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Zusammenfassung: Basierend auf der Erfahrung von 579 Patienten mit linksventrikulrer Stimulation werden die unterschiedlichen Elektrodentypen zur Stimulation des linken Ventrikels und ihre spezifischen Charakteristika vorgestellt. Neben der Beschreibung der Vorteile von Koronarvenen(CV)-Elektroden gegenber epikardialen Elektroden bei der Stimulation des linken Ventrikels erfolgt die Vorstellung der verwendeten CV-Elektroden. Da bislang keine universell implantierbare CV-Elektrode verfgbar ist, wird anhand typischer klinischer Beispiele die optimale individuelle Elektrodenauswahl und die Folgen einer falschen Elektrodenwahl beschrieben.

The primary non-rodent species used in toxicology is the dog. It is generally agreed that, for ethical reasons, dog use should be reduced to the minimum consistent with maintaining the scientific quality of toxicology studies and ensuring human safety. Dog use in toxicology has been discussed widely, both from a scientific and ethical viewpoint, and there appears to be real potential for achieving significant reductions in the number of dogs used in pharmaceutical safety testing. An industry animal welfare initiative commenced in 2000, with the aim of evaluating and, where possible, putting into practice, scientifically valid approaches to minimise dog use in regulatory toxicology without increasing the use of other non-rodent species, such as non-human primates or minipigs. The study's Steering Group categorised potential reduction approaches into three distinct areas, one of which is the production of a best practice guide on aspects of study design, including: group sizes, use of control animals, single sex studies and design of maximum tolerated dose (MTD) studies. Information on current practice and experience within the pharmaceutical industry is now being analysed, and additional input is invited.

Our experience with 121 coronary vein (CV) leads in 116 patients shows that CV leads are the leads of choice for pacing the left ventricle (LV). The information gained from pre-operative venous angiography permits individual selection of the most appropriate lead model for each case. The use of steerable electrophysiology catheters facilitates guide catheter cannulation of the coronary sinus (CS) when the anatomy is difficult and reduces the risk of complications. By selecting the CV lead model most suitable for each individual patient, we achieved successful implantation in 99.1% of patients. In this day and age, epicardial electrodes should be restricted to cases with CS anomalies which make CS cannulation impossible, and to LV lead implantation during heart surgery.

To illustrate the incongruence of ethical standards and fiscal and policy constraints on quality care for the oldest old. As the fastest growing demographic segment in the United States, care needs of the oldest old are a special challenge to the health care system.

As nurse scientists, we must find a way to excite our undergraduate students about research so that they will value it and include it as an integral part of their practice. The ambience surrounding scientific inquiry cannot be captured from readings and classroom activities alone, but must be modelled by enthusiastic faculty who are actively involved in research. Two exemplary cases involving the use of undergraduate students as integral members of faculty-directed research teams are described.

The purpose of this survey was to describe characteristic environmental interaction patterns of ambulatory, mentally alert, nursing home residents, and to compare their patterns with individuals of similar age and health who live independently within the community setting. The sample (n = 81) consisted of 39 nursing home residents and 42 community dwellers, including 64 females and 17 males. The mean age of the sample was 77.4 years. Chi square analysis confirmed (P = .05) that the nursing home residents went outside, had visitors, talked on the telephone, and received mail less often than their counterparts who lived independently.

Traumatic brain injury TBI, sometimes referred to as a silent epidemic, affects thousands of people each year. A head injury not only affects the patient, but the entire family system as well. Families experience a myriad of needs during this time of crisis. With the immediate focus on the patient's physical or cognitive state, the family's needs may go unnoticed or unrecognized. It is imperative health care professionals understand the emotional impact on family needs, and the unique grieving patterns which influence their ability to cope with this situation. Caregivers are advised to assess, formulate and implement a plan of care for the family as well as the patient. Since families play such an integral role in the patient's recovery process, it is crucial to recognize the scope of the TBI experience and provide care within the context of the individual family system.

This study explored the experience and expressions of conflict/anger in nine women between the ages of 62 and 79 years. Three themes related to events of conflict were described: (1) avoidance ("just forget it"); (2) covert retaliation ("It would tickle me . . . I know a way to get back"); and (3) no acknowledgement. In addition, one feeling theme emerged and was characterized by feelings of isolation and estrangement. The women appeared to go to great lengths to avoid conflict rather than risk disruption of personal relationships. Noteworthy were the lasting and vivid memories of the interactions involving conflict and the intensity of the emotions described.

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the phenomenon of creativity in a population of older adults. This study utilized a phenomenologic research design to explore the lived experience of creativity in four women ranging in age from 63 to 75 who were noted by their peers to be creative. Subjects were asked to respond to the following question: "Describe the last time you felt you were especially creative. Describe what happened and how you felt. Continue to tell about the experience until you feel you have described it fully." Analysis of the interview transcriptions progressed through the steps characteristic of phenomenological methodology. Themes were identified, analyzed, and sorted into three categories: (1) Characteristics of the phenomenon; (2) Ideation integral to the experience; and (3) Environmental field patterns associated with the phenomenon.

Centipedegrass,Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack, severely inhibits growth of the fall armyworm larva,Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Fresh centipedegrass extracts and extract fractions were deposited on Celufil, incorporated into meridic-based diets and bioassayed against neonate larvae of the fall armyworm in the laboratory. The methanol extract (F1) caused the greatest reduction in larval weight. When F1, was partitioned between méthylene chloride and water, the activity was transferred to the water-soluble fraction (F5), which, when further fractionated using preparative C-18 reverse-phase chromatography, yielded active F7 and F8 fractions. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed F7 to be 95% caffeoylquinic acids with chlorogenic acid as the major constituent. HPLC analysis of F8 revealed maysin [2?-O- a-L-rhamnosyl-6-C-(6-deoxy-Xylo-hexos-4-ulosyl)luteolin] and other luteolin derivatives. Chlorogenic acid and other caffeoylquinic acids, maysin, and other luteolin derivatives are the major factors responsible for the antibiotic resistance of centipedegrass to larvae of the fall armyworm.

Acids found in moth scales of laboratory-rearedHeliothis zea (Boddie) moths are hexanoic, heptanoic, octanoic, nonanoic, 2- (or 3-) furan carboxylic, phenylacetic, benzoic, sorbic, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. The last two of these acids are preservatives added to the artifical diet as sorbic acid and methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate. FemaleTrichogramma pretiosum Riley exhibited increased rates of parasitization ofH. zea eggs in the presence of some of these compounds in laboratory experiments. Exposure to a mixture of all of these compounds did not increase parasitization, and the elimination of acids from the crude moth-scale extract did not reduce parasitization by the wasps.

The concept of advocacy is redefined here as consumer-centric advo cacy and its essential attributes are identified. Theoretical linkages between advocacy and selected nursing models are described. Specifi cally, the construct of advocacy is considered as it is operationalized within the theoretical frameworks of King, Newman, Orem, and Rogers. The health care system in the United States is in a state of unrest and undergoing nearly continuous change and reorganization. This reorga nization has been hastened by tightened resources within the health care financing system, a growing number of elderly and indigent needing care, and the advent of care intensive disease processes such as AIDS and substance addicted newborns. In addition, the general public has become better informed concerning health and is seeking new ap proaches to the delivery of health care services. As changes in the health care system continue to occur, the role of nurses, the largest group of health care providers also is changing. In a system in which there is both a shortage of registered nurses and a growing demand for their services, nurses must develop strategies to maximize their impact on the health care system to meet the needs of consumers as well as protect their own professional integrity. The development of such strategies within nurs ing frameworks may be facilitated by closer scrutiny and clarification of the nurse's traditional role as advocate.

Telenomus remits Nixon is a parasitoid that attacks egg masses ofSpodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Increased host-seeking behavior was elicited fromT. remus females in Y-tubes, Petri dish, and greenhouse bioassays byS. frugiperda female abdominal tips as well as (Z)-9-tetradecene-1-ol acetate and (Z)-9-dodecene-1-ol acetate.

Volatile chemicals emanating from an excretion (apparently meconium) and abdominal tips of femaleHeliothis zea (Boddie) moths mediated increased rates of parasitization ofH. zea eggs byTrichogramma pretiosum Riley. A blend of synthetic chemicals, consisting of hexadecanal, (Z)-7-hexadecenal, (Z)-9-hexadecenal, and (Z)-11-hexadecenal, which has been identified as the sex pheromone of and from the abdominal tip of femaleH. zea moths, also increased rates of parasitization ofH. zea eggs byT. pretiosum in greenhouse experiments. In addition, parasitization ofH. zea eggs by wildTrichogramma spp., in field plots of cotton,Gossypium hirsutum L., treated with a similar blend of chemicals, in Conrel fibers, was more than double that in untreated plots.

The boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman was introduced from Mexico into the United States about 1892. More than three-fourths of all insect losses to cotton in this country have been attributed to this insect, and it is generally agreed that cotton cannot be profitably grown in areas where it occurs without adequate control measures. This review summarizes the chemically oriented research conducted on this plant-insect complex during the past seventy years with emphasis on the program conducted since 1962 at the Boll Weevil Research Laboratory.Of plant-insect relationships, host plant resistance, feeding stimulants, plant attractants, and plant constituents are discussed. Insect-insect relationships treated include insecticides, chemosterilants and hormones, sex attractants, and insect constituents. The development of an integrated program for the attempted eradication of this insect is also discussed.

When the chemical constitution of the essential oils of six species within three genera of the family Malvaceae were investigated, the essential oils of Gossypium hirsutumL. and Cienfuegosia roseiFryxell were found to contain 67.0 % and 58.2 % hydrocarbons, respectively. Those of Hibiscus lasiocarpus(Cav.) and Callirhoe involucrata(Nutt.) Gray contained equal percentages of hydrocarbons (14 %), but that of Cienfuegosia drummondii(A. Gray) Lewt. contained only 2.9 %hydrocarbons. Beta‐bisabolol was the major oxygenated component in G. hirsutum(13.7 %), Hibiscus militaris(Cav.) (55.0 %), and Hibiscus lasiocarpus(32.6 %), but the major constituents in the essential oil of C. involucratawere myrtenal (32.0 %) and trans‐2‐cis‐6‐nonadienal (12.0 %), and the major oxygenated component in C. roseiwas an unknown sesquiterpene alcohol (17.4 %) with chemical and physical properties resembling those of beta‐bisabolol. The concentration of total oil was 150.0 ppm in G. hirsutum; 50.0 ppm in H. militaris; 46.3 ppm in C. rosei; 41.0 ppm in H. lasiocarpus; 25. 4 ppm in C. drummondii; and 10.0 ppm in C. involucrata, all based on wet weight.

The dramatic surge in diversity in the western world requires a commitment by pediatric providers to understand unique psychosocial presentations of distress, as well as to have an understanding of normative cultural values and health-seeking behaviors. We report a case of apparent recurrent abdominal pain that evolved into a unique culturally salient presentation of obsessive compulsive disorder in a 6-year-old young girl. Access to integrated mental health professionals assisted in the identification of this disorder, if not success in referral and treatment.

The ketoneß-ionone is reported to be one of the naturally occurring volatile metabolites of developing corn ears. In testing the effects of volatile compounds onAspergillus flavusandA. parasiticus, we found thatß-ionone applied to the surface of PDA plates had a striking inhibition of growth and sporulation of these fungi. The colonies were restricted, remained buff-colored and had little or no sporulation. There were major effects on the morphology of the asexual reproductive structures. The conidiophore development was arrested and normal sporulation did not occur. Mycelial transfers from these atypical cultures to potato dextrose agar had normal growth and conidia. Incorporation ofß-ionone at levels of 10-1000µL/L, in liquid media seeded with spore suspensions ofA. parasiticus(NRRL 2999) severely depressed aflatoxin accumulation in shake culture.

Abstract: The ketoneβ-ionone is reported to be one of the naturally occurring volatile metabolites of developing corn ears. In testing the effects of volatile compounds onAspergillus flavus andA. parasiticus, we found thatβ-ionone applied to the surface of PDA plates had a striking inhibition of growth and sporulation of these fungi. The colonies were restricted, remained buff-colored and had little or no sporulation. There were major effects on the morphology of the asexual reproductive structures. The conidiophore development was arrested and normal sporulation did not occur. Mycelial transfers from these atypical cultures to potato dextrose agar had normal growth and conidia. Incorporation ofβ-ionone at levels of 10-1000μL/L, in liquid media seeded with spore suspensions ofA. parasiticus (NRRL 2999) severely depressed aflatoxin accumulation in shake culture.

The response of female boll weevils to males, Anthonomus grandisBoheman, in laboratory bioassays can be reproduced by exposure to a mixture of compounds I, II, and either III or IV, all isolated from male weevils and their fecal material. The same response was elicited by mixtures of the synthesized compounds. Compound I is (+)-cis-2-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclobtutaneethanol; II, cis-3,3-dimethyl-Δ1,β-cyclohexaneethanol; III, cis-3,3-dimethyl-Δ1,α-cyclohexaneacetaldehyde; and IV, trans-3,3-dimethyl-Δ1,α-cyclohexaneacetaldehyde.

The application of n-butyl lithium for the rapid synthesis of methoxy-substituted aromatic carboxylic acids is reported. New compounds associated with this study are described.

The full-complement pheromone of Heliothis zea (Boddie) females, pheromone components, and component combination were evaluated as mating disruptants at selected application rates and moth population densities. Pheromone components were evaporated from point sources at the rate of 100 point sources per screen field cage (9 by 30 m) (3,700/ha) planted with cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. Treatment efficacy was determined by observing and comparing the numbers of mating pairs (laboratory-reared moths) within the cages. The full-complement pheromone was most effective at the lowest moth population density. The highest application rate tested (370g/ha) was more effective than lower rates.

The male boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, produces a complex of monoterpenoids (a pheromone) that has both sexual and aggregating activity (Tumlinson et al. 1969). However, to produce the pheromone complex, the male must feed continually, preferably on cotton buds, which contain compounds that are modified in the gut and then voided with the fecal material (Hardee 1970). We evaluated the effect of homogenates of boll weevils on a monoterpene compound, the common intermediate, geraniol.

Plant resistance was demonstrated in common centipedegrass, Eremochola ophiuroides (Munro) Hack., to Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Both antibiosis and nonpreference mechanisms of resistance were found when compared with bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., and carpetgrass, Axonopus affinis Chase. Larval mortality at 9 days was as high as 50% on centipedegrass in the forced-feeding tests. Fall armyworm larvae preferred carpetgrass or bermudagrass by as much as 6 to 1 over centipedegrass. Results also indicated that, if larvae were produced on a susceptible host in a mixed stand of centipedegrass, some of the larger fall armyworms could possibly survive, but a strong antiobiotic response would remain and thus affect larval growth.

The air-space volatiles present in the Robert T. Gast Rearing Laboratory at Mississippi State, Miss., were determined by pulling an air stream through a porous polymer, desorbing the volatiles with pentane, and analyzing them by GLC-MS. The volatiles from the diet, the diet wax, and the insects (Anthonomus grandis Boheman) were similarly analyzed in an attempt to identify the sources of the volatiles in the air space. A total of 168 compounds was identified from these sources including 35 aliphatic hydrocarbons, 30 aliphatic alcohols, 26 aliphatic carbonyl compounds, 23 aromatic hydrocarbons. 13 aromatic carbonyl compounds. 7 phenols and cresols, 7 gamma-lactones, 6 ethers and furans, 5 aromatic alcohols, 5 heterocyclic compounds, 8 phthalates, and 3 other esters. The low molecular weight alcohols, carbonyl compounds, esters, and a pyrazine present chiefly in the diet volatiles were attributed to microbial contamination. The gamma-lactones were believed derived during the cooking of the diet, and most of the n-alkyl hydrocarbons were derived from the diet wax. The facility mechanical plant was presumably the source of a number of aromatic hydrocarbons that are typical trace constituents of industrial oils. Small amounts of the pheromone alcohols present in boll weevils were found in the rearing facility air-space, but none were found in the insects themselves.

The production of the 4 monoterpene compounds that comprise the pheromone of Anthonomus grandis Boheman (I, (+)-cis-2-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclobutaneethanol; II, (Z)-3,3-dimethyl-δ1, B-cyclohexaneethanol; III, (Z)-3,3-dimethyl-δ1, a,-cyclohexaneacetaldehyde; and IV, (E)-3,3-dimethyl-δ1, a-cyclohexaneacetaldehyde) was determined from amounts in the feces of male weevils fed diets with and without chemosterilants. Cotton buds, the natural food source of the insect, promoted a higher level of pheromone biosynthesis by the insects than did the laboratory diet, mostly because weevils fed the laboratory diet produced lesser amounts of the aldehydes (III and IV). Insects fed apholate or busulfan produced markedly less of the alcohols (I and II) compared with insects fed cotton buds or diet without chemosterilants. Furthermore, the chemosterilants caused a proportional decrease in the formation of II relative to I and III.

The mineral content of Anthonomus grandis Boheman, wild and mass-reared, cotton buds, and synthetic diets was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Manganese was low by a factor of 10 in the artificial diet when compared to cotton squares. All minerals except copper were enhanced, especially iron (100-fold) in overwintered weevils when compared to F1 weevils.

The production of pheromone by Anthonomus grandis Boheman when treated with 10,000 rad of CO-60 gamma irradiation compared favorably with that of control weevils for 5 days; however, feeding (determined by frass collection) was reduced from day one. No direct correlation was found between production of pheromone and elimination of frass.