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Heart rot, which is the decay of wood in the center of a tree, is a common condition in both young and older street and landscape trees. However, it usually does not threaten the stability or longevity of the tree. While heart rot can result in tree failures and affect pruning and removal operations, most urban trees can survive many years with heart rot and are more likely to succumb to other factors. Arborists should be aware that some decay fungi can invade and decay healthy sapwood, which can have a greater impact on tree stability. The spread of heart rot fungi primarily occurs through spores and mycelial fragments, and arborists can reduce heartwood exposure by using proper pruning techniques. [Extracted from the article]

The synthesis of a new bis-BF2tetrafluorobenzo-[α]-fused BOPYPY dye from 4,5,6,7-tetrafluoroisoindole and 2-hydrazinopyrazine is reported. The regioselectivity of nucleophilic substitution reactions at the periphery of the tetrafluorinated BOPYPY and its α-bromo derivative were investigated using N-, O-, S-, and C-based nucleophiles. Among the aromatic fluorine atoms, the F2atom is consistently regioselectively substituted, except when the α-position contains a thiophenol group; in this case, F4is substituted instead due to stabilizing π–π-stacking between the two aromatic groups. The α-bromo BOPYPY derivative also reacts under Stille cross-coupling reaction conditions to produce the corresponding α-substituted product. The spectroscopic properties of these new fluorinated BOPYPYs were investigated and compared with nonfluorinated analogs.

Oat (Avena sativaL.) production worldwide is constrained by crown rust (caused by Puccinia coronataf. sp. avenae), which can cause significant yield losses. The disease is often controlled by spraying fungicides or planting resistant cultivars. Developing host resistance, however, is a challenge due to the high genetic variability of the pathogen. Race‐specific resistance usually succumbs to new races in just a few years. As such, the USDA‐ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory developed mapping populations to identify adult plant resistance (APR) loci from Avena sativadonors. Resistant lines from the mapping populations were selected and crossed with buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticaL.) nursery selection lines BT1020‐1‐1 and BT1021‐1‐1, which possess a different gene for crown rust resistance derived from Avena strigosa. From the crosses, CDL‐111 (Reg. no. GP‐122, PI 702639) and CDL‐167 (Reg. no. GP‐123, PI 702640), both containing three APR quantitative trait loci, were selected as germplasm for resistance breeding. High‐throughput markers for selection were developed and implemented in pyramiding the APR loci. Oat crown rust is a devastating disease worldwide.Breeding for host resistance is economical and environmentally friendly.Race‐specific crown rust resistance is short lived in the field.Pyramiding APR loci may provide durable resistance to crown rust.

The modeling of genotype × environment interactions (GEI) is important to understand how new crops perform in different environments and management systems. Naked barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) is a type of barley where the hull threshes freely from the grain and can be used for multiple end uses, including food, malt, and animal feed. We examined the performance of a winter naked barley trial grown in organic conditions across three regions and 3 years in northern latitude regions of the United States. We recorded yield, test weight, heading date, plant height, threshability, winter survival, barley stripe rust (Puccinia striiformisf. sp. hordeiWestend), barley scald (Rhynchosporium communeZaffarano, McDonald and Linde sp. nov), and spot blotch (Cochliobolus sativus, anamorph Bipolaris sorokiniana(S. Ito & Kurib.). Barley stripe rust, plant height, heading date, preharvest sprouting, and threshability had high heritability and low GEI. Grain yield, test weight, scald, and winter survival had high GEI and were analyzed using the additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model, genotype plus GEI biplot (GGE), and Finlay–Wilkinson (FW) stability analysis. The environmental patterns explained by the AMMI and GGE models indicated that selection for high GEI traits should occur within target environments and across multiple years within the target environments. Environmental groups were separated by Oregon as the first group and Wisconsin and New York as the second group. Barley stripe rust, plant height, heading date, preharvest sprouting, and threshability had high heritability and low genotype × environment interactions.Grain yield, test weight, scald, and winter survival had high genotype × environment interaction effects.Environmental groupings were separated into OR as the first group and NY and WI as the second group.

Dynamical systems that are contracting on a subspace are said to be semicontracting. Semicontraction theory is a useful tool in the study of consensus algorithms and dynamical flow systems such as Markov chains. To develop a comprehensive theory of semicontracting systems, we investigate seminorms on vector spaces and define two canonical notions: Projection and distance seminorms. We show that the well-known $\ell _{p}$ ergodic coefficients are induced matrix seminorms and play a central role in stability problems. In particular, we formulate a duality theorem that explains why the Markov–Dobrushin coefficient is the rate of contraction for both averaging and conservation flows in discrete time. Moreover, we obtain parallel results for induced matrix logarithmic seminorms. Finally, we propose comprehensive theorems for strong semicontractivity of linear and nonlinear time-varying dynamical systems with invariance and conservation properties both in discrete and continuous time.

ABSTRACTThis report offers updated information from crystalline artifact research results initially presented in 2014 by Michael C. Moore and colleagues. At that time, worked and raw crystal items from four Mississippian sites in the Middle Cumberland Region of Tennessee were assessed by the Tennessee Geological Survey as calcite through visual techniques. Subsequent analysis using Fiber Optic Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS) has determined these specimens are, in fact, fluorite. The known sample of six worked crystal artifacts in 2014 has also increased by 50% through the recent discovery of two earplugs and one bead from three Mississippian period sites. FORS analysis determined these three artifacts to be fluorite as well.

ABSTRACTIn England, the traditional method of central government redistribution and equalization between locations has been replaced with a greater emphasis on self-sufficiency and entrepreneurism. English local government now faces existential funding questions – a situation that is repeated around the world as the public sector manages the fallout from the Covid-19 pandemic. Financialization has figured large in the study of entrepreneurial behaviour. However, in England, legal and procedural constraints have driven authorities to seek revenue funding from other sources, principally seeking additional property-related revenues. In response, this article presents a novel typology of local government funding sources and offers an original analysis of their implications for local authorities’ role. The empirical findings show that the buoyancy and quantum of many funding sources are constrained by prior evolution of location and central–local relations: they are not automatic routes to financialization. Conceptually, these findings reveal that methods of financialization, and the local government funding system within which they typically sit, are as likely to be constrained by the evolution and techniques of governance as they are accelerated by it. International debates around financialization, and wider concerns of how locations develop, would benefit from this account of the often-hidden nature and agency of local government funding systems.

The standard approach to risk-averse control is to use the exponential utility (EU) functional, which has been studied for several decades. Like other risk-averse utility functionals, EU encodes risk aversion through an increasing convex mapping $\varphi $ of objective costs to subjective costs. An objective cost is a realization $y$ of a random variable $Y$ . In contrast, a subjective cost is a realization $\varphi (y)$ of a random variable $\varphi (Y)$ that has been transformed to measure preferences about the outcomes. For EU, the transformation is $\varphi (y) = \exp (({-\theta }/{2})y)$ , and under certain conditions, the quantity $\varphi ^{-1}(E(\varphi (Y)))$ can be approximated by a linear combination of the mean and variance of $Y$ . More recently, there has been growing interest in risk-averse control using the conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) functional. In contrast to the EU functional, the CVaR of a random variable $Y$ concerns a fraction of its possible realizations. If $Y$ is a continuous random variable with finite $E(|Y|)$ , then the CVaR of $Y$ at level $\alpha $ is the expectation of $Y$ in the $\alpha \cdot 100\%$ worst cases. Here, we study the applications of risk-averse functionals to controller synthesis and safety analysis through the development of numerical examples, with an emphasis on EU and CVaR. Our contribution is to examine the decision-theoretic, mathematical, and computational tradeoffs that arise when using EU and CVaR for optimal control and safety analysis. We are hopeful that this work will advance the interpretability of risk-averse control technology and elucidate its potential benefits.

AbstractHumidity-controlled mechanical exhaust ventilation (RH-MEV) has been widely used in France for over 35 years, demonstrating high durability and robustness. This exhaust-only ventilation strategy is widely used as an energy-saving measure, replacing constant mechanical exhaust ventilation (Constant-MEV) systems in residential buildings. It demonstrates energy savings due to the restricted airflows, but as a downside, the building’s indoor air quality (IAQ) often deteriorates. Moreover, it is impossible to recover heat with exhaust-only ventilation systems, which means that energy consumption for space heating is still quite significant and cold supply air temperatures are frequently introduced to the heated spaces. Room ventilation units (RVUs) with heat recovery represent an alternative ventilation solution allowing simple installation through the façade and providing fresh outdoor air and exhaust ventilation to each room. This study investigates these units’ energy saving potential and indoor environmental quality performance as an alternative solution to centralized exhaust-only ventilation systems. The dynamic simulations were performed for a reference residential building under various French climatic conditions for a heating season. The three ventilation strategies investigated were Constant-MEV, RH-MEV and room-based ventilation with RVUs. The results demonstrated 61–85% savings in space heating demand with the RVUs, compared to Constant-MEV under all climatic conditions. Compared to RH-MEV, the RVUs saved 44–75% energy for space heating while the CO2concentration and relative humidity levels were decreased due to RVUs’ constant air exchange rate. In all cases, RVUs provided considerably higher supply air temperatures due to the implemented heat recovery, which can potentially improve indoor thermal comfort.

The purpose of this 6‐week, single‐blinded, randomized clinical trial was to determine if the use of an interproximal brush, with or without a tracking device, is more effective than an oral irrigator in improving interproximal probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and inflammatory markers. Seventy‐six patients with Stages III–IV, Grade B periodontitis and a 5–7 mm posterior interproximal PD with BOP were randomized: (1) interproximal brush alone (IB; n= 26), (2) interproximal brush with tracking device (TD; n= 23), (3) oral irrigator (OI; n= 27). Participants used devices once daily for 6 weeks. Clinical measurements (PD, CAL, PI, BOP, GI) and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected at baseline and 6 weeks. All groups showed a significant reduction in PD and CAL (≥1.1 mm, p< 0.0001) and improvement in BOP (≥56%, p< 0.0001) and GI (≥82%, p< 0.001) at the experimental site with no differences among groups. The IB and IB+TD groups showed a significant reduction in PI (≥0.9, p≤ 0.01). Interleukin (IL)‐1β was reduced in all groups (p= 0.006), but IB+TB more than OI (p≤ 0.05). IL‐10 was reduced among all groups (p= 0.01), while interferon‐gamma significantly increased (p= 0.01) in all groups. IB and OI improved clinical parameters of PD and CAL and reduced inflammatory markers (BOP, GI, GCF IL‐1β). IB had better interproximal plaque reduction. Tracking did not significantly improve clinical parameters compared with the IB and OI groups, suggesting future modifications are needed.

ABSTRACTCourse-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) have been described as a mechanism to allow more undergraduates to engage in research experiences. To understand whether CUREs are viable to scale-up undergraduate access to research experiences, it is essential to carefully evaluate whether CUREs promote comparable self-reported outcomes for students and are less resource intensive than undergraduate research internships. In comparing student outcomes from four distinct CUREs to outcomes from students engaged in a summer research programme in the biology department at one institution, we found that students in both experiences self-report comparable gains on all items studied using the Undergraduate Research Student Self-Assessment tool. CURE students report similar levels of satisfaction with aspects of research experiences, such as amount of time spent conducting research and working with a mentor, compared with students engaged in the summer research programme. The CUREs studied here are less resource intensive than the summer research programme, and still led to comparable self-reported outcomes. These courses increased the number of biology undergraduates able to engage in research experiences, suggesting that CUREs are a viable option to expand access to research experiences that promote expected learning outcomes in a more efficient way.

Abstract:This article examines the colonial-era poet and critic Im Hwa's (林和 1908–1953) maritime literary trope of Hyŏnhaet'an (玄海灘), the strait separating the Korean peninsula from the Japanese archipelago, as it encompasses Korea's contradictory peripheral location within the Japanese empire. Im Hwa's repeated invocations of this body of water served as a channel for navigating the escalating pressures of colonial censorship, in which the romanticized, masculinist figure of the valiant "youth" (ch'ŏngnyŏn) substituted for the former working-class protagonist from Im's esteemed "short narrative poems" (tanp'yŏn sŏsasi) during the heyday of the proletarian literary movement. Further, Im's fixation on the vicissitudes of the seafaring journey across the strait can be said to articulate the precarious position occupied by Korean colonial subjects of the Japanese emperor, neither permitted full assimilation nor capable of enduring perpetual subjugation as second-class citizens. The article concludes by exploring how the liminality of passage across Hyŏnhaet'an exemplifies both the tensions between nationalism and social class in the revised geopolitical contours of Im's anti-colonial, oceanic imagination, what he eloquently referred to as a "new map of the peninsula" (pando ŭi sae chido).

Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man #194050) is a rare genetic multisystem disorder resulting from a chromosomal microdeletion at 7q11.23. The condition is characterized by distinct facies, intellectual disability, and supravalvar aortic stenosis. Those with WBS have an increased risk of sudden death, but mechanisms underlying this phenotype are incompletely understood.

This article examines the colonial-era poet and critic Im Hwa’s (林和 1908–1953) maritime literary trope of Hyŏnhaet’an (玄海灘), the strait separating the Korean peninsula from the Japanese archipelago, as it encompasses Korea’s contradictory peripheral location within the Japanese empire. Im Hwa’s repeated invocations of this body of water served as a channel for navigating the escalating pressures of colonial censorship, in which the romanticized, masculinist figure of the valiant “youth” (ch’ŏngnyŏn) substituted for the former working-class protagonist from Im’s esteemed “short narrative poems” (tanp’yŏn sŏsasi) during the heyday of the proletarian literary movement. Further, Im’s fixation on the vicissitudes of the seafaring journey across the strait can be said to articulate the precarious position occupied by Korean colonial subjects of the Japanese emperor, neither permitted full assimilation nor capable of enduring perpetual subjugation as second-class citizens. The article concludes by exploring how the liminality of passage across Hyŏnhaet’an exemplifies both the tensions between nationalism and social class in the revised geopolitical contours of Im’s anti-colonial, oceanic imagination, what he eloquently referred to as a “new map of the peninsula” (pando ŭi sae chido).

Threshability, defined here as the propensity of grains to lose their hull after harvest, is a key trait in naked barley (Hordeum vulgareL.). While threshability is a defining characteristic of naked grains and has been found to be associated with grain size and shape, its genetic architecture is poorly described. The goals of this study were to identify quantitative trait loci associated with threshability and evaluate their utility as covariates in genomic prediction models. A genome‐wide association study identified two loci on chromosomes 2H and 3H associated with threshability. The locus on chromosome 2H accounted for 9.9% of the phenotypic variance explained (PVE). The locus on chromosomes 3H accounted for 7.8% of the PVE. With effects on threshability of 0.18 and 0.29 for each marker, respectively, these markers could have a limited impact when implemented in marker‐assisted selection. Predictive ability for threshability was 0.842 using a structured genomic best linear unbiased prediction model. Incorporation of the markers with significant associations as covariates in the model did not improve predictive ability. Predictive ability was improved by the use of a multi‐trait model including grain test weight. The high predictive ability for threshability overall indicate that genomic selection would be useful in selection for threshability in naked barley. Two markers were identified with significant associations to threshability.Predictive ability for threshability was 0.842 using a structured gBLUP model.Predictive ability was not increased by inclusion of identified QTL as covariates.Predictive ability was increased using a multi‐trait prediction model.

We employ synchrotron-based near-field infrared spectroscopy to image the phononic properties of ferroelectric domain walls in hexagonal (h) Lu0.6Sc0.4FeO3, and we compare our findings with a detailed symmetry analysis, lattice dynamics calculations, and prior models of domain-wall structure. Rather than metallic and atomically thin as observed in the rare-earth manganites, ferroelectric walls in h-Lu0.6Sc0.4FeO3are broad and semiconducting, a finding that we attribute to the presence of an A-site substitution-induced intermediate phase that reduces strain and renders the interior of the domain wall nonpolar. Mixed Lu/Sc occupation on the Asite also provides compositional heterogeneity over micron-sized length scales, and we leverage the fact that Lu and Sc cluster in different ratios to demonstrate that the spectral characteristics at the wall are robust even in different compositional regimes. This work opens the door to broadband imaging of physical and chemical heterogeneity in ferroics and represents an important step toward revealing the rich properties of these flexible defect states.

The basic reproduction number $R_{0}$ is a fundamental quantity in epidemiological modeling, reflecting the typical number of secondary infections that arise from a single infected individual. While $R_{0}$ is widely known to scientists, policymakers, and the general public, it has received comparatively little attention in the controls community. This note provides two novel characterizations of $R_{0}$: a stability characterization and a geometric program characterization. The geometric program characterization allows us to write $R_{0}$-constrained and budget-constrained optimal resource allocation problems as geometric programs, which are easily transformed into convex optimization problems. We apply these programs to allocating vaccines and antidotes in numerical examples, finding that targeting $R_{0}$ instead of the spectral abscissa of the Jacobian matrix (a common target in the controls literature) leads to qualitatively different solutions.

The popularity of Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR), a risk functional from finance, has been growing in the control systems community due to its intuitive interpretation and axiomatic foundation. We consider a nonstandard optimal control problem in which the goal is to minimize the CVaR of a maximum random cost subject to a Borel-space Markov decision process. The objective represents the maximum departure from a desired operating region averaged over a given fraction of the worst cases. This problem provides a safety criterion for a stochastic system that is informed by both the probability and severity of the potential consequences of the system’s behavior. In contrast, existing safety analysis frameworks apply stagewise risk constraints or assess the probability of constraint violation without quantifying the potential severity of the violation. To the best of our knowledge, the problem of interest has not been solved. To solve the problem, we propose and study a family of stochastic dynamic programs on an augmented state space. We prove that the optimal CVaR of a maximum random cost enjoys an equivalent representation in terms of the solutions to these dynamic programs under appropriate assumptions. For each dynamic program, we show the existence of an optimal policy that depends on the dynamics of an augmented state under the assumptions. In a numerical example, we illustrate how our safety analysis framework is useful for assessing the severity of combined sewer overflows under precipitation uncertainty.

Multiple studies have explored and reported on using passive sonar scalar pressure fields for both biological and man-made target classification. Here, inclusion of the vector field is considered and evaluated as an input feature in the classification of ship noises. We find that the inclusion of vector field information can significantly improve the understanding of the classification model performance. Based on an analysis of the epistemic and aleatoric uncertainties of probabilistic classification models, using vector field information as additional inputs leads to an $F_{1}$ score of 0.8 in classification, comparable to scalar pressure field inputs only, but with 39% lower epistemic uncertainty in favor of utilizing the vector field component. Moreover, we verify that a similar conclusion applies to the active learning scenario, where we demonstrate the ability to utilize vector field information and epistemic uncertainty estimates to train a model that achieves an $F_{1}$ score of 0.8 while using only 23% of the overall data. The ability to decompose uncertainty into an aleatoric and epistemic component leads to additional model explainability.

This article develops a safetyanalysis method for stochastic systems that is sensitive to the possibility and severity of rare harmful outcomes. We define risk-sensitive safe sets as sublevel sets of the solution to a nonstandard optimal control problem, where a random maximum cost is assessed via Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR). The objective function represents the maximum extent of constraint violation of the state trajectory, averaged over a given percentage of worst cases. This problem is well-motivated but difficult to solve tractably because the temporal decomposition for CVaR is history-dependent. Our primary theoretical contribution is to derive computationally tractable underapproximations to risk-sensitive safe sets. Our method provides a novel, theoretically guaranteed, parameter-dependent upper bound to the CVaR of a maximum cost without the need to augment the state space. For a fixed parameter value, the solution to only one Markov decision process problem is required to obtain the underapproximations for any family of risk-sensitivity levels. In addition, we propose a second definition for risk-sensitive safe sets and provide a tractable method for their estimation without using a parameter-dependent upper bound. The second definition is expressed in terms of a new coherent risk functional, which is inspired by CVaR. We demonstrate our primary theoretical contribution via numerical examples.

Mo2C catalysts (10 wt %) promoted with Ni or Pd (1 wt %) and supported on activated biochar were synthesized by carbothermal hydrogen reduction and assessed for the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of dibenzofuran (DBF) as a model bio-oil reactant. Ni and Pd improved the activity of the Mo2C/ABC catalyst and shifted selectivity from direct deoxygenation products to hydrogenated products. The results correlated with an increased hydrogenation of O species adsorbed on the passivated catalysts at low temperature, indicative of a decrease in oxidation of the Mo2C and confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and temperature programmed oxidation–reduction analysis. Density functional theory calculations showed the increased horizontal adsorption of DBF and a reduced energy barrier for dissociative H2adsorption on the Ni(Pd)-promoted Mo2C surface. The high hydrogenation activity of the Ni- and Pd-Mo2C catalysts was also apparent during the HDO of an esterified bio-oil, significantly decreasing coke yield together with the phenol and ester content and the O/C ratio of the hydrotreated bio-oil.

Predicting the performance of new plant genotypes under new environmental conditions could accelerate the development of locally adapted and climate resilient cultivars. Enabling these predictions may rely on extending the genomewide prediction framework to include environmental covariates (EC), but such models have generally been tested under limited, less breeding‐realistic contexts. Using a barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) multi‐environment dataset, our objectives were to compare multi‐environment prediction models and scenarios that target genotypes from different breeding generations, use different levels and timescales of ECs, and are applied to different agronomic and quality traits. When predicting the phenotypes of previously tested genotypes in untested environments, models that included the interaction of genomewide markers and pre‐selected in‐season ECs resulted in more accurate predictions (rMGor rMP) within (rMG= 0.56–0.94) and across (rMP= 0.63–0.87) environments; similar accuracy was achieved within (rMP = 0.46–0.89) and across (rMP = 0.87–0.95) locations when using only ECs from realistically available historical climate data. Shifting the prediction target to a distinct, untested offspring population slightly reduced model performance within environments or locations, but rMPacross environments (rMP = 0.60–0.86) or locations (rMP = 0.87–0.94) remained very high. Though we achieved moderately high rMPfor most traits in the challenging scenario of predicting the offspring population in holdout environments, the similarity between training and target environments, like that between populations, will be a limiting factor for enabling accurate predictions of new genotypes under new growing conditions. Genomewide prediction with select environmental covariates led to accurate whole‐phenotype predictions.Historical climate data enabled a more breeding‐realistic framework for predicting phenotypes in new locations.Predictive ability was improved for both tested genotypes and untested offspring across new environments.Genetic and environmental similarity may have limited accuracy of untested offspring in holdout environments.

Exome (ES) and genome sequencing (GS) are increasingly being utilized for individuals with rare and undiagnosed diseases; however, guidelines on their use remain limited. This study aimed to identify factors associated with diagnosis by ES and/or GS in a heterogeneous population of patients with rare and undiagnosed diseases.

Silflower (Silphium integrifoliumMichx.) has been identified as a candidate for domestication as a perennial oilseed crop. In order to successfully domesticate silflower it will be necessary to identify traits that should be targeted for selection. We have conducted the first multilocation trial of replicated silflower genotypes at six sites across four states. By observing architectural, phenological, and yield traits in a diversity panel of silflower breeding material, we were able to estimate the heritability of these traits, as well as patterns of correlation across years and environments. We found that this population expressed heritable variation for many, but not all, traits of interest, and that targeted introgression of diversity may be beneficial for some traits. In addition, we used regression analysis to identify several traits, particularly height, number of stalks per plant, and stalk diameter as important contributors to determining levels of yield and levels of lodging. These results will help to guide future silflower domestication efforts and have already shaped the direction of our breeding program. Silflower is being domesticated as a perennial oilseed crop to provide ecological benefits. It is unclear which traits are highest priority for improvement. A diversity panel was evaluated at six sites for several architectural, phenological, and yield traits. Estimates of heritability, variation between locations and year, and trait correlations will inform selection.

Diphthamide is a post-translationally modified histidine essential for messenger RNA translation and ribosomal protein synthesis. We present evidence for DPH5as a novel cause of embryonic lethality and profound neurodevelopmental delays (NDDs).

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text.Surfing has grown significantly in the past decade as highlighted by its inclusion in the 2020 Olympic Games. This growth substantiates a need for training methods that improve surfing performance. The purpose of this review is to (a) identify training methods available to competitive and recreational surfers in peer-reviewed literature, (b) evaluate the effectiveness of these methods, and (c) highlight any limitations and potential areas for future research. Five electronic databases were searched, and 8 papers were identified that met the eligibility criteria. Five of these studies used a quasiexperimental design, and 1 used a case study. The remaining 2 studies used field-based outcome measures specific to paddling; however, no study demonstrated improvement in wave-riding performance. The main training methods identified were (a) resistance training, (b) unstable surface training, and (c) cardiovascular training. Maximal strength training of the upper-body and high-intensity and sprint-interval paddling demonstrated effectiveness for improving paddling performance; however, unstable surface training was ineffective. Although all interventions improved laboratory-based outcomes, there were no objective measures of wave-riding performance. The findings of this scoping review demonstrate a paucity and low level of evidence in peer-reviewed literature relating training methods to surfing performance.