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High-strength steels are widely used in vehicle body-in-white, offering a good balance between crashworthiness and lightweight design. The increased requirements of heavier electric vehicles, in terms of fatigue resistance and crashworthiness, highlight that chassis parts have remarkable lightweighting potential. However, applying these grades in chassis parts is not straightforward, as the forming processes, like trimming, may introduce surface defects that compromise the fatigue resistance of the component. This work presents a material selection strategy for the applicability of high-strength steels in chassis parts of electric vehicles. The proposed approach allows the evaluation of the key parameters of the chassis parts in a simple way. The crash performance is evaluated through fracture toughness using the essential work of fracture (EWF) methodology. The method is applied to thin high-strength steel sheets employing double-edge notched tensile specimens (DENT). On the other hand, fatigue performance is investigated in terms of fatigue resistance for both notched and unnotched specimens. The results for different complex-phase and dual-phase steels show a good agreement between the EWF and the fatigue notch factor. The method could help apply high-strength steel to chassis parts, as designers will have a tool to focus the expensive fatigue tests on the best material candidates.

Aims.We investigate the distribution of molecular and atomic gas and the nature of the power source of the LINER (Low-Ionisation Nuclear Emission-line Region) activity in NGC 5218.

Abstract: A significant (∼1.8%) positive unit between the parameters of the crystal lattice is the reason of tetragonal distortion (a ⊥/a ‖ ≈ 1.04) and reduction in the volume of the unit cell of La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 films (15 nm) quasicoherently grown on the (001) surface of a LaAlO3 substrate. The films consist of single-crystal blocks with the lateral size of 30–50 nm. The atomically smooth LaAlO3-La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 interphase boundary has no misfit dislocations. At T = 4.2 K, the transformation of nonferromagnetic phase inclusions into ferromagnetic ones in a constant magnetic field H is accompanied by a stable reduction in the electrical resistivity ρ of manganite films with time, so that the curve ρ(t) is well approximated by the relationship ρ(t) ∼ ρ1(t − t 0)1/2, (where t 0 is the time for establishment of the specified value (μ0 H = 5 T) of the magnetic field and ρ1 is a coefficient independent of H). The magnetocrystalline anisotropy due to the elastic deformation of films by the substrate and stratification of electronic phases are the reasons of the distinct hysteresis in the dependences ρ(μ0 H, T < 100 K) obtained on μ0 H scanning in the sequence 5 T → 0 → −5 T → 0 → 5 T. At T = 50 K and μ0 H = 0.4 T, the magnetoresistance MR = 100% [ρ(μ0 H) − ρ(μ0 H = 0)]/ρ(μ0 H = 0) of LCMO films attains 150%.

In this paper we examine C. I. Lewis's view on the roleof coherence – what he calls ''congruence'' – in thejustification of beliefs based on memory ortestimony. Lewis has two main theses on the subject. His negativethesis states that coherence of independent items ofevidence has no impact on the probability of a conclusionunless each item has some credibility of its own. Thepositive thesis says, roughly speaking, that coherenceof independently obtained items of evidence – such asconverging memories or testimonies – raises the probabilityof a conclusion to the extent sufficient for epistemicjustification, or, to use Lewis's expression, ''rationaland practical reliance''.It turns out that, while thenegative thesis is essentially correct (apart from aslight flaw in Lewis's account of independence), astrong positive connection between congruence andprobability – a connection of the kind Lewis ultimatelyneeds in his validation of memory – is contingent on thePrinciple of Indifference. In the final section we assess therepercussions of the latter fact for Lewis's theory in particularand for coherence justification in general.

Inert gas condensation (IGC) has been employed to produce nanoparticles of the low-temperature combustion catalyst CuOx/CeO2. For the first time we have used a multiple heating crucible setup to tailor various morphologies over the whole compositional range (2−98% Cu). The factors that control the growth, structure, and morphology of the nanocomposite have been studied. A powerful combination of complementary characterization methods has been used to elucidate the catalytic synergistics of this material. Investigations by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and energy-filtered TEM (EFTEM) are supported by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and high-energy diffraction (HED) measurements. The nonstoichiometric CuOx/CeO2 composite displays an amorphous character consisting of aggregated CeO2 (ceria) nanocrystallites over which amorphous copper clusters (or a thin film of a solid solution) are finely dispersed. In the range 6~20% Cu, copper is predominantly located at the surface, which can give the material optimum catalytic properties. Development of crust structures, for example, core−shells, are formed in the 30~70% Cu concentration range and is attributable to a sequential oxidation of Ce followed by Cu and an ideal proportion of lattice expansion for the oxides. We suggest a model that illustrates the formation of the crust structure and may explain the observed extreme dispersion of copper on ceria. The helium gas pressure during the thermalization controls the crystal size and the degree of crystallite aggregation. Rounded particle shapes consisting of epitaxially interfaced nanocrystallites exhibit an X-ray amorphous character, while block-shaped crystals displaying sharp edges and distinct flat surfaces give rise to a higher X-ray crystallinity. Bulk CuO crystals were detected by high-energy diffraction above a 30% Cu content. However, the extreme copper dispersion is preserved even for higher copper contents, showing no limit of surface saturation.

Nanocrystalline titanium oxide films were prepared by DC magnetron sputtering onto SnO2:F-coated glass substrates kept at temperatures in the 50 &lt; τs &lt; 300 °C range. Dye sensitization in cis-dithiocyanato-bis(2,2‘-bipyridyl-4,4‘-dicarboxylate) ruthenium(II) yielded solar cells with a conversion efficiency η. The dye incorporation was dependent upon τs, and an optimum value of η = 1.7% was found with ~0.8-μm-thick titanium oxide films prepared at 250 °C. The microstructure then displayed a well-defined parallel penniform pattern, and the luminous transmittance was 42%. The crystallite size was substantially enlarged at τs > 250 °C, and η showed an ensuing decrease.

Ley cultivation by ploughing and fertilising constitute a severe impact on plant community patterns in semi-natural subalpine communities. Since the 1950ties, such cultivation have been an important part of the agroecosystem in subalpine areas in Norway, and regularly practised. Today, several former leys are left for grazing management. Plant species diversity and heterogeneity was studied in subalpine grasslands in Valdres, southern Norway (ca. 950 m a.s.l.) at different successional phases after ploughing. Fourteen sites (100 m2) varying from recently ploughed grasslands (3–5 years at phase 1) to unploughed sites were used to construct a temporal gradient by a space for time substitution. Small-scale species diversity (0.25m2) of vascular plants increased continuously with the time since last ploughing, while the variation in gamma-diversity was minor among late successional phases 3–5 (>23–28 years, 32–39 years and unploughed sites) after an evident increase from phase 1–3. The number of exclusive species peaked within unploughed sites (10), and included perennial herbs (Antennaria alpina, Hieracium auricula, Viola canina), spore-producing species (Botrychium lunaria, Selaginella selaginoides) and woody life-forms. Species diversity of cryptogams was low at both a small and large scale within successional phases 1 and 2 (<12 years). Small scale cryptogam diversity peaked at the unploughed sites, while gamma diversity peaked at phase 3 (23–28 years). This intermediate phase 3 also had the highest number of exclusive species (12) which exceeded unploughed sites (8). A coarse spatial structure of cryptogams at phase 3 was indicated by a low mean of species distribution. The soil of uncultivated grasslands (phase 5) was, at the end of the growing season (mid August), quite base-rich with a higher content for all measured nutrients as compared to intermediate phases of continuity (phase 3 and 4) The exception was nitrate which was not detectable from phase 3 to 5, and available phosphate which peaked at an intermediate phase of succession (phase 3 and 4). Heterogeneity of vascular plants reached a minimum value at the intermediate phase (3) while cryptogam heterogeneity peaked at this phase. Differences in heterogeneity cycles among these species groups implies that structuring processes act on different temporal scales for vascular plants as compered to cryptogams along the successional gradient in grasslands after ploughing. The importance of continuity in management for plant biodiversity in subalpine grasslands is finally discussed from a conservation point of view.

A nickel based Ni–16Cr–10Fe–0·022C (wt-%) model material has been investigated principally by atom probe field ion microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The grain boundary structure was modified by applying four different heat treatments of 550, 600, and 700°C for 1 h and 850°C for 5 h. The Gibbsian interfacial excess of boron, carbon and nitrogen segregation to grain boundaries (GBs) was measured after the heat treatments. The segregating elements were unevenly distributed along the GBs, indicating the importance of the internal GB microstructure. In the material heat treated at 700°C intergranular precipitates of Cr7C3, Cr23C6, and Cr2(C,N) were observed. The stability of these carbides is discussed. The heat treatment at 850°C resulted in the formation of Cr7C3only. Indications of oxygen clustering at GBs and at carbide/matrix interfaces were obtained.

Interface-engineered ramp-edge junctions (IEJ) have been characterised by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray analysis and electron energy loss spectroscopy. The IEJ are prepared by plasma etching an ion-milled YBa2Cu3O7-δ(YBCO) ramp-edge and subsequently a top YBCO layer is deposited. The results show that the YBCO at the plasma-etched interface has a modified structure. The modified barrier structure has a pseudo cubic unit cell which is rotated 45° around the [001] axis with respect to the underlying YBCO.

Ramp-type Josephson junctions with barrier layers of Ga doped PrBa2Cu3O7-δhave been investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The microstructures have been correlated to the ramp geometry. The junctions exhibited low excess current. This is believed to be due to the uniform thickness of barrier layer deposited on the ion-milled edges. The uniformity of the barrier is presumed to be a result of the smooth ramp, which promoted uniform nucleation and epitaxial growth.

Clusters of iron produced in a laser vaporization source have been characterized with time‐of‐flight spectra and deposited on different substrates for production of films of varying thickness. The magnetic properties of these films with thicknesses of 60 and 120 nm were investigated using an alternating gradient magnetometer. The films exhibit mono‐domain behavior from a broad size distribution which has been confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Films were also investigated by Mössbauer spectroscopy, which showed fast relaxation in the particles at room temperature. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Clusters of iron produced in a laser vaporization source have been characterized with time-of-flight spectra and deposited on different substrates for production of films of varying thickness. The magnetic properties of these films with thicknesses of 60 and 120 nm were investigated using an alternating gradient magnetometer. The films exhibit mono-domain behavior from a broad size distribution which has been confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Films were also investigated by Mössbauer spectroscopy, which showed fast relaxation in the particles at room temperature. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Lesions of a chronic gastroenterocolitis were found in 9 cats of the Persian breed that were euthanized after a prolonged period of bloody diarrhea. Gross lesions consisted of gastrointestinal edema with prominent Payer's patches, multiple grayish nodules, and a few irregular erosions within the colonic mucosa. Microscopically, the changes were composed of degeneration, necrosis, and proliferation of gastric glandular epithelium, dilated intestinal crypts with lymphoplasmacytic cell infiltration of the lamina propria, and in 1 cat, severe transmural necrosis of the colon. With the Giemsa stain, spiral-shaped organisms in the gastrointestinal lumen and intracellularly in the gastric and the colonic epithelium were observed. These organisms could not be cultured. Although the role of these spiral-shaped organisms was not determined, other agents that could explain the disorder were not found.

Two data sets, one from the 1960s and one from 1990, from continuously managed semi-natural meadows (semi-natural grasslands used for hay-cutting) in Småland, southern Sweden, were analysed to describe the vegetation and in an attempt to characterise changes that have occurred in the vegetation. Based on a classification of the data set, nine plant communities were recognised. The main vegetational differences, as revealed by an ordination, were due to variation in soil moisture, which ranged from wet to dry. During the investigation period, the amount of hay meadow area decreased, particularly the area of wet-moist meadows. In addition, the total variation in the vegetation diminished, and three plant communities more or less disappeared. The turnover index of species in the data set was 36%, and most of the species that were lost had initially been uncommon. Lost species included rare taxa, such as Gentianella campestris and Linum catharticum, while the new species tended to be common in the region. Annual and biennial species accounted for a greater proportion of the lost taxa than did perennial species. The mean cover of species per plot and the relative abundance of graminoids per plot increased. The recorded changes in the vegetation may be related to the increased loads of nitrogen pollutants as well as to a decrease in management intensity. The diminished area is related to changes in land-use. The meadow sites in Småland have been part of a landscape rich in grasslands, but today they have a more or less relict status. They differ from grasslands found elsewhere in Sweden and Scandinavia. In Sweden, the majority (68%) of endangered vascular plants belong to the agricultural landscape. To ensure the survival of individual species it is important to preserve all types of meadows, not only a few selected ones, since no two meadows are alike.

The important effects of rotation and compressibility on rotor blade boundary layers are theoretically investigated. The calculations are based on the momentum integral method and results from calculations of a transonic compressor rotor are presented. Influence of rotation is shown by comparing the incompressible rotating flow with the stationary one. Influence of compressibility is shown by comparing the compressible rotating flow with the incompressible rotating one. Two computer codes for three-dimensional laminar and turbulent boundary layers, originally developed by SSPA Maritime Consulting AB, have been further developed by introducing rotation and compressibility terms into the boundary layer equations. The effect of rotation and compressibility on the transition have been studied. The Coriolis and centrifugal forces that contribute to the development of the boundary layers and influence its behavior generate crosswise flow inside the blade boundary layers, the magnitude of which depends upon the angular velocity of the rotor and the rotor geometry. The calculations show the influence of rotation and compressibility on the boundary layer parameters. Momentum thickness and shape factor increase with increasing rotation and decrease when compressible flow is taken into account. For skin friction such effects have inverse influences. The different boundary layer parameters behave similarly on the suction and pressure sides with the exception of the crossflow angle, the crosswise momentum thickness, and the skin friction factor. The codes use a nearly orthogonal streamline coordinate system, which is fixed to the blade surface and rotates with the blade.

The microstructure of a ZnO varistor material has been investigated by a combination of X-ray diffractometry and analytical electron microscopy (SEM, TEM, STEM, EDX). The material was found to consist of: ZnO grains (doped with manganese, cobalt and nickel); smaller spinel grains which hinder the growth of ZnO grains during sintering; intergranular Bi-rich phases (namely a-Bi2O3, pyrochlore and an amorphous phase); and a small proportion of ZnO-ZnO interfaces which did not have any intergranular film but to which bismuth had segregated. The intergranular microstructure is largely a result of processes which occur during liquid phase sintering and subsequent cooling to room temperature.

The functional outcome of trochanteric hip fractures was investigated prospectively in a group of 92 patients treated at random with either Ender nails or a sliding hip screw. Apart from clinical variables, the walking ability of the patients was assessed by gait analysis performed on an electronic walkway. No perioperative complications were noted. The patients in the Ender group had significantly less blood loss and a shorter operation time than the patients treated with the sliding hip screw, indicating that the former method is more gentle as a primary intervention. However, over time there were more reoperations in the Ender group and the functional outcome, including gait analysis after 6 months, showed more favourable results for fractures treated with the sliding hip screw. We therefore recommend the sliding hip screw for an optimal functional result.

Seven patients subjected to pelvic tumour resection involving the acetabular ring were analyzed with respect to function. In addition to conventional clinical assessment gait was analyzed objectively by means of an electronic walk-way and residual hip-muscle power tested by means of a Cybex II dynamometer. Functional results reported by the patients with respect to pain, walking and working capacity appeared better than those elicited by clinical examination. All patients exhibited a marked pelvic tilt and a positive Trendelenburg sign. Only one patient walked without any kind of support. Leg-length discrepancy was on average 6 cm. Objective gait analysis disclosed that all patients had reduced weight-bearing time on the operated side as compared to the non-operated. This, however, was clearly less pronounced for those patients who appeared best with respect to pain, walking and working capacity. These patients also showed the best hip extension power which appeared more important from a functional point of view than hip flexion and, surprisingly, hip abduction power. Radiographic examination showed that bony support for the proximal femur, provided either by the formation of a bone shelf from the remaining iliac bone or by the remaining iliac bone itself, was of decisive importance for function. The results of the present study show that pelvic tumour resection involving the acetabular ring, provided radical tumour removal can be achieved, constitutes a feasible alternative to hemipelvectomy from a functional point of view. Sept malades ayant subi pour une tumeur pelvienne une résection iliaque intéressant l'anneau obturateur ont été étudiés sur le plan du résultat fonctionnel. La marche a été analysée cliniquement et objectivement au moyen d'un plateau de marche électronique et la force des muscles de la hanche évaluée à l'aide d'un dynamomètre Cybex II. L'estimation du résultat fonctionnel faite par les malades eux-mêmes, d'après la douleur et les possibilités de marche et de travail, est meilleure que celle qui ressort de l'examen clinique. Tous les opérés présentent une importante claudication et un signe de Trendelenburg positif. Un seul malade est capable de marcher sans canne. Le raccourcissement est en moyenne de 6 cm. L'analyse objective de la marche révèle que tous les malades ont une phase d'appui diminuée du côté opéré comparativement au côté sain. Ceci, toutefois, est nettement moins marqué chez ceux dont le résultat est meilleur en ce qui concerne la douleur et les possibilités de marche et de travail. Ces malades présentent également une meilleure force d'extension de la hanche, ce qui paraît plus important du point de vue fonctionnel que la force de flexion et même, de façcon étonnante, que celle d'abduction. L'examen radiologique montre que l'existence d'un appui entre l'extrémité supérieure du fémur et l'os iliaque restant, parfois par l'intermédiaire d'une butée spontanée, joue un rôle majeur dans la fonction. On peut conclure de cette étude que la résection iliaque intéressant l'anneau obturateur, dans la mesure où elle assure une exérèse radicale de la tumeur pelvienne, constitue, sur le plan fonctionnel, une alternative valable de l'amputation inter-ilioabdominale.

Single-electron tunneling devices were made by self-assembly of colloidal ligand-stabilized gold clusters in the small gap between two gold electrodes, which were covered with a self-assembled monolayer of 1,8-octanedithiol. With this method we control the size of the active part of the device which is smaller than the traditional lithographic resolution, with chemical methods and use self-positioning of the particle by weak forces between the substrate and the particle. The current voltage characteristic of the devices exhibit a Coulomb staircase and gate effect at 4.2 K, and a prominent Coulomb blockade at room temperature.

We studied 50 patients before and after unilateral total hip replacement, and compared them, using gait analysis, with 22 having staged bilateral operations. The average age of the patients was 65 years at the first operation. The mean follow-up was 53 months for the unilateral cases and 27 months, after the second THR, for the bilateral cases. The average interval between first and second THR was 24 months. Patients with bilateral hip disease did not gain optimal function, even on the first side, until both hips had been replaced. Unilateral replacement gave better gait analysis results than did either side after bilateral procedures.

The interfacial microstructures in CaTiO3/YBa2Cu3O7-x/SrTiO3/LaAlO3/CaRuO3 multilayers grown on (001) LaAlO3 substrates has been characterized using transmission electron microscopy in combination with scanning electron microscopy. The morphology of films grown on both flat surfaces and on stepped surfaces patterned by ion beam milling were interpreted in terms of effects that influence epitaxial orientation relationships, nucleation of Y2O3 particles, and pinhole formation. The general conclusions are that a-axis oriented YBa2Cu3O7-x particles should be avoided in multilayer structures. The particles give rise to cracking and pinhole formation. Local surface roughness, which may be due to ion beam milling or to the growth mechanism of YBCO, induces Y2O3 particle nucleation and pinhole formation. Very steep surface slopes cause the formation of a-axis YBa2CU3O7-x particles. A critical size effect of the Y2O3 particles is suggested.

In recent years there has been a growing interest in ceramic materials for high-temperature gas turbine chambers. Owing to different material properties, these gas turbine chambers have thicker walls than the metallic ones and, thus, a different geometry of the film-cooling slots, which affects the flow field. In this work the mean and fluctuating velocities and fluid temperatures have been studied numerically for two different lip-to-slot ratios. When the lip is thick, the flow becomes unsteady and a vortex street appears behind the lip; hence, unsteady computations have been carried out. The calculated results are compared with single hot-wire measurements made recently by Boman [I].

We have produced films of iron clusters in a laser vaporization source. The iron clusters were deposited on glass microslides and graphite substrates. The films -were analyzed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Mössbauer spectroscopy, magnetic measurements and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The TEM results show that the sizes of the deposited iron clusters are in the range from 2 nm to about 10 nm. From Mössbauer measurements we found that the particles undergo fast superparamagnetic relaxation at room temperature and become thermally blocked at lower temperatures. From hysteresis loops we obtained that the saturation magnetization of the films was in the range of bulk a-iron and the coercivity and remanence increase with decreasing temperature, typical for a system of mono-domain particles with a size distribution. The results from the AFM yield a cluster size in the same range as determined by TEM.

Bicrystals of ZnO with large interfacial areas and controlled misorientations have been prepared by the solid-phase intergrowth method. The structure of three [0001] tilt boundaries with misorientations of less than 1°, 17·8 ± 0·1° and 31·5 ± 0·1° have been studied by high-resolution electron microscopy. The low-angle boundary comprised well separated crystal dislocations and the atomic structure of the large-angle boundaries could be described in terms of sequences of [0001] tunnels coordinated fivefold, sixfold and sevenfold by atomic columns.The 17·8° asymmetric (8 17 9 0) boundary (Σ = 31) was planar, exhibiting a relatively long-period repeating structure and was occasionally interrupted by interfacial dislocations. The Burgers vector and step character of these defects were investigated using circuit mapping and found to be consistent with topological theory.The 31.5° interface was found to be extensively facetted into (2 7 5 0) and (1 3 4 0) symmetric tilt boundaries. Mirror symmetry in the immediate vicinity of the interface was suppressed by local relaxation. The angular deviation of -0.7° from the periodic Σ=13 system was observed to be accommodated by primitive interfacial dislocations. Some of these defects exhibited compact cores, introducing minimal disruption to the underlying periodic structure; others showed a more complex reconstruction, leading to a reduction in interfacial area and defect energy.

To evaluate the effect of widely used parenteral vaccination of dams against neonatal colibacillosis, the virulence factors of the intestinal Escherichia coli flora, namely, O serogroup, enterotoxin(s) produced (heat labile, porcine heat stable, and murine heat stable) and adhesins (K88, K99, and 987P antigens) of 149 piglets from different herds in Sweden were investigated. Three categories were investigated: healthy piglets, diarrheal piglets born to unvaccinated dams, and diarrheal piglets born to dams vaccinated with a polyvalent Formalin-killed whole-cell vaccine containing K88 antigen (Porcovac; Hoechst Pharmaceuticals, Hounslow, England). Piglets less than 1 week old and those 1 to 8 weeks old were evaluated separately. Diarrheal piglets less than 1 week old from vaccinated dams yielded a higher incidence of K99 antigen-positive E. coli of the murine heat-stable enterotoxigenicity type compared with piglets of the same age group from unvaccinated dams. The percentage of diarrheal cases from which E. coli lacking recognized virulence attributes were isolated was also higher in the former compared with the latter group. In the 1- to 8-week-old diarrheal piglets of vaccinated dams, the overall incidence, enterotoxigenicity type, and serotype of the E. coli isolates resembled those of diarrheal piglets less than 1 week of age from unvaccinated herds. Enterotoxigenic E. coli bearing 987P antigen detectable in vitro was rare. Most of the enterotoxigenic isolates lacking K88, K99, and 987P antigens produced only ST. The investigation pinpoints some of the inadequacies of vaccines of the type studied under field conditions.

The lift and drag forces and the pitch moment for scaled car models are measured. The measurements are carried out at different heights above a floor, for different after–body shapes, and at various air velocities. The results of the measurements show that the boundary layer on the floor has a marked effect on the lift and drag coefficients and on the pitch moment coefficient. The measurements also show that there are small variations of drag with Reynolds number when the floor is stationary, and slightly more when the floor is moving. The lift force increases, or is nearly constant, as the Reynolds number increases except at base slant angle φ = 40°, where there is a complex variation with Reynolds number. The pitch moment exhibits a nearly steady increase in value when the Reynolds number increases. The moving floor generally gives higher drag and less lift force and higher pitch moment than the stationary floor. A base slant angle of between 30° and 40° gives a maximum in drag force and pitch moment. The lift force decreases in a complex pattern as the base slant angle increases.

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Summary The Cervidae show one of the largest variations in chromosome number found within a mammalian family. The five species of the deer family which are the subject of this study vary in chromosome number from 2n=70 to 2n=6. Digestion with the restriction enzymes EcoRI, HpaII, HaeIII and MspI reveals that there is a series of highly repetitive sequences forming similar band patterns in the different species. To obtain information on the degree of homology among these conserved sequences we isolated a HpaII restriction fragment of approximately 990 base pairs from reindeer DNA. This DNA sequence was32P-labelled and hybridized by the Southern blot technique to DNAs cleaved with HpaII and HaeIII from the reindeer and four other Cervidae species. Hybridization to specific restriction fragments was recorded in all species. The patterns of hybridization showed a higher degree of similarity between reindeer, elk and roe deer than between reindeer and the Asiatic species (fallow deer and muntjac). Homologies are still present between the highly repetitive sequences of the five species despite the drastic reorganization that led to a change in chromosome number from 6 to 70.

Anex situ process has been developed to produce thin superconducting Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 films. The properties of films grown on different substrates using different annealing regimes were studied. Critical temperatures of 103–107 K were measured on films prepared in a broad range of annealing temperatures on SrTiO3, LaAlO3, and Y-ZrO2 substrates. A critical current density,Jc, of 2×106 A/cm2 at 77 K was measured on LaAlO3. Film morphology was studied by SEM, AFM, and STM.