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Multi-omics studies have enabled us to understand the mechanistic drivers behind complex disease states and progressions, thereby providing novel and actionable biological insights into health status. However, integrating data from multiple modalities is challenging due to high dimensionality and diverse nature of data, and noise associated with each platform. Sparsity in data, non-overlapping features and technical batch effects make the task of learning more complicated. Conventional machine learning (ML) tools are not quite effective against such data integration hazards due to their simplistic nature with less capacity. In addition, existing methods for single cell multi-omics integration are computationally expensive. Therefore, in this work, we have introduced a novel Unsupervised neural network for single cell Multi-omics INTegration (UMINT). UMINT serves as a promising model for integrating variable number of single cell omics layers with high dimensions. It has a light-weight architecture with substantially reduced number of parameters. The proposed model is capable of learning a latent low-dimensional embedding that can extract useful features from the data facilitating further downstream analyses. UMINT has been applied to integrate healthy and disease CITE-seq (paired RNA and surface proteins) datasets including a rare disease Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) tumor. It has been benchmarked against existing state-of-the-art methods for single cell multi-omics integration. Furthermore, UMINT is capable of integrating paired single cell gene expression and ATAC-seq (Transposase-Accessible Chromatin) assays as well.

Multi-omics studies have enabled us to understand the mechanistic drivers behind complex disease states and progressions, thereby providing novel and actionable biological insights into health status. However, integrating data from multiple modalities is challenging due to the high dimensionality of data and noise associated with each platform. Non-overlapping features and technical batch effects in the data make the task of learning more complicated. Conventional machine learning (ML) tools are not quite effective against such data integration hazards. In addition, existing methods for single cell multi-omics integration are computationally expensive. This has encouraged the development of a novel architecture that produces a robust model for integration of high-dimensional multi-omics data, which would be capable of learning meaningful features for further downstream analysis. In this work, we have introduced a novel Unsupervised neural network for single cell Multi-omics INTegration (UMINT). UMINT serves as a promising model for integrating variable number of single cell omics layers with high dimensions, and provides substantial reduction in the number of parameters. It is capable of learning a latent low-dimensional embedding that can capture useful data characteristics. The effectiveness of UMINT has been evaluated on benchmark CITE-seq (paired RNA and surface proteins) datasets. It has outperformed existing state-of-the-art methods for multi-omics integration.

Gene expression analysis plays a significant role for providing molecular insights in cancer. Various genetic and epigenetic factors (being dealt under multi-omics) affect gene expression giving rise to cancer phenotypes. A recent growth in understanding of multi-omics seems to provide a resource for integration in interdisciplinary biology since they altogether can draw the comprehensive picture of an organism's developmental and disease biology in cancers. Such large scale multi-omics data can be obtained from public consortium like The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and several other platforms. Integrating these multi-omics data from varied platforms is still challenging due to high noise and sensitivity of the platforms used. Currently, a robust integrative predictive model to estimate gene expression from these genetic and epigenetic data is lacking. In this study, we have developed a deep learning-based predictive model using Deep Denoising Auto-encoder (DDAE) and Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP) that can quantitatively capture how genetic and epigenetic alterations correlate with directionality of gene expression for liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC). The DDAE used in the study has been trained to extract significant features from the input omics data to estimate the gene expression. These features have then been used for back-propagation learning by the multilayer perceptron for the task of regression and classification. We have benchmarked the proposed model against state-of-the-art regression models. Finally, the deep learning-based integration model has been evaluated for its disease classification capability, where an accuracy of 95.1% has been obtained.

Current human health in era of modern medicine and drug discovery entails crunching of Big Data that needs careful integration of interdisciplinary knowledge from Biology, Computer Science, Mathematics and Statistics in lieu of bringing new insights in the field of medicine and therapeutics. Thus, the need for efficient computing infrastructure, robust analytical methods, efficient algorithms, and quality software/tools, is increasingly important to make guided interpretations backed by data and knowledge. In this presentation, Dr. Vivek Das intends to present cross-talks of such interdisciplinary fields, current state and indicates where to focus future attention to make knowledgeable and data-driven discoveries in modern medicine. These slides are from the current talk I gave at A.K. Chowdhury School of IT, University of Calcutta. Sharing for the larger community if one finds it useful. It is a part of an invited talk jointly organized by Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Kolkata Professional Chapter &A.K. Chowdhury School of IT, University of Calcutta. Disclaimer: thecontent of this talk are the author’s personal views and does not represent author’semployer in any capacity.

The Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) plays important roles in the epigenetic regulation of cellular development and differentiation through H3K27me3-dependent transcriptional repression. Aberrant PRC2 activity has been associated with cancer and neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly with respect to the malfunction of sits catalytic subunit EZH2. Here, we investigated the role of the EZH2-mediated H3K27me3 apposition in neuronal differentiation. We made use of a transgenic mouse model harboring Ezh2 conditional KO alleles to derive embryonic stem cells and differentiate them into glutamatergic neurons. Time course transcriptomics and epigenomic analyses of H3K27me3 in absence of EZH2 revealed a significant dysregulation of molecular networks affecting the glutamatergic differentiation trajectory that resulted in: (i) the deregulation of transcriptional circuitries related to neuronal differentiation and synaptic plasticity, in particular LTD, as a direct effect of EZH2 loss and (ii) the appearance of a GABAergic gene expression signature during glutamatergic neuron differentiation. These results expand the knowledge about the molecular pathways targeted by Polycomb during glutamatergic neuron differentiation.

BackgroundDietary high fructose (HFr) is a known metabolic disruptor contributing to development of obesity and diabetes in Western societies. Initial molecular changes from exposure to HFr on liver metabolism may be essential to understand the perturbations leading to insulin resistance and abnormalities in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. We studied vervet monkeys (Clorocebus aethiops sabaeus) fed a HFr (n=5) or chow diet (n=5) for 6 weeks, and obtained clinical measures of liver function, blood insulin, cholesterol and triglycerides. In addition, we performed untargeted global transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics analyses on liver biopsies to determine the molecular impact of a HFr diet on coordinated pathways and networks that differed by diet.ResultsWe show that integration of omics data sets improved statistical significance for some pathways and networks, and decreased significance for others, suggesting that multiple omics datasets enhance confidence in relevant pathway and network identification. Specifically, we found that sirtuin signaling and a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARA) regulatory network were significantly altered in hepatic response to HFr. Integration of metabolomics and miRNAs data further strengthened our findings.ConclusionsOur integrated analysis of three types of omics data with pathway and regulatory network analysis demonstrates the usefulness of this approach for discovery of molecular networks central to a biological response. In addition, metabolites aspartic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), protein ATG3, and genesATG7, HMGCS2link sirtuin signaling and the PPARA network suggesting molecular mechanisms for altered hepatic gluconeogenesis from consumption of a HFr diet.

Among many smart materials, piezoelectric materials have emerged as the most studied ones for practical applications. They owe their success to several factors, including low price, high bandwidth, availability in various formats, and ease of handling and implementation. The present study focused on the performance of piezoelectric laminated composite plate under various electromechanical loading conditions by utilizing the first-order shear deformation theory with the Newton–Raphson residual and iteration with Gauss integration point in Ansys. For the first time, the effects of electrical loading, circuit arrangement, voltage variation, and polynomial variable transverse loading are studied over piezoelectric composite plate (PCP). The effects of plate aspect ratio, thickness ratio, boundary conditions, ply orientations, nature of loading conditions, and voltage variation are presented. The study also utilized open and close circuit arrangements as sensors and actuators to gauge the performance of PCP in the form of static bending analysis. The maximum OC (open circuit) output voltage is generated with the N4 type of loading compared with N i ( i = 1–4); on the other hand, the OC output voltage is minimum with N5. The combined effect of external load and voltage presented in the study will be useful for analyzing the deflection variation, and it can further be implemented in reducing deflection or vibration. It is noted that, with a higher piezoelectric to laminate thickness (t/h) ratio, the maximum OC output voltage is observed. In addition, the rate of voltage generation observed is the highest under the N4 loading condition and the lowest under the N5 type of load.

Multi-omics, variously called integrated omics, pan-omics, and trans-omics, aims to combine two or more omics data sets to aid in data analysis, visualization and interpretation to determine the mechanism of a biological process. Multi-omics efforts have taken center stage in biomedical research leading to the development of new insights into biological events and processes. However, the mushrooming of a myriad of tools, datasets, and approaches tends to inundate the literature and overwhelm researchers new to the field. The aims of this review are to provide an overview of the current state of the field, inform on available reliable resources, discuss the application of statistics and machine/deep learning in multi-omics analyses, discuss findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable (FAIR) research, and point to best practices in benchmarking. Thus, we provide guidance to interested users of the domain by addressing challenges of the underlying biology, giving an overview of the available toolset, addressing common pitfalls, and acknowledging current methods’ limitations. We conclude with practical advice and recommendations on software engineering and reproducibility practices to share a comprehensive awareness with new researchers in multi-omics for end-to-end workflow.

Background High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is a major unmet need in oncology. The remaining uncertainty on its originating tissue has hampered the discovery of molecular oncogenic pathways and the development of effective therapies. Methods We used an approach based on the retention in tumors of a DNA methylation trace (OriPrint) that distinguishes the two putative tissues of origin of HGSOC, the fimbrial (FI) and ovarian surface epithelia (OSE), to stratify HGSOC by several clustering methods, both linear and non-linear. The identified tumor subtypes (FI-like and OSE-like HGSOC) were investigated at the RNAseq level to stratify an in-house cohort of macrodissected HGSOC FFPE samples to derive overall and disease-free survival and identify specific transcriptional alterations of the two tumor subtypes, both by classical differential expression and weighted correlation network analysis. We translated our strategy to published datasets and verified the co-occurrence of previously described molecular classification of HGSOC. We performed cytokine analysis coupled to immune phenotyping to verify alterations in the immune compartment associated with HGSOC. We identified genes that are both differentially expressed and methylated in the two tumor subtypes, concentrating on PAX8 as a bona fide marker of FI-like HGSOC. Results We show that: - OriPrint is a robust DNA methylation tracer that exposes the tissue of origin of HGSOC. - The tissue of origin of HGSOC is the main determinant of DNA methylation variance in HGSOC. - The tissue of origin is a prognostic factor for HGSOC patients. - FI-like and OSE-like HGSOC are endowed with specific transcriptional alterations that impact patients’ prognosis. - OSE-like tumors present a more invasive and immunomodulatory phenotype, compatible with its worse prognostic impact. - Among genes that are differentially expressed and regulated in FI-like and OSE-like HGSOC, PAX8 is a bona fide marker of FI-like tumors. Conclusions Through an integrated approach, our work demonstrates that both FI and OSE are possible origins for human HGSOC, whose derived subtypes are both molecularly and clinically distinct. These results will help define a new roadmap towards rational, subtype-specific therapeutic inroads and improved patients’ care.

The present study used untargeted metabolomics to investigate the short-term metabolic changes induced in wheat seedlings by the specialized metabolite umbelliferone, an allelochemical. We used 10 day-old wheat seedlings treated with 104 μM umbelliferone over a time course experiment covering 6 time points (0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 96 h), and compared the metabolomic changes to control (mock-treated) plants. Using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS)-based metabolomics, we obtained quantitative data on 177 metabolites that were derivatized (either derivatized singly or multiple times) or not, representing 139 non-redundant (unique) metabolites. Of these 139 metabolites, 118 were associated with a unique Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) identifier, while 113 were associated with a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) identifier. Relative quantification of these metabolites across the time-course of umbelliferone treatment revealed 22 compounds (sugars, fatty acids, secondary metabolites, organic acids, and amino acids) that changed significantly (repeated measures ANOVA, P-value < 0.05) over time. Using multivariate partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), we showed the grouping of samples based on time-course across the control and umbelliferone-treated plants, whereas the metabolite-metabolite Pearson correlations revealed tightly formed clusters of umbelliferone-derived metabolites, fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates. Also, the time-course umbelliferone treatment revealed that phospho-l-serine, maltose, and dehydroquinic acid were the top three metabolites showing highest importance in discrimination among the time-points. Overall, the biochemical changes converge towards a mechanistic explanation of the plant metabolic responses induced by umbelliferone. In particular, the perturbation of metabolites involved in tryptophan metabolism, as well as the imbalance of the shikimate pathways, which are strictly interconnected, were significantly altered by the treatment, suggesting a possible mechanism of action of this natural compound.

RNA sequencing (RNAseq) has become the method of choice for transcriptome analysis, yet no consensus exists as to the most appropriate pipeline for its analysis, with current benchmarks suffering important limitations. Here, we address these challenges through a rich benchmarking resource harnessing (i) two RNAseq datasets including ERCC ExFold spike-ins; (ii) Nanostring measurements of a panel of 150 genes on the same samples; (iii) a set of internal, genetically-determined controls; (iv) a reanalysis of the SEQC dataset; and (v) a focus on relative quantification (i.e. across-samples). We use this resource to compare different approaches to each step of RNAseq analysis, from alignment to differential expression testing. We show that methods providing the best absolute quantification do not necessarily provide good relative quantification across samples, that count-based methods are superior for gene-level relative quantification, and that the new generation of pseudo-alignment-based software performs as well as established methods, at a fraction of the computing time. We also assess the impact of library type and size on quantification and differential expression analysis. Finally, we have created a R package and a web platform to enable the simple and streamlined application of this resource to the benchmarking of future methods.

The research on heterometallic 3d-4f polyoxometalates has made immense progress over the last decade with a larger number of structures being reported every year until the present day. The formation of 3d-4f POMs has been considered a challenge as both the 3d and 4f ions compete for coordination to the lacunary POMs ligands. It was seen that mostly amorphous precipitate was obtained instead of crystalline material. Hence, as a result, the synthetic parameters such as pH, temperature, solvent, time of reaction has to be precisely controlled in order to isolate the desired product. This review focuses on the heterometallic 3d-4f polyoxometalates reported in the last decade mainly after 2011, when the field of 3d-4f heterometallic polyoxometalates was considered an incipient field. The structural variety exhibited by this kind is diverse with a large number of structures including dimers, trimers, tetramers which can be divided mainly into four types of polyanions. These are pure 3d-4f polyanions, 3d substituted anions with 4f linkers, 4f substituted anions with 3d linkers, and POMs with both 3d and 4f as linkers. The reason for the desire to create such complexes is mainly due to the interesting magnetic properties exhibited by them. Introduction of 4f ions into the paramagnetic 3d cluster enhances the already present magnetic properties and allows the formation of single-molecule/ion magnets (SMMs or SIMs). Many of the complexes show slow magnetic relaxation which is ideal for SMMs/SIMs. A few of the complexes displaying such properties are discussed in the review. Apart from that, the catalytic properties exhibited by such 3d-4f complexes have also been discussed.

High grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is a major unmet need in oncology. The persistent uncertainty on its originating tissue has contributed to hamper the discovery of oncogenic pathways and effective therapies. Here we define the DNA methylation print that distinguishes the human fimbrial (FI) and ovarian surface epithelia (OSE) and develop a robust epigenetic cell-of-origin tracer that stratifies HGSOC in FI-and OSE-originated tumors across all available cohorts. We translate this origin-based stratification into a clinically actionable transcriptomic signature, demonstrating its prognostic impact on patients’ survival and identifying novel network level dysregulations specific for the two disease subtypes.

This research paper presents path following two wheeled compact portable robot with arduino nano as cental driving functional unit with novel features of wireless control using wifi and bluetooth module with collision detection, avoidance and control features which provides the unique ability of danger avoidance, falling from a hieght with improved stablity and precision control. The extremely sophistcated design provides very good controlled movement on horizantal ground terrain surfaces with data collecting and processing capabilties. The design is integrated with infrared sensors, bluetooth module, wifi module control with dc gear motors which controls the speed of the vehicle of the robotic vehicle and avoid collision with any obstacle detected in the path of the robot. It has the unique abilty of running in maze with path following abilties controlled from any remote location using WiFi for long range control and bluetooth for short range control. In this research article a entire system is designed and implemented in which movement is stably controlled based on feedback from infrared transreciever module. A low cost robust portable design using GUI control has been implemented with advanced features which makes it very unique and attractive for commercial production.