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This study explored psychological predictors that may impact viewers’ decision to watch television shows on the basis of perceived racial or ethnic representation. 1998 undergraduate students selected from a list of motivations for watching television that included race-specific motivations such as “a character is of my race/ethnicity.” Participants also completed attitudinal measures of colorblind racial ideology, social dominance orientation, ethnic identity, and ethnic stigma consciousness. Analysis revealed that prejudicial beliefs predicted less salience for racial representation when making choices about television watching, while deeper connection to one’s ethnic group predicted greater salience for representation when making these choices.

This study draws from cognitive theories of learning to examine the role of different forms of television news viewing in political knowledge. Data from two-wave panel data reveal that performing a...

Social TV viewing has changed the way individuals watch television content. Interestingly, individuals still engage with virtual co-viewers in an online space while watching television with others ...

The impact of covid-19 requires several local governments to decide on implementing policies to dismiss students and implement online or online learning systems. This government policy has been effectively enforced in several provinces in Indonesia since March 2020. However, this does not apply to several schools in Temanggung Regency. The learning system in a network is a learning system without face to face directly between teachers and students but is carried out online using the internet network. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of online learning activities at SD Kemloko Temanggung during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study uses qualitative methods and uses interview and observation data collection techniques. The results showed a lack of effectiveness during home learning. Students cannot interact directly with teachers and friends, students do assignments and watch television accompanied by their parents and students have difficulty receiving understanding of the material.

In this study (n=250) working and non- working mothers were surveyed about the amount of time their kids watch television. These mothers were randomly selected from different schools of Karachi Gulshan-e-Iqbal town. It was investigated that whether working and non-working mother spent quality time with their children and what are their preferences once they get back from their work place. It is observed that technology have made easier for any child to get engaged and stuck for hours in front of TV screen. These audiences vary from all ages but children are more exposed to it due to eye catching sharp images of screen. This study will determine the role of working and stay at home mothers about their control over their kids watching television and their preferable modes of controlling screen time. This study examines maternal control over television viewing and preferable channels watched by child. The strict maternal behavior is associated with fewer amounts of television viewing and preferring co-viewing. Those mother who have strict control over televiewing timings have less psychological problems in their kids and have fewer social issues. Therefore, every mother is quiet concerned about her child but her nature of work and job changes her pattern of controlling her kids.

Nowadays television advertisement is becoming a day to day activity of passing the time of the people and it is largely used to influence viewers' purchase decisions. But there are a lot of negative and positive impacts of TV ads on children. This study aims to know both impacts of ads on the children of Bagerhat Sadar Upazila in Bangladesh by collecting the data from children and their parents. This research was quantitative and exploratory in nature. The survey method was used for conducting the study. From the total number of the residents of Bagerhat Sadar Upazila, 125 families were collected by following proportionate systematic random sampling. The study shows that most of the respondents watch television on holiday and spend two to four hours to watch the television. The study presents that the maximum number of respondents is attracted to toys advertisements on television. The study also reveals that the majority of the respondent’s behavior changes after watching the advertisements. The study also discloses that highest number of respondents wishes to buy the products after watching the advertisements and they inform them of their parents. The study also shows that most of the respondents want to act what they watch on television.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transcended beyond buzzwords, keywords or trends. The ubiquity of AI is so profound that it has managed to seep into popular culture. It breeds throughout social media platforms. It dominates the airwaves. It is impossible to watch television without mention of the acronym, the word, and how everyone is using it. However, if we look a little closer, take a deep dive into the AI pool where everyone seems to be swimming, we began to learn that AI has been misinterpreted, misrepresented, and incorrectly defined. "In the Laws of Thought and Thinking Machines," Hughes and Hughes (2019) talk about how uncovering the truth of the definition, meaning, applications, and implications of Artificial Intelligence would be a noteworthy goal. Today we are pursuing that goal.

Obesity has become a global health problem in the world. The impact of obesity is degenerative disease. The style of family care is one of the factors that influence the occurrence of obesity in children. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between family care style with obesity in preschool children aged 3-5 years. This study uses a cross sectional design with a total of 143 preschool children aged 3-5 years using Cluster Sampling sampling techniques. research shows that there is a relationship between parental supervision when watching television (pvalue = 0.043) and parental physical activity patterns (pvalue = 0,000), while the most dominant variable is the parental physical activity pattern with a PR value of 15,896. school is influenced by parental supervision when watching television and parental physical activity patterns. It is hoped that all parties can make efforts to prevent obesity in children by increasing physical activity of children such as buying sports equipment and inviting children to exercise and conduct more stringent supervision when children watch television, play games or gadgets. Keywords: Family parenting style, obesity, preschool children

When a child is 5 to 10 years old, it is very vulnerable to experience impaired health. One of them is vision. Vision is the main source that is very useful for life. A mother is worried when her children are constantly watching television. The anxiety will increase when children watch their favorite shows on television is very closely distance. From the description of the problem above, the writer found an idea to make a tool that can remind young children to maintain their visibility while watching television. The tool uses an Arduino Uno microcontroller coupled with a distance sensor and a motion sensor. When the sensor detects humans are closed to the television, then the tool will give a warning through the speaker in the form of sound. From the results of research when the sensor detects the distance between humans and the television is too close, the device will warn by making noise from the speakers. After 20 trials, data was obtained that 17 times the device is successfully detected movement via sensor and could give a warning to television viewers. Hope with the creation of a television viewers safe space can help parents to reduce anxiety when children watch television

OBJECTIVE: To describe advertising of discretionary foods on television at times when children watch television.METHODS: We randomly sampled 84 days (one of each weekday for every month of the year) for 2017, viewed all food advertisements and categorised them according to type (healthy, discretionary or other). The frequency of advertisements per hour was calculated for times when most children watch television (peak viewing time PVT1) and when C-rated programs can be broadcast (PVT2).RESULTS: The rate of advertising of discretionary foods during PVT1 was 1.5/hour (95%CI 1.4-1.5), and during PVT2 was 1.7/hour (1.6-1.8).CONCLUSIONS: Children continue to be exposed to food advertising. Implications for public health: Voluntary food and grocery industry codes have not prevented children from being exposed to discretionary food advertising on television. From June 2019, all food and beverage advertising is subject to either food industry or advertising industry codes. The data presented here will form the baseline for future evaluation of whether the new arrangements reduce children's exposure to food advertising.

Television media is a means of conveying information and communication to many people or society. The knowledge can be accepted by society quickly. Television Media is a means or tool used as information source, education and entertainment. Teenager is a transition period from children to adults which are 11-24 years old. Adolescence is known for a time full of flaming, indecision, and a great sense of curiosity so need extra control from all of parties, especially their parents and educators. Teenagers today are much influenced by promiscuity such as fee sex. Television media has a variety of programs show that interesting to children and teenagers have a variety of impacts in both positive and negative life especially for teenagers who use television media. Today television shows much of violence contents and promiscuity affect the viewing teenagers and the show intersect with the values and social norms in society. Here are some of the television media roles in tackling free sex in among teenagers, they are: Television is as society education media and used of television in teenager’s life. Television media can be used as one of popular education media of people. Television media can act as an education media by watching the educative show for society. The show that educates be followed by teenagers need getting assisted parents which is able to direct the educative show for their children. The roles of parents, society, education institution have important roles in giving education and directiving so education about sex is not taboo to be learned.Television attracts good interest to adult especially to children and teenagers who like to watch television because it interesting shows and programs and how to present them in a fun way. Television is used by teenagers as entertainment and knowledge media where teenagers can get information quickly and easily.

Family is an important social unit that forming youth identity, but in the other hand family is also a place where contestation happened. Power-relation inside family is commonly happened during several activities such as watching television, having dinner, and prior go to school. The objective of this research is to unmasking the reality of power relation in television watching activities. Qualitative method is used to dissect this phenomenon. In the context of families that only have one television, power relation in watching television is inevitable, especially the prime time, because at this time all family members watch television. This study found that there are several actors who hold important role in power relation, such as Little brother, Grandma, and Father. Their domination have made rural youth become marginalized on their own house

Background Physical activity (PA) offers numerous health benefits for young children; however, many children enrolled in childcare engage in low levels of PA and high levels of sedentary time. This study aimed to describe the prevalence and content of written PA and screen-viewing (SV) policies in Canadian childcare centers. Methods Using a modified version of the Environment and Policy Assessment and Observation Self-Report (EPAO-SR) tool, an online survey was distributed to all directors/administrators of center-based childcare facilities across Canada. Reminder emails were sent to encourage survey completion and a strong response rate. Descriptive statistics were used to explore demographic characteristics and frequencies were run to examine the number of centers that implemented a PA or SV policy. Deductive content analysis was completed to identify common themes in participants’ open-ended responses. Results A total of 1158 childcare representatives participated in the study; 514 provided complete data. Of these, 295 (44%) centers indicated having a written PA policy (with the majority regulated at the provincial/territorial-level; n = 227; 42%). Content of these policies included amount of time: spent outdoors (n = 395; 63%); in teacher-led active play (n = 101; 16%); and PA education for children (n = 91; 16%). Additionally, 178 (29%) respondents reported a written policy regarding SV (with majority regulated at the center-level; n = 173; 34%) and primarily focusing on amount of time children watch television. Conclusions PA regulations are more common than SV policies in Canadian childcare centers; however, less than half implement a PA policy and only a third adopt SV regulations. An opportunity exists to advance practice by adopting proactive approaches to encouraging young children to be more active and less sedentary in childcare (i.e., through written policies). Supplementing policy with accessible resources, as well as consistent provision of early childhood educator (staff) training, represent important steps for putting said policies into action.

The main purpose of this study was to identify the impact of Television Advertising on Children Buying Behavior in the chocolate market in Sri Lanka. The data was gathered from 150 respondents in Kurunegala district in Sri Lanka using multistage sampling technique. SPSS software package was used to analyze the data. It was found that most of the children in 6-10 age in Sri Lanka watch television more than 3 hours per day. And they also watch advertisement during the period. Most of the children willing to purchase and consume Ritzbury Chocolate among several chocolate brands in the Sri Lankan market. According to the findings, the most significant television advertising dimension is Information focused advertising. In addition to that, it was found that the Emotion-focused and Imagery focused advertising also significantly influence on children buying behavior in the chocolate market. The study concluded a positive relationship between Television Advertising and Children Buying Behavior.

The advancement of media technology in recent years has produced an enormous shift in the way the youth engage with media. The mobility of media devices and fusion of interpersonal and mass communication have drastically altered the youth’s media habits and the time they spend consuming the media. Utilizing the recent developments in the uses and gratifications theory (UGT), this research investigates the influence of people’s needs and goals on their adoption of new technology and media consumption behavior. Analyzing the media habits of 161 students, the study reveals many interesting findings. To mention a few, results indicate that young people log on the internet more than they watch television. Except for the phones which the youth carry with them at all times, young people have a clear preference for a specific medium (radio, computer, or television) depending on the daypart. They listen to the radio in the morning, log on their computers in the afternoon, and mostly watch television in the evening. MBC is the respondents’ favorite television network, YouTube is their preferred video-streaming website, and “Sahebat El-Sa3ada is their most cherished television program. Young people hardly watch news; in fact, they only attend to news if it is presented in satire format or if it is visually stimulating. Talk-shows are not a popular genre for the youth. Chatting on WhatsApp and social networking on Facebook are the activities consuming the most time on any day, with three hours on average. The paper provides useful insight that can serve policy makers, media strategists, advertisers, and sociology scientists.

The current study drives at monitoring the impact of green marketing advertisements on audience’s awareness of the positive effects of using the environment friend products. The researchers use the descriptive method and these tools as study tools: interview, a questionnaire form employed for the field study, and a content analysis form serving the analytical stud). Sample: the study sample is recruited on purpose from Egyptian audience in: (Cairo, Giza, and Qalubyia governorates) who watch television advertisements and use the internet. It consists of (400) items, aged at 19 yrs. old or above. The study analytical sample is embodied in green marketing advertisements: a total survey of the exposed advs. In different mass media during Ramadan month is administered for three years starting from 2016 to 2018. The study objective is to monitor the impact of green marketing advertisements on audience’s awareness of green products and giving easy access information about this issue. The results have been reported: v There are no statistically significant differences between the two study groups (males-females) regarding the audience’s awareness of environmental topics mentioned in green marketing. v There are significant differences between different education levels regarding the audience’s awareness of environmental topics mentioned in green marketing, in favor of the higher education level individuals. v Motional effects in the advs. comes in the first rank, followed by “sound”, then “abundance in environmental information presented in the advs.” In the third rank, followed by “designing the advs.” And finally the “emergence of famous persons”. v The most important mass media means viewed by a large number of people is television followed by the facebook on websites. v The study sample counts on television because of the abundance of environmental information it presents concerning the green products. v The study is summed up of some recommendations as follows: v The necessity for increasing companies’ concern in green products marketing or environmentally friendly forms of advertising that attract viewers such as advertising, singing , acting and develop to increase the persuasion of viewers and urges them to change their behavior towards them.

The present digital era is marked by the emergence of computer technology and other technologies that support electronic access to information. Various digital media that are connected to each other form a new media that is more compatible, easily and quickly accessed, which is then called media convergence. During its development, this has led to various changes in the mass media on how information is presented to the public. In this regard, the television media is no exception, which has undergone several changes due to media convergence. YouTube is a platform that is considered to be one of the most compatible forms of media convergence with television characters. This research focuses on how audiences or television viewers enjoy Indonesian television programs on the YouTube platform, which is analyzed from the number of viewers to see the viewing patterns and measure the impact of media convergence on television. The results of this study can provide an up-to-date picture of how Indonesians watch television and what steps have been taken by television stations in dealing with these impacts. Keywords: media convergence, television, YouTube, digital, information., Era digital hadir ditandai dengan munculnya teknologi komputer beserta teknologi lainnya yang mendukung akses informasi secara elektronik. Berbagai media digital yang saling terhubung satu sama lain membentuk sebuah media baru yang lebih kompatibel, mudah dan cepat diakses, yang kemudian disebut dengan konvergensi media. Dalam perkembangannya, hal tersebut mendorong berbagai macam perubahan pada media massa tentang bagaimana informasi disajikan kepada khalayak. Dalam hal ini tak terkecuali media televisi, yang telah mengalami beberapa perubahan diakibatkan oleh konvergensi media. YouTube merupakan platform yang dianggap menjadi salah satu bentuk konvergensi media paling kompatibel dengan karakter televisi. Penelitian ini fokus pada bagaimana khalayak atau penonton televisi menikmati program acara televisi Indonesia pada platform YouTube, yang dianalisis dari jumlah penonton untuk melihat adanya pola menonton serta mengukur dampak konvergensi media pada televisi. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat memberikan gambaran terkini tentang bagaimana pola masyarakat Indonesia dalam menonton televisi serta langkah apa saja yang telah dilakukan stasiun televisi dalam menghadapi dampak tersebut.

PURPOSE People with central vision loss (CVL) watch television, videos and movies, but often report difficulty and have reduced video comprehension. An approach to assist viewing videos is electronic magnification of the video itself, such as Bubble Magnification. METHODS We created a Bubble Magnification technique that displayed a magnified segment around the centre of interest (COI) as determined by the gaze of participants with normal vision. The 15 participants with CVL viewed video clips shown with 2× and 3× Bubble Magnification, and unedited. We measured video comprehension and gaze coherence. RESULTS Video comprehension was significantly worse with both 2× (p = 0.01) and 3× Bubble Magnification (p

Introdução: A prevalência da obesidade na infância tem implicações futuras na saúde e a televisão tem sido citada como um fator contribuinte, seja por incentivar o consumo de alimentos calóricos ou por conduzir ao sedentarismo. O estatuto socioeconómico dos encarregados de educação tem sido apontado como um determinante do comportamento alimentar, influenciando a prevalência do excesso de peso infantil. Objetivo: Analisar o impacto da exposição televisiva e das características sociodemográficas no Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) infantil. Material e métodos: Estudo quantitativo, transversal e analítico, realizado numa amostra de 208 crianças, com uma média de idades de 7,99 ± 1,33. Foi aplicado um questionário adaptado de Vicente-Rodriguez et al. (2011), e foi realizada uma avaliação antropométrica a todas as crianças. Resultados: Constatou-se que 57,3% das crianças visualizam televisão todos os dias e que 65,9% não possuem aparelho televisivo nos quartos. Observou-se uma correlação estatisticamente significativa entre o rendimento familiar e as horas de exposição televisiva à semana, no género masculino (p=0,018); entre o nível de instrução do encarregado de educação e o IMC, em ambos os géneros (p=0,043 no género masculino; e p=0,009 no género feminino); e entre o IMC e o número de elementos do agregado familiar, no género masculino (p=0,001). Conclusão: Nesta amostra de crianças, não houve correlações significativas entre o IMC e os dias ou horas de visualização televisiva, contudo, é necessário o estímulo de atividades que promovam um estilo de vida ativo, tendo em conta que a prevalência da obesidade infantil é elevada, na maioria dos países desenvolvidos. Observou-se uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre as características sociodemográficas e o IMC, comprovando que são determinantes na saúde infantil. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Background With nearly three-fourths of the U.S. population isolated in their homes between early March and the end of May, almost all of whom regularly watch television (TV), it was no surprise that companies began to purchase airtime on major television networks to advertise (ad) their brands and showcase their empathy with the populace. But how would the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic curve have changed had these same dollars been allocated to proven preventive interventions? Methods Performance and activity metrics on all COVID-19 related TV ads that have aired in the U.S. between February 26th and June 7th, 2020, were provided by iSpot.tv, Inc., including expenditures. COVID-19 incidence and mortality data were collected from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Descriptive statistics were performed to calculate total TV ad expenditures and other performance metrics across industry categories. Leveraging a previously published stochastic agent-based model that was used to assess the cost-effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions to control COVID-19, the number of cases that would have been prevented had these same dollars been used for preventive interventions was calculated using cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs), the cost divided by cases prevented. Results A total of 1,513 companies purchased TV airtime during the study period, totaling approximately 1.1 million airings, 215.5 billion impressions, and $2.7 billion in expenditures; most of the expenditures were spent by the restaurant (15.9%), electronics and communications (15.4%), and vehicle (13.7%) industries. The CERs for PPE and social distancing measures were $13,856 and $29,552, respectively; therefore, had all of these TV ad dollars instead been allocated to PPE or social distancing measures, approximately 194,908 and 91,386 cases of COVID-19 may have been prevented by the end of the study period, respectively. Figure 2. COVID-19 cases prevented had TV ad expenditures been reallocated for interventions. Conclusion Americans were inundated with COVID-19 related TV ads during the early months of the pandemic and companies are now showing some signs to relent. In times of disaster, however, it is paramount that the private sector go beyond showcasing their empathy and truly become socially responsible by allocating their funds to proven prevention and control measures. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Introdução: O envelhecimento é um processo que envolve perda das atividades funcionais e propensão ao adoecimento. Entende-se que as vivências e práticas do cotidiano, estejam associadas à percepção de qualidade de vida, nas quais as atividades de lazer são frutos de escolhas assumindo a função de descanso, entretenimento pessoal e social. Objetivo: Identificar o tipo de atividade de lazer ofertada em uma instituição de longa permanência para idosos e a adesão de acordo com o nível de dependência. Métodos: Tratou-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa, transversal e descritiva. Resultados: Participaram da pesquisa 14 profissionais da equipe assistencial. Verificamos que 100% dos idosos independentes aderem aos exercícios físicos, frequência a igreja e bate papo como atividades de lazer; 92,86% dos idosos parcialmente dependentes optam pela prática de assistir televisão (TV) e bate papo; 100% idosos dependentes aderem à prática de assistir TV. Constatamos que 92,86% das atividades de lazer são ofertadas por meio de serviço voluntariado e por servidores da própria instituição. Conclusão: Houve diversidade de atividades de lazer ofertadas, ainda que idosos possuam determinado grau de dependência para desenvolvê-las, sendo sua prática considerada importante pela equipe, em que a adesão está estreitamente relacionada a aspectos como concepções individuais de lazer e circunstância de saúde.

This chapter outlines a conceptual framework for studying socially shared television viewing. Focusing on how users watch television together, this chapter considers common social arrangements, motives, selection decisions, as well as users’ interactions during co-viewing. Examining the effects of these preconditions and processes on viewers’ enjoyment, results of a field study of groups of friends watching an episode of a popular German crime show are presented. Against this background, commonalities and differences between co-viewing and Social TV are discussed.

Entertainment television today is being increasingly consumed via online video on demand (VOD) services. A VOD service is less constrained compared to the traditional (linear) TV in terms of the number of programs it can simultaneously offer, allowing its viewers to watch a program at a time of their choice. On the one hand, offering more programs can dilute the quality of the offered programs; while on the other, the service benefits from the time flexibility that viewers now have on their side. In this paper, we theoretically study how the ‘on-demand’ feature affects the number of programs and the investment in their qualities (by a monopolist) when viewers are heterogeneous in their keenness to watch television programs, their preferred genre (taste preference) and, importantly, their preferred time to watch the programs (time preference). We first show that, when offering the same number of programs, while the linear TV service offers them at the same quality, the VOD service can offer them at different qualities. When the VOD service offers more programs---utilizing its capacity advantage to better cater to viewer tastes---the offering can comprise both higher and lower quality programs compared to the linear TV. While a shift to VOD increases consumer welfare, it is not always Pareto-improving when the VOD service make asymmetric investments in programs. Results on quality are driven by the heterogeneity in viewer time preferences, and are in line with real world observations about the content of popular VOD platforms.

This study aimed to get a more specific description of the relationship to watch television with the needs of the school. This study used the paradigm of "critical realism" which tried to reveal the fact that on the surface with the (quantitative approach) the reality of the meaning expressed (qualitative) or also called mix research. The respondents/informants were middle and high school students in Medan. There were 49 people set out in purposively. The theory was the theory of cognitive dissonance consistency realm of Leon Festinger and refined the theory of "low and high dissonance" Cotton and Hieser. Quantitative data were analyzed by correlational perform asymmetrical correlation models. Qualitative data were analyzed using analytical models categorization Neuman. The results included (1) watching television set or selected to enhance the learning needs, increase knowledge, hang and support future; (2) the respondent/informant categories including "high disonance" which rejected a television show not suitable for the purpose of learning and increasing knowledge; (3) the respondent/informant was in continuum "consistent" and "inconsistent" was connected with the spectacle on television. This may be because they were still subject to change from time to time.

Background: The National Survey of the Nutritional Situation in Colombia (Ensin) reported that for the year 2010, 13.4% of children between 5 and 17 years old were overweight and 4.1% were obese, based on the guidelines defined by the Ministry of Health. Social Protection in resolution 2465 of 2010 that indicates the reference standards for the anthropometric classification.Objective: to know the eating habits of children of a private educational institution in Bogota, identifying, describing and recognizing the characteristics of the feeding of students between 6 and 12 years old.Methods: Quantitative, descriptive study. The "food habits questionnaire" created in Seville, Spain was used, applying it with prior consent and informed consent, collecting 103 surveys, in which students from the first to seventh courses participated.Results: Several students affirmed that they did not eat breakfast, dedicating little time to this activity and doing it alone. These students are in greater proportion in the lower grades (first, second and third). In all the daily meals, a large part of the students consume products such as trinkets, saturated fats and pastries. From Monday to Friday, it is evident that the school is the place where students tend to eat. As for the weekends, the place where they most carry out this activity is in restaurants. The food and the place they choose become a risk factor for chronic no communicable disease. In addition, it was found that students usually watch television at all meals.Conclusions: Watching television while eating, becomes the main activity performed by students, comprising up to 7 hours a day, increasing the risk of obesity and overweight, according to studies the advertising of unhealthy foods during the children's period is high.

The existing informationization of rail transit is insufficient in digital TV research. Due to the large viewing terminal, it is not able to used for watching cable TV on the high-speed rail. In view of the fact that mobile TV currently has a single viewing channel and requires the support of digital multimedia broadcasting (DMB), a wireless television signal receiving system is designed to watch television programs in the high-speed trains. The mobile receiving terminal consists of a high frequency head, a tuning station, a liquid crystal displayer and a battery pack. And it is used for receiving the television program transmitted by the host, issuing a switching radio command to the host to realize receiving and displaying the high speed wireless television signal. The overall scheme of the system is described, and the scheme of hardware design is completed in the paper. The software system is designed by the method of modular design. The experimental results show that the high-speed rail TV wireless terminal system has stable performance and good display. At the same time, the system has the characteristics of smaller size, low power consumption and simple structure. It will have more useful value and promotion prospect in the field of high-speed mobile video terminals.

Unlike Generation X and boomers, the post-millennials or Generation Z sparsely engage with traditional news sources they deem as nearly extinct, including print media such as newspapers and magazines. They rarely watch television news or listen to radio. They report different news values with less concern about accuracy and more attention toward entertainment and interaction.

Introduction Thirty percent (30%) of all deliveries in 2014 were recorded among adolescents in Ghana, whom contraceptive use has been found to be low. Our study, therefore, aimed to retrospectively look at the trends and determinants of contraceptive use (modern and traditional) among female adolescents in Ghana. Materials and methods We used data from the 2003, 2008 and 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys. The sample for this study comprised sexually active female adolescents aged 15–19 for each of the rounds thereby resulting in a sample of 426 in 2003, 389 in 2008 and 726 in 2014. We calculated the proportion of adolescents using contraceptives (either traditional or modern) for each of the three surveys. We computed the use of contraceptives among adolescents and the type of contraceptives used with respect to their socio-demographic characteristics. Multinomial Logistic Regression was used to assess the determinants of contraceptive use at 95% confidence interval and Odds Ratios (OR) and p-values were reported. Results Contraceptive use declined from 22.1% in 2003 to 20.4% in 2014. Adolescents who were married had lower odds [OR = 0.09, 95% CI = 0.03–0.96] of using traditional methods of contraception compared to those who were not married. Those who read newspapers at least once a week were more likely to utilize modern contraceptives [OR=1.84, CI = 1.05–4.78] compared to adolescents who did not read newspapers at all. Similarly, those who watched television at least once a week were more likely to use modern contraceptives than those who did not watch television at all [OR = 2.25, CI = 1.06–4.78]. Conclusion These findings imply that intensifying educational messages on contraceptive use among adolescents using various newspapers and television stations to convey the messages and emphasizing the importance of using modern contraceptive is worthwhile., Highlights • Contraceptive use among female adolescents declined from 22.1% in 2003 to 20.4% in 2014. • Those who were married had lower chances of using traditional methods. • Female adolescents who read newspapers almost every day were more likely to utilize modern contraceptives. • Female adolescents who watched television at least once a week were more likely to use modern contraceptives.

Superherofilm is a type of spectacle that is still widely consumed by children. Data from commonsense.org states that 68% of superhero films which aired in 2011-2016 have PG-13 ratings (Parental Strongly Cautioned) that contain violence and can have an impact on child development. Children who often watch television or movies tend to less concentration, less attention to the environment, and imitate what is shown. This study aimed to determine related factors of parental decisions in allowing children to watch violence films. This research was a quantitative with cross sectional approach. By using simple random sampling technique, the samples of this research taken as many as 93 parents of 3rd grade students at SDN Ketabang Surabaya. The data was collected by using questionnaire. This research used univariat and bivariate analysis. Most respondents are women (58.1%), age 28-45 years (79.6%), work as housewives (30.1%), and head of houshold have high income (68.8%). In relation to parental decisions in allowing children to watch violence films, most respondents have less knowledge (49.47%), less supportive attitude (84.94%), parents as personal reference in making decisions (68.82% ), unfulfilled facilities (52.69%), and high family culture (69.9%). Most respondents allow children to watch violence films (62.4%). The chisquare test showed that knowledge (p=0,000), availability of facilities (p=0,000), head of household income (p=0,000), and family culture (p = 0.002) are siginificantly related to parental decisions in allowing children to watch violence films. While the variables of attitude (p=0,096), personal references (p=0,249), and age (p=0,853) are not significantly related to parental decisions in allowing children to watch violence films.Keywords: children, parental decisions, superhero films, violence films

Background and aims The effect of television viewing frequency on overweight and obesity in the South African context is unexplored. The aim is to determine the association between television viewing time and overweight and obesity among reproductive age (15–49 years) women in South Africa. Method A secondary analysis was performed on a total weighted sample of 3063 women of reproductive age from the South Africa Demographic and Health Survey 2016. Multivariable ordered logistic regression analysis was conducted with the primary outcome of body mass index as recommended by the World Health Organization. The main explanatory variable was television viewing time as per frequency among three groups: a) not at all, b) less than once a week, c) at least once a week. Results The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 26.1 % and 35.9 %, respectively. In rural areas, viewing television less than once a week had 70 % higher odds [AOR: 1.7, 95 % CI: 1.1–2.4] and viewing television at least once a week had 40 % higher odds [AOR: 1.4, 95 % CI: 1.1–1.8] to be overweight or obese than those who did not watch television at all. Frequency of television viewing had no significant association with overweight and obesity in urban areas. Conclusions It is recommended that interventions focusing on tackling overweight and obesity in South Africa need to highlight prevalent public awareness programs to incorporate behavioral change communication information to reform TV-viewing time and motivate less sedentary leisure activities.

Changes in communication technology are currently changing the behavior of society in general, this is indicated by the use of mobile media, which has been used as a communication medium, is now used as a medium for watching television programs. This mediamorphosis phenomenon is used by MNC Group and Emtek Group to transform conventional media into digital media. This change encourages media owners to make digital changes in the broadcasting sector in Indonesia. The MNC group has digital television broadcasting under the name MeTube, while the Emtek group has the name Vidio.com. Not many televisions in Indonesia have changed conventional media broadcasting to digital media, benefiting the MNC group and the Emtek group. The perspective of this study is referred to as a channel for the process of exchanging commodities in the free market in order to compete and provide benefits and satisfaction to the public. As for this study using a qualitative method with a constructivist paradigm, while the aim of the researcher is to try to explore the problem of changes made by the media industry from conventional to online streaming broadcasts that change people to watch television shows anywhere. While the results of this study are changes in technological developments, especially communication and information technology, giving impetus to the media to change their business strategies. With the development of convergence technology, media are required to adapt by distributing content through many platforms at the same time as the current media industry terminology changes.

The study examined the current status of folktale practice in connection with the patronage of television and other forms of digital resources for communication and entertainment in Delta State, Nigeria. Recent studies suggest that folktale's practice is declining because of television and other digital communication media. Therefore, this study investigated the current state of folktale practice in Delta State and its relation with watching television and using digital communication and entertainment resources. We adopted the Uses and Gratification theory as the theoretical guide and used survey and questionnaire as the method and instrument. We analyzed the data with descriptive and inferential statistics and tested at a 0.05 level of significance. We found that the respondents do not partake in folktale practice, unlike most of them that watch television always and use other digital resources of communication and entertainment frequently. They prefer watching television and using other digital resources of communication and entertainment to the folktale. We also establish a significant correlation between watching television and digital communication resources and the decline in Delta State's folktale practice. Received: 3 January 2021 / Accepted: 22 March 2021/ Published: 10 May 2021

Parental monitoring of children’s television viewing is an important family practice that helps children understand the messages they find on advertisements and program content. Research points at different dimensions of monitoring, including parental co-viewing, rules about when and how much time children can watch television, and active parental mediation. The study describes different dimensions of parental monitoring in a sample of 303 caregivers of primary school children living in Lima. Main findings reveal that about a third of the sample engaged in parental monitoring never, rarely or sometimes, the education level of the caregiver was positively associated with limiting the time children can watch television, and that child’s age was negatively associated with the frequency of active mediation and limits on the content children may watch on TV. Further research is needed in order to understand the practice of parental monitoring across children’s age groups in the context of Peru.

Despite the rapid evolution in the way in which we watch television – through digitalisation and the introduction of video on demand (VOD) and catch-up services – the inaccessibility of television content remains an issue, specifically for people who are Deaf or hard of hearing. This article revisits the claim from 2014 that VOD providers were ‘working on’ providing closed captions. Building on Ellis’ 2014 research, the accessibility of television in Australia in 2016 is analysed using a cross study of current subscription VOD services and catch-up television providers. The research reveals that while some companies have accessibility policies and offer closed captioned content, there have been minimal changes in the provision of captioning, both within the industry and in legislation.

Purpose: Determine the effects of television viewing on enjoyment of exercise in college students. Methods: Forty-three college students (Mean ± SD; age = 19 ± 2 y, body mass index (BMI) = 23.7 ± 3.2 kg/m2) completed two 30-minute cycling exercise sessions at a moderate exercise intensity (40% peak oxygen consumption), in randomised order. Experimental session required participants to view a nature series programme (TV), while in the control session they did not watch television (No-TV). Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and Feeling Scale (FS) were measured at 10, 20 and 30 minutes of exercise. The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale was administered following each session. Enjoyment of exercise was analysed with a paired samples t-test. Additional analyses were conducted to assess the influence of potential physiological and psychological mediators of exercise enjoyment. Correlational analyses were conducted to determine the relationship between mean FS values and enjoyment of exercise for each visit. Rep...

Background Many factors contribute to language development in children. About 5-8% of children in Indonesia experience delayed language skills. Young children need appropriate stimulation for optimal development. Children who watch television (TV) for long periods of time may receive less two-way interaction, the appropriate stimulation for learning. As such, shorter duration of the appropriate stimulation may impede language development in small children.Objective To assess for an association between duration of watching TV and language development in young children.Methods This cross-sectional study was done with primary data collected from questionnaires. Subjects, aged 18 months to 3 years, were from a Jakarta-area community health center (Puskesmas) Jatinegara and the Pediatric Growth and Development Clinic, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta. Their language development was tested using the Developmental Pre-screening Questionnaire (Kuesioner Pra Skrining Perkembangan, KPSP) and the Early Language Milestone (ELM Scale 2) test.Results From a total of 84 subjects, 47 (56%) had normal and 37 (44%) had delayed language development. Duration of watching TV was categorized as 4 hours per day. Children who watched TV >4 hours/day (OR 4.4; 95%CI 1.68 to 11.7; P=0.002), and children who watched both Indonesian and English language TV programs (OR 14.7; 95%CI 1.77 to 123.0; P=0.004) had higher risk of language delay. Other variables such as sex, first age exposed to TV, use of gadgets, and TV in the bedroom had no significant associations with delayed language development.Conclusion Children who watch TV >4 hours/day had four times higher risk of developing language delay. In addition, those who watch TV programs in both Indonesian and English, also have a 14.7 higher risk of delayed language development.

Consumers increasingly use a second screen (computer, smartphone, and tablet) to virtually engage with each other through social networks as they watch television. This 2 × 3 experiment addresses a gap in framing research by testing the effects of institutional and social media as competing partisan frames during a presidential debate excerpt. Findings show peer-generated social media frames exerted stronger effects on subjects’ opinions of the candidates’ performance than institutional frames. Some subjects showed an apparent “backlash effect” when simultaneously exposed to social media and institutional frames that ran counter to their existing schemas.

Although there has been much research assessing the role of full-day kindergarten (FDK) versus part-day kindergarten (PDK) in relation to academic achievement, considerably less attention has been paid to whether FDK or PDK might be linked to children's physical activity. Applying fixed-effects models and propensity score matching to a nationally-representative dataset, we found that relative to children in FDK programs, children in FDK programs had lower BMI, had more outdoor play time, had longer physical education sessions, and had higher parental ratings of participation in rapid exercise. Children in FDK programs were also less likely to watch television during the week than children in PDK programs. There were no differences in television watching on the weekends, providing evidence that weekday activities were shifted by FDK versus PDK attendance. Policy implications are discussed.

Audiences are increasingly using services, such as video on demand and the Web, to watch television programs. Broadcasters need to make subtitles available across all these new platforms. These platforms also create new design opportunities for subtitles along with the ability to customize them to an individual’s needs. To explore these new opportunities for\ud subtitles, we have begun the process of reviewing the guidance for subtitles on television and evaluating the original user research. We have found that existing guidelines have been shaped by a mixture of technical constraints, industry practice, and user research, constrained by existing\ud technical standards. This paper provides an overview of the subtitle research at BBC R&D over the past two years. Our research is revealing significant diversity in the needs and preferences of frequent subtitle users, and points to the need for personalization in the way subtitles are displayed. We are developing a new approach to the authoring and display of subtitles that can respond to the user requirements by adjusting the subtitle layout on the client device.

Advertising is one of the promotion media that is used to sell a product or service, usually advertisements in the form of images, messages, sounds, and also videos that use multimedia facilities in the form of television. One application is an online shop called OLX that uses television advertising as a promotional tool. But advertising in this time, often ignored by the audience, especially on television advertising that not everyone can see the ad because the time being broadcast is not effective and those who watch television have diminished and also the interest of the ad itself. This makes the appeal of advertisements decline especially on television advertisements and conducted research by interviewing 5 respondents to find out the response to the attraction of television advertising today. The results of the analysis of the interview prove that the advertisements that are launched do not necessarily produce the appropriate response.

Television is one of the most widely used electronic mass media in Indonesia. This is because it is easy and inexpensive to be able to watch television broadcasts. Accompanied by the rapid development of the television industry from day to day, causing each television station to compete to present various kinds of shows. Twitter as a micro blog-based social media, is also used by the television industry for publication media, besides that it is also a mouthpiece for criticism and public advice on the programs being aired. Indonesian society with a large number is directly proportional to the number of tweets about television topics in Indonesia. This can be a difficult problem if the assessment data in the form of tweets from the community is still processed manually to produce information regarding the evaluation of television shows. To that end, the authors propose to analyze the data of tweets using an application with a naive Bayes algorithm to be able to produce information on public sentiment assessment regarding television shows. This application is designed using the Python language and PHP. The accuracy value obtained in this study is 91.67%.

Television is one of the mass media influence on children's behavior, especially in the process of absorption (internalization) of certain social values. This research aims to analyze The influence of Watching Television Towards Aggressive Behavior to Preschool Children in TK Aisyah Bondowoso. Design of research using the analytic of correlation with Cross Sectional approach. The population is Preschool Children in TK Aisyah Bondowoso and sample as many as 30 respondents in methods data retrieval of Total Sampling. This research was conducted in October 201 5 . Data collection was conducted by questionnaire sheet, then the data is tabulated and analysed using the statistical analysis Test correlation Spearman Rho ' with significant degrees of 0,05. So the obtained p value 0.008 meaning H I received there is the influence of Watching Television towards aggressive behavior in Preschool Children in TK Aisyah Bondowoso value correlation r = 0439.The important of knowledge The influence of Watching Television Towards Aggressive Behavior in Preschool Children in TK Aisyah Bondowoso. So for need role of parents to prevent aggressive behavior. Keywords : Watch Television, Aggressive Behavior, Pre School Children

Regardless of whether they were legal or “illegal” or whether they were newcomers or have been in the U.S. for generations, our Mexican interviewees were part of a population that faces the highest prevalence of obesity, one of the lowest leisure times, and one that is likely to report major depression. Supporting well-being were design elements like a window to trace the movement of birds in the yard; a sunroom to quietly watch television and relish alone time; color palettes that eased cleaning and saved time and energy, and the Virgin of Guadalupe, who infused domestic environments with connections to the divine, giving people courage and strength. Suppressing well-being were a corridor-type kitchen that did not accommodate cooking and eating together, occupancy regulations enforced by landlords, and limited storage.

Aims: Investigated the relation between eating habits or physical activity and weekend television viewing time, regardless of weekday television viewing in Brazilian workers. Methods: A representative cross-sectional study was conducted to measure the relation between weekend television viewing time and dietary indicators and physical activity across different domains in 47,477 workers. A questionnaire measured the time spent watching television per day on the weekend, physical activity indicators across different domains and eating habits. Absolute and relative frequencies and multinomial logistic regression adjusted were used to describe and identify the relationship between time spent watching television on the weekend and physical activity indicators or eating habits. Results: Workers who were physically active in the household (OR=1.09 [95%CI=1.04; 1.15] and OR=1.11 [95%CI=1.06; 1.16]) and leisure-time domains (OR=1.28 [95%CI=1.22; 1.35] and OR=1.30 [95%CI=1.24; 1.36]) were more likely to watch television ≥ 2 and ≥ 4 hours on a weekend day, respectively, than those watching television ≤ 1 hour/day. Consuming sweets (OR=1.30 [95%CI=1.22; 1.39]) and soft drinks (OR=1.11 [95%CI=1.03; 1.19]) was related to television watching ≥ 4 hours on a weekend day. However, workers who consumed fruits (OR=0.81 [95%CI=0.76; 0.85]) and vegetables (OR=0.91 [95%CI=0.86; 0.96]) daily were less likely to spend ≥ 4 hours watching television on a weekend day. Conclusion: We conclude that increased television viewing time on weekends, regardless of weekday television time, is related to leisure-time and household physical activity and with unhealthy eating habits in workers. Interventions focusing on the leisure-time may be an important alternative for health promotion in workplaces.

Social networks have altered how viewers watch television and consume information. This new context has obliged broadcasters to adapt their practices to reach viewers in all platforms. In this article, we focus on how the evening news programmes from the general-interest DTT channels in the five main European markets (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom) appeal to their social audience. This concept, although ambiguous, refers to the activity of viewers on social networks in relation to the contents broadcast by the television industry in its multiple forms. We analyse both the screen strategies and their activity on their official Twitter accounts. Although the evening news is the anchor of the prime time and one of the main assets to instil the channels with prestige and influence, the conclusions point to a certain neglect of the social audience from the industry in these key programmes. But mostly, our research reveals how the specificities of the format and the nature of the content distinguish the evening news from other live TV shows.

The study aims to examine children's performance through their behaviour and the relationship between children's performance and children's profile at child care centre. Data were collected through 43 children using questionnaires filled by teachers who supervise children aged between 2 - 4 years at three child care centre in Shah Alam, Selangor. Fifty-two variables which were generated from children's performance that include three behavioural categories (movement, interaction and attention) have been analyzed. The result indicated only three out of fifty-two children's behavioural elements have high performance level which were happy to go home, physical activity, and happy to watch television. They scored > 0.75 for Cronbach's alphas coefficient which indicated with high level of internal consistency.

Objective To provide a nationally representative analysis of time use in America for insight into behaviors associated with obesity. Methods This study utilized 28,503 observations of individuals aged 22 to 70 from the American Time Use Survey, a continuous cross-sectional survey on time use in America. Linear and logistic regressions were performed to analyze sociodemographic characteristics, determine activity participation levels and time spent in activities, understand nonlinear associations between activity time and BMI, and appreciate differences in activity timing between BMI categories. Results Short and long sleep and work were associated with increased BMI. On weekdays, individuals with obesity were more likely to be working at night and sleeping during the day. They were less likely to participate in sports/exercise/recreation, but those that participated did so for amounts of time not different than normal-BMI individuals. Those with obesity were more likely to watch television almost all hours of the day. Further differences are detailed for health-related, sedentary, and household activities. Conclusions Both short and long sleep, as well as the timing of sleep and work activity, are associated with obesity. Motivation to exercise nonzero amounts may be an appropriate target for intervention. Television is chief among sedentary activities in their association with obesity.

There is no denying that television, as a medium and an institution, has drastically changed in the age of digitization and convergence. For audiences, this has not only opened up multiple opportunities to watch television content at other times and on other devices, but also to interact with its cross-media extensions. However, while much has been written about the new opportunities for audience engagement, we do not know much about the actual adoption of new technologies nor the motivations underlying such uses. Therefore, this paper draws on empirical audience research to address the key question: how do viewers engage with contemporary TV fiction? Through empirical audience research, using various qualitative research methods, three different aspects of the reception of cross-media TV fiction will be discussed: (1) how do viewers watch the TV episodes of contemporary TV fiction?, (2) how do viewers engage with the cross-media extensions of TV fiction?, and (3) how do viewers experience the social dimensions of contemporary TV fiction? We focus on a particular group, that of 'engaged' viewers, who are actively involved by personalizing their viewing practices, by communicating about it, by consuming cross-media elements of TV fiction, or producing TV fiction-related content. Our findings suggest that even this group does not make full use of all the available technological opportunities to personalize TV viewing, and that the classical TV text, linear viewing, and the social aspect of viewing remain of key importance. (author's abstract)

In Latin America, the now-venerable expression “the end of television” itself looks old, tired, and flawed: markets, cultures, politics, and policies alike find television more alive than ever, albeit in its usual state of technological, institutional, and textual flux. Advertising investment in TV continues to increase, governments still use television to promote generalized propaganda as well as their daily agendas, football on screen remains wildly popular, and fiction programs, most notably telenovelas, dominate prime time and draw large audiences aged between 25 and 60. While younger viewers watch television on a wider variety of screens and technologies, and do so at differing times, the discourse of TV remains an important referent in their audiovisual experiences. In addition, across age groups, divides persist between a minority with routine high-quality access to the digital world of technology and information and a majority without alternatives to the traditional audiovisual sphere, for whom cell phones, for instance, are at most devices for communicating with friends and family members. We cannot predict the future of TV in Latin America—but we can say with confidence that the claims for its demise are overstated. Television remains the principal cultural game in town.