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The text is a call for papers for the VIII International Congress of Bioethics at the University of Murcia, taking place on April 25th and 26th, 2024. The congress is organized by the Center for Studies in Bioethics, Ethics, and Health at the University of Murcia, with the main theme being "Ethical and Legal Challenges of Nature Restoration." The congress will cover topics such as ethics and integrity in research, access to health data, and patient empowerment. The deadline for submitting abstracts is April 22nd, 2024, and interested individuals should provide a summary of 700-1000 words in either Spanish or English, including the title, presenter's information, and the chosen theme. More information can be found on the congress's website. [Extracted from the article]

La Asociación Española de Profesores/as de Derecho Administrativo (AEPDA) organiza en la Universitat de Lleida el XIX Congreso de la AEPDA, cuyo tema será “El derecho de aguas en España: cuarenta años después”. El congreso se desarrollará los días 31 de enero y 1 de febrero de 2025. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text announces the upcoming IV International Congress on Green Public Procurement and Climate Change, which will take place on October 2nd and 3rd, 2024 at the University of Alcalá in Spain. The conference is organized by the Green Public Procurement research group at the university, in collaboration with the Public Procurement Observatory and the International Center for Environmental Law Studies. The call for papers is open until May 27th, and submissions can cover various topics related to green public procurement and climate change, such as sustainable food, energy efficiency, and sustainable mobility. The abstracts should be sent via email and should include the title, authorship, objectives, and results/conclusions. The evaluation results will be communicated by June 17th, and selected papers may be published in the journal Actualidad Jurídica Ambiental or the Public Procurement Observatory. [Extracted from the article]

La Asociación Española de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental organiza el XII Congreso Nacional de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental – CONEIA 2024. Tendrá lugar en el Palacio de Congresos Europa de Vitoria-Gasteiz los días 10-12 de abril de 2024. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper work starts from the expression of the idea of "circular economy" in the EU Action Plan of 2015, in order to show its rapid and wide incorporation into environmental regulations, especially in the area of waste. In second place, the paper indicates the characteristics that can be seen in the circular economy as a legal principle, and shows that it is not as new as it usually appears. Finally, the work claims the values and techniques of the Law against the hegemony that technological and economic concepts have achieved in environmental regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the concept of "by-product" in European and Spanish waste law. The first part summarises the legislative developments and the caselaw of the European Court of Justice in this area. The second part studies the latest main regulatory developments on by-products where special attention is paid to the public intervention system provided for Law 7/2022. Finally, some of the regulatory deficiencies detected are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes stock of the application of the Valencian photovoltaic regulations relating to the setting-up of photovoltaic plants on nondevelopable land, as well as that relating to the plants under state jurisdiction in Valencian territory, showing the difficulties of their implementation, including the adoption of numerous agreements to suspend the granting of municipal licenses, due, in the author's opinion, to the haste with which the transition process has been developed and the consequent choice of many conflictive sites. The recent reform of European community regulations relating to the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources is also analyzed, which is based on a more rational approach, but which may arrive late. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a legal analysis of the new reform of the Common Agricultural Policy in force for the period 2023-2027. The first part of the paper presents the Community and constitutional bases, as well as the historical evolution of the results and the context of each of the stages of the CAP. The second part examines the new regulations of the first and second pillar of the CAP. The first pillar develops the types of support and eligibility and the second pillar analyses the most relevant rural development interventions under the CAP. Finally, a number of conclusions are drawn. The method used in this research combines bibliographical and legislative analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La sexta edición del Tarragona International Environmental Law colloquium (TIEC) organizada por el Centro de Estudios en Derecho Ambiental de Tarragona (CEDAT) y la Associació de Alumnes i Ex alumnes de Dret Ambiental de Tarragona (AAEDAT) ya tiene fecha: 14, 15 y 16 de junio de 2021. Esta edición será realizada de forma online por el Departamento de Derecho Público de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universitat Rovira i Virgili. El VI TIEC aspira a ser un foro de reunión para investigadores con diferentes transfondos en el que presentar y debatir sus investigaciones y sus proyectos. Además, busca crear un ambiente colaborativo y amigable para conocer a compañeros y estudiantes que comparten un mismo interés: el derecho ambiental. Bajo el lema “Environmental Law and the Challenges of the Decades Ahead: Promoting Transformative and Recovery Responses to the Planetary Emergency”, está abierta la recepción de artículos sobre los siguientes temas: - Contexto y estatus del derecho ambiental en la emergencia planetaria. - Acciones, medidas y respuestas inmediatas para lidiar con los tiempos críticos actuales. - Diseñando caminos alternativos y entrando en acción. El plazo de envío finalizará el próximo día 11 de abril. El lenguaje oficial del evento es inglés, por lo que los interesados deben enviar un resumen de no más de 300 palabras rellenando el siguiente formulario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the provisions set out in Law 42/2007 (natural patrimony) and 21/2013 (environmental assessment) regarding the appropriate impact assessment in the case of Natura 2000 network areas. The cross-references between both Laws raise problems of compatibility with the Habitats Directive as they allow the consideration of mitigation and compensation measures at procedural stages not permitted by the Directive. The paper argues that this requires a specific assessment procedure for the purposes of Article 6(3) and (4) of the Directive and not merely the application of the general EIA provisions set out in Law 21/2013. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a series of analysis are carried out on those instruments conceived to promote environmental quality based on the implantation of non-mandatory Environmental Management Systems (EMS) that lead to environmental certifications for organizations or ecolabels for their products and services. The paper takes ISO 14001 as a frame of reference, describing its content and the process of certification based on that international standard. Then, the paper exposes the advantages and benefits of the EMS, environmental certifications and ecolabels, and how important it is to promote its adoption by public authorities. Last but not least, the paper considers some negative elements that those systems can bring, such as the risk of greenwashing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is urgent to make a change of strategy that successfully faces the energy transition to achieve the 2030 sustainable development goals, the armed conflict in Europe, the high price of energy supply and the high energy dependence at European and national level. In this scenario, the energy community, as a new legal entity, driven by European regulations, can be considered an effective tool to fight against climate change, accelerating the energy transition and guaranteeing a fair and inclusive energy system so necessary in our country. At the national level, the legal framework that regulates energy communities is insufficient. Thus, is it necesary a legal, technical and financial development to promote the constitution of such entities. In this paper, we study their legal nature, proposing, within the framework of Social Economy organisations, the associations and cooperatives as suitable legal formula. They have similar characteristics, provide environmental, social and economic benefits for their members, under principles of voluntary, inclusive and democratic participation; in order to improve the quality of life of citizens; in short, to work on behalf of people and our planet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses some rules of Royal Decree 1432/2008, of August 29, setting out measures for the protection of birds against collision and electrocution in high voltage power lines. Despite its objectives, the Royal Decree contains several inconsistencies regarding basic obligations, leaving their real scope in a state of legal uncertainty. The work concludes that a more coherent and complete regulation is needed to make compatible the protection of wild birds and the transport of electricity in the current context of decarbonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the most noteworthy aspects to be taken into consideration in relation to the Roadmap for the sustainable management of mineral raw materials, approved in August 2022, which promotes strategic autonomy and security of supply of raw materials necessary for the energy and digital transition. The Roadmap is aligned with European raw materials policies such as the Fundamental Raw Materials Action Plan, the REPowerEU, and with national tools such as the National Energy and Climate Plan 2021-2030 (NECP), the 2050 Long-Term Decarbonisation Strategy and the National Security Strategy, and proposes the approval of a new mining law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are a concept that is widely being promoted as the preservation and conservation of marine resources becomes an increasingly important global issue. MPAs are vital for the preservation of biodiversity and, if managed appropriately, are an efficient means of safeguarding maritime ecosystems. There are currently 25 MPAs in Peninsular India and 104 MPAs in the Islands of India, but for the preservation and conservation of these areas, there is no specific and effective legislation. Even though India, a member of the Convention on Biological Diversity, emphasises a “higher level of protection for marine and coastal biodiversity” compared to other forms, the reality is distant from this. Therefore, managing MPAs in India is a challenging task. This paper will emphasise the challenges in managing MPAs and current legislation and its adequacy in the protection of MPAs in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the functionality of ecological design or ecodesign of sustainable products, as well as the evolution of applicable regulations in this field research. In particular, the new regulation proposed by European Commission is analyzed and evaluated, noting those innovations that stand out. Actually, this issue acquires great technical, legal and economic interest, as an advanced and complex common regime envisaged via the EU Regulation, where this environmental instrument stands as the main measure of action for the achievement of strategic objectives intended. The projected regulation could have important effects in different areas and key sectors; it is therefore worth examining the new developments planned and their possible implications for practice. Likewise, it is necessary to bear in mind that the reasons for which this regulatory renewal promoted from EU Law, at this time and in the public or collective interest. Considering all these aspects, an assessment of the projected regime provided, the impact of which could be very relevant. It also outlines the opportunities opened up by this ambitious regulation and the action plan already underway, as eco-design would become a mandatory practice, that is, a required or enforceable requirement for most products distributed in the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence is giving rise to intense debates in the doctrine about its compatibility with the humanist ethics prevailing in Western society. This anthropocentric perspective of the paradigm shift posed by artificial intelligence does not, however, exhaust the line of pernicious consequences that may accompany it. Thus, the environment also emerges as a legal asset to be protected against the phenomenon of this new technology. The enormous amount of energy demanded by some of the artificial intelligence models erodes any energy efficiency objectives that may be set in the field of ICTs. For this reason, the aim of this paper will be to analyze this new challenge that environmental law will have to face sooner rather than later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the different Spanish energy and electricity regulations, as well as the approved strategies, in a situation of serious energy crisis, and presents a proposal for reform in the electricity tariff in our country, regarding the special electricity tax, to alleviate the enormous burden that the industry is bearing, some of whose sectors are in a critical situation such as mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the European energy and electricity regulations, as well as the different strategies approved, and the recent modifications of the marginalist electricity market due to the energy emergency created by the crisis in the supply of Russian gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the European energy and electricity regulations, as well as the different strategies approved, and the recent modifications of the marginalist electricity market due to the energy emergency created by the crisis in the supply of Russian gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the different Spanish energy and electricity regulations, as well as the approved strategies, in a situation of serious energy crisis, and presents a proposal for reform in the electricity tariff in our country, regarding the special electricity tax, to alleviate the enormous burden that the industry is bearing, some of whose sectors are in a critical situation such as mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the substantive and procedural regime of the new "integrated photovoltaic authorization" created by the Valencian legislator (Decree Law 14/2020) to facilitate the implementation of photovoltaic plants on undeveloped land, highlighting the regulated nature of territorial intervention that it incorporates (the authorization of implantation in undeveloped land). The response aroused by this regulation in some Town Halls is also taken into account, which has resulted in the suspension of the granting of municipal licenses, causing their lack of effectiveness. And finally, the reaction of the Valencian legislator to this situation of paralysis through Decree Law 1/2022 is also examined, which corrects the territorial policy on the matter to help its acceptance at the local level and takes advantage of the facilities for environmental evaluation of the projects recently offered by the state legislator (Royal Decree-Law 6/2022). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the latest doctrine of the Supreme Court on the conflicting nullity of territorial planning due to defects in its elaboration procedure, specifically on three causes, economic memory; reports on the impact of gender, family, childhood and adolescence; and environmental assessment of alternatives. This jurisprudential doctrine has been established in the resolution of several appeals against the plan for the protection of the Valencian coastline. However, the action of the court of first instance resolving the more than fifty appeals filed without assessing all the reasons alleged by the parties, has the consequence that this conflict has not been closed yet, and the matter has been returned to the court of instance to assess all the reasons raised by the parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the latest doctrine of the Supreme Court on the conflicting nullity of territorial planning due to defects in its elaboration procedure, specifically on three causes, economic memory; reports on the impact of gender, family, childhood and adolescence; and environmental assessment of alternatives. This jurisprudential doctrine has been established in the resolution of several appeals against the plan for the protection of the Valencian coastline. However, the action of the court of first instance resolving the more than fifty appeals filed without assessing all the reasons alleged by the parties, has the consequence that this conflict has not been closed yet, and the matter has been returned to the court of instance to assess all the reasons raised by the parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to comment on the "Guidelines for the incorporation of cross-cutting criteria for the execution of the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan", approved on October 25, 2021 by the Technical Committee for the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan. The analysis focuses particularly on the text's recommendations on the use of environmental criteria or clauses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2007, the autonomous community of Andalusia created a new instrument of integrated environmental prevention and control: The Unified Environmental Authorisation. After more than a decade since this instrument was implemented and once it is fully in use, this paper analyses in detail the regulation of this instrument: its meaning and goals, the types of activities and installations that are required to obtain it, the procedure that the Administration has to follow to issue the authorization, the criteria that the Administration has to take into consideration in the process and the public controls that this instrument implies for the activities and installations once they start up and for the whole time they are carried out. The paper pays special attention to a comparison between the Unified Environmental Authorisation and a similar instrument such as the Integrated Environmental Authorisation. The paper analyses also how the Environmental Impact Assessment is integrated in the process of issuing the Unified Environmental Authorisation and the problems that that causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noise, smells and visual impacts are, probably, the environmental pollution problems to which the least attention is paid, considering that they are the ones that least affect the planet; However, all of them influence our quality of life and health, in addition to hindering and even preventing the full enjoyment of the Human Right to a healthy environment. Although the country has a basic legal framework that aims to prevent and control these types of pollution, there are no legal regulations that contain detailed technical standards to measure and / or limit it, except in the case of noise pollution. In this paper we present and analyze the legal framework for the prevention and control of these types of pollution in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noise, smells and visual impacts are, probably, the environmental pollution problems to which the least attention is paid, considering that they are the ones that least affect the planet; However, all of them influence our quality of life and health, in addition to hindering and even preventing the full enjoyment of the Human Right to a healthy environment. Although the country has a basic legal framework that aims to prevent and control these types of pollution, there are no legal regulations that contain detailed technical standards to measure and / or limit it, except in the case of noise pollution. In this paper we present and analyze the legal framework for the prevention and control of these types of pollution in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The close relationship that the 2015 Paris Agreement has with the thirteenth sustainable development goal, "adopt urgent measures to combat climate change and its effects, is indisputable." If we talk about this relationship from the point of view of "action", we can influence the importance of the Nationally Determined Contributions technique, since the commitments acquired by the States Parties to the treaty must be achieved through through a series of actions at the national level. This paper aims to reflect on the need for consistency in the implementation of both the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda. In this sense, an analysis will be carried out on the negative effects that, in compliance with both legal instruments, may occur if their implementation is carried out in a fragmented manner and, therefore, without taking into account the links that the objectives of sustainable development they have among themselves and, these, with the technique of Nationally Determined Contributions, within the framework of the Paris Agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The close relationship that the 2015 Paris Agreement has with the thirteenth sustainable development goal, "adopt urgent measures to combat climate change and its effects, is indisputable." If we talk about this relationship from the point of view of "action", we can influence the importance of the Nationally Determined Contributions technique, since the commitments acquired by the States Parties to the treaty must be achieved through through a series of actions at the national level. This paper aims to reflect on the need for consistency in the implementation of both the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda. In this sense, an analysis will be carried out on the negative effects that, in compliance with both legal instruments, may occur if their implementation is carried out in a fragmented manner and, therefore, without taking into account the links that the objectives of sustainable development they have among themselves and, these, with the technique of Nationally Determined Contributions, within the framework of the Paris Agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The close relationship that the 2015 Paris Agreement has with the thirteenth sustainable development goal, "adopt urgent measures to combat climate change and its effects, is indisputable." If we talk about this relationship from the point of view of “action”, we can influence the importance of the Nationally Determined Contributions technique, since the commitments acquired by the States Parties to the treaty must be achieved through through a series of actions at the national level. This paper aims to reflect on the need for consistency in the implementation of both the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda. In this sense, an analysis will be carried out on the negative effects that, in compliance with both legal instruments, may occur if their implementation is carried out in a fragmented manner and, therefore, without taking into account the links that the objectives of sustainable development they have among themselves and, these, with the technique of Nationally Determined Contributions, within the framework of the Paris Agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aimed at examining, albeit briefly, the method, content and application of the mandatory financial guarantees imposed on operators by Law 26/2007, of October 23, on Environmental Responsibility (hereinafter LRM). We propose the need to subscribe in one of its modalities to every operator included in Annex III of the Law, highlighting three of its fundamental aspects: its requirement, its application and its purpose. Taking into account the principle of “whoever pollutes pays”, it is necessary for any operator that starts an activity with a significant risk to the environment, to subscribe to one of the modalities of the guarantees established in sections a), b) and c) of art. 26 of the LRM, to meet the obligations and responsibilities that the Law imposes on it as an operator. What is sought with these guarantee modalities is to ensure that the operator whose activity presents a greater potential of risk for the environment, can have the economic resources necessary to face environmental responsibilities and the high costs that adoption entails. of such measures to maintain a healthy and sustainable environment. Reference should be made to the environmental insurance policy, as the most common form of financial guarantees. Due to its characteristics and unique nature, it requires specific treatment. Therefore, we consider that, if these guarantees are not made mandatory, the environmental protection system established in the LRM would be significantly damaged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to assess the nature of climate litigation at the international level and its role in sustainable development and nature conservation. Climate litigation has allowed claims to be made against governments regarding the climate crisis and companies, especially the largest generators of greenhouse gas emissions. They have also given way to the recognition of the impact and moral responsibility of companies and the lack of action by governments in the global environmental crisis, as well as highlighting the need for each country to establish regulations that promote truly sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes recent rulings of the Spanish Supreme Court that show an advance in the environmental protection of water. They require also the strengthening of the resources put at service of Public Water Administration after years of cutbacks. The effect of these rulings however can have both positive and negative impacts on the state of conservation of spanish watercourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Paper aims to show the available case law of the Supreme Court of justice regarding the implementation of the Law 16/2002, 1st July, on the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control. The purpose of the Paper is to describe and analyse the guidelines of this instrument as an example of the command and control model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noise is one of most important pollution that affects to human health, but in aquatic ecosystem its impact is higher than terrestrial. Noise is included in environmental acts only by sectorial mechanism but, in 2010, this vision changed. Ecosystem approach was incorporated in Spanish acts with first legal instrument for protecting from holistic perspective internal seas. From the European Union built news regulations about marine policies from ecosystem approach, with two essentials acts, Maritime Spatial Planning and Marine Strategies. In this paper, we analyse these mechanisms in Spain and Norway; we make a descriptive research about the legal mechanism for managing the underwater noise pollution generates by human activities. And we compare different mechanism to use with priority in these countries and we try to answer that if it is necessary to incorporate another instrument, such as an underwater noise licence, for any anthropogenic activity with to noise limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Paper aims to show the available case law of the Supreme Court of justice regarding the implementation of the Law 16/2002, 1st July, on the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control. The purpose of the Paper is to describe and analyse the guidelines of this instrument as an example of the command and control model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author analyses in this paper the regulation of the environmental impact assessment exemptions of projects foreseen in the LEA. In addition, this paper focuses on the CJUE, Spanish Constitutional Court and Spanish Supreme Court judgments that have been passed in the recent years on this subject matter. Finally, the consequences of not carrying out the EIA, as well as the incorrect use of the exemptions of EIA, are analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European and Spanish regulations set ambitious milestones to combat climate change, highlighting as a key aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and energy dependency on third countries to promote the use of renewable energies. Spain has a significant energy dependency on external sources. Thus, it is essential to establish a roadmap that guarantees energy conversion in our country. In addition, the generation and supply of electricity brings together a small number of companies that practically control the market, operating under oligopoly conditions for decades. In this context, options should be presented to respond to the current situation, promoting the consumption of clean energy to citizens because it has a positive impact on the quality of life and well-being of society. Under this scenario, in this paper, we propose to renewable energy cooperatives, traditionally used on the European map but emerging in our country, to actively participate in the electricity sector, offering an opportunity for change to energy consumers, with the values of these organizations in which social cohesion prevails, promotes democratic and transparent participation, improves the use of clean energy with responsible consumption in order to contribute to alleviating a social, economic and environmental problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the issue of exceeding the limit values by the Member States of the European Union in the framework of the regulations on ambient air quality and a cleaner atmosphere in Europe. The current Directive 2008/50 is the consequence of the normative evolution from the first partial Directives on specific polluting substances of the 1980s and to its most immediate antecedent, which was Directive 96/62 on evaluation and management of the quality of the air. The protection of human health is the true leitmotiv and primary objective of the European regulations on air quality and the reason for the quantitative criteria set forth therein. The non-compliance by the States of the same has been systematic and continued as reflected, only in part, the Court Judgments, being premonitory of the tragic situation of pandemic and loss of life in which all the States are, but especially those of the main world economies to which they never thought this situation would come to them, and with a "reflective" state model that, for three decades, has not anticipated or prepared for crises that have been happening since 2000 and that it has forced citizens to live with risk and socialize it in the face of the progressive emptying of resources. For this reason, the need for a paradigm shift in the State model towards a social and democratic State (art. 1.1 CE) whose preventive function is the prevailing one, based and built on the true rights of people who are really enforceable to the public powers with the full guarantee of individual effective judicial protection in all its length and effectiveness. Despite the low compliance with environmental regulations, two very recent Judgments of the Court against France and Germany on Directive 2008/50 on air quality open a path of hope for citizens in the firmness demonstrated by the Court in demanding responsibilities to the States and the adoption of measures "as soon as possible" through the novel application of well-known principles such as that of efficacy, proportionality, strict liability, etc. ... that establish the prevalence of health protection and air quality on other foundational principles of the European Union until now untouchable and before the still surprising allegations of defense of "structural deficiencies" by the first European economic powers for not having applied environmental regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before writing this paper I asked myself what Professor Martín Mateo would think today of the slogan "Empty Spain" and its environmental connotations. And to reflect on this, two of his books came to mind, "The chicken with the cement eggs" and "The green energy of biomass". And it is on this basis that I have shaped this text, the aim of which is simply to reflect on the formula that we are going to choose to "fill" this Spain that is not yet fallow and in which it is essential to understand that forest areas are the fundamental element of the ecological structure of the European Union and must be integrated into the rest of the sectoral policies. The question I am asking myself and which it is a question of responding to is whether we are being fair to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the evolution of environmental impact assessment (EIA) law since the adoption of Directive 85/337. It analyses the legal nature of EIA and the work of the European Court of Justice which has determined the expansive scope of the obligations imposed by the three directives requiring the EIA of projects and plans. EIA is a well-established technique in the EU, although this does not mean that it is not free of gaps and inconsistencies, some of which are evident, both at regulatory and implementation level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tackles the main evolution lines of the environmental responsibility regime established by the Law 26/2007, of 23 October. It is based on the study of its main original characteristics to reflect the normative changes that have taken place during these years and the consequences that they have brought about in the present. Finally, this work identifies the pending issues to ensure the full effectiveness of the regime and proposes how to address them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the specific jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the so-called "green electricity", issued in response to the questions referred for a preliminary ruling on the compatibility of the legislation of the Member States regarding various principles and rules of Law European, such as the prohibition of state aid and restrictive measures of competition, the imposition of taxes on these sources, the territoriality of national promoteon measures and the legal certainty that regulatory changes must offer to the investors. We find interesting to review this caselaw to know the areas where frictions have occurred and in what sense they have been resolved, which can serve to make recommendations that improve the regulation of renewable energy, as they are for now the only alternative to replace the fossil fuels and decarbonize the economy without hurting employment and welfare in general but, on the contrary, preventing the emission of greenhouse gases while promoting economic growth and ensuring energy supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has the aim of pointing out the environmental enterprises' criminal liability in Spain. Considering this, it proposes an environmental criminal policy based in two main ideas: the participation of the Environmental Non- Governmental Organizations in the elaboration of criminal compliance programmes in a framework where the self-enforcement is common and the access to environmental justice of this organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The broad projection of the climate issue in the present and future is now recognized it involves acting with certainty and speed, taking firm decisions and joint actions that are effective and at the same time efficient, all in the collective interest. In this context, the energy transition process emerges and takes shape on the basis of the European and national strategies that have been drawn up in order to comply with the international commitments undertaken. Without a doubt, the climate challenge brings important challenges (global), - environmental, social and economic-, towards the configuration of the new energy paradigm, and therefore, it also involves updating the classic regulatory system. This paper examines and reflects on main aspects of this energy evolution, where renewables are positioned as a necessary alternative. This, in turn, can be a good opportunity for the competitive consolidation of our energy sector, linked to "responsible" investment of the "renewable energy projects" which are solid and viable in the long term. It also refers to the new modalities of agreements in this area that are implemented to that end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the problem of environmental regulation related to antennas that enable the provision of telecommunications services in Argentina. These services have been institutionalized as an inalienable responsibility of the National State, although the regulation and control of the necessary infrastructure are responsibilities in provincial and local states. This paper has, as its starting point, the recognition of the precautionary principle importance regard to electromagnetic pollution and, essentially, non-ionizing radiations. It explore the environmental implications of Argentine federalism, institutional evolution of telecommunications services; the rules that frame antennas regulations and verdicts because the installation of antennas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the influence of amendments to Territorial Planning, Urbanism and landscape law of Valencian Community (LOTUP) on renewable energy generation facilities. The results highlight that despite the one of the objectives of law is to favour the renewable energy, the amendment of law is confusing and difficult. It creates considerable legal uncertainty. Finally, it is also apparent the existence of several administrative authorizations and licences that constraint to develop energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ecuadorian legislation on environmental issues was dispersed during decades, with few efforts to codify it. Since the Environmental Organic Code entered into effect, Ecuador has a specific and updated norm which is in coherence with the constitutional dispositions, that tend to guarantee a healthy environment and the protection of the rights of the nature. The paper analyzes national and international literature related to the structure of the new Code, and makes a critical study of each chapter of this new law. The results of the analysis show some wise choices made by the Ecuadorian legislator who provided an updated instrument that contains the Ecuadorian paradigm of a new model of development, well-being or “Sumak kawsay”; on the other hand, there is still evidence of a centralized model dependent on the National Environmental Authority linked directly to the President, also there is a lack of development of the concept of the rights of the nature, which means that the legislator lost a unique opportunity, as the Constitution established that the Environmental Organic Code was supposed to be the adequate form to develop this concept. The innovation of this analysis is that this is the first time a legal study of the Ecuadorian Environmental Code is done; moreover, it opens diverse lines to debate about the implementation, possible reforms and opportunities that this law could bring to the conservation of the environment in a megadiverse country like Ecuador. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]