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This review aims to advance our knowledge from previous works by calling into question; what personal and environmental resources are found to contribute to ‘PERMA’ wellbeing outcomes in early career employees? Specifically, which personal and environmental resources have been cited as important contributors to early careers’ wellbeing? And, what positive outcomes of wellbeing have these resources been found to contribute to? The hope is that this review will add an additional layer of conceptual clarity to our current understanding that will in turn streamline and afford due direction for future empirical research in the remit of early career development. It is thought by the researcher that individuals well supported both internally and externally to build a sustainable start should foster wellbeing outcomes that subsequently translates into their later career ‘success’ (achieving a desired or favourable outcome), personal and economic ‘growth’ (a process of progressive development) (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). To the researcher’s knowledge, this is the first systematic review to explore the contribution of specific personal and environmental resources to wellbeing outcomes in the context of early career stages.

Anthropic actions can impact natural resources positively, for example, environmental preservation programs, or negatively with the degradation of water and soils. Agricultural activities or urban expansion are totally dependent on anthropic interests and also cause environmental degradation to a greater or lesser degree. Therefore, the objective of this work was to provide an approach on the anthropic use of soils around natural resources. The search for scientific publications with emphasis on the present study was carried out on the Scielo and Google Scholar platforms. The information found was complemented with legislation on Permanent Preservation Areas (PPA). In this context, as a way of protecting environmental resources, the Forest Code was instituted, as an instrument that relates soil protection to the conservation of water resources. Despite being protected by environmental legislation, the occupation of PPA is increasing and the lack of environmental commitment on the part of society and little supervision on the part of public agents, provide advances in the degradation of these environments. Las acciones humanas pueden impactar los recursos naturales de manera positiva, por ejemplo, programas de preservación ambiental, o negativamente con la degradación de aguas y suelos. Las actividades agrícolas o de expansión urbana dependen totalmente de los intereses antrópicos y son también, en mayor o menor medida, causantes de la degradación ambiental. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue brindar una aproximación al uso antrópico de los suelos en torno a los recursos naturales. La búsqueda de publicaciones científicas con énfasis en el presente estudio se realizó en las plataformas Scielo y Google Scholar. La información encontrada se complementó con la legislación sobre Áreas de Preservación Permanente (APP). En este contexto, como una forma de proteger los recursos ambientales, se instituyó el Código Forestal, como un instrumento que relaciona la protección del suelo con la conservación de los recursos hídricos. A pesar de estar protegidos por la legislación ambiental, la ocupación de las APP es cada vez mayor y la falta de compromiso ambiental por parte de la sociedad y la poca supervisión por parte de los agentes públicos, proporcionan avances en la degradación de estos entornos. As ações antrópicas podem impactar os recursos naturais de maneira positiva, por exemplo os programas de preservação ambiental, ou negativa com a degradação da água e dos solos. As atividades agrícolas ou a expansão urbana dependem totalmente dos interesses antrópicos e são também causadoras da degradação ambiental em maior ou menor intensidade. Diante disso, objetivou-se com este trabalho fornecer uma abordagem do uso antrópico dos solos no entorno de recursos naturais. A busca de publicações científicas com ênfase no presente estudo foi realizada nas plataformas Scielo e Google Acadêmico. As informações encontradas foram complementadas com a legislação sobre as Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP). Nesse contexto, como forma de proteger os recursos ambientais o Código Florestal foi instituído, como instrumento que relaciona a proteção do solo com a conservação dos recursos hídricos. Apesar de protegida pela legislação ambiental a ocupação das APP é crescente e a falta de comprometimento ambiental por parte da sociedade e pouca fiscalização dos agentes públicos, propiciam avanços na degradação desses ambientes.

This article aims to analyze the socio-environmental structure of the Nossa Senhora do Livramento Community, located in the Tupé Sustainable Development Reserve (RDS Tupé), with a view to collecting data that characterize the ways of life of the inhabitants of that locality, seeking, next, the indicators for a delineation of the levels related to the minimum living floor to guarantee the survival of the community, especially with regard to health, education, security, economic activity and basic sanitation, among other factors. Conservation units consist of territorial spaces and their environmental resources, including jurisdictional waters, with relevant natural characteristics, with conservation objectives and defined limits, under the special administration regime, to which adequate protection guarantees apply. As for the methodology, it is an applied research, in terms of objectives, exploratory and descriptive, with a qualitative and quantitative approach, based on the case study method, carried out in the Nossa Senhora do Livramento Community, Tupé Sustainable Development Reserve. Therefore, it is expected with this work, to contribute to the knowledge and reflection about the researched elements, which are the territorial space, the human being, the environmental perception and the rights, in an interactive vision, which may matter in the search for solutions for the possible controversies presented through the conclusions obtained. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la estructura socioambiental de la Comunidad Nossa Senhora do Livramento, ubicada en la Reserva de Desarrollo Sostenible de Tupé (RDS Tupé), con el objetivo de recopilar datos que caractericen los modos de vida de los habitantes de esa localidad, buscando, a continuación, los indicadores para una delimitación de los niveles relacionados con el piso mínimo de vida para garantizar la supervivencia de la comunidad, especialmente en lo que se refiere a salud, educación, seguridad, actividad económica y saneamiento básico, entre otros factores. Las unidades de conservación consisten en espacios territoriales y sus recursos ambientales, incluidas las aguas jurisdiccionales, con características naturales relevantes, con objetivos de conservación y límites definidos, bajo el régimen de administración especial, a los que se aplican garantías de protección adecuadas. En cuanto a la metodología, se trata de una investigación aplicada, en términos de objetivos, exploratoria y descriptiva, con enfoque cualitativo y cuantitativo, basada en el método de estudio de caso, realizada en la comunidad Nossa Senhora do Livramento, Reserva de Desarrollo Sostenible de Tupé. Por lo tanto, se espera con este trabajo contribuir al conocimiento y la reflexión sobre los elementos investigados, que son el espacio territorial, el ser humano, la percepción ambiental y los derechos, en una visión interactiva, que puede ser importante en la búsqueda de soluciones a las posibles controversias presentadas a través de las conclusiones obtenidas. O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar a estrutura socioambiental da Comunidade Nossa Senhora do Livramento, localizada na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Tupé (RDS Tupé), com vistas ao levantamento de dados caracterizadores dos modos de vida dos habitantes daquela localidade, buscando-se, na sequência, os indicadores para um delineamento dos níveis relativos ao piso vital mínimo de garantia de sobrevivência da comunidade, sobretudo, no que diz respeito à saúde, educação, segurança, atividade econômica e saneamento básico dentre outros fatores. As unidades de conservação consistem nos espaços territoriais e seus recursos ambientais, incluindo as águas jurisdicionais, com características naturais relevantes, com objetivos de conservação e limites definidos, sob o regime especial de administração, ao qual se aplicam garantias adequadas de proteção. Quanto à metodologia, trata-se de pesquisa de natureza aplicada, quanto aos objetivos, exploratória e descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa, fundamentada no método estudo de caso, realizada na comunidade Nossa Senhora do Livramento, Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Tupé. Portanto, espera-se com este trabalho, contribuir para o conhecimento e a reflexão acerca dos elementos pesquisados, quais sejam o espaço territorial, o ser humano, a percepção ambiental e os direitos, numa visão interativa, o que poderá importar na busca de soluções para as possíveis controvérsias apresentadas através das conclusões obtidas.

As an agricultural country with large natural resources, Indonesia still has considerable problems in managing food security. This is evidenced by the lack of agricultural land and human resources that can support people's food needs so that the government still imports food from other countries. These issues as; it are feared that population growth and high food consumption power, social exclusion (marginalization of agricultural laborers and agricultural land) will cause food security vulnerability in the future. This Mixed method quantitative and qualitative method by statistical and in-depth interview study involving 169 respondents from many stakeholders such as politicians, academicians, farmers, and students to determine policy construction for sustainable rice food sovereignty in Indonesia. The statistical study shows the rice consumption in Indonesia is correlated to education than the age and gender of the respondents. The study indicating problems such as; the welfare of farmers, the application of price limits for staple goods, and improving the quality of agriculture both natural resources, human resources and the provision of agricultural equipment assistance have not been resolved properly. To build food security, it should be balanced with the application of the concept of food sovereignty which is realized by aligning and maximizing competence between political resources, environmental resources capacity, and environmental diplomacy.

Pojem samooskrbe se v zadnjih nekaj letih množično pojavlja v medijev oziroma je predmet številnih formalnih in neformalnih razprav. Tema diplomske naloge je bila izbrana z željo po bolj temeljiti preučitvi aktualnih razmer v slovenskem kmetijstvu, njegovem vplivu na okolje v tako nacionalnem kot globalnem oziru. V metodološkem polju bo prevladovala interpretacija in analiza primarnih in sekundarnih virov podatkov ter opisna oziroma deskriptivna raziskovalna metoda. Teoretski del naloge bo vseboval dosedanja dela geografske stroke na temo sonaravnega razvoja, opravljanja z okoljskimi viri ter funkcijskega pregleda pokrajinskih tipov slovenske kmetijske pokrajine. Pretekle raziskave ter analize bodo nadgrajene z aktualnimi znanstvenimi raziskavami ter izračuni okoljskih pritiskov sodobnega kmetijstva na agrarne in naravne ekosisteme. Velik poudarek pa bo na analiziranju kmetijskih subvencij iz nacionalnega in evropskega proračuna, iz tega pa bo sledila hipoteza, ki bo reflektirala potencialne vplive razporeditve finančne pomoči na zmožnost samooskrbe ter socialno in regionalno neenakost slovenskega prostora. V zaključku bo predstavljenih tudi nekaj pozitivnih primerov in pobud s strani nevladnih organizacij, društev ter samostojnih raziskovalcev. The concept of self-sufficiency has been massively appearing in the media over the past few years or is the subject of numerous formal and informal discussions. The topic of the thesis was chosen with the wish to study more thoroughly the current situation in Slovenian agriculture and its impact on the environment in both national and global contexts. In the methodological field, the interpretation and analysis of primary and secondary data sources and the descriptive research method will prevail. The theoretical part of the task will include the present work of the geographical profession on the subject of sustainable development, the provision of environmental resources and the functional review of the landscape types of the Slovenian agricultural landscape. Past research and analysis will be upgraded with current scientific research and calculations of the environmental pressures of modern agriculture on agrarian and natural ecosystems. A great deal of emphasis will be on analyzing agricultural subsidies from the national and European budgets, followed by a hypothesis that will reflect on the potential effects of the allocation of financial assistance on the ability of self-sufficiency and the social and regional inequality of the Slovenian territory. In conclusion, some positive examples and initiatives by non-governmental organizations, societies and independent researchers will be presented.

Background The Coronavirus (COVID-19) is a global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, which has an enormous effect on human lives and the global environment. This review aimed to assess the global scientific evidence on the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on natural resources using international databases and search engines. Thus, the unprecedented anthropause due to COVID-19 has positive and negative effects on natural resources. Main body This review showed that the unprecedented pandemic lockdown events brought a negative impact on the physical environment, including pollution associated with a drastic increase in person protective equipment, deforestation, illegal poaching and logging, overfishing, disruption of the conservation program and projects. It is noted that the spread of pandemic diseases could be aggravated by environmental pollution and a rapid increase in the global population. Despite these negative impacts of COVID-19, the anthropause appear to have also several positive effects on natural resources such as short term reduction of indoor and outdoor environmental pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, CO, and CO2), reduction in noise pollutions from ships, boats, vehicles, and planes which have positive effects on aquatic ecosystems, water quality, birds behaviour, wildlife biodiversity, and ecosystem restoration. Conclusion Therefore, governments and scientific communities across the globe have called for a green recovery to COVID-19 and implement multi-actor interventions and environmentally friendly technologies to improve and safeguard sustainable environmental and biodiversity management and halt the next pandemic.

The objective of the research was to determine the life strategies of the population in the Kichwa San José de Payamino community based on forest resources and socioeconomic factors. For this, 62 surveys were carried out at the community household level. The survey developed by CIFOR-PEN, which collects data to assess rural living conditions and dependencies on environmental resources, was adapted. The results determined that on average the size of the farm per home is 50 ha, the main results show that for land use 76 % corresponds to primary forest, 9% belongs to secondary forest, 7 % concerns different agricultural crops, and 9 % correspond to the farm. The income they receive is given more frequently by hunting wild animals (60 %) that serves for food and exchange with other populations; Fishing constitutes another important item representing 56 %, in the same way it is evident that other agricultural crops, forests, seeds and businesses represent in a lower proportion income to families 32, 23, 17 and 4 % respectively. The economic activities are for domestic use and for sale; hunting of wild animals and fishing are destined for subsistence (family self-consumption) and only a small percentage is for sale or exchange. As for the life strategy that they have in the community, they have a greater diversity of activities that support families, such as fishing and hunting wild animals, raising domestic animals, producing agricultural crops and the human development bonus. (state bonus). El objetivo de estala investigación fue determinar las estrategias de vida de la población en la comunidad Kichwa San José de Payamino con base en el recurso bosque y factores socioeconómicos. Para ello se realizaron 62 encuestas a nivel de hogar. Se adaptó la encuesta desarrollada por CIFOR-PEN, que colecta datos para evaluar condiciones de vida rurales y el grado de dependencia den los recursos ambientales. Los resultados determinaron que, en promedio, el tamaño de la finca es de 50 ha, Los principales resultados presentan que, para el uso de la tierra, el 76 % corresponde a bosque primario, el 9 % pertenece a bosque secundario, el 7 % concierne a diferentes cultivos agrícolas, y el 9 % corresponde a la chacra. Los ingresos que perciben provienen principalmente de la caza de animales silvestres (60 %) que sirve para la alimentación e intercambio con otras poblaciones. La pesca constituye otro rubro importante, representando el 56 %, de igual forma se evidencia que otros cultivos agrícolas, bosques, semillas y negocios representan en menor proporción ingresos a las familias 32, 23, 17 y 4 % respectivamente. Las actividades económicas son de uso doméstico y para la venta; la caza de animales silvestres y la pesca lo destinan para subsistencia (autoconsumo de la familia) y solo un mínimo porcentaje se destinan a la venta o intercambio. En cuanto la estrategia de vida que tienen en la comunidad se tiene una con mayor diversidad de actividades que sustentan las familias como son las actividades de pesca y caza de animales silvestres, cría de animales domésticos, producción de cultivos agrícolas y el bono de desarrollo humano (bonificación del estado).

Si bien, en los últimos años se ha generalizado el empleo de prácticas sostenibles, persisten una gama de efectos ambientales y sociales adversos que amenazan con revertir el desenvolvimiento productivo y económico alcanzado. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis respecto a los retos medioambientales de los sistemas de producción sostenible del cacao. A partir de la revisión documental y la indagación de la literatura se pudo determinar que, a nivel mundial la producción del cacao requiere del empleo racional de recursos ambientales, ya que la contaminación y los desechos crecen. Además, la demanda de sus derivados se ha enfocado en el consumo de una oferta más amigable con el medio ambiente. Por lo tanto, se ha destacado en la literatura y desde organismos multilaterales que crear sistemas de producción más eficientes constituye una necesidad urgente. Ante estas recomendaciones, el propósito de este estudio es ofrecer una visión reflexiva y panorámica sobre los sistemas de producción del cacao y su impacto en los recursos ambientales, su implicación, consecuencias, riesgos, y el reto que representa un cambio en esta dinámica. La importancia de implementar un sistema de gestión productiva que destaque por su sostenibilidad económica, ecológica y social es un desafío clave que se inscribe entre las conclusiones obtenidas con la reflexión teórica presentada sobre los sistemas de producción del cacao y los recursos ambientales. Although the use of sustainable practices has become widespread in recent years, a range of adverse environmental and social effects persist that threaten to reverse the productive and economic development achieved. This research aims to carry out an analysis regarding the environmental challenges of sustainable cocoa production systems. From the documentary review and the investigation of the literature, it was possible to determine that, at the global level, cocoa production requires the rational use of environmental resources, since pollution and wastes grow. In addition, the demand for its derivatives has focused on the consumption of a more environmentally friendly offer. Therefore, it has been emphasized in the literature and from multilateral organizations that creating more efficient production systems is an urgent need. Given these recommendations, the purpose of this study is to offer a reflective and panoramic view on cocoa production systems and their impact on environmental resources, their implication, consequences, risks, and the challenge that represents a change in this dynamic. The importance of implementing a productive management system that stands out for its economic, ecological and social sustainability is a key challenge that is part of the conclusions obtained with the theoretical reflection presented on cocoa production systems and environmental resources.

The physical environment provides resources and specific types of environmental services relevant to the maintenance of human livelihoods globally and with specific reference to sub-Saharan Africa, including soils, food, and water systems. Previous studies on the shared nexus of such resources commonly view these as self-contained systems operating independent of their physical contexts provided by landscape-scale geomorphology and its related processes. This study critically examines the viewpoints adopted by such nexus studies with specific reference to sub-Saharan Africa, arguing that these studies are reductive, considering only the shared disciplinary overlap (nexus) and not their wider contexts, and are based on only a limited understanding of the workings of physical systems. This study argues that considering the attributes of the physical landscape and its provision of environmental services provides a broader and scientifically-informed context for understanding of interlinked issues such as relationships between soil–food–water systems. Framing such “nexus” studies in this wider context can derive a better understanding of the connections between different elements such as soil, food, and water, amongst others, and with respect to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. The concept of environmental services is therefore a more powerful tool to examine both the connections between physical and human environmental processes and properties in sub-Saharan Africa, and to address overarching environmental issues such as land degradation, soil erosion loss, water scarcity, and impacts of climate change.

The international community has begun to recognize the importance of environmental problems as a matter of global concern, especially as environmental differences have increased, which have increased internationalization and threaten international peace and security. International efforts have been made to find legal means to prevent and avoid environmental conflicts that may develop into a survey conflict. And environmental disputes, are all disputes between persons of international law in a legal matter relating to an attack affecting an element of the environment and its natural resources. In a remarkable development of international attention to environmental resources and its relationship to the maintenance of international peace and security, it began to find its way into the texts of international documents. The Security Council, in accordance with its mandate to maintain international peace and security, played the most important role in addressing many environmental disputes. The scarcity of fresh water resources is a major problem, which is often the cause of international environmental disputes, especially in relation to international rivers. Iraq suffers from the problem of declining freshwater levels due to water reservations by neighboring countries and the construction of dams. The construction of the (Alesso) dam on the Tigris is a serious environmental threat to Iraq , and we hope that peaceful solutions will be found to address it and that there will be an international agreement under the supervision of the united nations to regulate the amount that covers Iraq’s need for fresh water.

Conservation units are areas legally instituted by the government in order to allow sustainable use and conserve biodiversity. In this sense, this thesis aims to analyze the conservation units located in the semi-arid region of Brazil, selecting a system of legal indicators that may be able to assess the effectiveness of their management, listing the conservation units located in the semi-arid region of Brazil, emphasizing its importance as natural capital, elaborating a system of legal indicators capable of evaluating the effectiveness of the management of protected areas, presenting the system of indicators capable of evaluating the effectiveness of the management of protected areas, developing a procedure that allows to evaluate the effectiveness of the management of conservation units to be applied by the managers, to reinforce the importance of the conservation units for the management of the natural capital contained in the Semi-arid Region of Brazil, and to characterize the existing natural capital in the Semi-Arid Region of Brazil and ecosystem services provided by conservation units, through bibliographic research and current legislation. At the end, it was observed that 252 conservation units were created in all states covering the Semi-Arid Region of Brazil, of which 72 are fully protected and 180 for sustainable use, with the private natural heritage reserve (PNHR) category being the more created (119), however they protect only 0.06% of the semiarid area. The system of legal indicators to evaluate the effectiveness of the management of protected areas, proved to be adequate to evaluate the selected integral protection and sustainable use units. After applying the index developed in this thesis, it was found that the nine conservation units studied, located in the Semi-Arid Region of the State of Paraíba, present poor performances, where the best was in the Vale dos Dinossauros Natural Monument, which reached only 56% efficiency. The results obtained from the application of the indicator system used in this thesis corroborate the hypotheses raised at the beginning of the research that the efficient management of conservation units contributes positively to the protection and conservation of the natural capital contained in the Semi-Arid Region of Brazil, as well as that the use of a system of indicators that makes it possible to assess the effectiveness of the management of protected areas to be applied by managers allows a better assessment of the management of these protected areas. In view of the fragility of the Caatinga Biome, there is an urgent need to increase the reach of public policies to protect their ecosystems. Nenhuma As unidades de conservação são áreas legalmente instituídas pelo Poder Público com o intuito permitir o uso sustentável e conservar a biodiversidade. Neste sentido, esta tese tem os objetivos de Analisar as unidades de conservação localizadas na Região do Semiárido do Brasil, selecionando um sistema de indicadores legais que possa ser capaz de avaliar a efetividade de seu manejo, listar as unidades de conservação localizadas na Região do Semiárido do Brasil, enfatizando a sua importância como capital natural, elaborar um sistema de indicadores legais capaz de avaliar a efetividade do manejo de unidades de conservação, apresentar o sistema de indicadores capazes de avaliar a efetividade do manejo de unidades de conservação, desenvolver um procedimento que permita avaliar a efetividade do manejo de unidades de conservação para ser aplicado pelos gestores, reforçar a importância das unidades de conservação para a gestão do capital natural contido na Região do Semiárido do Brasil, bem como caracterizar o capital natural existente na Região do Semiárido do Brasil e serviços ecossistêmicos prestados pelas unidades de conservação, através de pesquisa bibliográfica e da legislação vigente. Ao final, foi observado que foram criadas 252 unidades de conservação em todos os estados que abrangem a Região Semiárida do Brasil, das quais 72 são de proteção integral e 180 de uso sustentável, sendo a categoria da reserva particular do patrimônio natural (RPPN) a mais criada (119), no entanto protegem apenas 0,06% da área do semiárido. O sistema de indicadores legais para avaliar a efetividade do manejo de unidades de conservação, mostrou-se adequado para avaliar as unidades de proteção integral e de uso sustentável selecionadas. Após a aplicação do índice desenvolvido nesta tese, ficou constatado que as nove unidades de conservação estudadas, localizadas na Região do Semiárido do Estado da Paraíba, apresentam desempenhos pífios, onde o melhor foi no Monumento Natural Vale dos Dinossauros (MNVD), que atingiu apenas 56% de eficiência. Os resultados obtidos da aplicação do sistema de indicadores usado nesta tese corroboram com as hipóteses levantadas no início da pesquisa de que a gestão eficiente das unidades de conservação contribui positivamente para a proteção e conservação do capital natural contido na Região do Semiárido do Brasil, bem como que o uso de um sistema de indicadores que possibilita avaliar a efetividade do manejo de unidades de conservação para ser aplicado pelos gestores permite uma melhor avaliação da gestão dessas áreas protegidas. Tendo em vista a fragilidade do Bioma Caatinga, há a necessidade premente de aumentar o alcance das políticas públicas para proteger seus ecossistemas.

Nowadays, urban framework, stressed by the growing anthropic pressure and its constantly evolving use requests is split by uneven structures, contexts, users and patchy needs, which come out to be inefficient and ineffective in access and management. This fact is directly connected both with morph-functional structure of urban texture and its continuous changing trends. The most important consequences of this situation are some negative effects that produce entropy, mistaken anthropic space uses, ecological networks decrease and most of all a substantial urban life quality reduction connected with mobility problems and non-resilient spaces' use at the different plan scales. These elements make it necessary to restart thinking about environmental resources' sustainable use and management. Universal design comes out to be a useful tool related to urban space planning strategies in terms of resilient choices and actions. Design for all plan approach also represents a good solution for matching people needs to urban environmental quality improvement. This idea is supported by the experience of a certain case study, that considers universal design application positive effects on open public space plan strategy in Oslo, together with an example of an active use of water to plan a sustainable public space in Rotterdam.

To reduce the energy consumption of buildings, a solution known for decades, consists of designing its envelope in order to exploit the energy resources existing in the environment. This is the very principle of so-called bioclimatic architecture. This is also true for hot and humid climates. But up to now, the lack of criteria to iden-tify the energy resources available in the environment and the level of performance of the technical solution has been a major obstacle. To solve this problem, this thesis has a double ambition. On one hand, we have developed new analysis criteria which make it possible to quantify the energy potentials of a site and on the other hand the bioclimatic performance of constructive solutions regarding these potentials. This new approach, adapted to a fully air-conditioned building in a hot and humid climate, gives an overview of the exploitable environmental resources and the capacity of the building to exploit these resources. A case study in the climate of Djibouti is then chosen to implement all the bioclimatic indicators and the results are analyzed over the whole year, but also in a dynamic way. This work shows not only the capacity of the indicators to reflect the bioclimatic performance of buildings, but also their capacity to give an overview of the building's heat exchanges. These indicators therefore make it possible to set, from the first stages of the design, benchmarks on the state of resources and especially the use made of them by the technical solutions most suited to the local climate. Finally, the new analysis criteria are used in a building design ap-proach, to assess the bioclimatic performance of different con-structive solutions. Our contribution will ultimately provide the basis for future thermal regulations of buildings in countries with hot and humid climates, in general, and in Djibouti, in particular, Pour réduire la consommation d’énergie des bâtiments, une solution connue depuis des décennies, consiste à concevoir son enveloppe afin d’exploiter les ressources énergétiques existant dans l’environnement. C’est le principe même de l’architecture dite bio-climatique. Cela est d’autant plus vrai pour les climats chauds et humides. Mais jusqu'à présent, l'absence de critères permettant d'identifier les ressources énergétiques disponibles dans l’environnement et le niveau de performance de la solution tech-nique a représenté un obstacle majeur. Pour résoudre ce problème, ce projet de thèse a une double ambition. D’une part, nous élaborons des nouveaux critères d’analyse qui permette de quantifier les potentiels énergétiques d’un site et d'autre part les performances bioclimatiques de solutions constructives au regard de ces potentiels. Cette nouvelle approche adaptée au bâtiment entièrement climatisé dans un climat chaud et humide donne une vue d'ensemble des ressources environnementales exploitables et de la capacité du bâtiment à exploiter ces ressources. Un cas d’étude sous le climat de Djibouti est alors choisi pour mettre en œuvre l’ensemble des indicateurs bioclimatiques et les résultats sont analysés sur toute l’année, mais aussi de manière dynamique. Ce travail de thèse montre non seulement la capacité des indicateurs à refléter les performances bioclimatiques des bâtiments, mais aussi leur capacité à donner une vue d'ensemble des échanges thermiques du bâtiment. Ces indicateurs permettent donc de fixer dès les premières étapes de la conception, des points de repère sur l’état des ressources et surtout l’exploitation qui en est faite par les solutions techniques les plus adaptées au climat local. Finalement, les nouveaux critères d’analyse sont utilisés dans une approche de conception des bâtiments, pour évaluer la performance bioclimatique de différentes solutions constructives. Notre contribution permet à terme de servir de socle aux futures réglementations thermiques des bâtiments dans les pays à climat chaud et humide, en général, et à Djibouti, en particulier

The value chain of sweet cherry in Lebanon is affected by several constraints with a negative influence on the local economy and socioecology. The main aim was to analyze relevant phases of the value chain, possibly suggesting solutions toward a Quality Management System. We especially focused on agricultural practices and socioeconomic characteristics of different farming systems. Stable isotope compositions (δ13C and δ15N) were analyzed on leaf and soil samples from different farms, in order to get eco-physiological insights into water use efficiency and nitrogen plant dynamics. Agronomic and socioeconomic data were acquired by administering surveys to a selected pool of farmers. Soils rich in organic matters are fertile and support efficient resources use and plant productivity. Some Lebanese areas showed higher socioeconomic sustainability. This was associated with higher socioecological resilience, especially in terms of reduced farming costs, sustainable use of environmental resources, and increased local capacity building.

International audience; The current challenge is to reduce the building energy consumption, in hot and humid climates, for which air conditioning is widespread. Up to now, the lack of criteria that identify the available cooling resources and the level of performance of technical solution has represented the major obstacle. To address these issues, the authors propose a new set of indicators to fully inform the decision-making process of the bioclimatic design of fully space-conditioned buildings in a hot and humid climate. This set of indicators provides an overview of the exploitable environmental resource (external air through external convection, natural ventilation and sky radiation cooling) referred as the Environmental Resource Indicators and of the capacity of the building to exploit those resources referred as the Building Performance Indicators. The indicators are implemented for a very basic two-story residential building in the hot, humid climate of Djibouti. The case study shows not only the ability of the indicators to reflect the bioclimatic performances of the buildings but also their ability to give an overview of the building heat exchanges, from which the implication of improper bioclimatic solutions on building cooling consumptions can easily be identified. These indicators are a means to help choose which technical solutions are most suited to the local climate, which is very useful for designers and architects in the early stages of building design.

Publikacja stanowi jedyny na rynku wydawniczym komentarz do tekstu ustawy o zachowaniu narodowego charakteru strategicznych zasobów naturalnych kraju. Autorzy poprzedzają analizę tekstu prawnego obszernym wprowadzeniem odnoszącym się do pojęcia zasobów naturalnych, ich kwalifikacji jako dóbr publicznych oraz znaczenia jakie „strategicznym” zasobom naturalnym nadaje podbudowa aksjologiczna, która legła u podstaw wprowadzenia komentowanej regulacji. W komentarzu poddano także analizie kontekst oceny znaczenia zasobów naturalnych z perspektywy funkcji ekosystemów i usług ekosystemowych. The Cmmentary is one and the only commentary of the Act on Maintaining the National Character of the Country's Strategic Natural Resources. The authors precede the analysis of the legal text with an extensive introduction referring to the concept of natural resources, their qualification as public goods and the axiological foundation of the commented regulation. The commentary also analyzes the context of assessing the importance of natural resources from the perspective of ecosystem functions and ecosystem services.

Mainstream design approaches for low-energy buildings make use of highly-insulated building envelopes. However, if facades are always blocking energy exchange, the climatic resources surrounding the built environment might remain untapped or issues like overheating could arise. By reducing energy demand or improving indoor comfort, adaptive opaque facades are considered a promising sustainable alternative. The usual approach for designing adaptive facades relies on detailed simulations of specific facade components. Such technology-oriented approaches tend to be incompatible with the early-stage design process and do rarely make a conscious analysis of the potential climatic resources, which could result in sub-optimal facade adaptation strategies. This paper presents a new methodological approach called Dynamic Climate Analysis (DCA) and shows that it is possible to narrow down the preferable adaptive opaque facade responses at early design stages by extracting relevant transient information from weather files. Users only define the location, geometry and placement of the facade. It was concluded that DCA represents a broadly useful early-stage design decision support because of its ability to estimate the proportion of preferred adaptive thermal behaviours without proposing defined technological solutions. Therefore, DCA is an effective approach to test the potential application of upcoming responsive technologies in specific built contexts.

Climate Adaptive Facades are considered promising breakthroughs for the reduction of energy consumption, as energy exchange is enabled when the weather conditions offer benefits instead of threats. So far, conventional building envelops enhance thermal performance through opaque fa��ade components and static insulations. Therefore, natural resources from the building environment remain untapped. Little research has been done in Adaptive Opaque Facades, even if their dynamic behaviour shows a strong potential to exploit environmental resources. For the successful development of these innovative fa��ade systems, a balance between sophistication and benefit is necessary. To manage this objective, the implementation of Smart and Multifunctional Materials in the envelopes seems promising, as they are able to repeatedly and reversibly change some of its functions, features or behaviour over time in response to environmental condition. Consequently, to trigger the response of the envelope, no external actuator or complex software management would be necessary. Nevertheless, these materials do not fulfil all the fa��ade requirements by themselves. Thus, they need to be combined with other adaptive technologies and building elements. This paper shows an initial definition of different fa��ade configurations that include reactive materials which enable the adaptiveness of Opaque Fa��ade Systems. The desired results are new facade roles suitable for a temperate climate, according to the potential of these multi-performance materials in the external layer of the envelope: the dynamic temperature change of the external cladding through the solar reflectance change and the enhancement or prevention of thermal loses through Shape Changing Ventilated Facades. To achieve these new high performances, an ideal approach to the thermal behaviour of each fa��ade layer was done and required physical properties of each elements were highlighted. As a result, we propose a mapping of potentially suitable combination of reactive materials with other building elements that might enable the holistic adaptive thermal performance., Journal of Facade Design and Engineering, Vol. 6 No. 2 (2018): Special Issue ICAE2018

The assessment of the possibilities of the integrated index method application for the determination of the environmental resources values to mark out the developing trends for the rural commune was the aim of the work. The typical agricultural commune Olszanka, located in Mazovian Voivodeship, was chosen for the case study. The land use structure, the quality of agricultural production area, water, soil, air, biological diversity and landscape were being analyzed as the components of the natural agricultural environment. The high spatial differentiation of analyzed components of the rural environment was proved. The applied method may be used for working out the development strategy for another rural communes, because it takes into consideration the status of area resources in qualitive, quantative and spatial forms and enables the assessment of the issue in systemic way with accuracy sufficient to the problem complexity.

We studied the interaction between Eucalyptus saligna woodlots and maize crop in southern Rwanda. Three sites were selected and in each, a eucalypt woodlot with mature trees and a suitable adjoining crop field of 12.75 m × 30 m was selected. This was split into two plots of 6 m × 12 m and further subdivided into nine sub-plots running parallel to the tree-crop interface. Maize was grown in both 6 m × 12 m plots and one of these received fertiliser. Soil moisture, nutrients and solar radiation were significantly reduced near the woodlots, diminishing grain yield by 80% in the 10.5 m crop-field strip next to the woodlot. This reduction however affects only 10.5% of the maize crop field, leaving 89.5% unaffected. Spreading the loss to a hectare crop field, leads to an actual yield loss of 0.21 t ha−1, equivalent to 8.4%. Expressing yield loss in tree-crop systems usually presented as a percentage of yield recorded near the trees to that obtained in open areas may be misleading. Actual yields should be reported with corresponding crop field areas affected. Variation in grain yield coincided with those for soil moisture, soil N and K; all increasing from the woodlot-maize interface up to 10.5 m and remaining similar to the values in open areas thereafter. Solar radiation continued to increase with distance up to 18 m from the woodlot-maize interface. Harvest index in unfertilised maize exceeded that in the fertilised treatment reflecting the crop’s strategy to allocate resources to grain production under unfavourable conditions. Fertilisation increased maize yield from 1.3–2.6 t ha−1 but the trend in the woodlot effects on maize remained unaltered.

Aging well is one of the key issues of modern gerontopsychology, health and environmental psychology. In ecological psychology, late adulthood is considered as the most sensitive to the physical and organizational environmental settings stage in human life due to exhausted physical and social resources in the elderly and increasing environmental demands (Environmental press–competence model). The article is devoted to the modern researches of two types of aging – aging in place and institutional care, in terms of its beneficial effects on psychological health and quality of life of elderly people.

Работа посвящена изучению компромисса между адаптивными свойствами плодовых культур и условиями их выращивания (на примере абрикоса сорта Краснощекий) по географическим точкам Краснодарского края за длительный период лет (19442018гг.). Определены температурные критерии морозостойкости цветковых почек в зимневесенний период по фазам развития. Создана исследовательская база по изучению требований абрикоса к температурным условиям, осуществлен прогноз регулярности его плодоношения в зависимости от вновь возникших при изменении климата температурных стрессов зимневесеннего периода. Дана оценка реакции сорта на новые условия среды во времени и пространстве в табличной и графической форме. Установлены районы Краснодарского края разной степени благоприятности для стабильного плодоношения абрикоса в условиях изменения климата., The work is devoted to the study of compromise between the adaptive properties of fruit crops and the conditions of their cultivation (exemplified by Redcheeked apricot) at geographical points of Krasnodar Territory during a long period of years (19442018). The temperature criteria for a frost resistance of flower buds in winterspring period were determined according to the phases of development. The research base has been created to study the requirements of apricot as to temperature conditions, has been predicted the regularity of its fruiting, depending upon the reappeared with climate change temperature stresses in winterspring period. The assessment of a variety response to the new environmental conditions in time and space in tabular and graphical forms is given. The areas of Krasnodar Territory of varying degrees of favorableness for the stable apricot fruiting in the conditions of a climate change were elucidated., №132(132) (2019)

The oil spill risk analysis (OSRA) model is a tool used by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) to evaluate oil spill risks to biological, physical, and socioeconomic resources that could be exposed to oil spill contact from oil and gas leasing, exploration, or development on the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). Using long-term hindcast winds and ocean currents, the OSRA model generates hundreds of thousands of trajectories from hypothetical oil spill locations and derives the probability of contact to these environmental resources in the U.S. OCS. This study generates probability of oil spill contact maps by initiating trajectories from hypothetical oil spill points over the entire planning areas in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico (GOM) OCS and tabulating the contacts over the entire waters in the GOM. Therefore, a probability of oil spill contact database that stores information of the spill points and contacts can be created for a given set of wind and current data such that the probability of oil spill contact to any environmental resources from future leasing areas can be estimated without a rerun of the OSRA model. The method can be applied to other OCS regions and help improve BOEM&rsquo, s decision-making process.

Over the last decade, public spaces have received an attention more than ever in urban research, policy and public debates as a facilitator of diverse, equal and democratic urban cultures. These debates are underlined by the decline of welfare state model and a rise in the neo-liberal approach to urban development to promote city's position in global competitiveness in order to achieve its economic success and prosperity. Among others, tourism has been seen as one of the key drivers of economic success. This implies that investments are not evenly distributed at the city level but concentrated in some selected parts of the city, such as historical city parts, waterfronts, business hubs for finance and high-tech industries, and neighbourhoods for creative industries. Some of the consequences of these developments are: social and spatial segregation, lack of public participation in the urban planning and design processes, gentrification in the central neighbourhoods, privatisation and control of urban space, marginalization of some social groups based on their gender, race and religion, dislocation of neighbourhood residents, and lack of accessibility and distribution of amenities. This track welcomes theoretical, methodological and empirical contributions addressing the role of public spaces in promoting a diverse, equal and democratic urban cultures, including, but not limited to the following aspects: o public space between global and local mobility o tangible and intangible heritage and public space o urban change and public spaces in transition o urban spatial and social justice o tourism and impact urban transformation o social innovations o centre-periphery relations and imbalances o gentrification, o circular and sharing economy models and tourism o self-organization and democratic place-making processes o environmental dimension of urban public space

This research emphasizes the analysis and assessment of the environmental impact in the construction sector. It aims to propose a model for analyzing the management of environmental resources in the building process. This specific sector presents a significant potential risk of negatively affecting the environment, through pollution, energy consumption, and waste generation. Environmental responsibility involves analyzing the environmental impact and implementing effective solutions for an adequate governance of the environmental resources. Various life cycle assessment methods are employed to design a new model of management of environmental resources, starting from the factors impacting the environment. The resulting model takes these factors into account and carries several advantages from an organizational point of view. One novel result is that the model can be applied at a microeconomic level as well as at a macroeconomic level. By implementing this model, the preconditions for reconfiguring operational conditions and processes with significant impact on resource consumption within construction projects can be created at a company level. As such, the objective for the construction sector is to manage the use of resources efficiently and, at the same time, to restore the areas possibly affected by the specific operations.

Highly insulated buildings, combined with efficient HVAC systems, represent the mainstream approach to achieve low-energy buildings. However, if façades block energy exchange, the climatic resources surrounding the built environment remain untapped. Adaptive opaque façades seem promising to enhance whole building performance while reducing energy demand by their dynamic behaviour. The usual approach when defining their desired adaptive response is to test independent technologies by energy simulations, to calibrate their best adaptation range for a specific climate. Such technology-oriented approaches do rarely make a conscious analysis of the potential of local natural resources, which could lead to a weak adaptation strategy. Besides, the enhancement of combining responsive elements is usually omitted. This paper proposes a new approach for systematic analysis of dynamic climatic conditions, aiming to enable better decision-making at early design stages to ensure the proposed façade solution will have the maximum positive impact. To do so, we analysed the impact of combinations of climatic agents on the hygrothermal performance and we clustered them into Climatic Scenarios. Moreover, we examined the influence of studying not only these scenarios but also their transience. We carried out this systematic analysis for a specific temperate climate and we studied the sequences of three summer days using a screen tool that links the climate data with promising Adaptive Façade Responses. We observed how the meaningful candidate multi-responses changed in the sequence examination due to different past and future scenarios, which strengthen the need of a Dynamic Climate Analysis to properly define new adaptive façades.

Highly insulated buildings, combined with efficient HVAC systems, represent the mainstream approach to achieve low-energy buildings. However, if façades block energy exchange, the climatic resources surrounding the built environment remain untapped. Adaptive opaque façades seem promising to enhance whole building performance while reducing energy demand by their dynamic behaviour. The usual approach when defining their desired adaptive response is to test independent technologies by energy simulations, to calibrate their best adaptation range for a specific climate. Such technology-oriented approaches do rarely make a conscious analysis of the potential of local natural resources, which could lead to a weak adaptation strategy. Besides, the enhancement of combining responsive elements is usually omitted. This paper proposes a new approach for systematic analysis of dynamic climatic conditions, aiming to enable better decision-making at early design stages to ensure the proposed façade solution will have the maximum positive impact. To do so, we analysed the impact of combinations of climatic agents on the hygrothermal performance and we clustered them into Climatic Scenarios. Moreover, we examined the influence of studying not only these scenarios but also their transience. We carried out this systematic analysis for a specific temperate climate and we studied the sequences of three summer days using a screen tool that links the climate data with promising Adaptive Façade Responses. We observed how the meaningful candidate multi-responses changed in the sequence examination due to different past and future scenarios, which strengthen the need of a Dynamic Climate Analysis to properly define new adaptive façades.

Highly insulated buildings, combined with efficient HVAC systems, represent the mainstream approach to achieve low-energy buildings. However, if façades block energy exchange, the climatic resources surrounding the built environment remain untapped. Adaptive opaque façades seem promising to enhance whole building performance while reducing energy demand by their dynamic behaviour. The usual approach when defining their desired adaptive response is to test independent technologies by energy simulations, to calibrate their best adaptation range for a specific climate. Such technology-oriented approaches do rarely make a conscious analysis of the potential of local natural resources, which could lead to a weak adaptation strategy. Besides, the enhancement of combining responsive elements is usually omitted. This paper proposes a new approach for systematic analysis of dynamic climatic conditions, aiming to enable better decision-making at early design stages to ensure the proposed façade solution will have the maximum positive impact. To do so, we analysed the impact of combinations of climatic agents on the hygrothermal performance and we clustered them into Climatic Scenarios. Moreover, we examined the influence of studying not only these scenarios but also their transience. We carried out this systematic analysis for a specific temperate climate and we studied the sequences of three summer days using a screen tool that links the climate data with promising Adaptive Façade Responses. We observed how the meaningful candidate multi-responses changed in the sequence examination due to different past and future scenarios, which strengthen the need of a Dynamic Climate Analysis to properly define new adaptive façades.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Humans have always been related to the environmental resources, in the search to progress and to develop the place where they lived, also aiming to ensure a future to the descendants. This relation was transformed over the years, with industrial, agricultural and technological development, they became cooler. In the rural environment, the people who live and develop there tend to have a greater affectivity towards resources, the constant presence between them strengthens these relationships, thus, Agrarian settlements are places where there is a greater connection of beings and environment. Knowing how these people have built their relationships with resources and what the current environment means to them, is important when thinking about development policies for Settlement development, these particularities serve as an essential information to take in mind when discussing and seeking improvements, elucidating the subjective reflections direct at an approximation between public organs and settlements. Thus, the general objective of the research was to describe and analyze the relationships between the settlers of the Santa Helena Settlement, in São Carlos/SP, and the environmental resources earth, water, plants and animals. The research presents two methodological steps, the first one, a bibliographical survey on the essential subjects in the dissertation and the second one based on the qualitative research and the case study, developed with the settlers in the Santa Helena Settlement, through semi structured interviews. From this, the central relations of each resource present in the settlers' speeches were extracted and a part of Lévi-Strauss's theory of structuralism, the binary pairs, a conception of opposition and correlation was used as data analysis. The main points of this relationship. It was then concluded that the present work has been able to answer the questions and objectives described, as well as elucidate the importance of identity, environmental knowledge and subjective issues of each person, in addition to a critical approach to agrarian reform policies and Sustainable Development Projects. It is observed a valuation of the environmental resources by the settlers, besides the pride of a healthy production. Leaving thus, several questions and perspectives for future work that seek to encompass the perceptions of resources, these distinct communities and the dynamics of the work involved. Os seres humanos sempre se relacionaram com os recursos ambientais, na busca por progredir e desenvolver o local em que vivia, visando também garantir um futuro aos descendentes. Essa relação foi sendo transformada ao passar dos anos, com o desenvolvimento industrial, agrícola e tecnológico, elas passaram a ser mais frias. No ambiente do campo, as pessoas que dali vivem e se desenvolvem, costumam ter uma maior afetividade para com os recursos, a presença constante entre eles fortalece essas relações, desse modo, os Assentamentos Agrários são locais onde há uma maior conexão dos seres e do ambiente. Saber como essas pessoas construíram suas relações com os recursos e o que o ambiente atual significa para elas é importante ao se pensar em políticas de fomento para o desenvolvimento do Assentamento, essas particularidades servem como informações essenciais para se levar em conta ao debater e buscar melhorias, elucidar as reflexões subjetivas visam uma aproximação entre órgãos públicos e assentados. Dessa forma, o objetivo geral a pesquisa foi o de descrever e analisar as relações entre os assentados do Assentamento Santa Helena, em São Carlos/SP, e os recursos ambientais terra, água, plantas e animais. A pesquisa apresenta duas etapas metodológicas, a primeira, um levantamento bibliográfico sobre os assuntos essenciais na dissertação e a segunda baseada na pesquisa qualitativa e no estudo de caso, desenvolvido com os assentados o Assentamento Santa Helena, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. A partir disso, extraiu-se as relações centrais de cada recurso presente nas falas dos assentados e utilizou-se como análise de dados uma parte da teoria do estruturalismo de Lévi-Strauss, os pares binários, uma concepção de oposição e correlação, fornecendo desse modo os principais pontos dessa relação. Chegou-se então às conclusões de que o presente trabalhou conseguiu responder as perguntas e objetivos descritos, bem como elucidar a importância da identidade, do saber ambiental e das questões subjetivas de cada pessoa, além de um enfoque crítico as políticas de reforma agrária e Projeto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Observa-se uma valorização dos recursos ambientais por parte dos assentados, além do orgulho de uma produção saudável. Deixando assim, diversas questões e perspectivas para futuros trabalhos, que busquem englobar as percepções dos recursos, essas distintas comunidades e a dinâmica do trabalho envolvida.

International audience; Adresse de l'entité, *abdou.idris-omar@etu.univ-lyon1.fr ou eleyeh.abdou@gmail.com RESUME. Dans les pays chauds, le défi à relever est celui de la climatisation. L'augmentation de la consommation d'énergie par la climatisation découle du besoin de vivre dans des pièces plus confortables, ce qui est compréhensible. Mais à Djibouti, ce besoin est exacerbé par une architecture voulant imiter celle des pays développés mais inadaptée aux conditions climatiques. Cet article tente de proposer une nouvelle définition de potentiels d'utilisation de ressources bioclimatiques permettant le rafraichissement des bâtiments situés sous ce type de climat. Pour ce faire, cela passe par une bonne connaissance des ressources énergétiques disponibles dans l'environnement, et plus particulièrement de leur utilité au regard des besoins de rafraîchissement du bâtiment. Dans le cadre de notre contribution à cette problématique, une première étape d'identification a été effectuée pour déterminer les ressources énergétiques à exploiter. Ensuite, des indicateurs ont été définis afin de quantifier la capacité des sources précédentes à couvrir la consommation d'énergie pour la climatisation et la possibilité pour le bâtiment de les exploiter. Dans ce travail, les indicateurs précédents ont été appliqués sur un cas de bâtiment type à Djibouti avec un climat type chaud et humide. MOTS-CLÉS : Ressources énergétiques, Performance bioclimatique, Enveloppe du bâtiment. ABSTRACT. In hot countries, the challenge is air conditioning. The increase in energy consumption by air conditioning stems from the need to live in more comfortable rooms, which is understandable. But in countries like Djibouti, this need is exacerbated by an unsuitable architectural design of the buildings for local climatic conditions. This paper proposes a new methodology for the quantification of the potential benefits of bioclimatic resources to reduce building's energy consumption, under hot and humid climate. To do so, it requires a good knowledge of the environmental resources, and especially their usefulness for building's cooling demand. As part of our contribution to this issue, first identification step has been carried out to determine which sources should be exploited. Then, indicators have been defined to quantify the ability of the previous sources to cover the need for air conditioning and the possibility for the building to exploit them. In this study, the previous indicators were applied to a reference building in Djibouti with a hot and humid conditions

The objective of the research is to identify the values assigned to environmental goods and services according to the different methods of environmental valuation in the literature. The study is characterized as a review of the literature, descriptive nature, quantitative approach and had as a research source the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Capes) in the period from 2005 to 2015. The parameters analyzed were author (s), place of study, environmental valuation methods used objectives, estimated values of environmental services and assessed attribute. The results showed that the Contingent Valuation Method predominated in most of the analyzed works. It was identified that the Southeast Region has the highest number of environmental valuation methods applied in the studies, and there are no publications on the subject in the Northeast Region. The year with the largest publication addressing the theme was 2010, while 2005 and 2014 did not identify any study. Regarding the values of the estimated environmental services, these were diversified due to the form of evaluation, method, object evaluated, among other variables.

Umweltgerechtigkeit ist ein Leitbild, das sowohl die gerechtere Verteilung von Umweltbelastungen und -ressourcen verfolgt als auch die gerechtere Teilhabe an umweltpolitisch relevanten Entscheidungsprozessen. Im Beitrag wird aufbauend auf theoretischen und empirischen Grundlagen aus Deutschland und dem Ausland herausgearbeitet, was Umweltgerechtigkeit ausmacht und wie dieses Leitbild mit Stadtentwicklung verknüpft ist. Hierbei werden auch Erkenntnisse eines mit deutschen Kommunen durchgeführten Planspiels zu Umweltgerechtigkeit dargestellt. Environmental justice is a vision that pursues the just distribution of environmental burdens and resources and fair treatment in environmental decision making. In this paper we present the national and international theoretical and empirical background, discuss the characteristics of environmental justice, and demonstrate how environmental justice is linked to healthy urban development. Experience gained from a planning game on environmental justice in municipalities in Germany is also presented.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Ecologia apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Non-indigenous species (NIS) can be defined as species that colonized new geographical areas where they were not present previously. Their increasing appearance has been causing considerable ecological and economic problems globally. Under this scope, biological invasion and invaders’ success has been an important topic during the last decades. Hundreds of marine NIS have been introduced around the world and seaweeds (marine macroalgae) are a significant part of them. Studies conducted worldwide in the last decade have been reporting around 250 species of introduced seaweeds. The northeast part of the Atlantic is especially known to be home to many introduced species and more than 100 introduced species of seaweeds are reported in Europe. This thesis will go through the processes of seaweeds invasion, from their introduction stage and their introduction vectors, to their invasive success, focusing on the main NIS of seaweeds that can be currently found at the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Particularly, six NIS of seaweeds (Sargassum muticum, Grateloupia turuturu, Asparagopsis armata (including Falkenbergia rufolanosa stage), Undaria pinnatifida, Codium fragile spp. fragile and Colpomenia peregrina) were previously selected and sampled – based on DAFOR (Dominant, Abundant, Frequent, Occasional or Rare) cover ranges scale – along intertidal sites located within the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. As a result of the sampling, the distribution of those seaweeds has been updated for the area, producing a hotspot map of their presence and relative abundance. Furthermore, the environmental management of NIS was addressed, as well as their potential uses such as biofertilizers, bioactivities, feed and food, aiming to show how these species, which are jeopardizing the ecosystem, can be an excellent environmental resource of bioactive compounds with high industrial potential and high socio-economic revenue. As espécies não nativas (ENN) podem ser definidas como espécies que colonizaram novas áreas geográficas onde não estavam presentes anteriormente. O seu crescente aparecimento tem causado consideráveis problemas ecológicos e económicos a nível mundial. Neste âmbito, a invasão biológica e o sucesso dessas invasões tem sido um tema importante nas últimas décadas. Centenas de ENN marinhas têm sido introduzidas em todo o mundo e macroalgas marinhas são uma parte significativa delas. Estudos realizados em todo o mundo na última década têm relatado cerca de 250 espécies de macroalgas introduzidas. O nordeste do Oceano Atlântico é especialmente conhecido por albergar muitas espécies introduzidas e mais de 100 espécies de macroalgas introduzidas são relatadas na Europa. Esta tese considerará os processos de invasão de macroalgas, desde a fase de introdução e de seus vectores de introdução, ao seu sucesso invasivo, com foco nas principais ENN de macroalgas que podem ser encontradas no noroeste da Península Ibérica. Particularmente, seis ENN de macroalgas (Sargassum muticum, Grateloupia turuturu, Asparagopsis armata (incluindo a sua fase Falkenbergia rufolanosa), Undaria pinnatifida, Codium fragile spp. fragile e Colpomenia peregrina) foram previamente seleccionadas e amostradas - com base na escala de cobertura DAFOR (Dominante, Abundante, Frequente, Ocasional ou Rara) – no espaço entre marés e ao longo de praias localizadas no noroeste da Península Ibérica. Como resultado da amostragem, a distribuição dessas macroalgas foi atualizada para a área de estudo, produzindo um mapa da sua presença e abundância relativa. Além disso, a gestão ambiental das ENN foi abordada, bem como seus potenciais usos, nomeadamente como biofertilizantes, alimentos, rações, compostos bioactivos, com o objectivo de mostrar como essas espécies, que estão comprometendo o ecossistema, podem ser um excelente recurso ambiental de compostos bioativos com alta potencial industrial e alta receita socioeconómica.

The Lake Chad Basin has for a very long period supported the livelihoods of millions of peoples from the different countries that share this transboundary water resource. Its shrinking over the decades has meant that many of those who depend on it for livelihoods would have to adjust to the changing resource environment of this lake basin. This study sets out to examine the seasonal migration of people in search of water, pasture, fuelwood and cultivable land, and how this movement affects access and use of basin resources. The study made use of survey data obtained from 220 household heads on the Cameroon side of the Lake Chad basin, and secondary data from Cameroon ministries in charge of agriculture, the environment, and that of livestock. Our findings show that while fishing and livestock rearing continue to feature among the oldest determinants of population movements in the Lake Chad basin, increasingly the search for new farming opportunities made available by a shrinking lake and the political instability emanating from Nigeria are also becoming an important determinant. The increasing population in the lake region is compounding pressures created by a shrinking lake on access to water, fuelwood, pasture, and farmland. While there is potential to develop and benefit from the agricultural possibilities emerging from a shrinking lake, the impacts of poor agricultural resource management (especially land degradation, loss of agricultural biodiversity, and poor water management) may hamper the sustainable practice of agriculture if proper efforts are not made to address them. This study contributes to the scientific understanding of the changing nature of environmental resources in Africa. It specifically contributes to understanding the exacerbating threats to the sustainability of natural resources (water, agricultural and grazing land) caused by environmental changes, diversification of rural actors (fishers, farmers, breeders), weak resource management, and since 2013, by an armed conflict.

This study aimed to show the importance of integration between environmental management and water resources man agement in the search for a sustainable municipal development, reducing the negative impacts due to uncontrolled use of the soil. For this purpose, we constructed the Index of Municipal Management of Water Resources and the Index of Environmental Management for the municipalities of Ceará, Brazil. The main results showed that the water resources man agement and the environment management models in the municipalities of Ceará have fragilities inherent to the low level of integration between them and the low level of implementation of management tools. As consequence, the negative impacts of lack of planning in the use and occupation of the soil may be increased. Este estudo teve como objetivo mostrar a importância de uma integração entre gestão ambiental e gestão dos recursos hídricos na busca por um desenvolvimento municipal dito sustentável, com redução de impactos negativos decorrentes do uso desordenado do solo. Para tanto, foram criados o Índice de Gestão Municipal dos Recursos Hídricos e o Índice de Gestão Ambiental para os municípios cearenses. Os principais resultados mostraram que os modelos de gestão dos recursos hídricos e do meio ambiente nos municípios cearenses apresentam fragilidades inerentes à baixa integração entre ambos e ao baixo nível de implementação de instrumentos de gestão. Como consequência podem ser potencializados os impactos negativos da falta de ordenamento no uso e ocupação do solo.

The date palm is a main resource for the agriculture of Palestine; Jericho is a hotspot for date palm cultivation; the intensive cultivation faces the increasing problems of soil salinization and xeric conditions; the oasistic system should be reviewed for future cultivation models; future perspectives for the date production suggest to increase the resources use efficiency and the biodiversity within the palm plantations.

People in developing countries are most part agrarian and pastoral folk. They heavily rely on the bio-mass-based subsistence economies around them. The rural folk eke out a living from products obtained directly from plants and animals. This is particularly significant for marginal groups, who tend to rely more directly on their environment for survival. In this research paper researchers have tried to assess environmental resource base in Adi Keih subzone of Zoba Dobub (Eritrea) and their effects on the wellbeing and development of the people. Study is based on both primary and secondary sources of information. Study reveals that current available resource-base in the study region is impoverished. Only 10 per cent of the area has potentiality for the farming activities. Among them 80 per cent are poor quality agricultural lands. Farming activity supports only 1/3 of household income. In totality immediate environment supports merely average 50% of household income requirements. This problem has compounded due to environmental degradation. The study highlights micro level relationship between environmental degradation, and resulting in poverty.

Taxes as an instrument which reduces environmental pollution and conserves environmental resources is one of the most important fiscal policy measures to help promote the green economy, improve social security, the environment is also protected from overuse of natural resources and pollution rate. Although the initial environmental pollution and resource-saving tax concept was formulated in a early 20th century, in the world these taxes were introduced recently. In scientific publications of foreign and Lithuanian languages, in official documents of international organizations, there is no consensus, reflecting what accurate term should be used. In English language, together with the most commonly used term "taxes" are also used terms – "charges", "fees", "duties", "levies". They are also called "environmental taxes", "eco (logical) taxes", "ecological taxation" and others. In German language are used these terms: "Umweltsteuer" (environmental taxes), "Ökosteuer" (green taxes) and "Lenkungsabgabe" (incentive fees). In Lithuanian scientific publications are also used different terms – environmental taxes, charges related to the environment, green taxes and so on. In order to refine the concept, analysis of various environmental pollution and resource-saving taxes were made. As a result true content was identified. Theoretical logic of the research concist from environmental pollution and resource-saving tax concepts analysis. Identification and classification of their concepts was made using synthesis method. Analysis and synthesis of Lithuanian, European Union, and other official European and international organizations legal documents concerning environmental pollution and resource-saving tax was made. To justify theoretical propositions statistical analysis was used. Data was collected from the Lithuanian Department of Statistics and Eurostat datab After examination of the scientific literature was concluded that for the identification of the environmental pollution and resourcefriendly taxes it is necessary to analize not only scientific literature but also data and insights of international organizations, European Union Statistical Office – Eurostat. Lithuania also must provide comparable data to these databases. The proposed broad sense Lithuanian language term "environmental taxes".

Cavagrande del Cassibile is an important nature reserve in South East Sicily (Italy). It was established to conserve and restore the natural Mediterranean vegetation in the area, as well as to protect and increase the local fauna. Inside the reserve there are farms which only abandoned transhumance in the 1990s. Our research investigates whether the conversion of the farms from transhumance to fixed site stock-breeding has changed the particular landscape under investigation. The study was carried out on two scales: at territory level, in order to analyse the present potential advantages that the reserve offers to the area; and at farm level, in order to analyse the transformation of the landscape and to highlight the importance of the farms in the modern multifunctional rural context. The results at territory level show that the Cavagrande del Cassibile reserve has great potential for environmental agro-tourism. The results of the farm level analysis were obtained by elaborating certain indices (changes in the landscape, continuation of farming, farm size). These allowed the changes in the countryside to be described in quantitative terms. In general, it emerges that there have been structural changes since the days of transhumance and that this has resulted in a landscape where the effects of human activities are more visible. Lastly our research also shows the sensitivity that the stockbreeders and farmers feel for their environment and their willingness to develop activities which will encourage local tourism and excursions.

O Projeto Rio Anil representou um projeto de urbanização que visou à retirada das palafitas nas áreas de mangue localizadas às margens do rio Anil, relocando as famílias para lotes habitacionais. O objetivo foi avaliar a sustentabilidade socioambiental do projeto de revitalização da margem esquerda do rio Anil, em particular com a população relocada e os recursos ambientais. Assim, este trabalho buscou avaliar os aspectos socioeconômicos positivos e negativos da população ribeirinha através de indicadores utilizados antes e durante o processo de execução do projeto e analisar as principais mudanças nos recursos ambientaisna área. O cenário que se projeta dessa situação, impõe como extremamente necessária, a implementação de Programas Ambientais para a efetivaçãodo controle das diversas ações planejadas no que se refere especifi camente aos cuidados com o ambiente natural e social.Palavras-chave: Urbanização, recursos ambientais, indicadoressocioeconômicos.

В исследовании предпринята попытка наметить путь к обеспечению устойчивого развития на основе согласования интересов участников строительства. Авторам представляется, что основой такой системы вместо существующего стремления получения быстрой прибыли за счет во многом ущербного землепользования может быть ориентация на решение вопросов устойчивого развития каждым этапом инвестиционного проекта строительного объекта. Цель, выражающая общий интерес участников проекта, может быть ориентиром, определяющим высокую репутацию и конкурентоспособность не только проекта, но и деятельности каждого из них., In the research is made an attempt to trace the way of the support of the sustainable development basing on alignment of construction activity participants’ interests. Authors suppose that basement for such system instead of existing nowadays aspiration to receive fast profit mainly with harm to the utilized land can be an orientation to solution of sustainable development questions by each stage of investment project of the object under construction. Target, which is the mutual interest of project participants, can be a reference point stating the high reputation not only of the project, but also for activity of each of them., №9(51) (2016)

As the entire world continues its rapid move towards industrialization, it has seriously threatened mankind's ability to maintain an ecological balance. Geographical and natural forces have a significant influence on the location of industries. Industrialization is the foundation stone of the development of any country, while the unplanned industrialization and discharge of waste by industries is the cause of environmental pollution. There is growing degree of awareness and concern globally among nations about environmental degradation or pollution. Environmental resources endowed by the gift of nature and not manmade are invaluable natural resources of a country like India. Any developmental activity is directly related to natural and environmental resources. Economic development without environmental considerations brings about environmental crises and damages the quality of life of present, as well as future generation. As corporate sectors in the global market, especially in India, are becoming anxious about environmental degradation, naturally more and more emphasis will be ascribed to how environment-friendly the outcomes are. Maintaining accounts of such environmental and natural resources in the country has become more urgent. Moreover, international awareness and acceptance of the importance of environmental issues has motivated the development of a branch of accounting called "Environmental Accounting". Environmental accounting attempts to detect and focus the resources consumed and the costs rendered by an industrial unit to the environment. For the sustainable development of mankind, a healthy environment is indispensable. Gradually, therefore, in many countries including India, environment matters are being given top most priority. Accounting and disclosure of environmental matters have been increasingly manifesting as an important dimension of corporate accounting and reporting practices. But, as conventional accounting deals with mainly non-living things, the formulation of valuation, and measurement and accounting techniques for incorporating environment-related matters in the corporate financial statement sometimes creates problems for the accountant. In the light of this situation, the conceptual analysis of the study is concerned with the rationale of environmental accounting on the economy and society as a whole, and focuses the failures of the traditional accounting system. A modest attempt has been made to throw light on the environmental awareness in developing nations like India and discuss the problems associated with the implementation of environmental accounting. The conceptual study also reflects that despite different anomalies, environmental accounting is becoming an increasing important aspect of the accounting agenda within the corporate sector in India. Lastly, a conclusion, along with recommendations, has been given to overcome the situation., {"references":["Gameson, K. P.., \"Value-aided Accounting Research\", Auditing and Contemporary Accounting, Deep and Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1998, p.257.","Mohamed, M. S., \"Accounting for Social Responsibility of Business and Reporting\", Auditing and Contemporary Accounting, Deep and Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1998, pp. 296-297.","Patnaik, N. K., \"Environmental Audit- A Perspective\", Environment Management and Audit, Deep and Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2002, pp. 282-291.","Bhadra, B., \"ISO 14001 and Environmental Cost Accounting-An Introspection\", Environmental Accounting and Reporting, Deep and Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2002, pp. 462-468.","Chong, H. G., \"The Environmental Management Systems as a Competitive Advantage Tool for Organizations\", The Journal of Accounting and Finance, The Research Development Association, Jaipur, October-March, 2008, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 71-78.","Mallik, A. K., \"Environmental Accounting\", Contemporary Issues in Accounting, Finance and Management, UGC Academic Staff College, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, 2001, p. 21.","Eresi, Dr. K., \"Environment- Information Disclosure in Annual Reports\", The Chartered Accountants, ICAI, New Delhi, Vol. XI, V. No. 7, January, 1996, pp. 45-48.","Sonara, C. K., \"Environmental Accounting for Developing Countries and Its Implementing Problems- Indian Context\", Environmental Accounting and Reporting, Deep and Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2002, p. 234.","Jain, T. K., \"Social and Environmental Accounting and Auditing\", Environment Management and Audit, Deep and Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2000, p. 226."]}

The new Country Partnership Framework (CPF or framework) presents the engagement of the World Bank Group (WBG) in Sri Lanka over the next four years (fiscal years 2017-20 (FY17–20)). The CPF aims to support the achievement of some of the government’s medium-term goals in areas that are critical for reducing extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity, and that are consistent with the WBG’s comparative advantage. Notably, the CPF provides the framework for engagement in several key policy areas. Following presidential and parliamentary elections in 2015, the new coalition government, the National Government of Consensus, has set out an ambitious vision for Sri Lanka. It focuses on supporting job creation in the private sector, advancing the country’s global integration, improving governance, enhancing human development and social inclusion, and balancing development with environmental conservation. The vision has been captured in the Prime Minister’s Economic Policy Statement of November 5, 2015. The new government’s development agenda is well aligned with the findings of the 2015 Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) for Sri Lanka. The SCD identified the most critical constraints and opportunities facing Sri Lanka in accelerating progress toward the twin goals of ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity in a sustainable manner. The analysis concluded that key priorities are to address the country’s fiscal, competitiveness, and inclusion challenges, as well as cross-cutting governance and social, economic, and environmental sustainability challenges. The CPF is anchored in this analysis.

Problem setting. Social and environmental issues of waste management facing society relatively recently, but showed a tendency to expand and deepen, which in turn caused the necessity of formation of effective policy in this area.Recent research and publications analysis. Some aspects of the present stage of the formation of environmental law and its relationship to nature and resources law, structural and systemic connections was studied by various researchers in the context of environmental policy and legislation analysis, regulation of wildlife relationships, expanding the scope of regulation of resource. In particular, they can mark out V. Andreytsev, A. Getman, M. Krasnova, N. Malisheva and others. However, comprehensive studies of this policy is currently not available.Paper objective. The purpose of the article is a theoretical analysis of the current state of environmental law, the formation of the next stage of development of natural resource relationships, their expansion and transformation into a resource (ecologic and resource) in order to adequately respond to the differentiation and complexity of structural and systemic linkages.Paper main body. The development and dynamics of the environmental, natural resources legislation is largely driven by global and European processes and requires constant updating in order to overcome gaps, timely and adequate response to contemporary challenges, changes in value paradigms and so forth. One of these problems is the development of traditional branches of law and directions research that, in turn, raises the question of substantive content, structural and systemic links of these areas of law. Any delay in the establishment of the theoretical and methodological and scientific and legal framework for a new legal phenomena in the framework of ecological and legal science creates the preconditions for the expansion of research not only to them but also in relation to the already well-established system of law and the separation of the industry.A promising seems the further transformation of natural resource rights in the resource, whose task will be to not only relations concerning those or other natural objects, but also the products of their use, and natural phenomena, the establishment of resource-saving requirements, the introduction of specific indicators of resource costs and the like. Such a situation we are seeing now in soil legislation, which regulates the use of man-made mineral deposits, which, in fact, lost the status of a natural object, but are important for their conservation. A similar situation arises in the field of waste management, which are increasingly seen it as a potential source of resources and nature conservation.It is proved that with the current approach, when the subject and its activity are taken as a basis for regulation in isolation from the goals of legal regulation, the values and ideological component of the legal regulation, which had a negative impact on its quality are lost. It should be pointed out that in many cases such restrictions are connected with artificial internal limits of innovations of eco-legal science, caused by the use of the traditional concepts of “nature”, “natural resources”, “natural objects”. This causes an urgent need to review the use of these terms, the expansion of concepts. One way to become more active use of the terms “resource use, “eco use”, “resources”, “environmental resources”, “environmental objects” and so forth.Conclusions of the research. Stage of relatively independent existence of natural resource law, its autonomy outside the complex ecological and legal science has already passed and now destructively affects both its development in general and on the development of its constituent elements, slows its methodological development, creates the prerequisites for scientific expansion of specialists in other sectors of law that use internal scientific debate and controversy as a confirmation of their own conclusions about the artificial synthesized nature of environmental law, artificiality of scientific problems and so on. One of the ways to integrate and harmonize the natural resource component within the environmental law is to change its focus from solely having binding traditional natural objects in favor of a more progressive and promising theory of the resource or the ecological and resource rights that can harmoniously incorporate both traditional (established), and innovative approaches to the maintenance of ecological and legal relations, their expansion and diffusion within a single methodological approach and legal doctrine, which is the fundamental goal of ecological and legal science, defined as the environment, the use of environmental resources and ecological security of humanity., В статье рассмотрены теоретические проблемы, связанные с исследованием эволюции природноресурсных отношений, определением их самостоятельности, системных связей, а также места в эколого-правовой науке. Охарактеризованы основные направления и проблемы связанные с идентификацией природноресурсного права, проанализированы современные тенденции научной экспансии и регрессного восприятия эколого-правовых отношений в пределах традиционных отраслей права и дана оценка их содержательного наполнении и структурно-системных связей. Сформулированы предложения по формированию ресурсного (экологоресурсного) права в рамках общей системы экологического права., У статті розглянуто теоретичні проблеми, пов'язані з дослідженням еволюції природоресурсних відносин, визначенням їх самостійності, системних зв'язків, а також місця в еколого-правовій науці. Охарактеризовано основні напрямки та проблеми пов'язані з ідентифікацією природноресурсного права, проаналізовані сучасні тенденції наукової експансії і регресного сприйняття еколого-правових відносин в межах традиційних галузей права і дана оцінка їх змістовного наповнення та структурно-системних зв'язків. Сформульовано пропозиції щодо формування ресурсного (екологоресурсного) права в рамках загальної системи екологічного права.

Many ex ante measures taken to reduce disaster risk can deliver co-benefits that are not dependent on disasters occurring. In fact, building resilience to climate extremes and disasters can achieve multiple objectives. These are secondary to the main objective of disaster risk management of avoiding disaster losses, but identifying and measuring additional co-benefits can enhance the attractiveness of disaster risk management investments. Co-benefits are often economic, such as investment in dams or irrigation to reduce drought risk generating greater productivity; but they can also include significant environmental and social benefits. This paper identifies some of the potential categories of co-benefits associated with disaster risk management investments, expanding on typologies created by agencies seeking to promote social and environmental safeguarding in their work. The paper looks at previous studies on disaster risk management where co-benefits are mentioned but not explored in any detail. The paper examines two new case studies where environmental and socioeconomic co-benefits were uncovered in an irrigation project to reduce drought risk, and an urban flood risk management project, in Jamaica and Mexico, respectively. This review points to several challenges in traditional cost-benefit analysis techniques and puts forward alternative approaches to identify environmental and socioeconomic co-benefits when planning disaster risk management investments. The authors argue that a comprehensive disaster risk management co-benefits framework is needed that includes and categorizes all potential positive environmental and socioeconomic impacts. Co-benefits research focused on revisiting existing cases and developing new case studies could play an important role in this regard.

Bleak short-term economic outlook raises the risk that social and environmental achievements may not be sustained. The changed economic circumstances have exposed shortcomings in Brazil’s development model, epitomized by the struggle to achieve a sustainable fiscal policy. Against this background, some Brazilians are now asking whether the gains of the past decade might have been an illusion, created by the commodity boom, but unsustainable in today’s less forgiving international environment. Brazil thus finds itself at an important juncture and, to a certain extent, the policy course set today will determine whether the country can sustain the gains of the past and return to a path of solid, inclusive and environmentally sustainable growth. This Systematic Country Diagnostic offers a contribution to the debate about Brazil’s future development.

Ethiopia has many advantages as a destination for mining investment. These include promising geology, a well-designed fiscal regime, stable government and a growing domestic market. Additionally, it has a well-managed and successful artisanal and small scale mining sector. Under the second phase of Ethiopia’s Growth and Transformation Plan, Ethiopia has the ambitious target for the mining sector to contribute 10% of GDP by 2025. Ethiopia must overcome significant challenges to achieve this target. These challenges range across simplifying the licensing regime, developing its investment promotion efforts and clarifying institutional responsibilities for social and environmental management to enhancing stakeholder engagement in the governance of the sector.

Among the various risk factors that jeopardize the sustainability of architectural heritage sites in Turkey, fire hazard is the factor that can cause the most destructive effects. Once fire breaks out and spreads, destruction of the whole site, traditional housing, and the life inside is inevitable. This study is based on a case study of fire risk assessment of a traditional settlement. The study site is a significant district in Bursa in terms of its historic, architectural and environmental resources. The Misi Village is located on the skirts of the Mountain Uluda with a traditional urban pattern. Based on its location in a dense forestry land exposed to wind from the north and northeast directions, the breakout and spread of fire is possible in any time throughout the year. This research aims to raise awareness among local authorities, the local community, and researchers of the urgency of implementing fire prevention strategies in architectural heritage sites to prevent the destruction of the traditional urban pattern, to enable the transfer of these cultural heritages to future generations undestroyed, and to provide a secure place for the actual inhabitants and visitors.

All over the world, UNESCO biosphere reserves are designated in order to protect regionally distinctive landscapes. This designation represents a significant up-valuation of nature reserves and landscape conservation areas, forests and other mostly rural landscapes. In cases where biosphere reserves include urban areas, additional objectives are established such as the development of urban-rural-relationships. The Biosphere Reserve Bliesgau which is a sustainable model region responds to this challenge. Located in a rural part of Saarland, the biosphere Bliesgau is still facing further challenges which are connected to the designation as a UNESCO biosphere reserve. This designation entails many obligations that are conditions and restrictions for the actors on the one hand and that provide opportunities for key personalities to make progress in achieving their aims concerning nature conservation on the other hand. Hence, not only prospects but potential for conflict emerged which complicates regional development in rural Saarland. A primary survey in the biosphere reserve allowed for the identification of the presented conflicts. Weltweit werden UNESCO- Biosphärenreservate zum Schutz typischer Landschaften ausgewiesen. Diese Auszeichnung stellt eine enorme Aufwertung für Naturschutz- und Landschaftsschutzgebiete, Wälder und andere zumeist ländliche Landschaften dar. Schließen Biosphärenreservate urbane Gebiete ein, so werden ihnen zusätzliche Ziele, wie Entwicklung von Land-Stadt-Beziehungen gesetzt. Dieser Aufgabe stellt sich das Biosphärenreservat Bliesgau, das eine Modellregion nachhaltigen Wirtschaftens ist. Die im ländlichen Saarland gelegene Biosphäre Bliesgau steht dennoch ebenfalls vor weiteren Herausforderungen, die mit der Anerkennung als UNESCO- Biosphärenreservat zusammenhängen. Diese Anerkennung ist mit vielen Verpflichtungen verbunden, die einerseits Auflagen und Einschränkungen für einige Akteure bedeuten und andererseits Möglichkeiten für andere Schlüsselpersonen bieten, ihren Zielen im Bezug auf den Naturschutz näher zu kommen. Somit entstanden nicht nur Chancen für die Naturschutzgebiete, sondern auch Konfliktpotential, das die regionale Entwicklung im ländlichen Saarland erschwert. Eine primäre Erhebung im Biosphärenreservat ermöglichte die Ermittlung der präsentierten Konflikte.