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Indonesia has targeted to reach 23% of renewable energy share by 2025. In order to meet the target, many researchers have focused on the explorations of renewable energy resources. One of the potential solutions to meet the target is the agricultural wastes, include corn cobs and areca nut fiber. In this study, the calorific value of corn cobs and areca nut fiber are tested. The corn cobs and areca nut fiber are collected from the farmers in Sumatera Utara province of Indonesia. In addition, the Paper waste is also tested. A bomb calorimeter of IKA C6000 is used to measure the energy content of the biomass. The results show that the calorific value of Corn cobs and Areca nut fiber is 5573 Cal/g and 4946 Cal/g, respectively.By using the average yearly production of Corn and Areca nut, these calorific values similar to 4,539 TOE and 4,653 TOE, respectively. If the potency can be used to replace the coal as an alternative fuel, this potency will reduce the Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. The potency of mitigation GHG by replacing Corncob and Areca nut fiber are 18,306 and 18,491 ton of CO2e.

Historians and librarians are interested in watermarks and mould surface patterns in historic papers, because they represent the “fingerprints” of antique papers. However, these features are usually covered or hidden by printing, writing or other media. Different techniques have been developed to extract the watermarks in the paper while avoiding interference from media on the paper. Beta radiography provides good results, but this method cannot be widely used because of radiation safety regulations and the long exposure times required due to weak isotope sources employed. In this work, two promising methods are compared which can be used to extract digital high-resolution images for paper watermarks and these are electron radiography and low energy X-ray radiography. For electron radiography a “sandwich” of a lead sheet, the paper object, and a film in a dark cassette, is formed and it is exposed at higher X-ray potentials (> 300 kV). The photoelectrons escaping from the lead sheet penetrate the paper and expose the film. After development, the film captures the watermark and mould surface pattern Images for the paper being investigated. These images are then digitized using an X-ray film digitizer. The film employed could potentially be replaced by a special type of imaging plate with a very thin protection layer to directly generate digital Images using computed radiography (CR). For the second method, a low energy X-ray source is used with the specimen paper placed on a digital detector array (DDA). This method directly generates a low energy digital radiography (DR) image. Both methods provide high quality images without interference from the printing media, and provide the potential to generate a “fingerprint” database for historical papers. There were nevertheless found to be differences in the images obtained using the two methods. The second method, using a low energy X-ray source, has the potential to be integrated in a portable device with a small footprint incorporating user safety requirements. Differences obtained using the two methods are shown and discussed.

EMG is a medical technique that measures muscle response or electrical activity in response to a nerve’s stimulation of the muscle [10]. In this paper we have classified multiple hand gestures using small number of electrodes. This report aims to review current use of EMG based control system and explain the existing challenges. The stages involved includes data acquisition, feature extraction, classification and controller. Some of the application includes Arm rehabilitation, game controller, wheel chair controllers, etc.

The commercial telecommunication system in future would explore the electromagnetic spectrum with higher frequency than used now, because it requires higher speed of transmission data. Using the millimeter waves (mmW) with frequency ranging from 30 to 300 GHz, such requirement could be fulfilled. The upcoming 5G cellular technology is expected to use frequency 30 GHz or higher. Then materials with a specific characteristic at the mmW range are interesting to be explored and investigated. Here, we report the synthesis process of graphene/TiO2 deposited on paper and their transmission characteristics to the electromagnetic energy at frequency 27-40 GHz (Ka-Band). The reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was synthesized by a modified Hummers method with introduction of microwave irradiation in the process. rGO and TiO2 were mixed in ethanol solution and deposited on the paper by a spraying technique. Transmission coefficient of electromagnetic wave energy at Ka-Band was measured by using the millimeter vector networ...

Selection of the most significant variables, i.e. the wavenumber, from an infrared (IR) spectrum is always difficult to be achieved. In this preliminary paper, the feasibility of genetic algorithms (GA) in identifying most informative wavenumbers from 150 IR spectra of papers was investigated. The list of selected wavenumbers was then employed in Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). GA procedure was repeated 30 times to get different lists of variables. Then the performances of LDA models were estimated via leave-one-out cross-validation. A total of six to eight wavenumbers were identified to be valuable variables in the GA procedures. All the 30 LDA models achieve correct classification rates between 97.3% to 100.0%. Therefore the GA-LDA model could be a suitable tool for differentiating white papers that appeared to be highly similar in their IR fingerprints.

We successfully developed a method utilizing colloidal CdSe nanocrystalline quantum dot for anti-counterfeiting label on a piece of glossy paper. We deposited numbers and lines patterns of toluene soluble CdSe quantum dot using rubber stamper on a glossy paper. The width of line pattern was about 1-2 mm with 1-2 mm separation between lines. It required less than one minute for deposited CdSe quantum dot on glossy paper to dry and become invisible by naked eyes. However, patterned quantum dot become visible using long-pass filter glasses upon excitation of UV lamp or blue laser. We characterized photoluminescence of line patterns of quantum dot, and we found that emission boundaries of line patterns were clearly observed. The error of line size and shape were mainly due to defect of the original stamper. The emission peak wavelength of CdSe quantum dot was 629 nm. The emission spectrum of deposited quantum dot has full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 30-40 nm. The spectra similarity between deposited quant...

On-line measurement of material properties is a goal of many manufactures for production improvement and quality control. In the paper industry, the elastic stiffness of the paper web needs to be accurately measured and controlled online. Currently, contact ultrasonic methods are employed to measure the elastic constants of paper offline. Piezoelectric transducers are placed in contact with the paper surface to generate and detect plate wave modes, known as Lamb wave modes, in the paper in both the machine and cross directions. Laser ultrasonics offers a new approach to making elastic wave measurements that does not require contacting the paper web. A pulsed laser generates ultrasound in the paper by delivering a high intensity short impulse to the paper through thermoelastic expansion. An optical interferometer is used to demodulate the small phase modulation that the elastic wave produces on a continuous probe laser beam. Difficulty in applying this approach to online measurements of rapidly moving pape...

Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is pandemic. It has affected nearly 60 million people since the detection of the disease in 1981 to date. In this paper basic deterministic HIV/AIDS model with mass action incidence function are developed. Stability analysis is carried out. And the disease free equilibrium of the basic model was found to be locally asymptotically stable whenever the threshold parameter (RO) value is less than one, and unstable otherwise. The model is extended by introducing two optimal control strategies namely, CD4 counts and treatment for the infective using optimal control theory. Numerical simulation was carried out in order to illustrate the analytic results.

Bio-energy is renewable energy made from plant. Biomass-based energy sources are potentially CO2 neutral and recycle the same carbon atoms. In order to reduce pollution caused by fossil fuel combustion either for mechanical or electrical energy generation, the performance characteristic of purified palm oil blends are analyzed at various ratios. Bio-energy, Pure Plant Oil, represent a sustainable solution.A generator has been modified due to adapt the viscosity ofblended fuel, PPO - diesel, by pre-heating. Several PPO - diesel composition and injection timing were tested in order to investigate the characteristic of mixed fuel with and without pre-heating. The term biofuel refers to liquid or gaseous fuels for the internal combustion engines that are predominantly produced fro m biomass. Surprising result showed that BSFC of blended PPO - diesel was more efficient when injection timing set more than 15° BTDC. The mixed fuel produced power with less mixed fuel even though the calorie content of diesel is higher than PPO. The most efficient was 20% PPO in diesel with BSFC 296 gr fuel / kwh rather than 100% diesel with BSFC 309 gr fuel / kwh at the same injection timing 18° BTDC with pre-heating. The improvement of BSFC is caused by heating up of mixed fuel which it added calorie in the mixed fuel. Therefore, the heating up of blended PPO - diesel is not only to adapt the viscosity but also improving the efficiency of fuel usage representing by lower BSFC. In addition, torque of the 20% PPO was also as smooth as 100% diesel representing by almost the same torqueat injection timing 15° BTDC. The AIP Proceedings article template has many predefined paragraph styles for you to use/apply as you write your paper. To format your abstract, use the Microsoft Word template style: Abstract. Each paper must include an abstract. Begin the abstract with the word “Abstract” followed by a period in bold font, and then continue with a normal 9 point font.

Demand for fossil fuel of coal, petroleum and natural gas has always increased from year to year. Therefore, the development, expansion and utilization of biomass from non no-fossil fuels need be carried out. Efforts to explore, develop, process and utilize biomass from non-fossil fuels, which is the cultivation of microalgae containing triglycerides that can be extracted into methyl esters (biodiesel). The sample extraction process is carried out in 5 stages, such as harvesting, weaving, methylation, extraction, and washing. The amount and ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid is a key that determines the suitability of microalgae as a biofuel feedstock. This paper aims to compare the potential microalgae in Indonesia with the other countries as feedstock for biofuel production. The fatty acid composition of Synechococcus sp. HS-9, Spirulina platensis, Glagah consortium microalgae, and Nostoc HS-20 from Indonesia could be a promising feedstock for biofuel production. The quantity of fatty acid microalgae from Indonesia higher than the other countries.

The improvement of air pollution issues and excessive road transportation dependence on crude oil is not possible today without the implementation of new mobility concepts, preferably complying with the principles of sustainable social and economic development. The lack of these concepts, as emphasized in the White Paper, Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area – Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system, will preserve transportation dependence on crude oil so deeply that only 10% of energy will be derived from renewable sources. According to this scenario, until 2050 the CO2 emissions in the transportation sector will increase by one third compared to 1990. Moreover, there will be an increase in the costs of traffic congestion until 2050 by ca. 50%. The difference in availability between central and peripheral areas and social costs of accidents and noise pollution will increase as well [1].

Hybrid Power Plant, which uses solar energy and in situ fuels such as pure coconut oil (PCO) and pure palm oil (PPaO), could be a solution for electricity problem in remote areas in Indonesia. Comparison of performance, and emissions are discussed and analyzed in this paper. For performance parameter, efficiency of hybrid system averages 7% higher compared with diesel engine. BSFC of diesel engine average value by using PPaO and PCO are 7.2% and 4.7% higher than by using diesel fuel. However, the BSEC average values are 4.5% and 3.3% lower than the diesel fuel. For the emission parameters, average value of CO2 emissions from the hybrid system is 21.7% lower than the diesel engine, but average value of CO emissions is 31% higher compared to diesel engine. Significant differences can be observed at average value of NOx emissions by using PCO and PPaO which are 210% and 117% lower compared to the diesel fuel.

Bioethanol is a natural product and manufactured by the fermentation of plants containing sugar and starch. Characteristic physical and chemical of bioethanol near to gasoline. As a biofuel, bioethanol can be used as a fuel substitution for gasoline with hopefully can decreasing emission and renewable energy for security energy. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of bioethanol-gasoline blended fuels on the performance SI Engine compared with varying gasoline at the market. The experimental test was using gasoline with octane number 88, 92, 98, with 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% bioethanol blends. The effect of the bioethanol-gasoline blend on performance SI engine 150 CC is increased research octane number, and to decrease heating value with increasing blending bioethanol can decreasing power and increasing fuel consumption. The one important things in this research had differences of each kind of gasoline toward performance and emission of SI engine.

Drying is one way of post-harvest handling to extend the shelf life, especially for agricultural crops. In general, post-harvest drying is only done naturally by using heat from solar energy or commonly called conventional drying. In this study, the grain was dried using a fluidized bed dryer. However, the fluidized bed dryer was modified by adding a pipe heat exchanger. The purpose of this study was to find the effect of grain mass and air intake temperatures on drying time. The Indonesian government has carried out SNI provisions for milling the maximum water content in the material which is 14%. In this study, the grain used was the newly harvested grain where the water content was about 20% with a tolerance of ± 1%. The mass variations in this study were 0.4 kg, 0.6 kg and 0.8 kg and the temperature variations applied were 55°C, 60°C, and 65° C. The results showed the highest heat loss occurs at the highest mass because the air velocity is not able to circulate properly.Drying is one way of post-harvest handling to extend the shelf life, especially for agricultural crops. In general, post-harvest drying is only done naturally by using heat from solar energy or commonly called conventional drying. In this study, the grain was dried using a fluidized bed dryer. However, the fluidized bed dryer was modified by adding a pipe heat exchanger. The purpose of this study was to find the effect of grain mass and air intake temperatures on drying time. The Indonesian government has carried out SNI provisions for milling the maximum water content in the material which is 14%. In this study, the grain used was the newly harvested grain where the water content was about 20% with a tolerance of ± 1%. The mass variations in this study were 0.4 kg, 0.6 kg and 0.8 kg and the temperature variations applied were 55°C, 60°C, and 65° C. The results showed the highest heat loss occurs at the highest mass because the air velocity is not able to circulate properly.

In addition to producing palm oil (CPO) and Palm kernel Oil (PKO), palm oil agroindustry also produces quite a lot of biomass solid waste residues. One of them is empty fruit bunches (EFB) which have not been optimally utilized and accumulated in the area around the factory location. Currently, the conventional EFB utilization has only been limited to mulch material and fertilizers used in oil palm plantations. This biomass material has enormous potential in producing renewable energy, chemical products, etc. Cumulatively, the product has high added value. Considering that the volume of EFB has the largest proportion in oil palm plantation waste, which is reaching (20-23%) of fresh fruit (FFB), it is necessary to study the availability of EFB in supplying raw materials for bioenergy products. In this study, data collection and retrieval are taken from palm oil companies in Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan. The problems that have so far been unknown are the potential availability of raw materials in maintaining the fulfilment of the need to produce bioenergy sustainably. Therefore, this study is intended to predict the needs and amount of raw material supply. The System Dynamic Methodology is used as a tool in predicting the availability and long term needs of raw materials and creating scenarios in the face of limitations in the availability of sustainable raw materials. The model is built on three main sub-models, namely the plantation area, the biomass availability, and the conventional utilization sub-model. The study show that an increase in harvested area will certainly be followed by additional FFB harvests and the resulting waste stock including the solid waste of palm oil empty bunches. The rate of empty bunches will decrease along with the crop productivity which also decreases according to the plant age. The scenario proposed to adjust the condition of raw materials is replanting. Planting of new plants will be carried out from the 19th year of the simulation, at the age of 23 years, which is expected to be harvested in the 22 simulation years. The second scenario is the utilization of another biomass as a source of the biomass. Besides EFB, there are other biomass which have the potential to be used as bioenergy, namely frond. By combining some of the biomass, greater availability of biomass will be obtained. The scenario of combining with other biomass is the most suitable (frond biomass) because of its similar characteristics to EFB and the stability of its availability.

Metal magnetic memory test (MMMT), which is an effective way in evaluating early damages of ferrimagnets, can determine the existence of material stresses concentration and premature defects. As one of offshore oil exploration and development equipment, jack-up platform always generate stress concentration during its life-cycle due to complicated loading condition and the hash marine environment, which will decline the bearing capacity and cause serious consequences. The paper conducts in situ experiments of defects detection on some key structural components of jack-up platform using MMMT. The signals acquired by MMM-System are processed for feature extraction to evaluate the severity of structure stress concentration. The results show that the method presented in this paper based on MMMT can provide an effective and convenient way of defect detection and structural health monitoring for Jack-up Platform.

Nowadays, Indonesia is developing Coal-Bed Methane (CBM) production, but its production is not sufficient yet. Basically, CBM is produced naturally along with coal formation, i.e. through the activity of indigenous microorganisms. In this regard, to increase the production of CBM, adding a consortium of microorganisms into the coal deposit can be an option. One source of a consortium of bacteria available in nature is the rumen contents of ruminant livestock such as beef cattle. The purpose of this research was to know the capability of bacteria in rumen contents of beef cattle to produce CBM from various types of coal. In addition, to get a better concentration of bacteria than previous research so that it can be used as a reference for CBM production in the future. This explorative research used an experimental method with descriptive explanation. CBM production was performed using Hungate tube as a digester with three coal substrates, namely lignite, sub-bituminous and bituminous. This experiment also ...

This study describes the properties of upgraded palm kernel shell (PKS) and mukah balingian (MB) coal by microwave irradiation pretreatment. The microwave power level and processing time were varied in this research. The pretreated samples were analysed for mass and energy yield, calorific value and proximate and elemental composition. The characteristics of pretreated samples were improved with increasing microwave power level and reaction time. The oxygen content, O/C ratio of upgraded sample were reduced with increasing microwave power level. The carbon content of pretreated PKS was closed to the untreated MB coal properties with comparable calorific value was obtained. The microwave power level of 450 W and processing time of 8 min were appropriate to upgrade the PKS and MB coal for co-gasification. Thus, it can be concluded that the change in physical and chemical properties of upgraded PKS and MB coal revealed the potential of applying these feedstocks in co-gasification for hydrogen production.

Biogas is a renewable energy source that is undergoing continual improvement in its technique and method of fermentation. The use of biogas in small industries or households is still facing un-fully utilized waste material, although it has a large potential to produce biogas. One of these underutilized waste materials comes from the tofu making industry, a common household industry in Indonesia, especially in Bandung. Generally,household-scale biogas productionuses a single bio-digester (one stage anaerobic fermentation) technology, which accommodates two main principles of biogas formation, namely the acetogenic stage and the methanogenic stage. The problems that arise from the use of a one-stage biogas digester are the imbalance of the fermentation process due to differences in environmental conditions at each stage, increasing of the organic load rate, the longer retention time of the organic compound, and low biogas productivity. Those issues result in un-optimized production. From this condition, a study of the application of biogas production through a two-stage anaerobic digestion fermentation system through fed-batch fermentation was conducted. We found that the decrease of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) value of tofu waste reached 21%-38% in acetogenic fermentation and 71% in the methanogenic digester. Biogas production yielded the highest methane gas composition value at 74.05%, and the highest biogas volume of 48.55 L/day, with highest energy potential value at 1249,2 kJ/day.

Municipal solid waste has the potential to become renewable energy resource. As solid fuel however, municipal solid waste has many problems caused by its low bulk density. Briquetting process is widely used to overcome the problem of low bulk density in solid fuel. Organic fraction of solid waste is benefited with lignin as one of its constituent which could be utilized as internal binder in hot briquetting process. To provide better understanding of lignin characteristic as internal binder, briquetting research was commenced in two stages using dry leaves as the representation of organic fraction in municipal solid waste, which contains 35.14% lignin. First stage was aimed to search the opportunity for evaluating lignin characteristic with variance of briquetting pressure. The second stage was used to investigate the binding characteristic of lignin as briquetting temperature increased in the range of lignin phase transition from glassy to liquid phase. The mechanical strength of produced briquette was measured using drop shatter test. Experiment results show that briquetting pressure of 500 bar could be utilized to evaluate the lignin characteristic in briquetting process. Highest performance of lignin as internal binder in briquetting was obtained at temperature 164 °C. In this temperature, briquette with DSI as high as 83% could be provided. The improved quality of lignin in green strength condition was probably caused by mechanical interlocking and adhesion effect that appeared during hot briquetting process.

The need for energy resource has increased due to the exponential increase in human population and industrialization, following suit. The concern towards environmental problems has made people embrace renewable energy resources which are more environmentally friendly. Thus, microalgae biomass are introduced as the promising energy source to substitute the limited supply of fossil fuel. The attached growth microalgae cultivation mode is employed to ease the harvesting process. The pH of the microalgae culture medium packed with polyurethane foam was adjusted daily to pH 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 in the individual photobioreactor. In this study, pH 6 was selected to be the favorable culture condition for both suspended and attached growth of Chlorella vulgaris with dry weight biomass of 0.075 ± 0.006 g and 0.258 ± 0.003 g, respectively, accompanied by a high lipid content attained at 0.394 ± 0.007 g/g. The attached microalgae biomass ease the harvesting process as the polyurethane foam was simply removed from the culture medium during the stationary stage while the suspended microalgae were harvested using the gravitational method.

Co-gasification of pretreated palm kernel shell (PKS) and Mukah Balingian (MB) coal and gasification of individual feedstock were carried out in a fixed bed reactor system. The synergistic effect of pretreated feedstock in co-gasification was probed. The results showed that the co-gasification of pretreated biomass and coal samples had a synergistic effect at all blending ratios. The experimental value of co-gasification on 50 % biomass blending ratio generated the highest gas yield of 69.43 % and lowest tar yield of 10.11 %. This was supported with the different of experimental value and calculated mean value (Exp-Cal) that showed the highest synergistic effect on product yield using 50 % biomass blending ratio of the pretreated samples. Thus, the pretreated PKS and MB coal, by which their physical and chemical properties have been enhanced through pretreatment process are suitable to be used in co-gasification.

Coal-bed Methane (CBM) is a form of natural gas extracted from coal and has been developed as future energy source. Organic materials are required as nutrition source for methanogenic microbes. The addition of cattle waste in the formation of CBM on coal media can be utilized as organic materials as well as methanogenic microbe sources. This research covered study of total amount of anaerobic microbes, methane production, protozoa, fungi and endoparasites. Descriptive approach is conducted for this study. Media used for culturing methanogens is Nutrient Agar in powder form and Lactose Broth with the addition of rumen fluid. The technique for counting microbes is through Total Plate Count in anaerobic Hungate tube, methane was analyzed using Gas Chromatography (GC), while identification of protozoa, fungi and endoparasites based on its morphology is conducted before and after anaerobic fermentation process. Incubation period is 30 days. The results showed that growth of anaerobic microbes from dairy cattle...

Pyrolysis is the process of decomposition of materials at high temperatures by producing products of char, tar, and gas. Analysis of the characteristics of pyrolysis combustion with thermogravimetry is needed to determine the thermal decomposition behavior of the material. Treatment of sengon waste with pyrolysis can be used as an environmentally friendly renewable energy source. Variations in the final temperature and heating rate are required to determine the optimum conditions of pyrolysis. The final temperature variations were performed at 350°C, 450°C, 550°C, and 600°C, while variations in heating rates at 10°C/min, 30°C/min and 60°C/min each performed at a holding time of 5 minutes. The results showed that the char mass decreased with increasing the final temperature, but increased with the increase of heating rate. The activation energy increases with increasing final temperature and heating rate. While the highest calorific value obtained on tar products amounted to 10365.911 cal/g at the final temperature 450°C and heating rate 30°C/minute. The resulting calorific value is not much different from the solar calorific value indicating that this sengon sawdust waste can be used as a renewable liquid fuel.

Biohydrogen is one of the main alternative fuels promising for the future. Bioconversion of the wastewater with the high concentration of organic using biological processes or microorganism by anaerobic processes can produce biogas which can be used as fuel instead of fossil fuels. In this study, palm oil mill effluent (POME) with the concentration of COD is 24,500 mg/L has been used as a substrate. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of metal addition for the formation of biohydrogen. Circulating bed reactor (CBR) is used with the flushing N2 1L/min for 24 hr and continued operates for 72 hr by internal biogas. The additional variation concentration of Fe(II) ion are 0.5; 1.0 and 2.5 mg/L, and Mg(II) are 0.5 and 1.5 mg/L were added by combination. The results showed that the combination of Fe(II) 1.0 mg/L and Mg(II) 1.5 mg/L produced the highest biohydrogen production is 17.12 %v/v and the rate of biohydrogen production is 0.010-0.233 % v/v /hr. Another combination of Fe(II) and Mg(II) prov...

The purpose of this study is chemical modification by process of acetylation and impregnation of oil palm wood to improve the dimensional stability. Acetylation process aimed at substituting the hydroxyl groups in a timber with an acetyl group. By increasing the acetyl groups in wood is expected to reduce the ability of wood to absorb water vapor which lead to the dimensions of the wood becomes more stable. Studies conducted on oil palm wood (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) by acetylation and impregnation method. The results showed that acetylated and impregnated wood oil palm (E. guineensis Jacq) were changed in their physical properties. Impregnation with coal ashfly provide the greatest response to changes in weight (in wet conditions) and after conditioning (dry) with the average percentage of weight gain of 198.16% and 66.41% respectively. Changes in volume indicates an increase of volume in the wet condition (imbibition) with the coal ashfly treatment gave highest value of 23.04 %, whereas after conditionin...

An experimental study on co-pyrolysis of coal with biomass wastes to produce hybrid coal was conducted to investigate the effects of important process variables, namely biomass type (rice husk and sawdust), blend composition, and co-pyrolysis temperature on the quality of hybrid coal. The experiments were carried out using a vertical tubular furnace equipped with temperature controller to maintain the co-pyrolysis reactor at a given temperature. Nitrogen gas was introduced into the furnace to create an inert environment preventing the sample from burning. A known mass of solid sample consisting of manually granulated blend of coal and biomass with binder in spherical shape was contained in a basket made of stainless sieve. After a given residence time, the sample was taken from the furnace. The blend sample prior to experiment and the produced hybrid coal were then characterized for its proximate analysis, ultimate analysis and calorific value. Experimental findings suggested that by increasing co-pyrolys...

Depletion of petroleum and environmental problem have led to look for an alternative fuel sources In many ways, biomass is a potential renewable source. Among the many forms of biomass, oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) is a very attractive feedstock due to its abudance, low price and non-competitiveness with the food chain. EFB can be converted bio-oil by pyrolysis process. but this product can not be used directly as a transportation fuel, so it needs upgrading bio-oil through a catalytic cracking process. The catalyst plays an important role in the catalytic cracking process. The objective of this research is to study the effect of Ni concentrations (1,3,5 and 7 wt.%) on the characteristics of the catalyst Ni / Silica-Alumina and the performance test for the catalytic cracking of bio-oil. Preparation of the catalyst Ni / Silica-Alumina was done by impregnation at 80°C for 3 hours, then done to calcination and reduction at 500°C for 2 hours. The performance test was conducted on catalytic cracking temper...

Gold amalgamation process was widely used to treat gold ore. This process produces the tailing or amalgamation solid waste, which still contains gold at 8-9 ppm. Froth flotation is one of the promising methods to beneficiate gold from this tailing. However, this process requires optimal conditions which depends on the type of raw material. In this study, Taguchi method was used to optimize the optimum conditions of the froth flotation process. The Taguchi optimization shows that the gold recovery was strongly influenced by the particle size which is the best particle size at 150 mesh followed by the Potassium amyl xanthate concentration, pH and pine oil concentration at 1133.98, 4535.92 and 68.04 gr/ton amalgamation tailing, respectively.Gold amalgamation process was widely used to treat gold ore. This process produces the tailing or amalgamation solid waste, which still contains gold at 8-9 ppm. Froth flotation is one of the promising methods to beneficiate gold from this tailing. However, this process requires optimal conditions which depends on the type of raw material. In this study, Taguchi method was used to optimize the optimum conditions of the froth flotation process. The Taguchi optimization shows that the gold recovery was strongly influenced by the particle size which is the best particle size at 150 mesh followed by the Potassium amyl xanthate concentration, pH and pine oil concentration at 1133.98, 4535.92 and 68.04 gr/ton amalgamation tailing, respectively.

Aquaculture activity on coastal area produces organic and inorganic waste that cause a high concentration of dissolved nutrient in waters. Therefore, the organic and inorganic waste should be reduced to prevent a negative impact to coastal water. One way to reduce the aquaculture waste loading to coastal water is to use it as a fertilizer on microalgae cultivation. The objective of this study was to investigate the change of dissolved nitrogen concentration in aquaculture waste during 14 days treatment in aerated and unaerated conditions. Two liters of wastewater was collected every 2 days from the reactor for culture media of microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata in 2 liters Erlenmeyer flask. The concentration of ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate were determined spectrophotometrically as well as chlorophyll-a content when waste were treated in aerated and unaerated reactor. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen, hydrogen ion and salinity were monitored throughout the treatment. Concentration of ammonia, nitrate and nitrite in aeration treatment were changed faster in aerated condition compared to unaerated condition. The phosphate concentration in both aerated and unaerated had a same pattern and these could reach the highest concentration to 0,9 mg L−1. Six days cultivation of N. oculata showed that N. oculata was able to assimilate nutrient from wastewater to construct its cell structure with the highest density of 19,75 × 106 cell mL−1 and its process caused extremely low nutrient concentration. This result showed that nutrient from aquaculture waste can be almost totally assimilated by N. oculata and create an extremely low concentration of nutrient from wastewater.

The oil palm industry heavily relies on the world market. It is essential to ensure that the oil palm industry is ready to meet the demands and expectation of these overseas customers on the environmental performance of the oil palm industry. Malaysia produces 13.9 million tons of oil palm biomass including oil palm trunk (OPT), frond and empty fruits bunches (EFB) annually. OPT felled in some oil palm plantations during replanting is transported to various industries and one such industry is the plywood factories. In order to gauge the environmental performance of the use of OPT as plywood a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study was conducted for palm based plywood. LCA is an important tool to assess the environmental performance of a product or process. Life cycle inventory (LCI) is the heart of a LCA study. This LCI study has a gate-to-gate system boundary and the functional unit is 1 m3 palm plywood produced and covers three types of plywood; Moisture Resistance Plywood (MR), Weather Boiling Proof Plywood...

The paper presents the results of the assessment of the applicability of structured laser illumination in combination with Rayleigh scattering or spontaneous Raman scattering methods for evaluating the local density and temperature distribution in a premixed methane flame. The examples presented in this paper show that the use of structured laser illumination makes it possible to obtain a signal free of background and reflected light by registering the scattering signal only at one S-polarization of the laser. The best quality of image reconstruction was obtained using a grating with a line spacing of 0.5 mm. Gratings with a larger step gave a strong blurring and loss in spatial resolution, a grating with a smaller line spacing during reconstruction led to the formation of secondary structures with lines.

Japanese government permitted to install PV, named Agrivoltaic, on a running farm by 2013. The purposes of this commission are securing land for renewable energy installation and increasing new, young farmer. This paper clarifies both optimized Agrivoltaic structure and Agrivoltaic introduction potential. The structure optimization is considered as 3 dimensional using 3D-CAD and agricultural crop growth program is simulated to evaluate the effect of sunlight shading on PV. Agrivoltaic introduction potential assessment involved installation environment geographical data (like radiation strength, ground strength, distance to neighbors, and amount of snowing) This paper utilized geographical information system for topological assessment. These processes evaluate current and future Agrivoltaic installation potential following multi criteria.

The main objective of ICAAM is to promote and inspire new developments in mathematics and mathematical applications. For reaching our goal, we provide a forum for researchers and scientists who are working in the fields of Analysis and Applied Mathematics to share and exchange their ideas and recent research works. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented challenges both for people and the math society. We are deeply saddened to hear the loss of previous ICAAM series participants. For being strong during the pandemic, as ICAAM community, we encourage one another to continue our research. This volume is one of the fruitful results of this encouragement. This volume is a collection of 70 selected extended abstracts. These papers are presented at the Fifth International Conference on Analysis and Applied Mathematics (ICAAM 2020) which was held in North Cyprus, Turkey. The selection of the papers included in this volume is based on an international peer review procedure. The selected extended abstracts examine wide ranging and cutting edge developments in various areas of Analysis and Applied Mathematics. The papers give a taste of current research. We feel the variety of topics will be of interest to both graduate students and researchers. K-5442-2015 55334518800

This paper presents a short review on terahertz imaging systems based on several types of technology used in the terahertz detection schemes. Some commercial products from ThruVision Systems Limited Company have utilized GaAs Schottky diode detector at 0.25 THz to produce passive terahertz images for public and homeland security. On the other hand, TeraSense Group Incorporated Company has developed and invented a ground-breaking technology which employs sensor consisting of a matrix of plasmonic semiconductor detectors in their latest products to generate terahertz images in the 0.1 – 1.0 THz frequency range. Recently, the utilization of two-terminal unipolar nanodiodes, known as the self-switching diodes (SSDs), as terahertz detectors has shown promising results. The planar structure of SSD not only enables the device to operate at high frequencies due to low intrinsic parasitic capacitance, but also allows the realization of the device using only a single lithography step. This makes the fabrication process of SSDs faster, more simple, and at lower cost when compared to other electronic devices such as Schottky diodes. The development and recent achievement of SSDs as terahertz detectors are also presented in this paper.

The main goal of this paper to evaluate the performance of the proposed long short-term memory (LSTM)- basis relative humidity (RH) prediction model. Computational physics learning theory is a subfield in artificial intelligence. In this paper, we use the real observed weather data of RH from synoptic station location as an important aspect and effect in weather and climate and using machine learning approach basis on the LSTM neural network, which is a type of recurrent neural network (RNN). We use a machine learning approach to compute the relative humidity basis on the LSTM model. The LSTM is trained by using two years of climate data (from January 2008 to December 2009). LSTM is capable of forecasting complex univariate relative humidity time series with strong no-stationarity. The result shows the usefulness of LSTM and out performs traditional forecasting methods in the challenging relative humidity record problem.

This paper presents the fabrication of Interdigitated Electrodes (IDEs) towards the detection of glucose. The transducer is constructed based on IDE because of its single layer electrode structure. Majority of IDE used metal such as gold and nickel as the electrodes because of their excellent electrical performances. However, in this paper, aluminium is applied as metal of electrodes not only because of its stable material but also trying to investigate the interaction between aluminium metal and Titanium dioxide, TiO2 with glucose detection. Titanium dioxide has been utilized as thin film on the deposited aluminium electrodes to increase the interaction between aluminium electrodes with different concentration of glucose solution. The designs of IDEs interdigitated array (IDBA) and interdigitated ring array (IDRA) are performed by using AUTOCAD and it is printed on a transparency paper as a mask. Customary photolithography methods with positive resist are applied to transfer the pattern on a silicon wafer in this fabrication process. Then, the fabricated IDEs are viewed and examined under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) to verify the surface morphology and topology. The electrochemical performance of IDEs is observed through cyclic voltammogram characteristics performed using potentiostat. In the nut shell, both IDBA and IDRA are tested within 0 to 100 mM range of glucose concentration.

An imaging system operated at millimeter (MM) waves and terahertz (THz) frequencies can be used in many applications such as safety monitoring, public security, medical, healthcare and manufacturing. Typically, these systems utilize rectifying antenna (rectenna) to convert electromagnetic radiation into usable DC power which will be used to generate images. One of the main components of rectenna is the rectifier. Hence, this paper explores the current review on several semiconductor rectifiers that have been significantly deployed for MM-wave/THz imaging systems. This includes Schottky diodes, metal-insulator-metal (MIM) diodes, self-switching diodes (SSDs) and ballistic rectifiers (BRs). The rectifying performance of these devices are discussed in terms of their voltage responsivity and noise-equivalent power (NEP). The standard fabrication process of each device is also presented in this paper as well as their recent development and achievement as high-frequency rectifiers for MM-wave/THz imaging systems.

Currently, a significant increase in the interest of the triangle grid stiffened plates and panels can be observed. Isogrid, which is equilateral triangle grid concept, was developed in 1964 by NASA as extremely efficient light-weight structures used in space program. Recently, development of machine tools, made it possible to reduce the costs of manufacturing and allowed for wider application of such structures. Paper presents preliminary experimental and numerical investigations of square isosceles triangle grid stiffened plate under pure shear loading condition. Different ways of FEM modeling of plate were considered and analyzed for simple load cases. Critical and post-critical states of deformation were compared to results of experiment conducted with use of 3D DIC system.Currently, a significant increase in the interest of the triangle grid stiffened plates and panels can be observed. Isogrid, which is equilateral triangle grid concept, was developed in 1964 by NASA as extremely efficient light-weight structures used in space program. Recently, development of machine tools, made it possible to reduce the costs of manufacturing and allowed for wider application of such structures. Paper presents preliminary experimental and numerical investigations of square isosceles triangle grid stiffened plate under pure shear loading condition. Different ways of FEM modeling of plate were considered and analyzed for simple load cases. Critical and post-critical states of deformation were compared to results of experiment conducted with use of 3D DIC system.

In recent years many of the people are suffering from diabetics which may result damaging the human eye sights by damaging the blood vessels of the retinal by form exudates around the optic disc. In this paper, we intend to build retinal exudates from fundus image to predict the severity of diabetics resulting in blood vessels tissue damages. In order to analysis the blood vessels damage and diabetic severity initially we use appropriate image pre-processing techniques to remove any noise from the retinal funds image, to remove the noise in this paper we use wavelet transform and first order Gaussian derivative and matched filter to segment the fundus image by rotating the original image by certain angle. The filtered data is stored in the matched filter bank, then by applying k-NN clustering technique to identify minimum value in each filter bank and marking such minimum value center of k-nearest neighbor value. Further, Support vector machine a supervised learning algorithm is applied to the identified k-nearest neighbor values thereby predicting the severity of blood vessel tissue damage from the fundus image.

This paper presents the optimization of a continuous foam extrusion process to manufacture high impact polystyrene (HIPS) foams through a twin-screw extruder. The effects of chemical blowing agent type and content as well as; process parameters: e.g., die temperature profile and screw speed (RPM) were investigated. After determination of the optimum die temperature profile, effect of chemical blowing agent type and content (i.e., 1, 3, 5 wt. %) and screw RPM (i.e., 100, 150, 200, and 250) were investigated. Results show that; the best void fraction (around 22%), with the highest cell density (around 6 x 105 cells/cm3) obtained at die temperature profile of 150-145 °C. It was also observed that 100 RPM, revealed the highest void fraction (around 32%) with cell density of around 3 x 105 cells/cm3. The increase of chemical blowing agent, increased the void fraction from around 10% to 31% where the cell densities were also increased, respectively, from around 8 x 104 cells/cm3 to 2 x 107 cells/cm3.This paper presents the optimization of a continuous foam extrusion process to manufacture high impact polystyrene (HIPS) foams through a twin-screw extruder. The effects of chemical blowing agent type and content as well as; process parameters: e.g., die temperature profile and screw speed (RPM) were investigated. After determination of the optimum die temperature profile, effect of chemical blowing agent type and content (i.e., 1, 3, 5 wt. %) and screw RPM (i.e., 100, 150, 200, and 250) were investigated. Results show that; the best void fraction (around 22%), with the highest cell density (around 6 x 105 cells/cm3) obtained at die temperature profile of 150-145 °C. It was also observed that 100 RPM, revealed the highest void fraction (around 32%) with cell density of around 3 x 105 cells/cm3. The increase of chemical blowing agent, increased the void fraction from around 10% to 31% where the cell densities were also increased, respectively, from around 8 x 104 cells/cm3 to 2 x 107 cells/cm3.

It is known that advance generation four reactor technology such as the pebble bed high temperature reactors raises challenges for the regulatory body so that the technology can be developed and constructed. Although some countries have successfully constructed High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor (HTGR), however, the licensing still a challenging and open issues due to unclear and unavailable off-the-self detail regulation for this type reactor. Therefore, the investigation of the licensing issues to anticipate the implementation technology is urgently required. This study is carried out by presenting the current status of licensing experiences in German, China, South Africa, Japan as well as the current status of NPP licensing in Indonesia. This paper disused and delivers some recommendations to address the gaps or issues identified.It is known that advance generation four reactor technology such as the pebble bed high temperature reactors raises challenges for the regulatory body so that the technology can be developed and constructed. Although some countries have successfully constructed High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor (HTGR), however, the licensing still a challenging and open issues due to unclear and unavailable off-the-self detail regulation for this type reactor. Therefore, the investigation of the licensing issues to anticipate the implementation technology is urgently required. This study is carried out by presenting the current status of licensing experiences in German, China, South Africa, Japan as well as the current status of NPP licensing in Indonesia. This paper disused and delivers some recommendations to address the gaps or issues identified.

The main aim of the paper is impact analysis of the effective bond length of tapes made of carbon fibre reinforce polymers (CFRP) strengthening thin-walled steel beams. In order to investigate this issue, laboratory tests and the numerical models were developed. The laboratory tests of four point bending, were conducted on steel beams made of thin-walled sigma profile. Among all samples, one beam was bare and two beams were restrained with two different bond length of CFRP tapes. Next, numerical models were developed taking into account laboratory results and different bond length of CFRP tapes. Numerical models of the considered beams were developed in the program Abaqus and subjected to validation and verification based on laboratory results. In the paper special attention was paid to the evaluation of the possibility to increase the critical load capacity with simultaneous limitation of displacements of the beams by appropriate position of CFRP tape.

The development of spacecraft large-sized reflectors is one of the most urgent issues for the space industry. The reflector structure is to meet such principle criteria as high accuracy in reflective surface configuration and weight. The accuracy in the reflective surface configuration during continuous operation is ensured by the control system. The authors suggest using piezo motors in the control system. The motors of such type of certain small mass-overall characteristics can create high force. This paper presents a new piezo motor design and its operation. A mathematic model of piezo motor operation modes has been worked out which became the basis for setting new designed piezo motor operation modes depending on different loads. The results of the experimental tests of the new designed piezo motor confirmed the results of the theoretical calculations.The development of spacecraft large-sized reflectors is one of the most urgent issues for the space industry. The reflector structure is to meet such principle criteria as high accuracy in reflective surface configuration and weight. The accuracy in the reflective surface configuration during continuous operation is ensured by the control system. The authors suggest using piezo motors in the control system. The motors of such type of certain small mass-overall characteristics can create high force. This paper presents a new piezo motor design and its operation. A mathematic model of piezo motor operation modes has been worked out which became the basis for setting new designed piezo motor operation modes depending on different loads. The results of the experimental tests of the new designed piezo motor confirmed the results of the theoretical calculations.

Flameless combustion has become one of the newest focus in the search for cleaner, greener, and safer energy generation technology. Different designs of combustion chambers were used for different types of fuels. Since most of the previous studies were focused on gaseous fuel application, this paper will discuss on the configuration of the combustion chamber, the geometric factor and the approach used in designing the combustion chamber for liquid fuels to achieve flameless combustion conditions. Several configuration such as single stage chambers, two stage chambers, and reverse-flow configured chamber are explained in this paper. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review the progress and latest achievement in flameless combustion using liquid fuel. Necessary comparison between the performances and the characteristics of the combustion process was done especially in the products of the combustion process. At the end of this paper, a newly developed liquid fueled flameless combustor will be proposed and discussed.

Crop insurance is a potential business line to develop, especially in countries with agricultural bases. In such type of insurance, a loss can be defined as a lack of revenue resulted from the crop yield or the price. The purpose of this paper is to model the variability of revenue-based agricultural losses through the implementation of time-varying copula towards crop yield and price, and to estimate the indemnity of the revenue-based crop insurance. The analysis employs both static and time-varying Normal and Archimedean copula to model the structure of dependency between crop yield and price. Each marginal variable is modeled using ARIMA model. A simple algorithm is proposed to estimate revenue-based losses and indemnity of the revenue-based crop insurance.Crop insurance is a potential business line to develop, especially in countries with agricultural bases. In such type of insurance, a loss can be defined as a lack of revenue resulted from the crop yield or the price. The purpose of this paper is to model the variability of revenue-based agricultural losses through the implementation of time-varying copula towards crop yield and price, and to estimate the indemnity of the revenue-based crop insurance. The analysis employs both static and time-varying Normal and Archimedean copula to model the structure of dependency between crop yield and price. Each marginal variable is modeled using ARIMA model. A simple algorithm is proposed to estimate revenue-based losses and indemnity of the revenue-based crop insurance.

The paper presents the solution of laminar forced convection in a square duct recessed in thermal insulation. It was assumed that the heated walls have a constant temperature, while on the boundary in contact with the insulation an adiabatic wall was established, and the axial heat conduction in the fluid was neglected. The relationship between the Nusselt number and the ratio of the adiabatic wall height to the height of the square duct, which can be used as a main parameter in the design of micro-heat exchangers, was determined in this work. The paper also presents sample temperature fields and heatlines for selected Nusselt numbers.The paper presents the solution of laminar forced convection in a square duct recessed in thermal insulation. It was assumed that the heated walls have a constant temperature, while on the boundary in contact with the insulation an adiabatic wall was established, and the axial heat conduction in the fluid was neglected. The relationship between the Nusselt number and the ratio of the adiabatic wall height to the height of the square duct, which can be used as a main parameter in the design of micro-heat exchangers, was determined in this work. The paper also presents sample temperature fields and heatlines for selected Nusselt numbers.

Every plants need an environment which is in accordance with its adaptability. However, the environment always changes so that it requires regular analysis to maintain plant fertility. Environmental data such as temperature, humidity from soil and air, rainfall, light intensity can be processed using computer algorithms in the form of a sequential (time series) matrix. The paper proposed a sequential Fuzzy Association Rule Mining (FARM) for plants environment classification using Internet of Things (IoT). FARM is used to extract association rule in form of fuzzy memberships from plant environment data that collected from sensors of IoT. Fuzzy is used to facilitate grouping of sensor data and detect changes in the environment when the degree of membership becomes irrelevant. Fuzzy membership degrees are also mapped based on time series to interpret routine environmental changes. The paper showed results of a FARM algorithm for plant environments and prototypes from IoT circuits. FARM algorithm and IoT evaluated using real time data collecting of Aglaonema costatum (Chinese Evergreen). The results shown the FARM capable to extract relevant fuzzy rules with different parameter of tolerance of dependent.Every plants need an environment which is in accordance with its adaptability. However, the environment always changes so that it requires regular analysis to maintain plant fertility. Environmental data such as temperature, humidity from soil and air, rainfall, light intensity can be processed using computer algorithms in the form of a sequential (time series) matrix. The paper proposed a sequential Fuzzy Association Rule Mining (FARM) for plants environment classification using Internet of Things (IoT). FARM is used to extract association rule in form of fuzzy memberships from plant environment data that collected from sensors of IoT. Fuzzy is used to facilitate grouping of sensor data and detect changes in the environment when the degree of membership becomes irrelevant. Fuzzy membership degrees are also mapped based on time series to interpret routine environmental changes. The paper showed results of a FARM algorithm for plant environments and prototypes from IoT circuits. FARM algorithm and IoT eval...

Locating and Sizing of Distributed Generation (DG) is an important research topic in the development of microgrids. First, this paper models the uncertainty of its two main Distributed Generation, wind power generation and photovoltaic power generation. Then, considering the economic benefits and technical requirements, three important indicators including investment benefit, network loss improvement and static voltage stability improvement are selected to optimize locating and sizing of DG, and the particle swarm optimization algorithm with inertia weight is used to solve the problem. Finally, the simulation analysis of the IEEE-37 node test feeder shows that the method can effectively improve the voltage level of the system, reduce the active power loss, and improve the static voltage stability of the system. It has certain practical value in the distribution network planning.Locating and Sizing of Distributed Generation (DG) is an important research topic in the development of microgrids. First, this paper models the uncertainty of its two main Distributed Generation, wind power generation and photovoltaic power generation. Then, considering the economic benefits and technical requirements, three important indicators including investment benefit, network loss improvement and static voltage stability improvement are selected to optimize locating and sizing of DG, and the particle swarm optimization algorithm with inertia weight is used to solve the problem. Finally, the simulation analysis of the IEEE-37 node test feeder shows that the method can effectively improve the voltage level of the system, reduce the active power loss, and improve the static voltage stability of the system. It has certain practical value in the distribution network planning.