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A new report from researchers at Clinica Universidad de Navarra in Pamplona, Spain, highlights the emerging threat of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) in Europe, with a focus on the epidemiology in Spain. CCHFV is a tick-borne disease that can cause a range of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic to severe illness with a mortality rate of approximately 30%. The main transmission route is through tick bites, but veterinarians and livestock farmers who come into contact with infected animals are also at risk. Spain has been particularly affected, with 17 autochthonous cases detected since 2013. The researchers emphasize the importance of a high-quality epidemiological surveillance system to prevent the spread of the virus and limit its impact. [Extracted from the article]

A new report from the Hospital Infantil de Mexico provides fresh data on Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF), a significant public health concern transmitted by ticks. The study explores the epidemiology and transmission patterns of CCHF, including modes of transmission, mortality rates, and factors influencing its prevalence. It also examines genetic diversity within the CCHF virus (CCHFV) and its impact on transmission dynamics. The study emphasizes the need for further research to understand the enzootic environment, transmission routes, and genetic diversity of CCHFV in order to develop effective control measures, including vaccines, treatment options, and diagnostics. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Kunming University of Science and Technology in China has identified a novel strain of the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) in a wild Chinese serow. CCHFV is a highly pathogenic tick-borne virus that causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. The study highlights the need for regular surveillance programs to track the distribution of wild animals and the viruses they may transmit to humans and other domestic mammals in the region. The findings raise concerns about the possibility of a new zoonotic infection and emphasize the importance of understanding and monitoring emerging infectious diseases. [Extracted from the article]

A new report from researchers at the University of Lyon in France discusses their research on the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). The researchers focused on assigning the side-chain resonances of the virus's glycoprotein n (Gn) cytosolic domain. They were able to complete the backbone resonances previously published by another study. The researchers used cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) for sample preparation, NMR platforms with standardized pulse sequences for data acquisition, and the online platform NMRtist for data analysis. This study demonstrates a rapid and routine approach to NMR assignments of small and well-behaved proteins. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) have made progress in understanding RNA vaccines for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF). CCHF is a tick-borne illness with a wide geographic distribution, and currently, there are no widely available vaccines for it. The researchers used a rhesus macaque model to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a replicating RNA vaccine. The results showed that the vaccine induced a robust immune response and provided significant protection against CCHF in non-human primates. This research contributes to the development of potential vaccines for CCHF. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has explored the efficacy of a replicon particle vaccine in controlling Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). The research found that non-neutralizing anti-nucleoprotein antibodies play a crucial role in protecting against CCHFV infection. The study also examined the effects of vaccination timing on viral load, mucosal shedding, and clinical disease markers. The findings highlight the importance of antibody-mediated responses in vaccine-mediated protection against CCHFV. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in Greece have conducted a study on Ixodes ricinus ticks, which are known to carry various pathogens. The purpose of the study was to screen these ticks for different pathogens using real-time PCR and conventional PCRs combined with Sanger sequencing. The researchers found that 75% of the tick pools tested positive for at least one pathogen, with Rickettsia spp. being the most prevalent, followed by Borrelia spp. Phleboviruses and nairoviruses were also detected in a smaller percentage of the tick pools. These findings highlight the presence of a variety of pathogens and recently identified viruses in ticks, emphasizing the need for further studies and surveillance in both ticks and humans. [Extracted from the article]

According to a preprint abstract, researchers have discovered that the viral protein GP38 of the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) acts as a viral toxin and induces endothelial barrier dysfunction. The study also found that GP38-specific antibodies can inhibit endothelial hyperpermeability and vascular leak in vitro and in vivo during CCHFV infection. This research provides insights into the pathogenesis of CCHFV and the mode of action of GP38-specific antibodies, which could be valuable for vaccine and therapeutic design. However, it is important to note that this preprint has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Bezmialem Vakif University have published a study on the development of a novel plasmid-based eukaryotic model to investigate the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus (CCHFV). CCHF is a severe tick-borne viral disease with high mortality rates, and there is a need for effective treatments and vaccines. The study used a plasmid-based virus-like particle system and a minigenome model to investigate the biology and immunology of CCHFV. The findings of this research may contribute to better public health preparation against this neglected viral disease. [Extracted from the article]

A report from the Third International Conference on Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) held in Thessaloniki, Greece in September 2023 was recently published. The conference brought together professionals from various fields, including public health, medicine, ecology, epidemiology, immunology, and virology. The sessions covered topics such as the epidemiology of CCHF, the virus in ticks and animal hosts, molecular virology, pathogenesis, immune response, and prevention strategies. The report summarizes the lectures and highlights advancements in the field. The research was funded by the CDC and NIH, and the full report can be accessed through the Antiviral Research journal. [Extracted from the article]

A recent preprint abstract discusses the engineering, structure, and immunogenicity of a Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) glycoprotein complex. CCHFV is a tick-borne virus that can cause severe disease in humans. The study used structure-guided protein engineering to produce a stabilized glycoprotein complex and determined its structure using cryo-electron microscopy. Immunization with this complex provided 40% protection against lethal challenge in mice. These findings contribute to the understanding of CCHFV and may aid in the development of vaccine antigens. [Extracted from the article]

A preprint abstract from medrxiv.org discusses a seroepidemiological study conducted in Isiolo County, Kenya, to determine the prevalence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) in pastoralists, livestock, and wild animals. The study found that the overall seroprevalence of CCHFV antibodies in pastoralists, cattle, goats, sheep, and camels was 7.2%, 53.9%, 11.6%, 8.6%, and 89.7% respectively. Wild animals had an average seroprevalence of 41.0%, with giraffes having the highest seroprevalence at 75.0%. The study also identified risk factors for CCHFV exposure, such as male gender and belonging to a household with a seropositive herd for pastoralists, and mature animals and environmental factors for livestock. The findings of this study can guide disease control policies and emphasize the importance of surveillance for zoonotic diseases. [Extracted from the article]

According to a preprint abstract from medrxiv.org, a diabetic patient from Mauritania was diagnosed with a severe case of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in a hospital in Dakar, Senegal in July 2023. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the strain of CCHF was a reassortant between two genotypes and closely related to strains from Spain, Mauritania, Senegal, and South Africa. This finding highlights the need for enhanced surveillance of CCHF in West Africa. It is important to note that this preprint has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases highlights the potential of monoclonal antibodies in protecting against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). The study focused on the nucleocapsid protein (NP) of the virus, which is highly conserved across different strains. The researchers found that an anti-NP monoclonal antibody provided protection against lethal CCHFV infection in mice. This research suggests that targeting the NP could be a promising approach for developing antibody-based therapeutics against CCHFV. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Technology in Baghdad, Iraq, focuses on the dynamics of the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV), a deadly viral disease transmitted by ticks. The researchers developed a mathematical model to simulate the transmission and spread of the disease among humans, taking into account the delay in the disease's incubation time. The study aims to understand the dynamics of illness transmission and explore ways to control it. The research concludes with a sensitivity analysis and numerical simulations to validate the model's findings. For more information, readers can refer to the Journal of Applied Mathematics. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted in Mozambique examined the prevalence of zoonotic diseases among pastoral communities in the Caia and Buzi districts. The researchers collected blood samples and socio-demographic data from consenting pastoralists and tested the samples for antibodies against Brucella, Leptospira, Rickettsia, and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV). The results showed evidence of antibodies against these pathogens, with Leptospira and Rickettsia being the most prevalent. The study highlights the importance of laboratory diagnosis in detecting outbreaks and reducing the risk of transmission. [Extracted from the article]

A new study conducted by researchers at University Hospital Center has found that the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is present among people living with HIV in Brazzaville, Congo, and blood donors in Bamako, Mali. The study used serological surveys to assess CCHFV seroprevalence in these populations. The results showed a low seroprevalence of CCHFV, but indicated human contact with the virus in peri-urban areas near livestock and agriculture, as well as other risk-exposure activities. This study provides valuable information about the presence of CCHFV in these regions. [Extracted from the article]

The article titled "Genomic characterization of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus detected during nosocomial outbreak (2023) in Balochistan province of Pakistan" has been withdrawn by the authors due to a lack of approval from provincial health authorities. The authors do not want this work to be cited as a reference for the project. The preprint has not been peer-reviewed. The article focuses on the genetics and virology of the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus and its impact on health and medicine. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study investigated the virosphere of four white-toothed shrew species in Central Europe, aiming to understand the potential for zoonotic infections and prevent spillover. The study found a high diversity of viruses in the shrews, including co-infections. Whole genomes were generated for novel species of paramyxoviruses, nairoviruses, and hepevirus, which are closely related to WHO priority diseases. The research highlights the presence of virus diversity in shrews, not only in biodiversity hotspots but also in industrialized countries. However, it is important to note that this study has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has examined the spatial distribution of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) in Uganda. CCHF is a viral disease that can be transmitted to humans through tick vectors or livestock reservoirs. The study used geostatistical modeling to predict the seroprevalence of CCHF among livestock in different regions of Uganda. The results showed that CCHF seroprevalence was highest in northern Uganda and that environmental factors played a significant role in driving the predictions. This information can be used to prioritize locations and activities to reduce the risk of future CCHF transmission. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the Autonomous University Barcelona (UAB) in Catalonia, Spain, have conducted a study on the dynamics of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) transmission in Iberian ibex and wild boar populations during a disease-induced population collapse. The study found that while the trends in CCHFV seroprevalence in Iberian ibex and wild boars remained constant, the trends in Iberian ibex census and CCHFV seroprevalence in wild boars decreased significantly and were correlated. The study suggests a possible shared transmission cycle between the two species and a potential role of Rhipicephalus bursa ticks in CCHFV transmission. Further research is needed to confirm these hypotheses. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by the Chinese Academy of Sciences focused on the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), a highly dangerous pathogen. The researchers analyzed the interactions between the glycoproteins of the virus and host cells, identifying 45 host proteins that interact with the glycoproteins. They specifically investigated the role of a cellular protein called HAX1, which was found to sequester one of the glycoproteins to the mitochondria, inhibiting its normal function in viral packaging. This study provides valuable insights into the biology of CCHFV and potential therapeutic approaches. [Extracted from the article]

Keywords: Biological Products; Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus; Health and Medicine; Hemorrhagic Fever; Hemorrhagic Fever Virus; Immunization; Medical Devices; Nairovirus; RNA Viruses; Tropical Disease; Vaccination; Vaccine Development; Vaccines; Vertebrate Viruses; Viral; Virology EN Biological Products Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Health and Medicine Hemorrhagic Fever Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Immunization Medical Devices Nairovirus RNA Viruses Tropical Disease Vaccination Vaccine Development Vaccines Vertebrate Viruses Viral Virology 674 674 1 09/11/23 20230911 NES 230911 2023 SEP 14 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Vaccine Weekly -- Research findings on vaccine development are discussed in a new report. Biological Products, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Health and Medicine, Hemorrhagic Fever, Immunization, Medical Devices, Nairovirus, RNA Viruses, Tropical Disease, Vaccination, Vaccine Development, Vaccines, Vertebrate Viruses, Viral, Virology, Hemorrhagic Fever Virus. [Extracted from the article]

For more information on this research see: Vaccination with the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus viral replicon vaccine induces NP-based T-cell activation and antibodies possessing Fc-mediated effector functions. Keywords: Antibodies; Biological Products; Blood Proteins; Communicable Disease Control; Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus; Environment and Public Health; Health and Medicine; Hemorrhagic Fever; Hemorrhagic Fever Virus; Immunization; Immunoglobulins; Immunology; Nairovirus; Proteins; Public Health; Public Health Practice; RNA Viruses; Risk and Prevention; Tropical Disease; Vaccination; Vaccines; Vertebrate Viruses; Viral; Virology EN Antibodies Biological Products Blood Proteins Communicable Disease Control Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Environment and Public Health Health and Medicine Hemorrhagic Fever Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Immunization Immunoglobulins Immunology Nairovirus Proteins Public Health Public Health Practice RNA Viruses Risk and Prevention Tropical Disease Vaccination Vaccines Vertebrate Viruses Viral Virology 644 644 1 09/04/23 20230908 NES 230908 2023 SEP 7 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Vaccine Weekly -- Research findings on nairovirus are discussed in a new report. [Extracted from the article]

Keywords: Bioengineering; Bioinformatics; Biotechnology; Bunyavirus; Information Technology; Nairovirus; RNA Viruses; Risk and Prevention; Viral; Virology EN Bioengineering Bioinformatics Biotechnology Bunyavirus Information Technology Nairovirus RNA Viruses Risk and Prevention Viral Virology 807 807 1 08/14/23 20230818 NES 230818 2023 AUG 18 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Genomics & Genetics Weekly -- Current study results on bioinformatics have been published. We describe these putative novel viruses as BSF Nairovirus-like 1 and BSF uncharacterized bunyavirus-like 1.". [Extracted from the article]

Keywords: Tehran; Iran; Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus; Diagnostics and Screening; Enzymes and Coenzymes; Health and Medicine; Hemorrhagic Fever; Hemorrhagic Fever Virus; Nairovirus; RNA Viruses; Ribonuclease; Technology; Tropical Disease; Vertebrate Viruses; Viral; Virology EN Tehran Iran Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Diagnostics and Screening Enzymes and Coenzymes Health and Medicine Hemorrhagic Fever Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Nairovirus RNA Viruses Ribonuclease Technology Tropical Disease Vertebrate Viruses Viral Virology 284 284 1 08/07/23 20230812 NES 230812 2023 AUG 10 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at TB & Outbreaks Week -- Investigators publish new report on RNA Viruses - Nairovirus. Tehran, Iran, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Diagnostics and Screening, Enzymes and Coenzymes, Health and Medicine, Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Hemorrhagic Fever, Nairovirus, RNA Viruses, Ribonuclease, Technology, Tropical Disease, Vertebrate Viruses, Viral, Virology. [Extracted from the article]

We identified candidate segments for the full BSF Nairovirus-like 1 genome using a technique based on transcript co-occurrence, and only a partial genome for BSF uncharacterized bunyavirus-like 1. We describe these putative novel viruses as BSF Nairovirus-like 1 and BSF uncharacterized bunyavirus-like 1. [Extracted from the article]

For more information on this research see: Evaluation of the immunogenicity of a Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus vaccine candidate in mice developed based on a baculovirus Zera nanoparticle delivery system. Keywords: Biological Products; Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus; Emerging Technologies; Health and Medicine; Hemorrhagic Fever; Hemorrhagic Fever Virus; Immunization; Nairovirus; Nanoparticles; Nanotechnology; RNA Viruses; Tropical Disease; Vaccines; Vertebrate Viruses; Viral; Virology EN Biological Products Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Emerging Technologies Health and Medicine Hemorrhagic Fever Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Immunization Nairovirus Nanoparticles Nanotechnology RNA Viruses Tropical Disease Vaccines Vertebrate Viruses Viral Virology 455 455 1 06/19/23 20230623 NES 230623 2023 JUN 22 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Vaccine Weekly -- Fresh data on nairovirus are presented in a new report. [Extracted from the article]

Keywords: Biological Products; Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus; Glycoconjugates; Glycoproteins; Health and Medicine; Hemorrhagic Fever; Hemorrhagic Fever Virus; Immunization; Nairovirus; RNA Viruses; Tropical Disease; Vaccines; Vertebrate Viruses; Viral; Virology EN Biological Products Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Glycoconjugates Glycoproteins Health and Medicine Hemorrhagic Fever Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Immunization Nairovirus RNA Viruses Tropical Disease Vaccines Vertebrate Viruses Viral Virology 256 256 1 06/05/23 20230609 NES 230609 2023 JUN 8 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Vaccine Weekly -- A new study on nairovirus is now available. For more information on this research see: GP38 as a vaccine target for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. npj Vaccines, 2023,8(1):1-17. [Extracted from the article]

In contrast, HAZV nucleoprotein completely inhibited HAZV-induced cell surface expression of claudin-1, and this inhibition required interaction between HAZV nucleoprotein and claudin-1." Keywords: Cell Membrane; Cell Membrane Structures; Cellular Structures; Intercellular Junctions; Nairovirus; Nucleoproteins; Peptides and Proteins; RNA Viruses; Risk and Prevention; Tight Junctions; Viral; Virology EN Cell Membrane Cell Membrane Structures Cellular Structures Intercellular Junctions Nairovirus Nucleoproteins Peptides and Proteins RNA Viruses Risk and Prevention Tight Junctions Viral Virology 1385 1385 1 06/05/23 20230609 NES 230609 2023 JUN 9 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Genomics & Genetics Weekly -- A new study on nairovirus is now available. [Extracted from the article]

Wuhan, People's Republic of China, Asia, Cytokines, Genetics, Genomics, Health and Medicine, Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Interferons, Nairovirus, RNA Research, RNA Viruses, Vertebrate Viruses, Viral, Viral RNA, Tropical Disease, Virology Keywords: Wuhan; People's Republic of China; Asia; Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus; Cytokines; Genetics; Genomics; Health and Medicine; Hemorrhagic Fever; Hemorrhagic Fever Virus; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Interferons; Nairovirus; RNA Research; RNA Viruses; Tropical Disease; Vertebrate Viruses; Viral; Viral RNA; Virology EN Wuhan People's Republic of China Asia Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Cytokines Genetics Genomics Health and Medicine Hemorrhagic Fever Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins Interferons Nairovirus RNA Research RNA Viruses Tropical Disease Vertebrate Viruses Viral Viral RNA Virology 200 200 1 04/24/23 20230424 NES 230424 2023 APR 27 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at TB & Outbreaks Week -- Data detailed on RNA Viruses - Nairovirus have been presented. [Extracted from the article]

Keywords: Bioengineering; Biological Products; Biotechnology; Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus; DNA Vaccines; Genetic Engineering; Glycoconjugates; Glycoproteins; Health and Medicine; Hemorrhagic Fever; Hemorrhagic Fever Virus; Immunization; Nairovirus; Nucleocapsid; Nucleocapsid Proteins; Peptides and Proteins; RNA Viruses; Synthetic Vaccines; Tropical Disease; Vaccines; Vertebrate Viruses; Viral; Viral Proteins; Viral Structural Proteins; Virions; Virology EN Bioengineering Biological Products Biotechnology Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus DNA Vaccines Genetic Engineering Glycoconjugates Glycoproteins Health and Medicine Hemorrhagic Fever Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Immunization Nairovirus Nucleocapsid Nucleocapsid Proteins Peptides and Proteins RNA Viruses Synthetic Vaccines Tropical Disease Vaccines Vertebrate Viruses Viral Viral Proteins Viral Structural Proteins Virions Virology 354 354 1 04/03/23 20230407 NES 230407 2023 APR 6 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Vaccine Weekly -- Investigators publish new report on DNA vaccines. For more information on this research see: Construction and evaluation of DNA vaccine encoding Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus nucleocapsid protein, glycoprotein N-terminal and C-terminal fused with LAMP1. [Extracted from the article]

For more information on this research see: Evaluation of the immunogenicity of vaccine candidates developed using a baculovirus surface display system for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in mice. Keywords: Biological Products; Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus; Genetics; Health and Medicine; Hemorrhagic Fever; Hemorrhagic Fever Virus; Immunization; Nairovirus; RNA Viruses; Tropical Disease; Vaccines; Vertebrate Viruses; Viral; Virology EN Biological Products Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Genetics Health and Medicine Hemorrhagic Fever Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Immunization Nairovirus RNA Viruses Tropical Disease Vaccines Vertebrate Viruses Viral Virology 277 277 1 04/03/23 20230407 NES 230407 2023 APR 6 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Vaccine Weekly -- Fresh data on nairovirus are presented in a new report. [Extracted from the article]

According to the news editors, the research concluded: "Cumulatively, our data show that this vaccine confers robust protection against CCHFV and suggest that both humoral and cellular immunity contribute to optimal vaccine-mediated protection." Keywords: Hamilton; State:Montana; United States; North and Central America; Bioengineering; Biological Products; Biotechnology; Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus; DNA Vaccines; Genetic Engineering; Health and Medicine; Hemorrhagic Fever; Hemorrhagic Fever Virus; Immunization; Nairovirus; Public Health; RNA Viruses; Risk and Prevention; Synthetic Vaccines; Tropical Disease; Vaccination; Vaccines; Vertebrate Viruses; Viral; Virology EN Hamilton State:Montana United States North and Central America Bioengineering Biological Products Biotechnology Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus DNA Vaccines Genetic Engineering Health and Medicine Hemorrhagic Fever Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Immunization Nairovirus Public Health RNA Viruses Risk and Prevention Synthetic Vaccines Tropical Disease Vaccination Vaccines Vertebrate Viruses Viral Virology 364 364 1 03/27/23 20230331 NES 230331 2023 MAR 30 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Vaccine Weekly -- A new study on Immunization - DNA Vaccines is now available. [Extracted from the article]