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Human e/migration across the Mediterranean increased significantly in the first part of the 21st century. At the mercy of people smugglers, migrants who succeed in crossing the seas face uncertain futures in Europe. Such immigration is at the heart of political debate in Europe, where right-wing populist parties have made significant gains because of their opposition to it. These parties tend to view human migration as a negative phenomenon, using familiar and by now even clichéd cultural and socio-political arguments against it. This study explores some of these discursive tropes. Rather than following studies that use a critical discourse paradigm, the paper’s main aim is to identify positive discourse and practice that might represent models for future behaviour in this context. It focuses on a discussion on recent migration involving Italy and, by applying tools of pragmatic analysis, united to knowledge of the socio-political background, traces some underlying trends in migrant reception. The data analysed were gathered by interviewing an Italian mayor who has attracted hostility from right-wing media for his novel approach to migrants, whose needs are met by finding them a place in the local social context. Findings suggest that, in certain circumstances, the migratory phenomenon may benefit not just the subjects involved but also the places concerned. The study thus foregrounds the degree to which welcoming the cultural other counters social discourses that currently appear triumphant in mainstream media and electoral processes.

Artikeln är en översikt av den tysk-judiska invandringen till Sverige från 1770-talet och framåt. Till en början skedde invandringen till stor del i form av kedjemigration från Mecklenburg. Många i pionjären Aaron Isaacs släktkrets invandrade, likaså i släktkretsen kring hans kompanjon Abraham Aaron. Under 1800-talet fortsatte frivilliginvandringen men nu i mindre form av kedjemigration och med mer differentierad geografisk bakgrund än tidigare. Så småningom kom invandringen från Tyskland numerärt att överflygas av den så kallade östjudiska invandringen; av de judar som bodde i Sverige 1880 var bara åtta procent födda i Tyskland och 1920 mindre än fem procent. Många tysk-judiska invandrare vid denna tid, såsom bankmannen Louis Frænckel, gjorde betydelsefulla insatser i det svenska industriundret. Trots den restriktiva invandringspolitiken på 1930-talet kom ett antal tysk-judiska flyktingar till Sverige, såväl individuellt som genom särskilda kvoter. Många blev betydande aktörer i olika sektorer av samhället, och några blev internationellt kända namn som författaren och Nobelpristagaren Nelly Sachs och kärnfysikern Lise Meitner. Många flyktingar fick dock inte arbete som motsvarade deras utbildningar. Bland ”1945 års räddade” fanns tämligen få från Tyskland.

The present chapter analyses the economic, political and cultural factors that enhance or limit dedicated funerary provision for migrant and (established) minority groups. The chapter underscores the importance of a clear analysis of the specific local conditions. To demonstrate the impact of contextual factors, the chapter offers an analysis of how migratory trends in the Netherlands as well as cultural, political and economic trends at the municipal level have knockon effects for funerary provision. At the same time, researchers, planners and policy makers need to be aware of a significant “diversity within diversityreadiness”: there is considerable (historical and contemporary) variation of funerary provision that can claim to “include” (accommodate, integrate and/or assimilate) migrant and minority groups. In this vein, the chapter distinguishes four “ideal types” of cemetery design. The chapter argues for a framework (“Eight Factor Framework of specific funerary provision for minority and migrant groups”), which can serve as a heuristic tool for researchers and stakeholders who need to decide on dedicated funerary facilities. The chapter concludes by suggesting that “free fields”, with few restrictions on the placement and adornments of graves, might be a fairer and more cost-effective way of accommodating the ritual needs of members of smaller minorities than separate funerary facilities aimed at different ethnic and religious groups.

Background: Seasonal long-distance movements are a common feature in many taxa allowing animals to deal with seasonal habitats and life-history demands. Many species use different strategies to prioritize time- or energy-minimization, sometimes employing stop-over behaviours to offset the physiological burden of the directed movement associated with migratory behaviour. Migratory strategies are often limited by life-history and environmental constraints, but can also be modulated by the predictability of resources en route. While theory on population-wide strategies (e.g. energy-minimization) are well studied, there are increasing evidence for individual-level variation in movement patterns indicative of finer scale differences in migration strategies. Methods: We aimed to explore sources of individual variation in migration strategies for long-distance migrators using satellite telemetry location data from 41 narwhal spanning a 21-year period. Specifically, we aimed to determine and define the long-distance movement strategies adopted and how environmental variables may modulate these movements. Fine-scale movement behaviours were characterized using move-persistence models, where changes in move-persistence, highlighting autocorrelation in a movement trajectory, were evaluated against potential modulating environmental covariates. Areas of low move-persistence, indicative of area-restricted search-type behaviours, were deemed to indicate evidence of stop-overs along the migratory route. Results: Here, we demonstrate two divergent migratory tactics to maintain a similar overall energy-minimization strategy within a single population of narwhal. Narwhal migrating offshore exhibited more tortuous movement trajectories overall with no evidence of spatially-consistent stop-over locations across individuals. Nearshore migrating narwhal undertook more directed routes, contrasted by spatially-explicit stop-over behaviour in highly-productive fjord and canyon systems along the coast of Baffin Island for periods of several days to several weeks. Conclusions: Within a single population, divergent migratory tactics can achieve a similar overall energy-minimizing strategy within a species as a response to differing trade-offs between predictable and unpredictable resources. Our methodological approach, which revealed the modulators of fine-scale migratory movements and predicted regional stop-over sites, is widely applicable to a variety of other aquatic and terrestrial species. Quantifying marine migration strategies will be key for adaptive conservation in the face of climate change and ever increasing human pressures.

The European Union (EU) has reacted to the migration crises of the last decade with growing externalization of migration management to neighbor countries often accused of not respecting human rights and individual liberties. Focusing on EU cooperation with the Southern neighborhood, as defined within the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) framework, this paper investigates the recent developments in the EU's external migration policies, demonstrating that there is a gap between EU discourses and policy instruments identified by the EU as strategic tools of the European migration and asylum policy (MAP). Five Southern neighbor countries (SNCs) have been selected, Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt, Jordan, and Lebanon, to assess the extent to which the EU, when cooperating on migration and asylum issues, places international protection at risk instead of playing the role of humanitarian actor in accordance with the ideals and principles it defends. The research critically analyzes the EU's cooperation with SNCs concerning migration, as developed via international agreements, action plans, and mobility partnerships under the umbrella of the ENP. In particular, it explores the incompatibility between the European MAP instruments and international protection. MAP, the qualitative analysis shows, represents a clear mismatch between EU talk and action, outlining another case of organized hypocrisy.

While it is now widely acknowledged that child-rearing practices vary culturally, there has been little research or consideration on how cultural difference is experienced by Polish immigrant parents in Ireland. This paper reflects on how culture is experienced by migrant parents and shapes Polish migrant parenting in the Irish context. It draws on findings from a qualitative study which elicited Polish migrant parents¿ perspectives on the norms that shape parenting and their parental experiences, while residing in a culturally diverse neighbourhood in Ireland. Findings highlight that no single theoretical framework accurately captures Polish migrant parenting, which is a complex, multidimensional and dynamic phenomenon. Instead, insight is required into migration experiences, the influence of childhood, family relationships and obligations, as well as employment and parenting styles, all of which are underpinned by specific cultural norms and values, to better understand parental challenges in the adaptation to their post migration environment. This work was supported by Hardiman Scholarship peer-reviewed

Nach dem 24. Februar 2022 mussten viele Russ:innen, die dem Krieg kritisch gegenüberstanden, aus dem Land fliehen, wobei ihnen oft die Mittel für den Beginn eines neuen Lebens im Ausland fehlten. Diese Emigrant:innen hatten den Status von "nicht vollwertigen Flüchtenden", da sie nicht vor Krieg oder unmittelbar drohender physischer Gewalt flohen, sondern vor bevorstehenden Repressionen durch "das Regime". Unter diesen Migrant:innen war ein beträchtlicher Anteil Wissenschaftler:innen. Diese Analyse untersucht die kollektiven und individuellen Strategien bei der Migration von Wissenschaftler:innen, und versucht, die Kriterien für einen erfolgreichen institutionellen Standortwechsel russischer Forschungsteams zu konzeptualisieren.

Does migration pose a threat to welfare state legitimacy? We address thisprominent question with a multilevel analysis of novel survey data, the ‘Inequality Barometer’, which includes individual and local-level context data in Germany (6208 individuals, up to 401 local districts). Our results suggest that the public is more reluctant to support welfare where the proportion of migrants at the local level is larger. This effect even persists when welfare is directed at groups that are perceived as more deserving of welfare support (like children, sick or older individuals) and when we examine the levels of employed migrants (that pay into the welfare state). We also find that these effects are moderated by economic risk. Particularly, we find that individuals facing higher economic risk support welfare less than their counterparts when exposed to migration. Future research should expand the local-level approach and investigate the causal mechanisms that the welfare-migration nexus is based on in more detail. published

Für den vorliegenden Beitrag wurde aus einer postmigrantischen Perspektive der Wahrnehmung der Integration von Geflüchteten in der Gemeinde Everswinkel (Nordrhein-Westfalen) nachgespürt. Hierzu wurden sowohl Vertreterinnen und Vertreter der Gemeinde, Ehrenamtliche sowie Bewohnerinnen und Bewohner suburbaner Nachbarschaften zur veränderten Situation der Fluchtmigration seit 2015 befragt. Um zu einer breiteren Perspektive auf Migration zu gelangen, die Zuwanderung nicht mehr als ein nachgelagertes und nur die Migrantinnen und Migranten betreffendes Problem begreift, sondern als einen auszuhandelnden Zustand für die gesamte Aufnahmegesellschaft, wurde der begriffliche Dreiklang der Allianzen, Antagonisten und Ambivalenzen nach Naika Foroutan operationalisiert. Die Ergebnisse der Befragungen zeigen eine Vielfalt sich widersprechender Auffassungen von Integration. In Everswinkel sind einerseits vielfältige proplurale Allianzen entstanden, die sich insbesondere in Angeboten und Institutionen der Gemeinde materialisieren. Andererseits wurde im Rahmen der Befragungen auch Kritik in Bezug auf nachbarschaftliches Zusammenleben und das Thema Wohnen deutlich. Darüber hinaus rückt ein dritter Blickwinkel, der Ambivalenzen und Widersprüchlichkeiten in der Wahrnehmung der Integration von Geflüchteten, in den Fokus. For this paper, the perception of the integration of refugees in the community of Everswinkel (North Rhine-Westphalia) was traced from a post-migrant perspective. For this purpose, representatives of the community, volunteers and residents of suburban neighbourhoods were asked about the changed situation of refugee migration since 2015. In order to arrive at a broader perspective on migration, which no longer sees immigration as a downstream problem affecting only migrants, but rather as a condition to be negotiated for the entire host society, the conceptual triad of alliances, antagonists and ambivalences of Naika Foroutan was operationalized. The results of the surveys turned out to be very heterogeneous and some contradicting views of integration were observed. On the one hand, diverse pro-plural alliances have emerged in Everswinkel, which materialize in particular in the offers and institutions of the community. On the other hand, these are accompanied by anti-plural antagonists who are, for example, strongly conveyed through topics such as neighbourhood coexistence or the topic of living. In addition, a third perspective, that of the ambivalence and contradictions in the perception of the integration of refugees, comes into focus.

Las experiencias formativas basadas en Aprendizaje-Servicio (ApS) que se vienen implementando en los últimos años en diferentes contextos universitarios tanto en España como en otros países permiten demostrar la validez de esta metodología como herramienta didáctica efectiva y de calidad en la enseñanza superior. El proyecto TRADAPS, en desarrollo en la Universidad de Salamanca dentro del grado en Traducción e Interpretación, pretende contribuir a corroborar la idoneidad de este enfoque en el ámbito concreto de los estudios de traducción. Este proyecto inició su andadura en el curso 2021-2022 con el propósito de diseñar una línea de trabajo en ApS que permitiera al alumnado realizar Trabajos de Fin de Grado en colaboración con ONG que comparten la misión de mejorar la calidad de vida y la inclusión social de colectivos de migrantes en situación de vulnerabilidad motivada por barreras lingüísticas y culturales. Actualmente, se realiza el seguimiento de dos Trabajos de Fin de Grado desarrollados en colaboración con las organizaciones españolas Cepaim y Salamanca Acoge., Recent training experiences based on Service-Learning (SL) conducted at university level in Spain and other countries demonstrate the validity of this methodology as an effective, high-quality training tool in higher education contexts. The TRADAPS project currently underway within the BA degree in Translation and Interpreting taught at the University of Salamanca was proposed with the aim of substantiating the suitability of this approach in the specific field of translation studies. This project, launched in 2021-2022, was aimed at designing a line of work in ApS which could enable students to complete final degree projects or dissertations in collaboration with particular NGOs which share the mission of improving the quality of life and enhancing social inclusion of migrant communities in situation of vulnerability due to linguistic and cultural barriers. Two Bachelor’s Degree Final Projects are currently being developed in collaboration with two Spanish NGOs: Cepaim and Salamanca Acoge.

The article is dedicated to the study of the types of migration, the current challenges of emigration and immigration, and the reasons for migration in Armenia, as well as its consequences on the economy and demography. The methods of comparative studies, general scientific analysis, groupings, and generalizations were mainly used in the framework of the research. Emigration has become one of the most drastic challenges in Armenia for almost three decades. There are a lot of reasons for emigration to Armenia: social, economic, psychological, and security. From 2012 to 2019 about 91% of those who emigrated from Armenia were in the 15-59 age group, and more than 65% were in the 20-49 age group. The latter significantly influenced the formation of the age structure of the population. In other words, the negative impact of emigration has begun to be reflected in demographics as well.

In 1991, Philomena Essed highlighted the importance of studying contemporary racism, focusing on the interplay between the macro‐social dimension and its constant reactivation in everyday interactions. Later, psychologists redefined the pervasive experience of racism in everyday encounters in terms of racial microaggressions. Migrants and asylum seekers today constitute “ideal” candidates for this kind of experience. This is due to the persistent historical processes that harken back to Western colonialism and imperialism, as well as the growing hostility towards people migrating from the Global South. This hostility has been brewing for several decades in Western countries, and it manifests in both everyday informal interactions and institutional contexts, where migrants and asylum seekers constantly face racist attitudes.

This study was an initial qualitative exploration to (a) capture varied experiences of racial microaggressions directed at Chinese immigrant women before and during Covid and (b) investigate different forms and levels of microaggressions based on socioeconomic status, age, and other characteristics. Racial microaggressions were examined by interviewing 12 foreign‐born, Chinese immigrant women aged 23 to 80 years old, with most of the participants identified as middle class or above. Building upon previous scholarship on racial and gendered microaggressions, an analytical framework was developed using 12 major themes to identify and interpret discriminatory behaviors. Our main findings suggest that the research sample encountered more blatant hate incidents and expressed heightened concern over their physical safety in the post‐Covid period. Young women, compared to their older counterparts, were more inclined to report microaggression episodes and distinguish more subtle forms of discrimination. These findings could serve as preliminary evidence for future research.

The gender pay gap is a persistent and pervasive problem. This study systematically reviews the literature on two determinants of the wage gap that have attracted attention more recently: the contribution of personality traits and social norms. Based on 39 studies identified, we discuss how personality traits and social norms are operationalized and how much of the gender wage gap they explain. We find that both are important in understanding the gap and that they are closely related, most notably, as preferences are reflections of personality traits and social norms. However, there is no clear consensus on the constructs, what they precisely capture and how to measure them. Thus, there is a great deal of heterogeneity in the results, with the contribution of personality traits and social norms to the pay gap ranging from a few to more than 20%. The literature is not conclusive on whether these factors rather explain the gap or are a source of discrimination. Key limitations of this literature emanate from concerns about the potential endogeneity of personality traits and social norms, and that studies have largely ignored that we can adapt our personality, preferences, and attitudes in adult life.

The geochemical signature in alluvial soils is a witness of human activities that took place in a river catchment. Sampling of alluvial soils at depth, in combination with information on sedimentological history and age of samples, may even allow to reconstruct the pollution history of the river basin. In the present study, data on alluvial soils contaminated by a major pollution source were analyzed, with special attention for these soils as an archive for information on the pollution history of a river/river catchment, and on the postdepositional downward migration of metal(loid)s in the alluvial soils. Besides the lateral variation of soil properties and metal(loid) concentrations in the alluvial soils, the vertical distribution of metal(loid)s in soil profiles, as well as the evolution of soil composition in relation to the distance from the river, was addressed. The postdepositional mobilization of Cd was evaluated in a fine-scale sampled alluvial soil core, by comparing data from 137Cs dating with data about the Cd emissions through time and by using leaching tests to calculate the downward migration of Cd. A substantial amount of Cd could leach from superficial to deeper soil layers. Therefore, the low-resolution (cm-scale) sampling of the alluvial soil was not reliable to reconstruct the pollution history of the river catchment, because the elevated chloride-concentrations in the river water increased the downward leaching of Cd through the formation of chloro-complexes. Moreover, the variability in flooding and sedimentation regimes along the river resulted in a heterogeneous composition of the alluvial soils, allowing very large differences in metal(loid) concentrations in places only a few meters apart.

本稿では，幕末の大津・太間町を対象として人口変動とその背景に関する分析を行った。太間町の人口は，文政11年(1828)の167人から減少を続けて天保10年(1839)には104人となり，その後は100～140人程度で推移した。その背景には，1830年代前半までは奉公人の減少，それ以降は借屋世帯の流動性の高さが影響していた。太間町をめぐる人口移動は主に大津市中で展開していたが，元治大火による避難とみられる京都からの転入も観察された。, 第II部 論文, Part II Articles

Dendritic cells (DCs) exhibit a specialized antigen-presenting function and play crucial roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Due to their ability to cross-present tumor cell-associated antigens to naïve T cells, DCs are instrumental in the generation of specific T-cell-mediated antitumor effector responses in the control of tumor growth and tumor cell dissemination. Within an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, DC antitumor functions can, however, be severely impaired. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of DC capture and activation by tumor cell antigens and the role of the tumor microenvironment in shaping DC functions, taking advantage of recent studies showing the phenotype acquisition, transcriptional state and functional programs revealed by scRNA-seq analysis. The therapeutic potential of DC-mediated tumor antigen sensing in priming antitumor immunity is also discussed.

Many unique ethnic enclaves have been established in Australia due to the country’s rich and diverse immigration history. Chinatown Melbourne is one of the oldest and most iconic examples that date back to the gold rush period in the 1850s. Previous studies have examined many aspects of the precinct, such as its architectural styles and demography shifts. However, there is a lack of research investigating the enclave’s urban characteristics and the consequent urban identity. This knowledge gap can lead to unfeasible heritage conservation decisions with a lack of emphasis on the precinct’s unique identity. Hence, this study aims to scrutinize the precinct’s past urban evolution and its present characteristics to better understand its heritage value and enhance future urban policies. Qualitative data are collected using archival and literature review, map analysis, and field observation. Overall, by elucidating Chinatown Melbourne’s urban characteristics and key urban movements, the study depicts the precinct’s identity, addressing elements like the main, laneway, gateway, and public space. The output of the research provides insights into how future heritage policies and initiatives can benefit from the case study in enhancing heritage protection and sustaining its urban identity. Further research is recommended to incorporate quantitative research methods and compare results with this study’s findings.

Modern populism has developed in Scandinavia since at least the 1970s, first in Norway and Denmark but more recently also in Sweden. Populist political parties have been well-established in Scandinavian Parliaments for many years. However, from a labour law perspective, the populist impact, if any, has been limited and populist discourse has primarily focused on issues such as migration and the European Union (EU), and to some extent ‘welfare tourism’. This article examines the development of populist movements in Norway and Sweden and analyses the possible impact of populist policies on national labour law. The conclusion is that Nordic industrial relations and labour market regulations, based on strong and representative trade unions and well-organized and responsible employer federations, act as a robust counterweight to populist policies on the labour market. Section 2 of the article consists of a discussion of how we understand the development of modern populism in a Norwegian and Swedish perspective. Section 3 explores the extent to which populist political ideas have directly impacted or indirectly influenced labour market regulations in the two countries. In concluding, section 4 monitors the potency of strong and well-established industrial relations as a countervailing force to populist political movements. Populist Policies, Labour Market Regulation, Scandinavia, Norway, Sweden, Resilience to Populism

The chemical safety of representative polysaccharide films made with pea starch, organocatalytic acetylated pea starch and pectin was investigated at different migration conditions (20 °C/10 days, 70 °C/2 h) using two official simulants signifying hydrophilic (simulant A, 10% ethanol) or lipophilic (simulant D1, 50% ethanol) foods. Migrating semi-volatile and non-volatile compounds were identified and semi-quantified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-trap ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TIMS-TOF-MS/MS), whereas their toxicity was evaluated by in silico models based on qualitative structure activity (QSAR). Physicochemical analysis revealed polymer wash-off into the simulants. Migration testing at 70 °C for 2 h using simulant D1 resulted in detectable concentrations of glycerol (≤72.1 mg/kg), monoacetylated maltose (≤6.5 mg/kg), and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) (≤0.5 mg/kg, compliant with the existing legislative migration limits) in samples containing acetylated starch. Migrating 3-β-galactopyranosyl glucose (≤8.9 mg/kg) and 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid (≤4.9 mg/kg) were detected at 20 °C/10 days. In-silico toxicity emphasized no significant toxicity and categorized organocatalytic acetylated pea starch of no safety concern.

What can a focus on intimacies and affinities between radical immigrants in Ireland and their Irish counterparts tell us about the transnational scope of the global Irish revolution? This article answers this question through the lives of Rose MacKenna, an Irish playwright and socialist, and her husband Sidney Arnold, a Latvian literary translator. The activist career of this obscure Irish-Latvian couple took them from revolutionary Dublin in the wake of the Easter Rising to Petrograd in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution. This article argues that MacKenna and Arnold, by virtue of their obscurity and marginality, rather than in spite of it, can suggest the sources and methodologies required to uncover the transnational world of Ireland's radical intelligentsia.

BACKGROUND: There lacks a sufficient research on the tumorigenesis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), causing that the prognosis of ccRCC was not effectively improved. Micall2 contributes to the malignancy of cancer. Moreover, Micall2 is considered a typical cell mobility-promoting factor. However, the relationship between Micall2 and ccRCC malignancy is unknown. METHODS: In this study, we first investigated the expression patterns of Micall2 in ccRCC tissues and cell lines. Next, we explored the in vitro and in vivo roles of Micall2 in ccRCC tumorigenesis based on ccRCC cell lines with different Micall2 expression and gene manipulation assays. RESULTS: Our study showed that ccRCC tissues and cell lines expressed higher level of Micall2 than paracancerous tissues and normal renal tubular epithelial cell, and Micall2 expression was overexpressed on cancerous tissue with significant metastasis and enlargement. Among three ccRCC cell lines, the expression of Micall2 was the highest in 786-O cells and the lowest in CAKI-1 cells. Moreover, 786-O cells showed the highest malignancy in vitro and in vivo (including proliferation, migration, invasion, reduced E-cadherin expression and tumorigenicity of nude mice in vivo), while CAKI-1 cells showed the contrary results. Furthermore, the upregulated Micall2 by Gene overexpression promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of ccRCC cells while the downregulated Micall2 by Gene silencing showed the opposite effect. CONCLUSION: Micall2, as a pro-tumorigenic gene marker of ccRCC, contributes the malignancy of ccRCC.

The article synthesizes literature relating to the recent development of the theory of transformative learning (TL) and societal changes using three exemplary fields of study: (1) Civic education and democratic transformations, (2) TL for sustainability and ecology, and (3) TL in the context of migration (and especially for refugees). This article contends that in the literature, TL is considered a promising answer to an urgent search for conceptual and practical tools to address the wicked problems of our time. We see, however, also the potential pitfall of TL if used as a buzzword or understood as a comprehensive reeducation program designed from above that ignores human agency and the emotional, relational, and political challenges of transformation.

During the early 17th century, Finns migrated within the Swedish kingdom from interior Finland to virgin spruce forest areas in Sweden. There they settled in finnmarker, areas with Finnish-speaking households conducting large-scale swidden cultivation, huuhta in Finnish. Eventually they were called Forest Finns. Their farms were centered around a rökstuga, a living-house with a stone-oven without a chimney.Four Forest Finn farms have been excavated. The article discusses how the Finnish households were integrated in the local and regional market economy, thus acquiring the same kind of things also used by their Swedish neighbours, including status and prestige objects, e.g. display ceramics and window glass panes. At the same time, they continued to live in their traditional rökstugor, which owing to different space, light and warmth compared to a Swedish cottage with an open fireplace, conditioned other relations between the individuals of the households. The process of change, Swedification, of the Forest Finns was not unilinear.Ethnicity is the social process of meeting between two or more groups of people forming ‘us-and-them’-relations. The early-modern Forest Finns is an example of complex change as concerns materiality involved in ethnicity, in this case triggered by the meeting of ‘the others’ as a result of migration.

The last decade has witnessed the proliferation of research articles and projects about death in a migratory context — the focus being alternatively on the body of migrants or on the creation of community through the management of death among migrants (see the thoughtful review by Lestage, 2019). This thematic issue proposes to capture a specific moment — that of death occurring abroad, within a particular space, namely the post-Soviet space — in order to understand not only how migratory flo...

Senegal hosts hundreds of wintering Eurasian Spoonbills Platalea leucorodia every year. To contribute to the paucity of knowledge on their distribution and ecology, this study aimed to compare the occurrence and behaviour of spoonbills at the three most important sites in Senegal: Djoudj National Park, Technopôle of Dakar and Palmarin Reserve. Based on monthly counts in 2017 and 2018, Djoudj reached peak numbers of more than 2500 birds in April. The number in Palmarin peaked at 500 birds in October. In both cases this well exceeds the 1% threshold for the East Atlantic Flyway population, but Djoudj can hold up to a sixth of the population. Technopôle is an intermediate site that rarely hosts more than 50 individuals. Based on the scanning of behaviours throughout the day, we show that foraging activity was high early in the morning and decreased towards noon. At Palmarin, Spoonbills spent more time resting (68%) than at Djoudj (50%), allocating less time to foraging (16%) compared with Djoudj (29%). If this indicates favourable wintering habitat at Palmarin, the growing population of Eurasian Spoonbills from Europe may increasingly rely on the Palmarin site during the coming decade.

Als der russische Angriffskrieg gegen die Ukraine am 24. Februar 2022 begann, kam es zu einer massenhaften Fluchtbewegung, u. a. nach Polen. Über die spontane Hilfsbereitschaft der polnischen Bevölkerung, die weniger von staatlichen Stellen als selbstorganisiert von Privatpersonen ausging, wurde bereits viel in den Medien berichtet. Eine derart allumfassende Unterstützung hatte die polnische Gesellschaft seit der Entstehung der Solidarność-Bewegung vor rund 40 Jahren nicht mehr erlebt. Die massenhafte Hilfsbereitschaft war Gegenstand eines Forschungsprojektes der Universität Warschau (Uniwersytet Warszawski), dessen Ergebnisse hier präsentiert werden. Die Untersuchungen zielten auf die Formen der Unterstützung, die Motivation der Helfenden, die Durchführung der Hilfsleistungen in Städten und Ortschaften unterschiedlichster Größe sowie die sich ergebenden Schwierigkeiten. Außerdem wurde gefragt, ob die Tatsache, dass es sich bei den Geflüchteten vor allem um Frauen, Kinder und alte Menschen handelte, Einfluss auf das Ausmaß und die Art und Weise der Unterstützung hatte.

Ötekileştirme süreci en temelde ben ve biz olarak algılananın dışında kalanı ifade etmektedir. Psikolojik bir benlik süreci ile başlayan bu durum, kitlesel bir forma dönüşerek biz olanla bütünleşmeyi beraberinde getirmektedir. Fakat ben ve biz dışında kalanlar ise zihinlerde sıklıkla öteki olarak kodlanmakta ve kitle psikolojisinin de devreye girmesiyle çoğunluğun azınlığı dışladığı bir durum haline dönüşmektedir. Bu sebeple öteki kavramı tarih boyunca biz ve onlar şeklinde sıklıkla ayrılarak varlığını göstermiştir. Bu karşıtlığın en önemli göstergelerinden olan Doğu-Batı ayrımı ise birinin kendini var edebilmesi için diğerine duyulan ihtiyacı en iyi şekilde örneklendirmektedir. Doğu ve Batı karşıtlığı içerisinde devam eden bu durum bir tarafta var olan yaşamların diğerini kapsamadığına işaret ederken diğer yandan bizden olmayanın bir öteki olduğunu da sıklıkla göstermektedir. Karşılıklı bir bütünleşmenin olmadığı yerde ise ayrışma ve ötekileştirme hali baş göstermektedir. Bu düzlemde çalışma, Avrupa ve Amerika basınında ötekileştirme kavramının mülteciler üzerinden nasıl ele alındığını ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada savaş sebebiyle farklı ülkelere giden Suriyeli, Afgan ve Ukraynalı mültecilere karşı yapılan haber içerikleri, içerik analizi tekniği ile incelenmiştir. Buradan hareketle çalışmada Suriye, Afganistan ve Ukrayna’dan Avrupa’ya göç eden mültecilerin Avrupa ve Amerika basınında farklı bir sunum ile ele alındığı görülmüştür., The marginalization process basically refers to the self. This situation, which starts with a psychological self process, turns into a mass form and brings with it integration with what we are. In this line the East-West dichotomy, which is one of the most important indicators of this opposition, best exemplifies the need for the other in order for one to exist. East and West are not only a geography, but they also express the way people understand and make sense of life in the world they live in. At this level, the study aims to discuss how the concept of marginalization in the world is coped with theoretically and practically through refugees, and how this issue is covered in the media. From this point of view, how the refugees migrating from Syria, Afghanistan and Ukraine are welcome and how their journey represented in the news. In the study, the news of Syria, Afghanistan and the Ukraine will be scrutinized with the content analysis technique.

Since 2016, migrants decided to settle in the community Valle de Ecatepec, State of Mexico. This phenomenon has occurred in various communities in Mexico. This article aims to analyze the social representations of the inhabitants of the Valle de Ecatepec colony about Central American migrants. It is composed of four sections: introduction; conceptual framework on social representations by Moscovici (1979); methodological framework used during the COVID-19, with a qualitative approach that describes the use and analytical procedure of the questionnaire and interview; in addition, the results that denoted discriminatory biases such as apathy and exclusion are presented., Desde 2016, personas migrantes decidieron establecerse en la comunidad Valle de Ecatepec, Estado de México. Este fenómeno se ha presentado en diversas comunidades de México. El presente artículo tiene por objetivo analizar las representaciones sociales de los habitantes de la colonia Valle de Ecatepec sobre las personas migrantes centroamericanas. Está compuesto por cuatro apartados: introducción; marco conceptual sobre las representaciones sociales de Moscovici (1979); marco metodológico empleado durante de la COVID–19, con enfoque cualitativo que describe el uso y procedimiento analítico del cuestionario y entrevista; además, se presentan los resultados que denotaron sesgos discriminatorios como apatía y exclusión.

Drawing on fieldwork among young among post-Soviet migrants in Helsinki (2014–2016) and Warsaw (2020), the article seeks an answer to the following question: what kind of work does racialisation of Eastern European migrant workers accomplish? The paper analyses young post-Soviet migrants’ position within the structures of racial capitalism in Europe, thus, shifting the focus from race as located in the body towards racialised positionings within the hierarchies of labour. I argue that following the analytical terms of racial capitalism and racial triangulation is a helpful way for thinking about the ways subjects racialised as ‘Eastern European’ are brought into the service of the capitalist order as located at a distance from both Blackness and hegemonic whiteness. In this article, I analyse the production and management of racial difference within whiteness and Europe itself for the purposes of economic exploitation. By bringing attention to the ‘peripheralised’ locations of the EU, the article highlights the workings of racialisation in the locations that tend to escape race critical analysis.

Artikkeli tarkastelee marssilaulun Vapaa Venäjä leviämistä, esityskonteksteja ja poliittisia merkityksiä 1920-luvulta toisen maailmansodan jälkeisiin vuosiin. Marssi levisi nopeasti Neuvosto-Venäjän, Suomen ja Pohjois-Amerikan välillä ja herätti eri poliittisissa ryhmissä hyvin erilaisia tunteita. Suomessa Vapaasta Venäjästä kehittyi yhtäältä kommunistisen työväestön protestin väline ja toisaalta sosiaalidemokraattien ja oikeistolaisten ärtymyksen kohde. Äänilevyjen välityksellä kappale kuitenkin murtautui ulos puhtaasti ideologisista tulkintakehyksistä ja kiinnittyi osaksi uuden suomalaisen populaarimusiikin aaltoa 1920-luvun lopussa. Hahmotan artikkelissa tätä kehitystä analysoimalla aikalaislehdistön kirjoittelua ja muistitietoa. Erittelen Vapaan Venäjän poliittisia merkityksiä myös vertaamalla sitä muihin aikakauden työväenlauluihin sekä samaan sävelmään tehtyyn, Neuvostoliitossa levinneeseen Slaavittaren jäähyväiset -marssiin. This article addresses the transnational trajectory of the song Vapaa Venäjä (Free Russia) into a communist anthem and the object of fierce political dispute in the interwar period. By using writings to the press and oral history as source materials, the article sheds light on how Free Russia shaped political experiences in both Finland and Finnish America. The melody of Free Russia was borrowed from the Russian military march Farewell to Slavianka, and its lyrics described the Russian Revolution. For these reasons, and for allegedly glorifying Bolshevism, the march aroused fierce criticism in the Finnish non-communist media. However, Finnish communists adopted Free Russia as their instrument for protest and for outmatching the Social Democrats. For some workers, the performance of the song also served to express unity and future hopes as they travelled from Finland or North America to the Soviet Union. However, this article shows that after being recorded by the Columbia company in 1924, Free Russia also sold well as a gramophone record and was spread to new settings such as the intimate sphere of home. This contributed to the partial transition of the march from a strictly ideological context to that of internationally produced “Finnish” popular music., This article explores the transnational trajectory of the song Vapaa Venäjä (Free Russia) into an anthem of left-wing workers but also into a popular music piece spread by gramophone records in the interwar period. By using writings to the press and oral history as source materials, the article sheds light on how Free Russia shaped communities of experience both in Finland and among Finns in North America. Free Russia was a marching song, the melody of which was taken from the Russian march Farewell of Slavianka and the lyrics of which originated presumably among Finnish red refugees in Soviet Russia. For these reasons, and for allegedly glorifying Bolshevism, the march aroused fierce criticism in Finland. However, Free Russia also became an instrument of protest for communist workers with experiences of political oppression. For some, it even offered an experiential basis for migration from Finland or North America to the Soviet Union. However, this article shows that after being recorded by the Finnish American singer Otto Pyykkönen for the Columbia company in 1924, Free Russia also sold well as a gramophone record and was spread to new settings such as the intimate sphere of home. This contributed to the transfer of the march from a strictly ideological context to that of internationally produced “Finnish” popular music.

In December 2019, the severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 was discovered in China. The virus spread rapidly and, by March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 to be a global pandemic. Scientists expected the African continent to be among the worst affected by the sanitary emergency in terms of prevalence, incidence and mortality. This prediction was refuted by evidence, considering that Africa reported the least number of cases and deaths compared to Europe, Asia and America. The first case in Africa was registered in Egypt on February 14, 2020. By the end of 2021, the continent recorded a cumulative of 7,110,817 cases and 155,505 deaths. Nonetheless, estimates are likely to be distorted due to the lack of available data about the impact of COVID-19 and the limited documentary capacity of most African countries. There are several theories to explain why, contrary to the expected trend, Africa had the fewest COVID-19 incidences compared to other continents. Africa is characterized by a young population, which is notoriously less susceptible to COVID-19, with an average age of 19.7 years. In addition, most of the Africans (59%) live in rural areas, with few opportunities to travel or get in contact with outsiders. Moreover, governments enforced outstanding measures to contain the spread of the virus and safeguard the national economy, such as strengthening their documentary capacity and enforcing effective social safety nets. However, most of these policies have aggravated entrenched patterns of discrimination, making certain populations uniquely vulnerable. Indeed, mobility restrictions and border closures severely affected people with mobile livelihoods. In Morocco, the emergency measures compromised the resilience capacity of sub-Saharan migrants, particularly women and girls. To study the phenomenon of African migration to Morocco, we conducted fieldwork research from October to December 2021, interrupted by the closure of the kingdom's borders, and continued remotely thanks to key informants.

This research examined the effect of Jordan's humanitarian diplomacy strategy for Syrian refugees on its foreign policy and attempted to determine whether the strategy is financially sustainable. Humanitarian diplomacy is persuading decision-makers and leaders worldwide to act at all times and in all circumstances in the best interest of vulnerable populations by completely respecting fundamental humanitarian principles. Jordan has allowed many Syrian refugees to cross over and settle in Jordan. This study used a qualitative systematic literature review and quantitative data from the UNHCR to determine the effect of the strategy on Jordan’s foreign policy and whether the strategy could be sustained. The findings showed that Jordan’s stature in terms of its foreign policy has grown, leading to bilateral agreements and participation in international negotiations. However, its humanitarian strategy may not be sustainable with the current level of funding. The funding from foreign countries and international organizations has been insufficient to support the growing number of Syrian refugees in Jordan. The literature on this topic is limited, and comprehensive quantitative research is recommended to determine the future effect of the strategy on health care and education for Syrian refugees in Jordan.

Reproduction represents the most energetically demanding period of life for many organisms. Capital breeders, such as anadromous sea trout (Salmo trutta), provide a particularly interesting group of organisms to study within the context of reproduction because they rely on energy stores accrued before breeding to reproduce and sustain all phenotypic and behavioral changes related to reproduction. Energy allocation into current reproduction therefore cannot be mitigated via food intake, resulting in an important life history trade-off. For this reason, exploring indexes related to energetics in salmonids can provide powerful insights into the physiological costs of reproduction. In this study, we sampled blood from and PIT tagged 232 fish captured in the wild before the spawning season. We recaptured and resampled 74 individuals (53 females and 21 males) at the end of the spawning season. Females were further divided into spawning phases (nonspawned, partially spawned, and spawned individuals), though males could not be classified as such. We compared nutritional correlates (triglycerides, cholesterol, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and total protein), stress correlates (cortisol, sodium, potassium, chloride, and glucose), and indexes of tissue damage (aspartate aminotransferase) between initial capture and recapture as well as among spawning phases in females. We found that nutritional status decreased in all fish throughout the spawning season but that it was substantially lower in females that had spawned. We further found that spawning itself appears stressful, with elevated glucose in partially spawned females and elevated cortisol in male sea trout at recapture. Our findings thus support the idea that the cost of reproduction is energetically high and that incurred stress and a decrease in nutritional status are important physiological costs.

Este artículo analiza la recepción de la antología Spanish Fever: Stories by the New Spanish Cartoonists (Fantagraphics, 2016) en Estados Unidos a través de las críticas especializadas y de lectores, los premios recibidos y la trayectoria posterior de los treinta autores y autoras españoles que participaron en ella. También sitúa la obra en el contexto histórico-cultural de intercambios entre creadores, industrias y tradiciones tebeísticas entre Estados Unidos y España, reflexionando sobre el carácter migrante del medio del cómic, potenciado por la globalización., This article analyzes the reception of the anthology Spanish Fever: Stories by the New Spanish Cartoonists (Fantagraphics, 2016) in United States by focusing on reviews made by comics specialists and readers, awards received and the ulterior career of the thirty Spanish authors included in the volume. It also situates the anthology in a historic and cultural context marked by exchanges between creators, industries and comics traditions between United States and Spain, and reflects about the migrant character of the medium, fostered by globalization.

El derecho a la salud ha sido reconocido por la OMS como el derecho fundamental por el que se debe garantizar un acceso oportuno, aceptable y asequible a unos servicios de salud de calidad adecuada. La puesta en marcha de inadecuadas o deficientes políticas sanitarias, sin embargo, han dado lugar a sistemas sanitarios ineficientes que han limitado en el acceso a las instituciones a determinados individuos y colectivos en situación de especial vulnerabilidad, como es el caso de los migrantes. A pesar de la puesta en marcha de nuevas políticas para combatir las desigualdades en materia sanitaria, la llegada de la pandemia de la COVID-19 ha supuesto un retroceso en la humanización asistencial con un aislamiento forzado de los servicios sanitarios y la obligación de reorganizar los recursos disponibles. En este contexto de pandemia mundial, nuevas creaciones dentro de la medicina gráfica estadounidense y española han llevado más allá de las fronteras físicas y digitales su papel como instrumento esencial para alzar la voz frente a estas desigualdades con el fin de continuar construyendo una sanidad más humana, accesible y disponible para todos por igual., The right to health has been recognized as one of the fundamental rights by the WHO, which entails a legal obligation to ensure access to timely, acceptable, and affordable health care. The implementation of inadequate or deficient health policies, however, has led to inefficient health care systems and to access restrictions to their services for specific groups such as immigrants. Even though some governments have been adopting new measures to reduce these health inequities, the COVID-19 pan-demic has haltered this process, especially with the isolation of the health services and the need to reorganize all the available resources. In the context of such global pandemic, new contributions to the field of the Graphic Medicine both in the Uni-ted States and Spain have moved beyond the physical and digital borders to raise awareness about these inequities so as to keep the process of shaping a more human, accessible and available health care for everyone.

When Barcelona became the industrial center of the Iberian Peninsula in the second half of the 19th century, it began to attract thousands of people searching for work. The integration of working migrants in Barcelona was rather successful until the beginning of the First World War. This process was facilitated by the fact that most of the people who came to Barcelona in search for work at that time originated from Catalonia or other Catalan-speaking areas and shared the same language and the same local traditions. The situation changed dramatically in the interwar period, when the percentage of migrants coming from other parts of Spain and from abroad grew significantly. Due to rising Catalan nationalism and the high rate of unemployment caused by the Great Depression, attitudes toward foreigners and other minorities in Barcelona turned hostile. This process was also reflected in the stereotypical depictions created by the local press. This paper examines three minorities in Barcelona: “gypsies,” internal migrants, and foreigners. It elaborates on the questions of how “the other” was perceived in Barcelona before the Civil War and which prejudices were established.

International audience; This article follows the activities of two initiatives seeking to improve living conditions of migrants in Germany. In their attempts to foster collective livability, both rely on ingenious assemblages of food, people, material objects, and their individual and collective affordances. Central in these assemblages are technological solutions the initiatives have devised to overcome the obstacles newcomers face: One uses food bikes that bypass social, physical, and bureaucratic hurdles, whereas the other employs a shipping container with a built-in kitchen that travels across Germany, leaving behind communities that cook together. We explore how material agencies operate and matter in the pursuance of convivial contexts that favor social inclusion, the latter seen as an ongoing socio-material accomplishment constituted as human and nonhuman actors interact in the world.

Der vorliegende Beitrag rekonstruiert anhand ethnografischer Feldprotokolle die Bedingungen, unter denen sich hybride Praktiken der Alltagsbewältigung junger Geflüchteter unter Beteiligung digitaler Medien vollziehen. Anhand dreier ethnografischer Situationen werden exemplarisch Formen der Alltagsbewältigung zwischen informellen, non-formalen und formalen Arrangements herausgearbeitet. Die Entfaltung vielfach zugeschriebener Potenziale digitaler Medien erweist sich dabei als voraussetzungsvoll und erfordert diverse Einordnungs- und Transferleistungen, die sich vor dem Hintergrund der fluchtmigrationsspezifischen Situation als besondere Herausforderungen erweisen. Die Komplexität hybrider Praktiken und Arrangements, die Kontingenz von Bewältigungsgelingen und die Bedeutung institutionalisierten Verbindungskapitals werden dabei deutlich. So ist die Vermittlung zwischen den Optionalitäten digitaler Medien und den Voraussetzungen der Akteur*innen in den jeweiligen durch Hybridität geprägten Situationen besonders bedeutsam. This article uses ethnographic field protocols to reconstruct the conditions under which hybrid practices involving digital media take place in the everyday lives of young refugees and what significance they have for coping with everyday life. Based on three exemplary ethnographic situations, forms of coping with everyday life between informal, non-formal and formal arrangements are presented. The unfolding of the assumed potentials of digital media proves to be preconditional and requires diverse integration and transfer activities which pose special challenges on the background of the specific situation as a refugee. The complexity of hybrid practices and arrangements, the contingency of coping and the importance of institutionalized linking capital thus become clear. Thus, mediation between the optionality of digital media and the preconditions of the actors in the respective situation characterized by hybridity is highly significant.

La presente investigación aborda el proceso de inserción en el circuito cultural de Cuba de la artista cubanoamericana Nereida García Ferraz al retornar a su país de origen. La metodología implementada es multidisciplinar, discurre en campos de la sociología, historia, semiótica y la recepción para investigar con mayor énfasis su exposición personal en Casa de las Américas, Marcando el tiempo(2017), al considerarse este hecho artístico un paso contundente en el proceso de inserción de la artista por contener, circular y socializar su obra. Gran parte de las obras son autorreferenciales, reflexionan sobre la experiencia traumática del proceso migratorio de la artista y sobre su identidad híbrida. Su producción artística, a pesar de ser expuesta en un escenario de proyección nacional e internacional, no se encuentra abordada en ningún artículo en prensa y revistas nacionales. This research addresses the process of insertion in the Cuban cultural circuit of the Cuban-American artist Nereida García Ferraz upon her return to her country of origin. The methodology implemented is multidisciplinary, it runs in fields of sociology, history, semiotics and reception to investigate with greater emphasis her personal exhibition in Casa de las Américas, Marcando el tiempo(2017), as this artistic fact is considered a forceful step in the process of insertion of the artist for containing, circulating and socializing her work. Most of the works are self-referential, reflecting on the traumatic experience of the artist's migratory process and on her hybrid identity. His artistic production, in spite of being exhibited on a national and international stage, is not addressed in any article in the national press and magazines.

The global population of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is rapidly declining, and migration barriers in rivers are believed to be one of several key causes. While progress has been made in the development of bypass solutions, they are often constructed based on a limited knowledge of swimming behaviour. A bypass close to the stream bed is often recommended at fish passage facilities to accommodate downstream eel migration. The results of this recommendation are poorly studied, and the few studies that exist show varying bypass efficiencies. The current study used acoustic telemetry with depth sensors to explore the three-dimensional migratory behaviour of downstream-migrating silver eels. The eels were tracked as they approached a hydropower plant with a state-of-the-art angled bar rack and full-depth bypass. Downstream and upstream swimming differed in preferred vertical and lateral positions. During periods of local downstream movement, the density of observations was largest in the upper middle section, away from the river boundaries and in higher velocities. Conversely, when moving upstream, eels tended to avoid the upper layers of the middle part of the river, swimming closer to the riverbed and using the bank areas to a greater extent. Downstream-moving fish swam higher in the water column during night and in turbid conditions (high discharge). When approaching the impassable bar rack and the full-depth bypass, the eels searched most intensely but not exclusively along the bottom third of the rack, often exploring at new depths after changing direction. The impediment passage efficiency was 100% when both bypass solutions were considered. The study provides knowledge of the swimming behaviour of silver eels, which is relevant for the design of bypass solutions for eels at migration barriers.

Uluslararası göçler hem sebepleri hem de neden olduğu sonuçlar bakımından medyanın gündemini belirlemektedir. Medya gündemi ise, halkın bakış açısını biçimlendirmektedir. Çünkü medya -özellikle seçtiği temsiller ile- toplumsal gerçekliği tekrar inşa edebilme gücüne sahiptir. Bu sebeple de ülkemize son yıllarda yoğun bir şekilde gerçekleştirilen Suriyeli, Afgan ve Ukraynalı göçlerinin basında nasıl sunuldukları giderek önem kazanmıştır. Bu noktadan hareketle bu çalışmada, Suriyeli, Afgan ve Ukraynalı göçlerinin Türkiye’deki ana akım medya dışında kalan gazetelerde nasıl sunulduklarını incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, Yeni Akit, BirGün ve Habertürk gazetelerinde 06.05.2022-06.06.2022 tarihleri arasında yayımlanmış olan konuyla ilgili tüm haber metinleri ve köşe yazıları incelenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında toplam 173 haber, içerik analizi yöntemi ile ele alınmıştır. Haberlerde, haber aktörlerinin nasıl temsil edildikleri, haber temaları ve alt temalarının neler olduğunun belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Toplanan veriler SPSS programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma sonunda, haberlerin en çok, “Duyulan Rahatsızlıkla İlgili İçerikler” ve “Siyasi İçerikler” temaları ile verilmiş oldukları tespit edilmiştir., International migrations determine the agenda of the media in terms of their causes and consequences. The media agenda, on the other hand, shapes the public's point of view. Because the media has the power to reconstruct social reality, especially with the representations it chooses. Therefore, it has become increasingly important how the Syrian, Afghan and Ukrainian migrations, which have been intensely carried out to our country in recent years, are presented in the press. Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to examine how Syrian, Afghan and Ukrainian immigrants are presented in newspapers outside the mainstream media in Turkey. For this purpose, all news texts and columns on the subject published in Yeni Akit, BirGün and Habertürk Newspapers between 06.05.2022-06.06.2022 were examined. Within the scope of the study, a total of 173 news articles were analyzed by content analysis method. In the news, it is aimed to determine how the news actors are represented, what the news themes and sub-themes are. The collected data were analyzed with the SPSS. At the end of the study, it was determined that the news was mostly given with the themes of "Contents Related to Discomfort” and "Political Content”.

Transnational relationships are defined as those between actors located in different national spaces, that is, relationships that are built beyond borders. It is the case of grandparents and grandchildren, who through migration see themselves in a distance relationship between two countries, thus one can speak of a transnational relationship that seeks an affective connection between two countries, two cultures, played out between grandparents and grandchildren. These transnational relationships will link grandchildren to family traditions, stories and values in and from the culture of origin. Despite the migration by parents and children, apparently distancing generations, this distance does not seem to totally prevent the inter-family cultural transmission of social values, mainly due to grandparents, who function as a kind of cultural root in the family and in contemporary society. In this context, the general objective of this study was to understand the transnational relationship between grandparents who remained in the country of origin and their migrant grandchildren. A qualitative research was carried out with twelve participants, that is, four grandparents, who remained in Brazil; four mothers, who migrated to Switzerland with their children; and four grandchildren, from different Brazilian States who migrated to Switzerland. The instruments used were a biosociodemographic questionnaire, a life history interview and semi-structured interviews. Results point out that their transnational relationship presents itself in singular and special ways, through created opportunities by those involved.

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie stanu badań nad emigracją Polaków i Polonii oraz wskazanie na nowe ujęcie metodologiczne polskich migracji do Afryki, która to tematyka dotychczas nie spotkała się z wyczerpującym opracowaniem w literaturze przedmiotu. Zadaniem materiału stało się ukazanie procesów migracyjnych mieszkańców ziem polskich na Czarny Ląd, a następnie przedstawienie kształtowania się tam skupisk polskich i polonijnych w XIX i XX w. W związku z tym, że społeczności polskie i polonijne powstawały tam i zanikały, należy posiłkować się innymi narzędziami i technikami badań aniżeli na pozostałych kontynentach świata. W odniesieniu do wysuniętych paradygmatów badawczych, które należałoby w najbliższym czasie podjąć w zakresie opracowania polskich migracji na Czarny Ląd, znalazłyby się następujące postulaty: opracowanie migracji polskich do Afryki Środkowej; scharakteryzowanie potencjału polskich specjalistów i kadr naukowo-technicznych wysyłanych na Czarny Ląd w okresie PRL-u; określenie roli społeczności polonijnych przybywających z krajów zachodnich na Czarny Ląd; ukazanie migracji obywateli polskich na kontynent afrykański po 1989 r.; przygotowanie całościowej monograficznej rozprawy odtwarzającej dzieje polskiej diaspory w Afryce. Opracowania takie umożliwią podjęcie kolejnych metodologicznych badań w zakresie określenia struktury społecznej Polonii, relacji zachodzących między Polonią a społecznościami miejscowymi, używaniem języka polskiego w nowych miejscach osiedlenia, pozycją ekonomiczno-finansową diaspory czy ukazania dokonujących się procesów związanych z adaptacją, akulturacją i asymilacją. The article presents the state of research on the emigration of Poles and on the Polish diaspora (Polonia), indicating a new methodological approach to Polish migration to Africa – a topic that has not been exhaustively researched. The author strives to present migration processes from Poland to the African continent. Also, the 19th and 20th-century formation of Polish and Polonia groups are presented. Due to the fact that Polish and Polonia communities emerged and vanished, different research tools and methodology should be applied in contrast to other continents. As regards the postulated research paradigms in relation to Polish emigration to Africa, the following should be considered: research on Polish migration to Central Africa, characterization of the potential of Polish specialists and academic-technical staff dispatched to Africa in the era of the Polish People’s Republic, specification of the role of Polonia communities in Africa who came from the West, migration of Poles to Africa after 1989, and writing a comprehensive monograph on the history of Polish diaspora in Africa. Research like this will enable further methodological studies on the social structure of Polonia, relations between those Poles and local communities, the use of Polish in new areas of settlement, the economic status of the diaspora, or presentation of processes of adaptation, acculturation and assimilation.

Postcolonial fiction and trauma are almost coalesced into one another as a result of the nature of postcolonial cultural condition. Trauma emerges as one of the most important and inevitable themes in postcolonial novels written, in particular, by the British authors of colonial origin. In Brick Lane, Monica Ali portrays the tragic destiny of Nazneen, a young Bangladeshi woman, forced into an arranged marriage, when she is eighteen, to a Bangladeshi man in his forties living in London. It is a story of trauma, migration and adultery. After her mother’s suicide, Nazneen’s father arranges her marriage to Chanu and sends her away from home to the Imperial centre. As a postcolonial Bangladeshi immigrant, Nazneen not only suffers from the trauma of her deceased mother but also from the trauma of her arranged marriage that results in the birth of a son who dies when he is only a few months old. In addition to her personal breakdown after a series of tragic events, she inevitably undergoes cultural clashes. This study discusses Nazneen’s traumatic background and her postcolonial identity and questions whether or not her tragic situation stems from the postcolonial cultural condition., Sömürgecilik sonrası edebiyat ve travma, sömürgecilik sonrası kültürel durumun kaçınılmaz bir sonucu olarak, neredeyse birbiriyle iç içe girmiş durumdadır. Travma, özellikle sömürge kökenli Britanyalı yazarlar tarafından yazılan sömürgecilik sonrası romanların en önemli tematik ögelerinden biri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Brick Lane romanında Monica Ali, daha on sekiz yaşındayken, Londra’da yaşayan, kırklı yaşlarındaki Chanu ile görücü usulü ile evliliğe zorlanan Nazneen’in trajik öyküsünü anlatır. Bu bir travma, göç ve evlilik dışı ilişki öyküsüdür. Annesinin intiharından sonra Nazneen’in babası Chanu’yla görücü usulü ile evlenmesini ister ve onu Londra’ya, imparatorluğun merkezine gönderir. Sömürgecilik sonrası bir Bangladeşli göçmen olarak Nezneen sadece ölen annesinin travmasını değil, zorla evlendirilmesinin ve bu evlilikten doğan ve daha iki aylıkken ölen bebeğinin travmasını da yaşamaktadır. Art arda gelen trajik olayların yarattığı ruhsal çöküşün yanı sıra, kaçınılmaz kültürel çatışmaların da içine düşer. Bu çalışma Nazneen’in travmatik geçmişiyle birlikte onun sömürgecilik sonrası kültürel kimliğini analiz etmekte, trajik olayların ve travmaların sömürgecilik sonrası kültürel durumun bir sonucu olup olmadığını sorgulamaktadır.

The article devotes to the topic of migration from Ukraine. Currently the massive flow of emigrants from Ukraine can be observed, which was caused by the Russian aggression. Definitely, it will influence the Ukrainian economy. In the article the tendencies of emigration from Ukraine since the year 2000 and the current flow and problems are analyzed. The main consequences of emigration in the current conditions are evaluated. It is mentioned that the influence of migration can have a long-lasting effect on the economy of the country. It is obvious that it is important to return people to Ukraine and to take special measures on the governmental and municipal levels. The methodology of econometric analysis is used to analyze the influence of factors on the migration in the country in the pre-war period. It is obvious that the main reason for emigration nowadays is the war in the country, and the decision of people to return will be influenced by the safety in the country, social conditions and the state of economy. It is crucial to define the economic factors, which will influence the decision of people for migration or returning to Ukraine. It is noted that employment and income, economic growth and perspectives of reconstruction and development of the country are important. JEL classification: F66, J61, Статтю присвячено проблемам і сучасним тенденціям міграції з України. Нині відбувається масовий потік емігрантів з України, спричинений військовою агресією росії. У статті проаналізовано тенденції еміграції з України з 2000 року та хвилю еміграції з України, спричинену війною. Міграційні процеси негативно впливають на економіку України. Розглянуто основні можливі їх наслідки. Очевидною є необхідність повернення мігрантів і застосування спеціальних програм на державному та муніципальному рівнях. Для дослідження впливу економічних чинників на міграцію було використано інструментарій економетричного моделювання. Виявлено чинники, які впливали на рішення населення мігрувати і які, відповідно, можуть мати потенційний вплив на бажання повернутися. Очевидно, що основною причиною міграції на сьогодні є війна, і рішення про повернення додому люди прийматимуть з огляду на безпеку в країні, наявність соціальної інфраструктури, житла, стан економіки. Важливо визначити економічні чинники, які можуть вплинути на подальші рішення емігрувати чи повертатися додому. Наголошено, що економічні чинники можуть зумовити іншу хвилю економічної міграції, якій треба запобігти. Виявлено, що рівень безробіття, доходи населення, перспективи економічного зростання, відбудови економіки є важливими для повернення мігрантів.Проведений аналіз може бути використаний для оцінювання сучасного стану міграційних процесів з України та визначення напрямів державної політики для повернення мігрантів. Подальші дослідження варто сконцентрувати на пошуку можливих галузей для створення робочих місць, на аналізі шляхів відновлення економіки країни та програм повернення мігрантів. JEL classification: F66, J61

The increasing flow of immigrants into Europe over the last decade has generated a range of considerations in the policy agenda of many receiving countries. One of the main considerations for policymakers and public opinion alike is whether immigrants contribute their ‘fair’ share to their host country's tax and welfare system. In this paper, we assess the net fiscal impact of intra-EU and extra-EU migration in 27 European Union (EU) Member States. We find that migrants in the EU, on average, contribute more than natives to welfare states. However, when we take an age-specific life-cycle perspective, we find that natives generally show a higher net fiscal contribution than both groups of migrants. Among migrants, extra-EU migrants contribute less than intra-EU migrants. We then use a demographic microsimulation model to project the potential net fiscal impact of migration in the EU into the future. We show that despite the fact that intra-EU migration contributes to reduce the strong negative impact of population ageing, its contribution is not sufficient to offset the negative fiscal consequences.