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We report the development of a proton conducting polymer electrolyte using Polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) and Cellulose acetate propionate (CAP). A blend polymer membrane is made with PVDF-HFP and CAP with the ratio 50:50. By adding different weight ratio of ammonium thiocyanate (ATC) to the blend polymer, a proton conducting polymer electrolyte was prepared. Dielectric study and temperature dependence ionic conductivity study are done by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Ionic conductivity is found to increase with the increase in the dopant concentration. A proton battery is constructed and its performance is studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid Polymer Electrolyte (SPE) has been made by the solution casting method. SPE consists of PVA as host polymer mixed with chitosan (CS) biopolymer, NaClO4 as salt, and SiO2 synthesized from bagasse ash as a filler to increasethe ionic conductivity of the electrolyte system. Using chitosan biopolymer and SiO2 filler from bagasse ash to obtain environmentally friendly SPE, reduce waste problems, and lower production costs. The use of NaClO4 salt as a source of sodium ions and the addition of fillers is done so that the crystallinity of the polymer is reduced and high ionic conductivityis obtained. In this study, a thin SPE film was produced that was not easily torn. XRD test results showed a decreased crystallinity after the addition of NaClO4 salt and SiO2 filler. The FTIR spectra showed that NaClO4 binds to the polymer and SiO2 acts as a filler only. From the characterization results, it was concluded that the addition of NaClO4 and SiO2 salts as fillers could increase the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte system. The maximum ionic conductivity of 3.00×10−4 S cm-1 at room temperature is obtained from the ratio of PVA:CS:NaClO4 (3:2:4) and 5% SiO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addition of energy demand especially of the quick progression of adaptable and reduced contraptions, from mobile phones to electric vehicles, demands more unassuming and lighter energy-storing devices with yet higher energy densities and power yields. Conventional liquid electrolytes have the drawback of spilling and evaporating water, which does not meet the application needs of versatile zinc-air batteries (ZABs). Researchers have been working to make common soluble electrolytes the selective electrolytes. For example, Tetra-PEG prepolymers, PANa-Fe3+, Wet-PAAS-g-PVDF, α,ω-dialkyne PEG10K and azido-functionalized α-cyclodextrin. At this point, the schematic of the hydrogel electrolyte has its own characteristics such as Solvent replacement, Crosslinking method, Phase-alteration method, 'One-pot method'. Hydrogel polimers have made great strides in the field of versatile ZABs functional development, and bring hydrogel polymer electrolytes are becoming more excellent. On this work, the justification for this paper is to investigate the approach to acting of ionic conductivity in dissolvable gel-plans, which advances in pieces of zinc-air batteries execution. The technique for examination of different upsides of ionic conductivity in the hydrogel polymer electrolyte utilized for the zinc-air battery utilizes the SWOT investigation strategy. Including the development of moldable ZABs from the point of view of the hydrogel and the electrode such us adding organic/inorganic elements or ionic liquids to PVA, or moldable Zn electrodeposition on carbon cloth, or moldable air cathodes use a variety of substrates (carbon cloth, nickel foam, or stainless-steel mesh). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A solid polymer electrolyte system has been developed using biodegradable materials, namely poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and chitosan as polymer host. Deionized water and dilute acetic acid solution were used as green solvents. Solution casting technique was employed to fabricate free-standing membranes. The polymer host was activated by involving lithium bis (oxalato) borate (LiBOB) electrolyte salt in the polymer complex. Ionic conductivity was calculated by means of impedance measurement using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Addition of LiBOB salt improved ionic conductivity of the solid polymer electrolyte by an order of magnitude. To further enhance the performance, glycerol was added as plasticizer in the PVA-chitosan-LiBOB solid polymer electrolyte system. As a result, ionic conductivity was increasing from 6.45×10−7 S/cm for pristine PVA film to 1.74×10−5 S/cm for plasticized solid polymer electrolyte membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid Polymer Electrolyte (SPE) was developed to replace the liquid electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries which has a function as a medium for ion transport. SPE is the result of the synthesis of Cellulose Acetate (CA), Lithium Bis (Oxalate (LIBOB), N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and ionic liquid (IL). This study examined the impact of boosting the IL concentration during the production of SPE. Variations in IL 0, 10, and 30%. The membranes were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), to study the crystallinity, pore morphology, and conductivity, respectively. According to the results of the XRD study, the increase of IL concentration reduced the size of the crystal grains, the smallest grain size on the membrane with the addition of 30% IL was 876,3 Å and the smallest degree of crystallinity. The results of SEM analysis showed that the pore morphology was abundant on the 30% CA/LIBOB/DMF/IL SPE membrane and spread evenly. The results of EIS analysis showed that the SPE CA/LIBOB/DMF membrane with the addition of 30% IL concentration had the highest conductivity of 2.67 x 10−4 S/cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and Polystyrene (PS) blend nanofiber electrolyte membrane was prepared by using the electrospinning method. In which the ratio of PMMA and PS is different. As the produced electrospun nanofibers, the polymer electrolyte membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy for morphology, FTIR for miscibility, XRD, DSC and TGA for crystallinity and thermal properties. The blended nanofibrous membrane of PVdF/PMMA/PS showed higher electrolyte uptake, higher porosity, and higher ionic conductivity when compared to pure PVdF. The ionic conductivity of the polymer blend electrolyte membrane is 2.50x10−2 S cm-1. Charge-discharge curves of the first cycle of mixing the polymer electrolyte with PVdF: PMMA: PS (80:15:05) at room temperature using the cell above gave an initial discharge capacity of 163 mAhg−1. The PVdF: PMMA: PS (80:15:05) mixed polymer electrolyte membrane maintained a discharge capacity of 160mAhg-1 after 50 cycles. This indicates good retention of discharge capacity even after 50 cycles. PVdF/PMMA/PS blended nanofiber polymer electrolyte membranes have proven to be good separators for lithium-ion battery applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) consisting of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), lithium triflate (LiTf), and with various percentage of weight (wt.%) of titanium (IV) oxide (TiO2) filler have been prepared by solution casting technique. CPE with 6 wt.% of TiO2 fillers achieved the highest ionic conductivity of (3.45±0.01)×10−4 S cm−1 at ambient temperature. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) study does not show a significant change in glass transition temperature (Tg) upon addition of TiO2 fillers. Linear sweep voltammogram shows a wider potential window of the most conducting filler-added polymer electrolyte compared to the filler-free polymer electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The remarkable progress of organic dye based on donor-π-acceptor concepts has been extensively studied to enhance carrier mobility, electrical performance and can perform function at an optimum level in advanced electrochemical energy devices. In this study, new organic additive for solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) has been successfully synthesized by incorporating fused aromatic azomethine (-CH=N-) dye in carboxy methylcellulose (CMC) with ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) based electrolyte. Assessment of the synthesized additive has been physico-chemically characterized via Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), UV-visible (UV-vis), 1D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis. Besides, DFT calculation revealed that the value of HOMO-LUMO gap exhibits semiconductor properties with the activation energy of 3.135 eV. The investigation of their capability as organic additive SPE has been discovered by incorporating CMC-NH4Cl via solution-casting technique. The structural analysis was conducted to study the effect of the atomic structure in correlation towards ionic and conductivity of newly develop SPE. The ionic conductivity of SPEs system has been measured using Impedance Spectroscopy with various weight percentage (wt%) of additive. The highest conductivity of SPEs at 303K was approximately ∼10-3 Scm−1 at 0.6 wt%. As a result, the incorporation of fused aromatic azomethine into the SPE has a great potential to be used for electrochemical device application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) based on Ch-g-PMMA – Magnesium Triflate (MgTf) incorporating with Ethylene Carbonate (EC) as plasticizers has been prepared. SPE was first prepared by dissolving polymer Ch-g-PMMA with magnesium triflate (MgTf) (10-50 wt.%) with 1% acetic acid. A different weight percentage (10-50 wt.%) of ethylene carbonate (EC) was added to the best conductivity of Ch-g-PMMA with 40 wt.% MgTf. Ionic conductivity values were calculated from the bulk resistance obtained from impedance plotted at frequency range of 100 Hz to 1 MHz. The ionic conductivity increases as weight percentage of EC increases. The highest conductivity obtained was 1.07×10−3 S.cm-1 at 50 wt.% of EC. This ionic conductivity is studied at the 298 K (room temperature). Molecular interaction between components in each electrolyte system were analyzed through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The complexations between the materials used in electrolyte systems are based on shifting of the bands, changes in intensity, shape and existence of some new peaks in FTIR spectra. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) was used to investigate the crystallographic structure and chemical composition of all samples. The intensity of XRD peaks decreased as more EC added into the system reducing the crystallinity. The Ch-g-PMMA–40 wt.% MgTf–50 wt.% EC are believing as the best system for this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) are known as a potential material as a medium for ion transport process. In the latest study, Ch-g-PMMA was produced by using gamma irradiation grafting method toward chitosan (Ch) and methyl methacrylate (MMA). The grafted polymer (Ch-g-PMMA), ammonium triflate (NH4Tf) and ethylene carbonate (EC) were then used in the preparation process of the solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) and the gel polymer electrolyte (GPE). All samples were prepared via solution casting. The complex impedance plot was used in the conductivity calculation for all samples. The SPE film containing 40 wt% NH4Tf in Ch-g-PMMA shows the highest conductivity at 1.03×10-04 Scm-1 at ambient temperature. The improvement of conductivity can be observed up to 2.57×10-04 Scm-1 when 40 wt% EC was introduced to the Ch-g-PMMA system. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra proved that the PMMA was successfully grafted onto the chitosan backbone. X-ray diffractogram (XRD) pattern justified that the amorphous phase of the sample leads to arise in ionic conductivity. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies show that the plasticized sample has lower value of glass transition (Tg) compared to the plasticizer-free sample due to the lubricant effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PVA-Mg(OTf)2 polymer films were prepared with wt% ratios using solution cast technique. The obtained films were characterized to measure their ionic conductivity by DC lab made set up. High ionic conductivity (2.75x10−3 S/cm) was established for the conceived ratio (85:15) at 373 K at room temperature. The charge carriers, electronic and ionic contributions were measured from the transport properties of the film. From the transport properties, tion is calculated and it was found to be 0.99 for 15 wt % of magnesium triflate. A magnesium battery was developed by utilizing high ionic conductivity film. The discharge characteristics were also studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased awareness over environmental safety has led to production of biocompatible materials in the area of energy storage. In the present work biodegradable polymer blend electrolytes based on two different weight percentages of Polyvinyl alcohol with Neem gum(NG) and Commiphora gum(CG) are been investigated for their Li-ion conductivity. The electrolytes were prepared using traditional and cost effective solution casting technique. Structural and vibrational properties of the prepared biopolymer blend electrolytes reveal the amorphous nature and enhanced incorporation of Li-ions inside the polymer matrix. Ionic conductivity reflected from AC impedance analysis is found to be 4.83× 10−5 S/cm for PVA: NG: LiClO4 and 1.418×10−5 S/cm for PVA:CG:LiClO4 blend in room temperature respectively. Frequency plateaus and relaxation time measurements display the easier ionic movement inside the prepared polymer blend. The derived results depict the prepared electrolytes applicability in high safety green energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a need to find an alternative for lithium in electrochemical cells due to its limited availability and increasing cost. Sodium is a good replacement to Lithium. Studies carried out using solid polymer electrolyte forms the theme of the paper. Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are better than liquid electrolytes as they can be safely shipped and stored. Internal shorting problems are less compared to liquid ones. Morphological studies of SPE film were carried out using XRD and FTIR. The ionic conductivity is analyzed from the transport number calculated using Wagner's method. The obtained ionic conductivity is around 1.121 x 10 −6 S cm−1. The electrochemical stability of SPE films estimated using Cyclic voltammetry studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study illustrates the solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) films based on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) complexed with different inorganic dopants. Pure HPMC and various compositions of complexed films of HPMC with different dopants, like sodium iodide (Nal), cadmium chloride (CdCl2), and ceric ammonium nitrate (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 (CAN) were prepared by solution cast method using double distilled water as solvent. The prepared samples were gamma irradiated with different dose of 20, 60 and 100 kGy. Direct current (dc) conductivity was measured in the temperature range of 313-383K. The magnitude of conductivity was found to increase with increasing concentration of the salt, temperature and for higher dose of gamma radiation. All systems exhibits Arrhenius behavior, and was determined from the plots obtained for all the systems. HPMC:Nal (5:4) exhibits the maximum ionic conductivity at 313 K for un-irradiated samples. Whereas after 100 kGy gamma irradiation, HPMC:CdCl2 (5:4) and HPMC:CAN (5:2) exhibits a slightly higher conductivity value compare to that of HPMC:Nal un-irradiated samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ab initio study based on density functional theory is performed, to describe the effect of the addition of Na salt to polyethylene oxide PEO polymer. Three monomer units of PEO and one molecule of NaClO4 were taken for calculations. To study the variation in chemical parameters such as electronegativity, chemical potential and chemical hardness of polymer and salt-polymer system HOMO-LUMO compositions and energies were obtained from density of state (DOS) analysis. For quantitative analysis of partial atomic charge distribution on each atom Hirshfield population analyses has been done. Electronics studies have been carried out from density of states (DOS) and partial density of states (PDOS) analysis. From DOS analysis the forbidden energy gap of (PEO)3 with and without NaClO4 is traced and found to be reduced by 1.5 eV for polymer–salt system than of polymer alone. This implies that there is increase in sodium cation concentration and hence ionic conductivity in solid polymer electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New polymer electrolyte composed of P(VP/AC) copolymer with different concentration of (LiClO4) salt are prepared by solution casting technique. The polymer electrolyte films are subjected to X-ray diffraction, ac impedance, Scanning electron microscope and Thermogravimetric studies to analyse the structure, complexation behaviour, ionic conductivity, surface morphology, and thermal stability respectively. The ionic conductivity of the complex is fine-tuned by the salt concentration thereby the optimum composition is achieved. The temperature dependent conductivity increases due to the increase of ionic mobility and segmental mobility. The polymer electrolyte of P(VP/AC)(90 wt. %)–LiClO4 (15 wt. %) exhibits highest conductivity of 2.04×10-5 S/cm with good thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last two decades, proton conducting polymer electrolytes have received a great deal of attention because of their potential large-scale application in electrochemical devices. Various proton conducting polymer electrolytes with ammonium salts as dopants have been reported. But, literature survey reveals that proton conducting polymer electrolyte based on PVA doped with arginine and ammonium thiocyanate is scarce. An attempt has been taken to prepare proton conducting polymer electrolytes based on poly vinyl alcohol doped with arginine and different molecular weight of ammonium thiocyanate that have been prepared by solution casting technique using distilled water as solvent. The amphorous natures of polymer electrolytes have been confirmed by XRD analysis. The FTIR analysis confirms the complex formation between the PVA, arginine and ammonium thiocyanate. From the AC impedance studies, the maximum ionic conductivity has been obtained to be 2.3x10-4 Scm-1 for 75Mwt% PVA :25Mwt% Arginine:50Mwt%NH4SCN polymeric system at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nanocomposite solid polymer electrolyte has been synthesized using polyethylene oxide (PEO), sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF6), and organomodified montmorillonite (DMMT) nano-clay, with an aim to improve the ionic conductivity, voltage stability window, transference number and dielectric properties. The DMMT intercalated PNCs exhibits an ionic conductivity of three order (~10-5 S cm-1) higher as compared to the pure polymer (~10-8 S cm-1). The DMMT based PNCs have ion transference number close to unity (0.99) and wide voltage stability window (~ 5 V). The dielectric constant and dc conductivity increases with nanoclay addition. The relaxation peak in loss tangent plot shift toward high frequency on nanoclay addition and indicates the decrease of relaxation time. The evaluated relaxation time τεꞋ, τtan δ, τn,τm are in good correlation with each other and exhibits minima for the nanoclay based PNCs which infers the faster segmental motion of polymer chain and supports the enhanced ionic conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Na+ ion based hybrid solid polymer electrolyte with high ionic conductivity and appreciable electrochemical stability has been reported. Addition of nano NASICON ceramic fillers [NaTi2(PO4)3] in polymer electrolyte matrix leads to significant ionic conductivity enhancement. These composites have been prepared in wide composition range and exhibit thermal stability at least upto 100°C for compositions with large amount of NASICONs. A maximum ionic conductivity of ⎕ 3 × 10-5 Ω-1cm-1 is obtained at 40°C for a typical composition 10NaCF3SO390[0.7NTP0.3PEO]. The hybrid polymer composites are potential candidates for Na+ ion based solidstate battery applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic liquid gel polymer electrolyte (ILGPE) film consisting of poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [Bmim][BF4] with different composition ratio were prepared through solution casting technique. The prepared films were subjected to impedance, temperature dependence, and total ionic transference number analysis. Ionic conductivity for each ILGPEs were measured at room temperature and with increasing temperature ranging from 303 to 373 K. The maximum room temperature ionic conductivity is found to be 2.84 x 10-3 S cm-1 for film containing 60% composition ratio of [Bmim][BF4]. Temperature dependence analysis showed that the ionic conductivity of the ILGPEs increased with increasing temperature and seem to obey Arrhenius behaviour. Total ionic transference number showed that ions are the major charge carriers in this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the different formulation composition of PVA and PVP were prepared and characterized as conductive polymer coatings. The research was done by using different loadings of PVP in polymer blends film which were 2.5g, 5.0g, and 7.5g of PVP. The physiochemical properties of these blends films have been studied in detail by FTIR, optical microscopy and impedance spectroscopy. The ionic conductivity was found to be greatly dependent on PVP content. The maximum value of ionic conductivity was given by 7.5g of PVP addition which is 0.30 Scm-1. Highest conductivity of 0.50 Scm-1 at room temperature was achieved for PVA/PVP in a mass ratio of 1:0.75 immersion in 8 M aqueous KOH solution. Optical microscopy revealed a highly ordered surface structure of PVA/PVP polymer blends. FTIR spectra showed that these ionic conductivities may be attributed to the high concentration of KOH that bound to the polymer molecule. The increased in the conductivity with the different composition of PVA/PVP may be utilized as alternative material in application of conductive coatings such as solar panel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, Poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) is used as polymer host, Lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) as doping salt and 1-Ethyl-3-methyl bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (EMIm-TFSI) ionic liquid as plasticizer to prepare plasticized PEO-based polymer electrolytes. All samples were prepared using solution cast technique and were characterised by Impedance Spectroscopy (IS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The ionic conductivity of pure PEO film at ambient temperature was found to be 1.43 x 10-8 S cm-1. When LiTFSI was added, the ionic conductivity was enhanced and was optimized at 30 wt. % of LiTFSI with value of 3.54 x 10-5 Scm-1. Further enhancement of the ionic conductivity occurred when 8 wt. % of EMImTFSI was added into the polymer electrolyte system with value of 1.15 x 10-4 Scm-1. The increase in ionic conductivity is due to increasing number of charge carriers in the system attributed to ion dissociation. The increase in ionic conductivity at room temperature is also attributed to the plasticization effects of ionic liquid as well as decrease in glass transition temperature (Tg) and increase in amorphous nature as evidenced by DSC and XRD respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This present study aims to investigate the electrical study of a solid biopolymer electrolytes (SBEs) based on alginate doped with ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). The SBEs system has been successfully prepared via solution casting method. The electrical properties of SBEs system was characterized using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) under frequency range from 50 Hz to 1 MHz. The optimum ionic conductivity at room temperature (303K) is achieved with 5.56 x 10-5 S cm-1 for sample containing 25 wt. % NH4NO3. The SBEs system was found to obey the Arrhenius behavior where all sample is thermally activated and close to unity R²~1with the increasing of temperature. The electrical properties of the alginate-NH4NO3 SBEs system was measured using complex permittivity (ε*) and complex electrical modulus (M*) and the present system shows the non-Debye behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) doped solid polymer electrolytes have been prepared with different compositions of PVP-CH3COONa.3H2O by solution cast technique. AC ionic conductivity measurements were performed on the prepared films in the frequency ranging from 400 Hz to 50000 KHz. The ionic conductivity of the film was found to be maximum (2.42x10−3 S/cm) for the prepared sample 60PVP:40CH3COONa.3H2O:ZrO2 (1 wt%) at room temperature. The majority transfer of ions and electrons in the solid polymer electrolytes can be calculated by transport properties. Finally an electrochemical cell was fabricated and the discharge characteristics were studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer electrolyte is an ionic conductor formed by dissolving salt in polymer host. In this work, starch/chitosan blend based polymer electrolyte was prepared with different weight percentage of Ammonium Nitrate (NH4NO3) via solution casting technique. The film was characterized by impedance spectroscopy HIOKI 3531-01 LCR Hi-Tester to measure its ionic conductivity over a wide range of frequency between 50Hz-5MHz and at ambient temperature. Sample with 35 wt% of NH4NO3 shows the highest conductivity of (6.34 ± 1.52) × 10-7 Scm-1. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to correlate the ionic conductivity results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium ion conducting solid polymer electrolytes were prepared using poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) as polymer matrix, sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) as salt and succinonitrile (SN) as a plasticizer by solution casting technique. By blending a plastic crystal such as succinonitrile (SN) with PEO-NaClO4 electrolyte system, we aimed at improving the ionic conductivity by weakening the ether oxygen-Na+ interactions. The XRD and FTIR studies revealed structural and micro-structural changes in the blended electrolytes which aids in improving ionic conductivity. Also, DSC measurements showed improved segmental motion in the blended polymer electrolytes due to plasticizing effect of SN. The maximum ionic conductivity observed at room temperature is 1.13×10–5 S cm−1 merely for 7 wt. % of SN, which is one order higher than pure polymer-salt complex. The thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) suggests that blending of SN with polymer electrolyte had no detrimental effect on its thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blend polymer electrolytes of polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl pyrrolidone were prepared with different molecular wt% ratios of MgCl2.6H2O by solution cast technique. Electrical conductivity measurements for the prepared films were performed using Keithley electrometer model 6514 and the maximum ionic conductivity was found to be 1.01x10−3 S/cm at 373 K for the prepared composition of 35PVA/35PVP:30MgCl2.6H2O. The maximum ionic conductivity of polymer electrolyte has been used in fabrication of electrochemical cell with the configuration of Mg+/(PVA/PVP+MgCl2.6H2O)/(I2+C+electrolyte). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, a polymer electrolyte blend containing polymers Poly ethylene oxide (PEO) and Poly (vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) was prepared. The polymer blend was complexed with potassium trifluoromethanesulfonate (KCF3SO3), and titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2) (10nm size) were dispersed in to the complex at different weight percentages. The conductivity due to ions in the blend is determined by Ac impedance measurements in the frequency range of 10Hz-1MHz. The nano composite polymer blend containing 5wt% of TiO2 shows a conductivity of 7.95×10−5Scm-1, which is almost 1.5 orders more than polymer electrolyte with PEO as a polymer. XRD studies show a decrease in the coherence length of XRD peaks on addition of nanoparticles, which is due to increase the amorphous phase in the systems. Temperature dependence conductivity studies of the systems shows that, activation energy decreases with increase in the percentage of nanoparticles in the blend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyurethane solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) films was prepared via solvent-free method using waste cooking oil-based polyol, diisocyanate, LiTFSI salt and ethylene carbonate as plasticizer. Two types of diisocyanate were chosen; aromatic 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and aliphatic 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and the effect of diisocyanate structure on SPE properties were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD). The highest ionic conductivity achieved was 5.76 x 10-6 S cm-1 using MDI. This was supported with lower crystallinity observed by decrease in peaks intensity in XRD. The findings indicated that aromatic diisocyanate is more suitable to produce polyurethane SPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) have captured great attention because of their unique properties such as good mechanical stability, high flexibility and high conductivity approachable to that of the liquid electrolytes. In this work, we have prepared sodium ion conducting gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) films consisting of polyvinylidenefluoride-cohexafluoropropylene (PVdF-HFP) as a polymer host using the solution casting technique. Sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate (NaCF3SO3) was used as an ionic salt and the mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC) as a plasticizing solvent. Impedance spectroscopy measurements were carried out to determine the ionic conductivity of the GPE films. The sample containing 20 wt.% of NaCF3SO3 salt exhibits the highest room temperature ionic conductivity of 2.50 x 10-3 S cm-1. The conductivity of the GPE films was found to depend on the salt concentration that added to the films. The ionic and cationic transference numbers of GPE films were estimated by DC polarization and the combination of AC and DC polarization method, respectively. The results had shown that both ionic and cationic transference numbers are consistent with the conductivity studies. The electrochemical stability of the GPE films was tested using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and the value of working voltage range appears to be high enough to be used as an electrolyte in sodium batteries. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies confirmed the sodium ion conduction in the GPE films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)-lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3) polymer electrolytes were prepared using solution casting technique. The interactions between PEMA and LiCF3SO3 were investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). LiCF3SO3 interacted with PEMA to form a PEMA-salt complex that results in the shifting of the C=O and C-O-C bands to lower wavenumbers. The room temperature ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolyte increased from 2.7 × 10-9 S cm-1 to 7.2 × 10-8 S cm-1 at 20 wt.% of LiCF3SO3. Deconvolution of spectra band in the νs(SO3-) mode of LiCF3SO3 has been carried out to estimate the spectroscopically free form of CF3SO3-. The finding is in good agreement with the conductivity results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (BMIMCF3SO3) is employed as ionic liquid in PVC-based polymer electrolyte system with lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3) as doping salt. The samples in film form were prepared by quantitatively varying the concentration of BMIMCF3SO3 to a fixed ratio of PVC-LiCF3SO3 using solution cast technique. The highest room temperature ionic conductivity of 1.120 x 10-7 Scm-1 was exhibited by PVCLiCF3SO3- BMIMCF3SO3 containing 3 wt. % BMIMCF3SO3. FTIR spectra of the polymer electrolytes were examined to study the complexation of the PVC-based polymer electrolytes. Intensity of free ions, ion pairs, and ion aggregates were obtained from FTIR deconvolution in an attempt to correlate with ionic conductivity results. The intensity of free ions was found to be high for sample with 3 wt. % BMIMCF3SO3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The epoxidized 30% PMMA grafted natural rubber (EMG30) was prepared using performic epoxidation method. 1HNMR studies confirm the appearance of epoxy group at 2.71 ppm in MG30 structure. The highest epoxidation content in EMG30 was used as a polymer host in gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) system. GPE film was prepared using 62.3 mol % EMG30, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3) and ethylene carbonate (EC). The conductivity of these polymer electrolytes was studied by AC impedance spectroscopy. The highest value was achieved up to 4.83 x10-3 S cm-1 at 50 wt. % of EC in EMG30- LiCF3SO3 system. The increase in conductivity is associated to the increase of the segmental chain flexibility of the plasticized film indeed increases of the amorphous domain and was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies. These results show that this GPE system is a suitable candidate for use as an electrolyte in dyesensitized polymer solar cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro porous gel type polymer electrolytes composed of 80 Wt% PVDF-HFP polymer - 20 Wt% LiBF4 salt in different concentrations of EC plasticizer (10Wt% - 70 Wt %) plasticizer have been synthesized by Solution cast technique. The effect of plasticizer in polymer-salt matrix, structural, morphological and ionic conductivity is studied. Structural and morphological studies showed increase in amorphous nature and recrystallization after a certain limit of EC plasticizer. The highest ionic conductivity of 1.510 x 10-3 Cm-1 is found for 40 Wt% of EC plasticizer at 303K. Addition of plasticizer increase free volume enables segmental motion of polymer and free mobility of ions. Also it provides more number of charge carriers in turn enhances the ionic conductivity up to certain limit of 40 Wt% of EC plasticizer. Further increase of plasticizer content creates ion-pair aggregation and recrystallization which reduces the ionic conductivity. The ionic conductivity obeys the VTF relationship for Gel type polymer electrolyte system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study PEO and PVdF-HFP blend based composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) has been prepared by using Multi Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT), in order to examine the filler addition effect on the electrochemical properties. The complexed nanocomposite polymer electrolytes were obtained in the form of dimensionally stable and free standing films by using solution casting technique. The electrochemical properties of CPEs were measured by the AC impedance method. From the ionic conductivity results, the CPE containing MWCNT 2wt% showed the highest ionic conductivity with an excellent thermal stability at room temperature. The dielectric loss curves for the sample 6.25wt% PEO: 18.75 wt% PVdF-HFP: 2wt% MWCNT reveal the low frequency β relaxation peak pronounced at high temperature, and it may caused by side group dipoles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer electrolytes based on crosslinked poly(glycidyl methacrylate) as polymer host and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BmimTFSI) as incorporated salt were prepared by in-situ photopolymerization technique. The complexes with different mass ratio of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) monomer to BmimTFSI were investigated. The ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolyte was increased and reach the highest value of 7.50 × 10-4 S cm-1 at the ratio of 3:7 (GMA: BmimTFSI). The interaction between the polymer host and ionic liquid was proved by Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transformation Infra-Red Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Meanwhile, the X-ray diffraction analysis shows the amorphousity of the polymer electrolyte film increase with the ionic liquid ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium ion battery has been currently developed and produced because it has a longer life time, high energycapacity, and the efficient use of lithium ion battery that is suitable for storing electrical energy. However, this battery has some drawbacks such as use liquid electrolytes that are prone to leakage and flammability during the battery charging process in high temperature. In this study, an ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMImBF4) containing Li+ ions was synthesized and combined with chitosan polymer host as a polymer electrolyte membrane for lithium-ion batteries to solve this problems. This ionic liquid was obtained from the anion metathesis reaction between EMImBr and LiBF4 salt, while EMImBr was synthesized from the reaction between 1-methylimidazole and ethyl bromide utilizing Microwave Assisted Organic Synthesis (MAOS) method. The ionic liquid obtained was characterized by microstructure analysis with using NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The polymer electrolyte membrane was characterized by analysis functional groups (FTIR), ionic conductivity (EIS), and surface morphology (SEM). The analysis results of ion conductivity by the EIS method showed the increase the ionic conductivity value of membranes from 1.30 × 10-2 S cm-1 for chitosan to 1.30 × 10-2 S cm-1 for chitosan with EMImBF4/Li+, and this result was supported by analysis the surface morphology (SEM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PVC/PEMA blend based polymer electrolytes with lithium bistrifluoromethane sulfonimide (LiN(CF3SO2)2) and PVC/PEMA/(LiN(CF3SO2)2-TiO2 films were prepared by solution cast technique. The sample containing 35 wt. % LiN(CF3SO2)2 exhibited the highest conductivity of 1.75 x 10-5 Scm-1. The conductivity of the sample increased to 2.12 x 10-5 Scm-1 and 4.61 x 10-5 Scm-1 when 4 wt. % and 10 wt. % of titanium dioxide (TiO2) was added to the sample at 65 wt. % PVC/PEMA-35 wt. % LiN(CF3SO2)2 composition respectively. The low increase in conductivity is attributed to two competing factors: increase in crystallinity as accounted by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and decrease in glass transition temperature as accounted by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly (ethyleneoxide) membrane was prepared by electrospinning technique and characterized by HR-SEM, FTIR and XRD analysis. The electrolyte uptake, ionic conductivity and porosity of the membrane were studied. The images revealed that the nanofibers have uniform interconnectivity and no bead formation was observed. The ionic conductivity of gel polymer electrolyte was 1.86 x 10-3 Scm-1 at room temperature. The electrolyte uptake of the membrane reached upto a maximum of ~94%. The photovoltaic performance of the dye sensitized solar cell using polymer electrolyte was evaluated and reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green polymer electrolytes based on chitosan as the polymer matrix and ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [Bmim][OAc] as charge carriers were prepared by solution casting technique. Complexes with various amount of ionic liquid loading were investigated as possible ionic conducting polymers. The ionic conductivity was found to increase with increasing weight percent of ionic liquid. The highest ionic conductivity of the charged chitosan-[Bmim][OAc] was 2.44 x 10-3 S cm-1 at 90 wt.% of [Bmim][OAc] content at ambient temperature. Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy has proven the interaction between chitosan and [Bmim][OAc]. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) has shown that the amorphosity of the complexes increase as the amount of [Bmim][OAc] increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluropropylene)(PVdF-HFP) and Polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA) based gel polymer electrolytes comprising Propylene Carbonate and Diethyl Carbonate mixed plasticizers and different concentrations of Lithium Perchlorate (LiClO4) salt have been prepared using a solvent casting technique. Electrical conductivity and transference number measurements have been carried out by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in the temperature range 303 K to 363 K and Wagner's Polarization method respectively. The maximum room temperature conductivity of 2.83 ×10-4 S cm-1 has been observed for the gel polymer electrolytes at 7.5 wt% LiClO4. The variation of ac conductivity with frequency has been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have studied the broadband complex conductivity spectra covering a 0.01 Hz-3 GHz frequency range for plasticized PMMA-LiClO4 based solid polymer electrolyte embedded with Al2O3 nanoparticle. We have analyzed the conductivity spectra using the random free-energy barrier model (RBM) coupled with electrode polarization contribution in the low frequency region and at high temperatures. The temperature dependence of the ionic conductivity obtained from the analysis has been analyzed using Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher equation. The maximum ionic conductivity ~ 1.93X10-4 S/cm has been obtained for 1 wt% Al2O3 nanoparticle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-Poly (butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) composite polymer electrolytes with incorporation of different ratio of ZrO2 doped was prepared by solution casting technique. The ionic conductivity, dielectric behavior, ionic transference number and surface morphology of the composite polymer electrolytes were characterized by using ac impedance, dielectric, DC polarization method and SEM studies respectively. The best room temperature ionic conductivity (0.520mScm-1 at 303 K), high dielectric constant (27340 ± 10 at 50 Hz) and high pore size obtained for 10 wt% of ZrO2 doped composite polymer electrolytes. DC polarization method confirms the occurrences of conduction in composite PVC-PBMA blend polymer electrolytes predominantly due to ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid Polymer Electrolytes (SPEs) lack better conducting properties at ambient temperatures. Various methods to enhance their ionic conductivity like irradiation with swift heavy ions, γ-rays, swift electrons and quenching at low temperature etc., have been explored in the literature. Among these, one of the oldest methods is incorporation of different conducting species into the polymer matrix and/or addition of nano-sized inert particles into SPEs. Various new salts like LiBr, Mg(ClO4)2, NH4I etc., have already been tried in the past with some success. Also various nanoparticles like Al2O3, TiO2 etc., have been tried in the past. In this article, we have investigated an SPE containing Rubidium as a conducting species. Rubidium has a larger ionic size compared to lithium and sodium ions which have been investigated in the recent past. In the present article, we have investigated the conductivity of large sized conducting species and shown the enhancement in the ionic conductivity by addition of nano-sized inert particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blend polymer electrolytes are prepared for salt concentration (/Li = 4) with the constant ratio (0.5 gm) of PEO and PAN using solution casting technique. The prepared free standing solid polymeric film is characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) which confirms the homogeneous distribution of dissociated salt in blend polymer matrix. After addition of salt the ionic conductivity value is found to be of the order of 7.13 × 10-5 Scm-1 which is three orders higher when compared with pure blend polymer films. The microscopic interaction among the polymer-ion, ion-ion has been confirmed by the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. A very fine correlation has been built in the electrical conductivity and FTIR result. On the basis of above finding, a prepared free standing solid polymeric film appears to be appropriate for the energy storage/conversion device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have studied ionic conductivity and dielectric permittivity of PEO-LiClO4 solid polymer electrolyte plasticized with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The temperature dependence of the ionic conductivity has been well interpreted using Vogel- Tamman-Fulcher equation. The maximum dielectric constant is observed for 30 wt. % of PEG content. To get further insights into the ion dynamics, the complex dielectric permittivity has been studied with Havriliak-Negami function. The variation of relaxation time with inverse temperature obtained from HN formalism follows VTF nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer electrolytes with PVC-PEG blend as host matrix and LiClO4 as dopant salt was prepared through conventional solution casting method. To enhance the conductivity propylene carbonate (PC) was used as plasticizer. The influence of ceramic filler Al2O3 on the conductivity of the electrolyte films were studied by varying the (PVC: Al2O3) ratio. The films were subjected to XRD, complex impedance analysis and SEM analysis. The XRD studies reveal a marginal increase in the amorphous phase of the electrolyte films due to the incorporation of filler. The AC impedance analysis shows the dependency of ionic conductivity on the content (wt %) of filler and exhibit a maximum at 4 wt% filler. The SEM analysis depicts the occurrence of phase separation in electrolyte which is attributed to the poor solubility of polymer PVC in the liquid electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel stable electrospun gel polymer electrolyte [(100-x)% P(VdF-co-HFP)+(x)% P(TFE), (x = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 & 30)/1 M Li(CF3SO2)2N-] fibrous membranes with an addition of various concentrations of hydrophobic P(TFE) polymer were prepared by an electrospinning technique. All the prepared electrospun polymer blend fibrous membranes were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, high resolution scanning electron microscopy techniques and water contact angle measurements. The newly developed electrospun pure and hydrophobic P(TFE) blend fibrous membranes were activated into separator-cum gel polymer electrolyte fibrous membranes by soaking in an electrolyte solution contains 1 M Li(CF3SO2)2N− in EC: PC (1:1, v/v) in an argon filled glove box. Among the various concentrations of hydrophobic P(TFE) blend polymer fibrous membranes, the electrospun gel polymer blend electrolyte with 5% P(TFE) showed low crystallinity, high thermal stability, high electrolyte uptake, good hydrophobicity and high ionic conductivity (2.680×10-2 S cm-1) at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pure and benzoguanamine-doped PVDF/KI/I2 electrolytes were prepared by solution casting method. The synthesized polymer electrolyte films were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum and AC-impedance analysis. The ionic conductivity of the pure and benzoguanamine-doped PVDF/KI/I2 electrolyte films are 3.90×10-6 Scm-1 and 1.21×10-5 Scm-1 respectively. Powder X-ray diffraction studies revealed that the benzoguanamine-doped PVDF/KI/I2 electrolyte has the higher amorphous nature compared to pure PVDF/KI/I2 electrolyte. The dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were fabricated using pure and benzoguanamine-doped PVDF/KI/I2 electrolyte and the obtained power conversion efficiencies are 1.8% and 2.3% respectively under an illumination of 100 mW/cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of electron beam (EB) irradiation on morphology, optical properties and ionic conductivity of (PVdF-co-HFP: LiClO4=90:10, PHL10) electrolyte films. The FESEM image reveal increasing porous morphology with increasing EB dose confirms the polymer degradation as result more amorphousity. The optical absorbance was found to be increase with red shift in UV region and direct optical band gaps was found decreased upon EB dose from 3.70 eV to 2.65 eV. The ionic conductivity increases slowly in lower frequency, whereas rapidly increases at the high frequency and found about 8.28×10−4 S/cm at 120 kGy dose. The obtained results suggest that the physical properties of polymer electrolytes can be changed using EB irradiation as requirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]