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A 4-year 9-month-old Amami spiny rat reared in a zoo died following a history of anorexia, weight loss, and respiratory distress. At necropsy, neoplastic tissues were found along the pleura and adhered to the thoracic wall, heart, and lungs. Histologically, the tumor was composed of diffuse, patternless sheets of large round to polygonal neoplastic cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, and multinucleated giant cells were often present. Metastatic lesions were observed in the abdominal lymph nodes. Neoplastic cells were immunopositive for vimentin, Iba-1, and CD204, and negative for E-cadherin and S100. Based on these findings, the tumor was diagnosed as histiocytic sarcoma. Compression of the lungs by the tumor may have caused respiratory failure and led to death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An adult female ringed seal died suddenly and was subsequently examined for diagnostic purposes. The animal's lungs demonstrated mild non-collapsibility and multifocal white to yellow patches. Histopathological examination revealed multifocal pulmonary histiocytosis. Alveoli were filled with numerous foamy macrophages cytoplasm and scattered multinucleated giant cells containing cholesterol clefts. The foamy cytoplasm of the macrophages stained with oil red O stain. Further, lipid droplets within the cytoplasm were detected by electron microscopy. To the author's knowledge, this is the first case report describing the histochemical staining and electron microscopic findings associated with endogenous lipid pneumonia in ringed seal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia is the property of Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Proliferative tenosynovitis (PT) is an inflammatory and proliferative disorder of the synovial membrane of the tendon sheath that is rare in animals. The histological alterations are characterized by multinodular neovascularization, with infiltration of histiocytic and multinucleated giant cells and haemosiderin deposition. We reviewed necropsy and biopsy records of horses submitted to the Setor de Anatomia Patológica of the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro from January 2017 to December 2020 to select cases of PT. We identified PT in three adult Brazilian Mangalarga Marchador horses with nodular lesions on the metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal or carpal joints. The three horses were under 6 years of age and presented with lameness and pain on palpation. There were recurrences in two horses after surgical removal. Radiographic and ultrasound examinations detected masses in the flexor or extensor tendons and subtendinous bursa. Histological study of synovial membrane and tendon sheath revealed an increased number of vessels, fibroplasia, osseous metaplasia and infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells and siderophages. This is the first description of PT in horses, which should be included as an orthopaedic differential diagnosis, especially in Mangalarga Marchador horses with lameness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soft-tissue attachment is crucial for the success of megaprosthesis surgery and improvement in current treatment is needed. The aim of this study was to compare the biomechanical and histomorphometric properties of soft-tissue attachment between 3D printed Ti6Al4V implants featuring a 630 μm microporous structure and commercially available Trevira® implants with a 200 μm porous structure in a non-loadbearing ovine model. Ten skeletally mature ewes underwent surgical implantation with both implants. After 4-weeks, mechanical pull-out testing assessed the attachment strength, while histomorphometric analysis evaluated fibroblast cell profile density, multinucleated giant cell profile density, microvessel length and volume density. 3D printed Ti6Al4V implants demonstrated a 129% greater attachment strength compared to Trevira® implants (p = 0.003). In the Trevira® group, a 35% increase in fibroblast profile density (p < 0.001) and a 98% increase in multinucleated giant cell profile density (p < 0.001) were observed, with no significant difference in microvessel length density between the groups. However, the Ti6Al4V group exhibited a 50% higher microvessel volume density (p < 0.001) compared to the Trevira® group. 3D printed Ti6Al4V implants with a 630 μm microporous structure demonstrated superior attachment strength, enhanced neovascularization, and reduced foreign body reaction compared to the Trevira® implants. These findings suggest that 3D printed Ti6Al4V implants may enhance soft-tissue attachment in megaprosthesis surgeries. [Display omitted] • Higher attachment strength observed in Ti6Al4V implants compared to Trevira® implants. • Enhanced neovascularization in Ti6Al4V implants compared to Trevira® implants. • Reduced foreign body reaction in Ti6Al4V implants compared to Trevira® implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 12-year-old female Himalayan cat underwent an ovariohysterectomy to remove an intra-abdominal mass. Histologic examination using immunohistochemical staining revealed that the mass was comprised of epithelial and mesenchymal components. Within the lesion, multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) were observed diffusely. MGCs were positive for vimentin and Iba-1 and negative for cytokeratin AE1/AE3 and CD204. In addition, MGCs were negative for Ki‐67, indicating nonneoplastic cells. Osteoclast-like MGC (OLMGC) phenotype with tartrateresistant acid phosphatase positivity was also seen. These findings suggested that the uterine tumor was carcinosarcoma with OLMGCs. Uterine tumors in humans, such as leiomyosarcoma and carcinosarcoma, with OLMGC infiltration, are well-known pathologic entities; however, they are rare in animals and to our knowledge, have not been previously reported in cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) causes porcine circovirus-associated disease, and coinfection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) severely affects the pig breeding industry. Both viruses target the macrophages in lymphoid tissues. Various porcine pathogens enter via the nasal cavity, and the nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) acts as the mucosal immune system. However, the pathological analysis has not progressed. This study aimed to histologically examine the NALT of pigs with suspected PCV2 and PRRSV infections. Six pigs were subjected to necropsy, and their NALT, tonsils, and mesenteric lymph nodes were collected. Macrophages, lymphocytic depletion, multinucleated giant cells, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, and neutrophil infiltration increased in the NALT. In situ hybridization revealed positive signals for PCV2 in the NALT of all pigs and PRRSV in the NALT of three pigs. PCV2-positive macrophages were mainly identified in the follicles, whereas PRRSV-positive tissues were found primarily around the crypt and directly below the epithelium. Quantitative PCR revealed 108–1010 copies of PCV2 DNA/µL and 10²–104 copies of PRRSV DNA/µL in the NALT. Therefore, both PCV2 and PRRSV were detected in the NALT of pigs. In conclusion, the infection and replication of both viruses in the NALT and tonsils may suppress host immunity and promote co-infection with other pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-vaccinal sarcomas have been reported in cats and rarely in other domestic mammals, but not in birds. Three village weaver birds (Ploceus cucullatus) presented with poor flying ability and abnormal wing carriage attributable to large, unilateral pectoral masses. All had received at least one dose of autogenous Yersinia pseudotuberculosis vaccine into the affected pectoral muscle 74–408 days previously. Following euthanasia, gross post-mortem examination revealed locally invasive subcutaneous tumours extending through the sternum into the coelomic cavity. Cytology and histology revealed neoplasms of pleomorphic spindloid neoplastic cells with foci of coagulative necrosis and cavitation, sometimes containing faintly refractile non-polarizing granular material, both extracellularly and after phagocytosis by surrounding cells, including multinucleated giant cells. Immunohistochemistry in one bird supported a striated muscle cell origin. Findings of anaplastic sarcoma with intralesional foreign crystalline material resembled typical injection-site sarcomas in cats. This is the first report of presumptive vaccine-associated sarcoma in a non-mammalian species. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 15-year-old neutered male mixed breed Domestic Shorthair cat was presented for a rapidly growing, intraoral soft gingival mass on the left mandibular region. The neoplastic tissue consisted histologically of two distinct malignant cell populations: spindle cells arranged in bands and epithelioid cells arranged in cords. A few multinucleated giant cells were scattered among the neoplastic cells. Spindle cells and multinucleated giant cells strongly expressed vimentin while epithelial cells strongly expressed pancytokeratins. On the basis of the histological and immunohistochemical results, a diagnosis of oral carcinosarcoma was made. After 2 months, due to the extent of disease and poor prognosis, the cat was euthanized. Necropsy revealed a markedly enlarged, multilobulated white–pink neoplastic mass that had originated from the left side of the sublingual region and involved the coronoid process of the left mandibular bone. The cut surface of the enlarged left submandibular lymph node was glistening, whitish–tan in colour with a multinodular appearance, suggestive of metastasis and confirmed by histological examination. Oral carcinosarcoma is uncommonly recorded in humans and dogs and, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case in a cat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) presented with periorbital swelling and exophthalmos. A retrobulbar mass was detected, and enucleation with the mass was performed. Histologically, the mass was composed of a dense sheet and interlacing bundles of round to polygonal to short spindle-shaped cells with occasional bizarre mononuclear and multinucleated giant cells. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells had various degrees of membranous and/or cytoplasmic granular reactivity to anti-ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 and anti-CD204 antibodies. Ultrastructurally, the neoplastic cells had irregular nuclei and abundant cytoplasm with membrane-bound electron-dense lysosomes and endoplasmic reticula. These findings were consistent with a histiocytic sarcoma. The present study provided a detailed description of retrobulbar histiocytic sarcoma for the first time in a central bearded dragon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) is a significant disease of cattle and many aetiologies have been implicated on the basis of the characteristic pathological lesions. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is one of the key aetiological factors in bovine respiratory disease complex and several studies have suggested, controversially, that BRSV may be an underlying cause of bovine AIP. BRSV infection is known to cause several distinctive histopathological changes, including epithelial syncytia formation and intracytoplasmic viral inclusions. However, distinguishing bovine AIP from BRSV-related pneumonia by clinical presentation, gross pathology or histopathology can sometimes be challenging. In order to identify the potential distinguishing features, we compared the histopathological findings of AIP that were, and were not, associated with BRSV infection in naturally occurring cases. We found that multinucleated giant cells were more frequently identified in cattle with AIP while bronchiolitis was more common in BRSV-infected cattle. However, this was not considered a sole indicator of either disease group. Statistically, we identified that a combination of several histopathological features, including alveolar septal necrosis, presence of multinucleated giant cells and bronchiolitis, can serve as an excellent indicator for distinguishing between idiopathic AIP and BRSV-related pneumonia, with a strong statistical significance (P = 0.0004). Based on the results of this retrospective study, we present a histopathological scoring system for predicting BRSV-associated AIP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaporation of phosphate species during thermal treatment (> 400°C) of calcium phosphates leads to the formation of an alkaline layer on their surface. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypothe- sis that the biological response of thermally treated calcium phosphates is modified by the presence of such an alkaline layer on their surface. For this purpose, 0.125–0.180 mm α - and β -tricalcium phosphate (TCP) granules were obtained by crushing and size classification, with some being subjected to thermal treatment at 500°C. The four types of granules (α -TCP, β -TCP, α -TCP-500°C, and β -TCP-500°C) were implanted subcutaneously and orthotopically in rats. Sham operations served as control. Subcutaneously, α -TCP and β -TCP induced significantly more multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) than calcined granules. Most of the induced MNGCs were TRAP-negative, CD-68 positive and cathepsin K- negative, reflecting a typical indication of a reaction with a foreign body. The vessel density was signifi- cantly higher in the α -TCP and β -TCP groups than it was in the α -TCP-500°C and β -TCP-500°C groups. In the femur model, β -TCP-500°C induced significantly more new bone formation than that induced by β -TCP. The granule size was also significantly larger in the β -TCP-500°C group, making it more resistant to degradation than β -TCP. The MNGC density was higher in the α -TCP and β -TCP groups than in the α -TCP-500°C and β -TCP-500°C groups, including cathepsin-positive, CD-68 positive, TRAP-positive and TRAP-negative MNGCs. In conclusion, this study confirms that the biological response of calcium phosphates was affected by the presence of an alkaline layer on their surface. Thermally-treated α -TCP and β -TCP granules produced significantly fewer MNGCs and were significantly less degraded than non-thermally-treated α -TCP and β -TCP granules. Thermally treating α -TCP and β -TCP granules shifts the reaction from a foreign body re- action towards a physiological reaction by downregulating the number of induced MNGCs and enhancing degradation resistance. Changes of biomaterials surface (polymers, ceramics, metals) is a key to modulate the bioma- terial induced inflammatory pattern and thereby have a direct influence on the regenerative capacity. This is the reason why the effect of thermal treatment of α - and β -tricalcium phos- phate granules at 500°C was studied. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first article fo- cusing on modulating the cellular reaction by thermal treatment of α - and β -tricalcium phos- phate granules. We believe that the manuscript will provide important insights understanding the direct influence of the biomaterials physicochemical characteristics on the cellular reaction and the regenerative pattern in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the bone-resorbing effect of demethylbelamcandaquinone B (Dmcq B) extracted from Marantodes pumilum var. alata on osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 cells. Methods: RAW264.7 macrophages were differentiated using RANKL into osteoclast-like cells. Then, they were treated with 10 μg/mL Marantodes pumilum var. alata crude aqueous extract, 5 μg/ mL dichloromethane fraction, and 0.6 μg/mL Dmcq B and 0.06 μg/ mL estradiol. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP 5b) as an osteoclast phenotypic marker was determined by TRACP staining and TRACP 5b colometric assay, and bone-resorbing pits were examined. The gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) was measured. Moreover, the protein expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and estrogen receptors were evaluated. Results: Marantodes pumilum var. alata crude aqueous extract and Dmcq B inhibited RANKL-stimulated osteoclast differentiation as evidenced by size reduction of giant multinucleated osteoclast cells, decreased TRACP 5b activity as well as the subsiding of resorbed pit area compared with normal control. In addition, they reduced the gene and protein expressions of TNF-α and IL-6. Marantodes pumilum var. alata, Dmcq B, and estradiol treatments increased the protein expressions of estrogen receptors alpha and beta in osteoclasts. Conclusions: Marantodes pumilum var. alata and its active compound, Dmcq B can inhibit osteoclast differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a complex interaction between titanium dental implants, bone, and the immune system. Among them, specific immune cells, macrophages play a crucial role in the osseointegration dynamics. Infiltrating macrophages and resident macrophages (osteomacs) contribute to achieving an early pro-regenerative peri-implant environment. Also, multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) in the bone-implant interface and their polarization ability, maintain a peri-implant immunological balance to preserve osseointegration integrity. However, dental implants can display cumulative levels of antigens (ions, nano and microparticles and bacterial antigens) at the implant–tissue interface activating an immune-inflammatory response. If the inflammation is not resolved or reactivated due to the stress signals and the immunogenicity of elements present, this could lead implants to aseptic loosening, infections, and subsequent bone loss. Therefore, to maintain osseointegration and prevent bone loss of implants, a better understanding of the osteoimmunology of the peri-implant environment would lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches. In this line, depicting osteoimmunological mechanisms, we discuss immunomodulatory strategies to improve and preserve a long-term functional integration between dental implants and the human body. Scientific field of dental science: implant dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case reports a 46-year-old man with end-stage renal disease and internal resorption (IR) affecting multiple posterior teeth. IR involves odontoclast's removal of dentin within pulp chambers and root canal space. Typically, asymptomatic until detected on radiographs, IR is relatively rare, so the etiology and pathogenesis are poorly understood. Patients' radiographs with cone-beam computed tomography revealed extensive IR in multiple premolars and all remaining molar teeth. Blood tests and hormonal assay measured elevated phosphorus and parathyroid hormone levels consistent with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Histopathology showed highly vascularized and inflamed pulp tissues with numerous odontoclast-like multinucleated giant cells along dentinal walls and in resorption lacunae. Immunohistochemistry showed that multinucleated giant cells and adjacent mononuclear precursors stained strongly for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase like osteoclasts. Extraction of crown-root fractures and endodontic treatment with crown restorations for all IR teeth effectively arrested disease progression at 9 months' follow-up. Elevated parathyroid hormone from secondary hyperparathyroidism that promotes bone osteoclast activity may also stimulate odontoclasts causing IR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Avian Diseases is the property of American Association of Avian Pathologists, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Evaporation of phosphate species during thermal treatment (> 400 °C) of calcium phosphates leads to the formation of an alkaline layer on their surface. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that the biological response of thermally treated calcium phosphates is modified by the presence of such an alkaline layer on their surface. For this purpose, 0.125–0.180 mm α- and β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) granules were obtained by crushing and size classification, with some being subjected to thermal treatment at 500 °C. The four types of granules (α-TCP, β-TCP, α-TCP-500 °C, and β-TCP-500 °C) were implanted subcutaneously and orthotopically in rats. Sham operations served as control. Subcutaneously, α-TCP and β-TCP induced significantly more multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) than calcined granules. Most of the induced MNGCs were TRAP-negative, CD-68 positive and cathepsin K-negative, reflecting a typical indication of a reaction with a foreign body. The vessel density was significantly higher in the α-TCP and β-TCP groups than it was in the α-TCP-500 °C and β-TCP-500 °C groups. In the femur model, β-TCP-500 °C induced significantly more new bone formation than that induced by β-TCP. The granule size was also significantly larger in the β-TCP-500 °C group, making it more resistant to degradation than β-TCP. The MNGC density was higher in the α-TCP and β-TCP groups than in the α-TCP-500 °C and β-TCP-500 °C groups, including cathepsin-positive, CD-68 positive, TRAP-positive and TRAP-negative MNGCs. In conclusion, this study confirms that the biological response of calcium phosphates was affected by the presence of an alkaline layer on their surface. Thermally-treated α-TCP and β-TCP granules produced significantly fewer MNGCs and were significantly less degraded than non-thermally-treated α-TCP and β-TCP granules. Thermally treating α-TCP and β-TCP granules shifts the reaction from a foreign body reaction towards a physiological reaction by downregulating the number of induced MNGCs and enhancing degradation resistance. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study had focused on a male, 7-year-old Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) with a history of biting its tail and the development of skin masses around its inguinal area, prior to its death. Macroscopically, multiple firm white nodular masses of 0.5-5 cm in diameter were found in the subcutis of the inguinal area, and in the lungs, spleen and liver. Microscopically, masses in the skin, lungs and spleen were composed of neoplastic spindle cells admixed with mononuclear cells and multinucleated giant cells. The neoplastic cells were arranged in a sheet pattern. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were immunohistochemically positive for vimentin, Iba-1, CD 204 and Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR, while the cells were negative for cytokeratin and smooth muscle actin. Based on the histopathological and immunohistochemical results, disseminated histiocytic sarcoma was diagnosed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycobacteriosis has been rarely described in pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Here we present two cases of intestinal mycobacteriosis from north-eastern Germany. The first adult rabbit was euthanized due to severe cardiovascular failure, hypothermia and chronic weight loss. Necropsy revealed cachexia and a focal, fibrinonecrotic lesion in the caecum. Histologically, severe granulomatous inflammation, with numerous multinucleated giant cells and abundant acid-fast bacilli, was detected under the fibrinonecrotic material in the abdominal wall adjacent to the caecal lesion, caecal lymph nodes, spleen, liver and lungs. Microbiological culture detected Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis , Escherichia coli, Clostridium disporicum and Bacteroides ovatus. A retrospective assessment of 2,013 other pet rabbit necropsies, performed between 1995 and 2019, revealed one additional case of intestinal mycobacteriosis. This animal had been euthanized due to persistent hindlimb lameness and necropsy revealed comminuted fractures of the pelvic bones and multiple large liquefied abscess-like lesions in the caecal and colonic walls. Histology revealed granulomatous inflammation with acid-fast bacilli. Polymerase chain reaction on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue identified the presence of M. avium spp. In contrast to European wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) from Scotland, these findings indicate that intestinal mycobacteriosis is rare in pet rabbits from north-eastern Germany. Zoonotic potential should be considered due to the close contact between pets and their owners and the chronic course of the disease with an initial lack of clinical signs. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is a haematopoietic tumour of histiocyte origin that has been sporadically reported in four-toed hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris). The present study aimed to investigate clinical, gross, histopathological and immunohistochemical features of HS in eight hedgehogs. Histological and immunohistochemical features of normal histiocytes and Langerhans cells (LCs) of hedgehogs were also investigated. HLA-DR-, Iba-1- and E-cadherin-positive LCs were observed in the epidermis, while Iba-1- and CD204-positive histiocytes were detected in the lymph nodes and spleen of normal hedgehogs. Localized HS (six cases) developed in the skin and spleen, while disseminated HS (two cases) occurred in the intestine. Tumour cells of disseminated HS were also distributed within the mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, kidney, spleen, lung and adrenal glands. Tumour cells of both localized and disseminated HS were composed of histiocytic cells, spindle to pleomorphic cells, multinucleated giant cells and erythrophagocytic cells. Most tumour cells were immunopositive for Iba-1, CD204 and lysozyme. A small number of tumour cells were positive for E-cadherin and CD208, and the tumour cells in one case were positive for HLA-DR. These results suggest that the tumour cells have variable features of histiocyte origin, including dendritic cells, LCs and macrophages. The behaviour of HS in the hedgehog was very aggressive, and 50% of cases died within 90 days of resection. The present study also highlighted the tendency for local tumour recurrence in localized cutaneous HS cases, suggesting a requirement for a long-term follow-up after excision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Española de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Cirugia Oral y Maxilofacial (SECOM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A 7-month-old female mixed breed foal with a 2-day history of recumbency and inability to open its mouth convulsed acutely and died and was submitted for necropsy examination. The foal was thin and large patches of haemorrhage were present throughout the peritoneal wall, the diaphragmatic surfaces and the retroperitoneum. Numerous nematode larvae were visible on the serosal surfaces and penetrated and embedded into the subserosa associated with the haemorrhages. The dorsal portion of the abdominal diaphragm had a partial tear and large numbers of nematodes were within the muscle fibres. Histologically, the larvae had a smooth cuticle, polymyarian/coelomyarian musculature and multinucleated intestinal cells, and were typically surrounded by haemorrhage, neutrophils, dense fibrovascular connective tissue and rare multinucleated giant cells. Parasitological examination identified the larvae as Strongylus edentatus based on the morphology of the buccal capsule. Additionally, there was severe muscle necrosis of the tongue and liver tissue analysis detected selenium deficiency. S. edentatus infections are uncommon in California, USA, and are typically non-lethal. In this case, the selenium deficiency may have led to immunosuppression, resulting in the hyperinfection with S. edentatus , and to the muscle damage and tear of the diaphragm. Although ivermectin treatment was indicated in the history, inadequate deworming or anthelmintic resistance may have played a role in the severity of infection. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potential adverse effects of human exposure to carbon black (CB) have been reported, but limited knowledge regarding CB-regulated metabolism is currently available. To evaluate how physical parameters of CB influence metabolism, we investigated CB and diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) and attempted to relate various physical parameters, including the hydrodynamic diameter, zeta potential, and particle number concentrations, to lung energy metabolism in female BALB/c mice. A body weight increase was arrested by 3 months of exposure to CB of smaller-size fractions, which was negatively correlated with pyruvate in plasma. There were no significant differences in cytotoxic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or total protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) after 3 months of CB exposure. However, we observed alterations in acetyl CoA and the NADP/NADPH ratio in lung tissues with CB exposure. Additionally, the NADP/NADPH ratio was associated with the zeta potential of CB. Mild peribronchiovascular and interstitial inflammation and multinucleated giant cells (macrophages) with a transparent and rhomboid appearance and containing foreign bodies were observed in lung sections. We suggest that physical characteristics of CB, such as the zeta potential, may disrupt metabolism after pulmonary exposure. These results, therefore, provide the first evidence of a link between pulmonary exposure to CB and metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RGO: Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia is the property of RGO: Revista Gaucha de Odontologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Juniperus oxycedrus L. is a common Mediterranean tree that is frequently used in traditional medicine and European cuisine. Evidence suggests that Juniperus species may contain a large number of potentially anti-cancer molecules. Previously, the authors reported that essential oils of J. oxycedrus L. have anti-cancer properties in ER+ breast cancer cells. However, the potential therapeutic properties of hydroethanolic extracts are still unknown. Considering this and to highlight its anti-cancer properties, the in vitro effects of J. oxycedrus hydroethanolic extracts, of leaves and fruits, were investigated in ER+ breast cancer cells that overexpress aromatase (MCF-7aro). The effect of extracts on cell viability, cell death, and cell cycle progression were analysed. In addition, the phytochemical composition and their antioxidant properties were evaluated. Both extracts impaired breast cancer cell growth, by reducing cell viability, arresting cell cycle, and inducing mitochondrial apoptosis. Curiously, the presence of multinucleated cells and polyploidy in association with apoptosis suggested the involvement of mitotic catastrophe. Furthermore, both extracts had high antioxidant activity. Concerning the phytochemical analysis, it was demonstrated that both extracts were rich in flavonoids, which are known for their anti-cancer and antioxidant properties. Therefore, this work emphasizes the impact of both hydroethanolic extracts of J. oxycedrus L. in ER+ breast cancer cells, suggesting their potential adjuvant therapeutic role for this type of cancer. Moreover, this study points out that the plant J. oxycedrus L. could be considered a new natural source of anti-cancer and antioxidant molecules with therapeutic potential. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Osteoclasts are multinucleated giant cells that specialize in bone resorption and work together with bone-forming osteoblasts to maintain bone homeostasis. However, excessive osteoclast activation accounts for bone diseases, such as osteoporosis and periodontitis. In previous studies, natural small-molecule compounds have been shown to regulate osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast functions. Here we demonstrate that gallotannin, a hydrolyzable plant tannin, suppresses osteoclast differentiation. Methods We first used an ex vivo bone marrow culture system containing both osteoclast precursors and surrounding cells, thereby resembling physiological conditions, to evaluate the suppressive effect of gallotannin. We also used a RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis assay containing only osteoclast precursors to confirm the suppressive effect of gallotannin in the absence of effects from other cells. Results The suppressive effect of gallotannin was associated with the reduced RANKL-mediated induction of NFATc1, a critical transcription factor involved in osteoclast differentiation. We further confirmed that gallotannin reduced the p38 MAPK pathway activation, which is mediated by M-CSF and RANKL. This pathway suppression might underlie the suppression of NFATc1 production and subsequent reduction in osteoclast differentiation. Conclusion Our data indicate that the natural small-molecule compound gallotannin might be useful as a novel anti-bone resorptive agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign body giant cells (FBGCs) and osteoclasts are multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs), both of which are formed by the fusion of macrophage-derived mononuclear cells. Osteoclasts are distinct from FBGCs due to their bone resorption ability; however, not only morphological, but also functional similarities may exist between these cells. The characterization and diversity of FBGCs that appear in an in vivo foreign body reaction currently remain incomplete. In the present study, we investigated an in vivo foreign body reaction using an extraskeletal implantation model of hydroxyapatite (HA) with different microstructures. The implantation of HA granules in rat subcutaneous tissue induced a foreign body reaction that was accompanied by various MNGCs. HA granules composed of rod-shaped particles predominantly induced cathepsin K (CTSK)-positive FBGCs, whereas HA granules composed of globular-shaped particles predominantly induced CTSK-negative FBGCs. Plasma, which was used as the binder of ceramic granules, stimulated the induction of CTSK-positive FBGCs more strongly than purified fibrin. Furthermore, the implantation of HA composed of rod-shaped particles with plasma induced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive MNGCs in contrast to HA composed of globular-shaped particles with purified fibrin, which predominantly induced CTSK-negative and TRAP-negative typical FBGCs. These results suggest that CTSK-positive, TRAP-positive, and CTSK- and TRAP-negative MNGCs are induced in this subcutaneous implantation model in a manner that is dependent on the microstructure of HA and presence or absence of plasma. Statement of Significance We attempted to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the foreign body reaction induced by the implantation of hydroxyapatite granules with different microstructures in rat subcutaneous tissue with or without plasma components as the binder of ceramic granules. By analyzing the expression of two reliable osteoclast markers, we detected tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated giant cells, cathepsin K-positive multinucleated giant cells, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase- and cathepsin K-negative multinucleated giant cells. The induction of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated giant cells was plasma component-dependent while the induction of cathepsin K-positive multinucleated giant cells was influenced by the microstructure of hydroxyapatite. This is the first study to show the conditions dividing the three kinds of multinucleated giant cells in the foreign body reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Keratin spillage-associated foreign body giant cell granuloma formation is a well-known phenomenon in cancer. • Such multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) are genetically and immunologically programmed for keratin clearance. • Tumor cells might also get degraded due to presence of high and low molecular weight keratin. • This process can reduce the tumor burden and improves the overall prognosis. • Purposeful induction of keratin granuloma formation is an interesting therapeutic opportunity in the future. • Other possibilities of syncytium formation and granuloma-associated cytokines impact were also discussed. Keratin spillage-associated foreign body giant cell granuloma formation is a well-known phenomenon in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) pathogenesis. It is mainly associated with well-differentiated grade and multi-nucleated giant cells (MGCs) with active engulfment and clearance of keratin debris from the tumor microenvironment. Although not widely investigated, these MGCs are genetically and immunologically programmed for keratin clearance. With this knowledge in mind, we propose that these programmed MGCs might also attack and degrade the tumor cells due to the presence of high and low molecular weight keratin inside the tumor cells. This process can reduce the tumor burden and improves the overall prognosis in OSCC patients. In support of this contention, an improved prognosis has been reported in OSCC patients with keratin granuloma and MGC formation. We also put forth the purposeful induction of keratin granuloma formation in well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma as an interesting therapeutic opportunity in the future. This could be achieved through intra-lesional injection of natural or synthetic high molecular weight keratin in the stroma of OSCC tissue. Moreover, the possibility of syncytium formation with tumor cells along with granuloma-associated cytokines' impact have also been discussed in the present paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study which investigated the case of a 17-year-old, gelded Quarter Horse cross diagnosed with equine gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). The horse exhibited symptoms of mild colic, weight loss and chronic anemia. Findings showed a large mutlilobular mass originating from the transverse colon of the horse, requiring surgical excision and the presence of benign highly-cellular, neoplastic spindle-cell proliferation in the mass.

Our previous in vivo and in vitro studies revealed excellent tissue biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of porous sintered carbonate apatite (CA). The present study focused on the ultrastructural details of cells involved in the degradation of CA and new bone formation. Electron microscopy indicated that multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) were actively involved in CA resorption. MNGCs extended their irregular cytoplasmic protrusions deeply into the interstitial spaces between CA particles. Endophagosomes were formed by encircling partially dissolved or intact CA crystals via the development of pseudopodia-like cytoplasmic protrusions, the configuration of which was somewhat different from that of the typical ruffled border of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Subsequently, most CA particles in MNGCs were irregular in shape, suggesting that acidic degradation of CA occurred mainly intracellularly. Mononuclear cells, such as macrophage-like and/or fibroblast-like cells, also took up and degraded some CA Growth of very thin needle like crystals was observed in close association with CA Osteoblasts directly faced the CA and secreted osteoid matrix. At the CA-bone interface, an electron-dense and homogeneous thin layer free of collagen fibers was sometimes observed, suggesting an involvement in CA-bone bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Mammary carcinoma with multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells (OGCs) is a rare, distinctive variant of breast carcinoma. To date, all of these instances have been described as part of an invasive carcinoma. Here, we report a case of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast with numerous admixed OGCs present within gland lumens without an associated invasive component. Similar to invasive carcinomas with OGCs, both the in situ carcinoma and the OGCs exhibited overexpression for vascular endothelial growth factor. This case expands the spectrum of tumors associated with OGCs and provides further evidence for the possible role of vascular endothelial growth factor in the stromal-epithelial interactions of in situ mammary carcinoma. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most common phthalate that can affect the male reproductive system. DEHP exposure at the prepubertal stage could lead to the injury of immature testes, but the mechanism has not been fully clarified. In the present study, we elucidated the possible underlying mechanism of DEHP-induced prepubertal testicular injury through stereological analysis and transcriptome profiling. Compared with the control group, the DEHP-treated rats had lower body weight gain and decreased testicular weight and organ coefficient. Moreover, lower serum levels of testosterone and LH were observed in the DEHP group, in contrast to the increased FSH level. Additionally, the serum level of estradiol had no significant difference after DEHP exposure. Stereological analysis showed significant reduction in volumes of most testicular structures, especially in the seminiferous tubule and seminiferous epithelium, along with a vast decrease of spermatogenic cells and obvious structural damages with substantial pathological signs (germ cracks, cytoplasmic vacuolization, sloughing, multinucleated giant cell formation, chromatolysis desquamation and dissolution, pyknosis of nuclei) in the seminiferous tubule upon DEHP exposure at the prepubertal stage. Furthermore, transcriptome profiling identified 5548 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) upon DEHP exposure. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed several crucial signaling pathways related to retinol metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). In addition, seven DEGs selected from RNA-seq data were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and the results showed the same trends as the RNA-seq results. In conclusion, the above findings provide basic morphological data and lay a foundation for systematic research on transcriptome profiling in prepubertal testicular injury induced by DEHP. [Display omitted] • DEHP exposure led to injury in spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis at prepuberty. • Stereological analysis identified significant changes in different structures in prepubertal testes upon DEHP exposure. • Several crucial signaling pathways are involved in the prepubertal testes injury induced by DEHP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The present study tested the hypothesis that the scavenger receptor SR-A modulates granuloma formation in response to pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). To test this hypothesis, we monitored survival and histopathology in WT and SR-A-deficient mice following aerosol infection with MTB Rv. SR-A-deficient (SR-A-/-) mice infected with MTB survived significantly longer than WT mice; the mean survival of SR-A-/- mice exceeded 430 days compared to 230 days for WT mice. Early granuloma formation was not impaired in SR-A-/- mice. The extended survival of SR-A-/- mice was associated with 13- and 3-fold higher number of CD4+ lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells in SR-A-/- lungs compared to WT mice 280 after infection. The histopathology of chronically infected SR-A-/- lungs, however, was marked by abundant cholesterol clefts in parenchymal lesions containing infection in multinucleated giant cells. The present study indicates SR-A as a candidate gene of the innate immune system influencing the chronic phase of M. tuberculosis infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]