Chandrasekhar-Fermi method, we estimate a magnetic field strength of 3.5 mG. At the spatial scales accessible to ALMA, an analysis of the energy balance of the system indicates that gravity overwhelms turbulence, rotation, and the magnetic field. We show that high-mass star formation can occur in weakly magnetized environments, with gravity taking the dominant role., P.S. and B.W. were partially supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI number 18H01259) of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS). J.M.G. is supported by the Spanish grant AYA2017-84390-C2-R (AEI/FEDER, UE). C.L.H.H. acknowledges the support of the NAOJ Fellowship and JSPS KAKENHI grants 18K13586 and 20K14527. J.M.J.'s research was conducted in part at the SOFIA Science Center, which is operated by the Universities Space Research Association under contract NNA17BF53C with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. K.T. was supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant No. 20H05645. Data analysis was in part carried out on the Multi-wavelength Data Analysis System operated by the Astronomy Data Center (ADC), National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2017.1.00101.S. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), MOST and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ.

An 86-year-old man presented with a pulsatile mass in the anterior compartment of the right lower leg. He had become aware of it two months earlier. Computed tomography angiography revealed a fusiform 3.2×5 cm aneurysm of the anterior tibial artery. Mural thrombosis in the aneurysm was absent. Peripheral pulse was normal. We performed aneurysmectomy and revascularization using a saphenous vein graft. Histological findings revealed that the mass was a true aneurysm. The clinical course was good, and the graft has remained patent for six months.

This study developed the scale that assesses the ability of preschool teachers to promote children’s mathematical thinking, and conducted the situational analysis of Japanese preschool teachers. The purpose of this study was to develop the scale of the ability about promoting children’s mathematical thinking in preschool teachers and assess their ability. For that reason, a questionnaire was conducted to preschool teachers who were working in preschools (N = 157) and, a survey of exploratory factor analysis was conducted, which extracted seven factors: “The ability to read the play that leads to Basis of Mathematics (extensions)”, “Advice for leading to Basis of Mathematics”, “The way of thinking to Basis of Mathematics”, “Practice of childcare leading to Basis of Mathematics”, “The ability to read the play that leads to Basis of Mathematics (basics)”, “Understanding Basis of Mathematics”, and “The way of thinking to preschool education”. Then, the situational analysis was conducted. Results indicated the ability of preschool teachers to promote children’s mathematical thinking in preschool teachers was not at enough level. Furthermore, the t-test conducted on the several experiences of preschool teachers and the seven factors was investigated. Results indicated that on the five factors the average values of teachers who had an experience of working in kindergarten were higher than that of teachers who had no experience of working kindergarten. These results suggest that developing the scale to assess the ability of preschool teachers in order to promote children’s mathematical thinking is significant and by using this scale we become able to grasp the actual situation of the teachers and the important matter of teachers’ education.

Selectivity curves were obtained for 22 species from stock assessment research data in the East China Sea between 2001 and 2011, conducted using a cover net attached to the codend of a trawl net (Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute SS-RI type trawl net). The trawl net codend used was made of diamond mesh net with a legal minimum mesh opening size of 54 mm (mesh length of 66 mm). The cover net with a mesh opening of 18 mm (or 10.3 mm depending on the research year) was attached to the codend. For each of the 20 fish species and two squid species, we pooled data of hauls where body size for the whole catch was measured without subsampling to obtain the body size compositions of both of the codend and the cover net. The maximum likelihood method was performed for estimation of parameters in the logistic curve equation representing the codend selection curve. For 18 fish species (excluding Trichiurus japonicus and Muraenesox cinereus), we examined the relationship of the obtained selection parameters [l50, length of 50% retention and SR, selection range (= l75 - l25)] to the fish body shape. We demonstrated that fish species with a smaller ratio of body height/width to body size (i.e. more slender body type) show a tendency of larger values of l50 and SR. Furthermore, by comparing the l50 of each fish species with the reproductive parameters such as minimum maturity length, we examined the sustainability of the resources based on the minimum mesh size regulation., 東シナ海の魚類 20 種とイカ類 2 種に対する最小規制目合（目合内径 54 mm）のコッドエンドを持つトロール網のコッドエンド選択性曲線を，カバーネット装着操業試験の結果から求めた。魚類 18 種（タチウオとハモを除く）の選択性パラメータ（50％ 選択体長と選択レンジ）と魚体型の関係から，細長い体型の魚種ほど網目を抜けやすくかつ選択性が鋭くないことを示した。さらに，50％ 選択体長と最小成熟体長など再生産パラメータを比較することで，単一目合のコッドエンド選択によって複数種を対象とした資源利用の持続性を検討した。

Methanol (CH3OH) is an abundant interstellar species and is known to be an important precursor of various interstellar complex organic molecules. Among the methanol isotopologues, CH2DOH is one of the most abundant isotopologues and it is often used to study the deuterium fractionation of CH3OH in interstellar medium. However, the emission lines of CH2DOH can sometimes be optically thick, making the derivation of its abundance unreliable. Therefore, observations of its presumably optically thin 13C substituted species, 13CH2DOH, are essential to overcome this issue. In this study, the rotational transitions of 13CH2DOH have been measured in the millimeter-wave region from 216 GHz to 264 GHz with an emission-type millimeter- and submillimeter-wave spectrometer by using a deuterium and 13C enriched sample. The frequency accuracy of measured 13CH2DOH is less than a few kHz, and the relative line intensity error is less than 10% in most of the frequency range by taking advantage of the wide simultaneous frequency-coverage of the emission-type spectrometer. These results offer a good opportunity to detect 13CH2DOH in space, which will allow us to study the deuterium fractionation of CH3OH in various sources through accurate determination of the CH2DOH abundance.