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Chapter 24 of the book "2003 ASHRAE HANDBOOK: Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Applications" is presented. It discusses some of the standard requirements for air conditioning of facilities that manufacture finished wood products, pulp, and paper. It also features the factors to be considered in general wood product and pulp and paper operations.

This article focuses on the steps to research a paper in gerontology. Research and writing can be intimidating to many students, especially in a field such as gerontology, which is a new subject to most. But research and writing needn't be frightening. Doing the background research for a term paper in gerontology is more than writing a paper itself. The key is not to work harder but to work smarter. By building on other people's work, and giving credit to them where credit is due, one save his time and devote his best efforts to expressing what they really have to say. The process is the same as the one that takes place in science. At every stage in the research process, they need to ask themselves, What is the question one is asking? (What information am I trying to find?) One don't ask this question only once. For example, suppose a person are trying to find out what percentage of people are retired at ages 60 and 70. At first, the question may seem simple.

Information on the U.S. paper money from a chapter of the book "The Study of Money: American Coins and Bills," is presented. The U.S. paper money is also known as Federal Reserve Notes. It is printed in one, two, five, 10, 20, 50 and 100 denominations. The pictures on observe and reverse sides of each U.S. dollar bill denomination are described.

Chapter 4 of the book "The Global Financial System 1750-2000" is presented. It explores the inconvertible paper monetary standards in the 1930s and the history of passing experimentations with inconvertible paper standards that stretched back to the 18th century. It highlights the experiments of paper money, where Massachusetts paper money is the legal tender for paying debts and taxes. It adds that when paper standards become universal, the gold remains a concealed prop to monetary discipline.

The article offers step-by-step instructions for making a paper angel using South American parchment art.

Photographs of several stock and bond certificates and paper moneys from the twentieth century including the Titanic Stock Certificate, Chinese Bond, and Scottish Pound Note are presented.

The article focuses on system identification and modeling in paper industry. A system identification tool would be useful in the analysis of many human-made and naturally occurring systems. An example of such a human-made system is a common pulp digester found in the pulp and paper industry. A simplified description of a pulp digester is a tank in which wood chips enter the top while the pulp, the raw material of paper, exits the bottom. The system response in this research effort is concerned with the height of the chip mixture in the digester, known as the digester level. It is desired to keep this level as constant as possible.

Discusses the recycling of paper in the U.S. Benefits of recycling paper; Origin of fiberglass; Uses for recycled paper materials; Information on Paper Services Limited.

This chapter of the fifth book of the New Principles of Political Economy, Of Money, discusses several aspects of paper money. What distinguishes paper money fundamentally from bank notes is that the circulation of the former is by fiat, while that of the latter is voluntary. All paper in forced circulation must be regarded as paper money, though it be cashed on demand, since such a payment is really illusory from the moment that the forced acceptance of such paper was seen as necessary, and it was declared by law as equivalent specie. Every new issue of paper money renders superfluous an equal quantity of specie, until all specie has been driven from the country. Furthermore, the circulation of paper money is always equivalent to a general bankruptcy.

This chapter of the fifth book of the New Principles of Political Economy, Of Money, discusses the crises which convert bank notes into paper money. The safety of every type of property demands that the ever so smooth transition from bank notes to paper money, and the sophisms that are used to justify this change, be subjected to the most severe examination. The money of a country has a determinate relation to the wealth of that country, and to the activity with which its wealth circulates. The theory of the equation of the currency with commodities had already been expounded by Adam Smith, with a degree of clarity that seemed to leave no further doubt.

The article offers step-by-step instructions for marbling a paper.

The article offers step-by-step instructions for making plant papers.

The article offers step-by-step instructions for making recycled papers.

Chapter 6 of the book "Your Limited Liability Company" is presented. It focuses on the steps necessary to document a paper meeting of the limited liability company (LLC) members and/or managers. It is said that the paper meeting procedure works best for family LLCs or for LLCs with only a few managers or members.

Chapter 7 of the book "Corporate Records Handbook," is presented. It discusses various aspects associated with paper meetings in the U.S. It offers information on steps necessary to document a paper meeting of directors or shareholders. This chapter demonstrates that a paper meeting is held on paper to approve an amendment to increase the authorized voting shares of the corporation.

Chapter 11 of the book "Everybody's Guide to Small Claims Court" is presented. It discusses how one can serve the papers while filing a suit and to whom and where these can be served. As stated all defendants on the plaintiff's claim must be served. Usually the papers must be served in the state where one filed the lawsuit except in the cases involving motor vehicle accidents. For serving papers to an individual defendant one should know where the defendant is.

Chapter 10 of the book "Everybody's Guide to Small Claims Court" is presented. It offers information on several details related to filing a suit which includes the filing fees, court papers and court dates. As stated, a very moderate fees is charged for a case in small claims court usually not more than 50 dollars. In most states there is no need for a defendant to file any papers in small claims court to defend a case unless the defendant wants the case to be transferred to formal court.

Chapter 9 of the book "Chapter 13 Bankruptcy: Keep Your Property and Repay Debts Over Time" is presented. It discusses how to file bankruptcy papers and gather the necessary documents required to file a Chapter 13 bankruptcy case. It is stated that along with the bankruptcy forms, debtors have to file Exhibit D explaining their credit counseling status, recent tax return papers or a transcript of the return, and wage stubs for the last 60 days.

Chapter 11 of the book "Everybody's Guide to Small Claims Court," is presented. It explores various aspects of serving papers in a small claims court including who is to be served and where the papers can be served. It mentions various ways to serve an individual through personal service, certified mail and regular first-class mail. Further serving papers on a business and government agency and the time limit in which the plaintiff's claim must be served are mentioned.

Chapter 10 of the book "Everybody's Guide to Small Claims Court," is presented. It explores various aspects of filing lawsuits in small claims court which includes plaintiff's and defendant's filing fees, court papers and court dates. It mentions filling out of plaintiff's, filing papers with small claims court clerk, supply documentary evidence and getting the court hearing date. Further, the defendant's forms, jury trials and change of a court date is mentioned.

The history of test is looked at for IC Test to put in context the papers that are being highlighted at DATE. This paper focuses on the path that led to the adoption of structural test. ATE related historical aspects are not mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fluorescence spectra of historical and model paper samples, previously irradiated with the laser beam at wavelengths of 1,064, 532, 355, and 266 nm, are recorded under excitation at 266 nm, and the nonirradiated samples are used for reference. The spectral profiles obtained for the laser-treated model papers made of cotton and/or linen only reveal differences compared to the reference ones. After irradiation at 532 and 1,064 nm, a decrease of the band intensities of the entire spectral profile is observed. In contrary, the UV irradiation at 355nm of the same samples results in the increase of bands centered at 341 and 370nm compared to the visible region only. Prolonged treatment at 266nm results in the marked increase of band intensities in the visible region and corresponds to the independently observed yellowing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main constituents of textiles, paper and parchment are proteins and polysaccharides. These organic matters are particularly sensitive to damage such as spotting, dimensional deformations, depolymerisation, and offer a surface particularly suitable towards the deposition of various materials. In the case of the paper and parchment cleaning, traditional techniques are well known, as well as the risk to make halos and shades when using the mechanical action of a scalpel or solvent mixtures to thin the spots. For textile artefacts the need to remove dust, spots, and mud residues is a duty though this action is quite difficult with traditional methods because the dense weft and warp structure does not allow a complete cleaning, without a minor damage of the artwork. The authors set up a research program to verify the possibility and the results of an Er:YAG laser equipment, emitting at 2,940 nm, following the results achieved previously in OPD on the treatment of organic materials (LACONA IV proceedings). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When performing quality inspection of recycled paper one phenomenon of concern is the appearance of macroscopic undulations on the paper sheet surface that may emerge shortly or some time after its production. In this paper we explore the detection and measurement of this defect by means of computer vision and statistical pattern recognition techniques that may allow early detection at the production site. We propose features computed from Gabor Filter Banks (GFB) and Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWT) for the characterization of paper sheet surface bumpiness in recycled paper images. The lack of a precise definition of the defect and the great variability of the sheet deformation shapes and scales, both within each image and between images, introduce additional difficulties to the problem. We obtain, with both proposed modeling approaches (GFB and DWT), classification accuracies are comparable to the agreement between human observers. The best performance is obtained using DWT features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 6 of the book "Your Limited Liability Company" is presented. It discusses how to hold a paper meeting at a limited liability company (LLC). It states that at a paper meeting, members or managers of a company don't actually get together, and they arrive at decisions by signing an approval of minutes form. It is stated that each member or manager who will participate in the meeting has to sign a written Waiver of Notice of Meeting form.

Chapter 7 of the book "Corporate Records Handbook" is presented. It focuses on holding a paper meeting of directors or shareholders. It informs that a paper meeting procedure allows corporate principals to elect officers and conduct other routine corporate business without going through the motions of holding a meeting.

Chapter 11 of the book "How to Cheat in Photoshop CS3," by Steve Caplin is presented. It highlights on paper and fabric in relation to Photoshop. It is stated paper and fabric are floppy, malleable substances that bend, crease and crumple. It's getting the creases and wrinkles right that's the key to making paper look like it's really made of paper, and that includes banknotes as well as letters and documents.

This chapter describes the development and structure of the NAPAP model and compares it to other forest sector models. The NAPAP model was based on PELPS and adapted to describe paper and paperboard product demand, pulpwood and recovered paper supply, and production capacity and technology, with spatially dynamic market equilibria. We describe how the model predicts paper and paperboard product demands and trade flows over time, concurrently with regional capacity changes and corresponding shifts in process technology based on Tobin's q theory of capital investment. We describe how the model was tested and calibrated and then provide examples of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 15 of the book "Painter X for Photographers: Creating painterly images step by step," by Martin Addison is presented. It presents the papers used in the Corel Painter X program for printing the digital images. Several images of the cited papers are also presented, including wild, relief and paper textures.

In this paper we review two well-known citation methods to find relatedness between scientific papers: co-citation and bibliographic coupling. We propose a practical method to estimate the co-citation relatedness using the Google search engine. We call this method Web co-citation. We conducted experiments on a collection of scientific papers to compare the performances of different methods. The experimental results show that our approach, despite its simplicity, is efficient in discovering the relatedness between scientific papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with a multi-resolution tool for screening paper formation variations in various frequency regions on production line. A paper web is illuminated by two red diode lasers and the reflected light recorded as two time series of high resolution measurements constitute the input signal to the papermaking process monitoring system. The time series are divided into blocks and each block is analyzed separately. The task is treated as kernel based novelty detection applied to a multi-resolution time series representation obtained from the band-pass filtering of the Fourier power spectrum of the series. The frequency content of each frequency region is characterized by a feature vector, which is transformed using the canonical correlation analysis and then categorized into the inlier or outlier class by the novelty detector. The ratio of outlying data points, significantly exceeding the predetermined value, indicates abnormalities in the paper formation. The tools developed are used for online paper formation monitoring in a paper mill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MIMO systems are of interest to meet the expected demand for higher data rates and lower delays in future wireless systems. In addition, multi-carrier systems are of interest to combat frequency-selective fading experienced over the larger bandwidth these future broadband systems will use. The introduction of these spatial and frequency resources adds extra dimensions and complexity for any scheduling algorithm in a multiuser system. In this paper, we investigate scheduling through utility functions implemented via genetic algorithms in order to reduce complexity. This paper extends our prior work for a single-carrier MIMO system using dirty paper coding to the multi-carrier case. Here, the users that are scheduled, the order they are encoded in, and the subcarrier frequencies they are assigned to will all affect the performance of the scheduling algorithm. We demonstrate that the genetic algorithm is still able to achieve a similar near-optimal performance relative to an exhaustive search with the same relative reduction in complexity. Additionally, with the use of OFDM, an increase in capacity is seen relative to the single-carrier case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel application of a semantic annotation system, named Cerno, to analyze research publications in electronic format. Specifically, we address the problem of providing automatic support for authors who need to deal with large volumes of research documents. To this end, we have developed Biblio, a user-friendly tool based on Cerno. The tool directs the user's attention to the most important elements of the papers and provides assistance by generating automatically a list of references and an annotated bibliography given a collection of published research articles. The tool performance has been evaluated on a set of papers and preliminary evaluation results are promising. The backend of Biblio uses a standard relational database to store the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some of the most interesting developments within computer system design in recent years have emerged from an exploration of the ways everyday objects and artefacts can be augmented with computational resources. Often under the rubric of "ubiquitous computing", research programmes in Europe, North America and Japan have directed substantial funding towards these initiatives, and leading industrial and academic research laboratories have developed a diverse range of ubiquitous computing "solutions". These developments mark an important shift in system design, a shift that is having a corresponding impact on social science research. Surprisingly though, given the growing commitment to the ubiquitous and the tangible, there is a mundane, even humble artefact that pervades our ordinary lives that has received less attention than one might imagine. This artefact is paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to explore new metaphors for interaction design on tabletop system. Tabletop systems are shared horizontal surface for co-located collaboration, which leads to original problems when designing interactions. We propose two metaphors based on the paper: the peeling metaphor, and the slot metaphor, and then suggest a way of using them to design new interactions for solving some of the problems of tabletop systems: documents organization, documents transmission and documents duplication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information on paper used in printmaking from the book "Etching and Photopolymer Intaglio Techniques" is presented. Mould-made paper is the most useful for printmaking and has the same ingredients as handmade paper which makes it less expensive. Paper comes in different shades of white such as off-white, grey, and buff, including colors. Paper that can be used for etching are tissue paper, blotting paper, Japanese paper, water-leaf paper, cartridge paper, newsprint paper, and cards or boards.

In this tutorial paper we summarise the key features of the multi-threaded Qu-Prolog language for implementing multi-threaded communicating agent applications. Internal threads of an agent communicate using the shared dynamic database used as a generalisation of Linda tuple store. Threads in different agents, perhaps on different hosts, communicate using either a thread-to-thread store and forward communication system, or by a publish and subscribe mechanism in which messages are routed to their destinations based on content test subscriptions. We illustrate the features using an auction house application. This is fully distributed with multiple auctioneers and bidders which participate in simultaneous auctions. The application makes essential use of the three forms of inter-thread communication of Qu-Prolog. The agent bidding behaviour is specified graphically as a finite state automaton and its implementation is essentially the execution of its state transition function. The paper assumes familiarity with Prolog and the basic concepts of multi-agent systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a tutorial describing the main features of the KGP (Knowledge-Goals-Plan) model of agency and giving user guidance on how the model can be used to develop applications. The KGP model is based on computational logic. It consists of an abstract component, a computational component and an implementation. This paper concentrates on the abstract component, which consists of formal specifications of a number of different modules, including the knowledge bases, capabilities, transitions and control. For each of these we summarise what is provided by the model, and through the platform implementing the model, and what is left to the users to specify according to the requirements of the applications for which they wish to use the KGP model to design agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dirty paper coding are relevant for wireless networks, multiuser channels, and digital watermarking. We show that the problem of dirty paper is essentially equivalent to some classes of constrained memories, and we explore the binary so-called nested codes, which are used for efficient coding and error-correction on such channels and memories. Keywords: dirty paper, constrained memory, nested codes, covering codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many design activities depend on communicative activities around collaboratively produced prototypes. A common communication practice in producing text documents is to add annotation in the form of comments. Previous research indicates that electronic paper-prototyping can be used to rapidly create simple prototypes of interactive systems, such as websites. Little is known, however, about how to provide and maintain variety of communication channels around such electronic paper-prototypes to enable end-users and other stakeholders to contribute to design dialogues. This paper presents Gabbeh, an electronic paper-prototyping tool, and reports on an evaluation using the tool in a simulated design exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes certain uses of Binomial Probability Paper. This graph paper was designed to facilitate the employment of R.A. Fisher's inverse sine transformation for proportions. The transformation itself is designed to adjust binomially distributed data so that the variance will not depend on the true value of the proportion p, but only on the sample size n. In addition, binomial data so transformed more closely approximate normality than the raw data. The usefulness of plotting binomial data in rectangular coordinates, using a square-root scale for the number observed in each category, was first pointed out by Fisher and Mather [10]. The graph paper under discussion is specially ruled to make this mode of plotting both simple and rapid. A graduated quadrant makes the angular transformation (p = cos2φ or p = sin2 φ) easily available at the same time. Most tests of counted data can be made quickly, easily and with what is usually adequate accuracy with this paper. Some 22 examples are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 5 of the book "Paper In Three Dimensions: Origami, Pop-ups, Sculpture, Baskets, Boxes & More" is presented. It explores creating three-dimensional paper structures such as paper sculptures, decorations and functional objects through weaving and papier mache. Some paper artists and their works including Helen Hiebert, Patti Quinn Hill and Barbara Fletcher are introduced.

Chapter 4 of the book "Paper In Three Dimensions: Origami, Pop-ups, Sculpture, Baskets, Boxes & More" is presented. It explores traditional paper sculpture, which is sometimes referred as three-dimensional illustration. An overview of creating basic paper sculpture elements is presented. Also, paper sculpting tips and tricks are also described.

Chapter 3 of the book "Paper In Three Dimensions: Origami, Pop-ups, Sculpture, Baskets, Boxes & More" is presented. It explores techniques in constructing paper pop-ups. An overview of creating books with pop-up pages and folded panels; cards with ledges, and other architectural details; and sculpture that collapse flat with a flick of the wrist, among others, is offered.

Chapter 2 of the book "Paper In Three Dimensions: Origami, Pop-ups, Sculpture, Baskets, Boxes & More" is presented. It explores creating folded-paper designs such as origami. Instructions in making traditional origami designs and giving them a more modern look is presented. Furthermore, the technique called accordion folding or pleating for use in origami designs is also discussed.

Chapter 1 of the book "Paper In Three Dimensions: Origami, Pop-ups, Sculpture, Baskets, Boxes & More" is presented. It explores the creation of dimensional handmade paper structures. An overview of basic papermaking equipment and materials including cloucing cloth, kitchen blender and pressing boards is offered. Basic techniques in papermaking are also discussed.

A collection of notebooks and loose papers on ceramic wares, their prices and recipes extracted from the Tomkinson Papers is presented.

This paper investigates an aggressive back off strategy as part of the congestion management algorithms developed for Direct Broadcast Satellites with Return Channel Systems (DBS-RCS). The satellite architecture considered in this work is based on an asymmetric architecture with the high capacity forward link provided by the DBS and low speed return channel is provided by a constellation of Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellites. The network carries both Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG) coded video traffic and other data traf-fic having available bit rates (ABR) which is based on Reliable DBS Multicast Protocol (RDMP). Due to overwhelming complexity of real DBS-RCS systems, unless unduly simplifications are made, an exact analysis of this system be-comes impossible. Therefore, we rely on the testbed results for investigation of the proposed aggressive back off strategy. In this paper, we first present a brief background on adaptive resource allocation and management (ARAM) system developed in our earlier work [1]. Then, we provide the proof of concept ex-periments for the newly introduced aggressive back off strategy. We show that the distributed control provided by the watermarks provides performance com-parable to the baseline ARAM model. We also show that an aggressive back off strategy should be used for increased QoS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers from the same lab often spend a considerable amount of time searching for published articles relevant to their current project. Despite having similar interests, they conduct independent, time consuming searches. While they may share the results afterwards, they are unable to leverage previous search results during the search process. We propose a research paper recommender system that avoids such time consuming searches by augmenting existing search engines with recommendations based on previous searches performed by others in the lab. Most existing recommender systems were developed for commercial domains with millions of users. The research paper domain has relatively few users compared to the large number of online research papers. The two major challenges with this type of data are the large number of dimensions and the sparseness of the data. The novel contribution of the paper is a scalable subspace clustering algorithm (SCuBASCuBA: Subspace Clustering Based Analysis.) that tackles these problems. Both synthetic and benchmark datasets are used to evaluate the clustering algorithm and to demonstrate that it performs better than the traditional collaborative filtering approaches when recommending research papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Office workers tend to produce paper piles of documents to read or to process sometime later. The information contained in these piles is often lost if it is not transferred to electronic format and connected to knowledge structures. Information that is not part of the knowledge worker's electronic information space is frequently overlooked because it is not proactively provided during actual processes or tasks he is involved in. This paper presents a novel prototype for an intelligent office appliance, which results from an integration of three state-of-the-art office applications/appliances: a workflow system, a document classification system, and a multi-functional peripheral. The resulting system allows for leveraging an office worker's papers to her personal knowledge space in order to realize a pro-active and context-sensitive information support within knowledge-intensive tasks and processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]