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Low performance and pollution resulting from incomplete combustion represent a significant drawback of internal combustion engines. To improve this to a possible extent, diesel is blended with additives. While these additives individually offer one or two advantageous outcomes, providing composite additives comprising various components will be the effective solution to collectively provide all the beneficial effects. This paper intents to formulate a new blend of comprising oxygenates and ethanol for suppressing the knock and enhancing the efficiency without exhibiting any detrimental effects on the engine. This mixture includes one oxygenate (ethanol) and one antiknock agent (toluene), (Ethylenediamine). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shear Thickening Fluid (STF) is a type of Non-Newtonian Fluid whose viscosity increases as the strain rate increases. STF has been applied in various fields, one of which is on soft body armor. STF consists of dispersion medium and dispersed phase particles. Recently, STF does not only consist of 2 phases but is multiphase. Multiphase STF includes the second phase in suspension and in this case the additives particles. Various additives particles (types and properties) have changed the thickening behavior of the STF which increases the ballistic resistance by increasing the density of the suspension and the dynamic strength of the material in the fluid. This review explains the effect of additive particles on the rheological properties of STF and ballistics on soft body armor. Furthermore, the review is also focused on understanding the potential of particle additives in STF and the development of particle additives along with a review towards novelty in the STF field. Furthermore, the focus of this review is the particle additive applied to STF with the literature reviewed relatively recently (last 5 years). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid compression machine was designed for simulate the engine combustion phenomenon in order to study its physical and chemical behaviour at specific pressures and temperatures. These research have been conducted to study the effect of biodiesel blending ratio of palm oil biodiesel with butanol additive on combustion and emission. The biodiesel used which were palm oil biodiesel with butanol additive (BU5, BU10, BU15, and BU20) have been injected into the combustion chamber by the used of Denso spray injector. Injection pressure for this research were 80 MPa and 90 MPa at varied ambient temperature of 750K, 850K, and 950K. The result shows as the blending ratio of BU fuels increased, the ignition delay became shorter at low injection pressure. Short ignition delay let complete combustion process to occur which good for engine performances. This condition ensure that enough energy can be produced due to good fuel conversion efficiency. However, variant ambient temperature does not quite affecting the BU fuel performances but do affect other biodiesel in terms of ignition delay and emission at low injection pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of Cu layer has been carried out by adding mangrove stem bark extract as an inhibitor to the CuSO4 solution during electrodeposition. The inhibitor concentration used was 0; 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2; 2.5 and 3% wt. The layers are characterized using a digital optical microscope to see the surface of the electrodeposition layer, while electron microscopy (SEM) is used to view the surface of the layer in more detail. The coating corrosion characteristics were calculated using a change in mass weight. From the characterization that has been carried out, it was found that the optimal inhibition of the corrosion rate was obtained when using 2% wt. of mangrove stem bark extract inhibitor. At this concentration the lowest corrosion rate was obtained, while at this concentration the smoothest surface morphology was obtained compared to all types of samples that had been made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In blown film extrusion, spiral mandrel dies are the most common die design. This type of die assembly consists of three main components dividing the course of the melt into a 90° deflection, an n-fold star division and the spiral mandrel itself. Conventional manufacturing processes are used to manufacture the components. Therefore, shaping inside the die is usually limited to straight-line flow paths particularly in the area of the melt deflection and distribution. Partially, this leads to inhomogeneous flow patterns as fillets can only be integrated sparsely due to the limitations of the manufacturing technologies. The use of additive manufacturing, on the other hand, offers the possibility of realising channels that are freely routed between the inlet and outlet, resulting in a gentler melt deflection. In a previous research project, a blown film die assembly consisting of a primary and a secondary distribution was additively manufactured. Many advantages were achieved by the additive primary distribution alone through the free design of the melt channels. This paper introduces a new die design concept containing a retrofit solution for conventional spiral mandrel dies which substitutes the conventional primary distribution with an additively manufactured one. For this, the die design developed in the preceding project is adapted to replace the conventional primary distribution and can be combined with an existing spiral mandrel manufactured conventionally. As spiral mandrels are well established in the industry and as they are expensive components, they are retained. In this way, the advantages of both concepts, such as the gentle melt deflection and the avoidance of weld lines, are combined. Additionally, it was possible to achieve improvements in terms of residence time and purgeability. Further work needs to be done to adjust the designing process to remedy the deterioration in mass flow distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gelling polymers, used for the fabrication of hydrogels, are employed for various applications in medical engineering. The present paper explores a novel approach for the additive manufacturing of polypropylene-hydrogel composites by applying laser-based powder bed fusion of powder blends at ambient temperatures, hence allowing for the integration of additives sensitive to heat degradation. Based on applying superposed fractal exposure strategies for the temporally and spatially discretized melting of prepared powder blends, the processing of composites containing a proportion of up to 75% of agarose can be demonstrated. Prepared specimens depict a water absorption exceeding 100 wt-% while exhibiting non-linear, progressive mechanical properties under compressive stress and enhanced stress relaxation similar to human cartilage tissue. The results illustrate the suitability of fractal exposure strategies for the processing of materials sensitive to heat degradation with divergent thermal properties. Furthermore, the proposed approach provides a novel process route for the fabrication of functionalized polymer components, representing a foundation for the integration of hydrogels for medical applications, such as drug delivery applications and functionalized, load-bearing scaffolds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the advantages and disadvantages of antimony compounds, halogen-containing compounds, phosphorus preservatives, as well as aluminum and magnesium hydroxides have been studied and analyzed. Various mechanisms for slowing down combustion processes are considered. Containing flame retardants have been shown to be more effective than chlorinated flame retardants. They decompose in a short temperature range. In addition, the composition contains fire-resistant plastics, which are easily recycled due to their high heat resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

321 steel powders were obtained by melt spraying from the ingot and plasma spraying of the wire, which were tested in additive technologies. Detailed structural studies of powders and additive samples were carried out, as well as measuring of mechanical properties. Comparison of steels samples manufactured from powders produced by various metallurgical methods were carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) has been widely used in construction as masonry because of its lightweight and higher productivity in installation than normal brick masonry. For installation, AAC requires a thin layer of mortar from the store-bought dry mix for bedding to provide adequate bond strength on the masonry. This research aims to propose a new composition of cement mortar for thin bedding with the addition of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) to improve its bonding feature. This research is fully conducted in experimental settings and follows testing procedures recommended by ASTM and Indonesian codes. This study was to compare the physical properties characteristics of store-bought thin bed mortar (TBMM), cement-based thin bed mortar (TBMS), and innovated thin bed mortar (TBMI). Laboratory test showed that the substitution of 15% PVAc to cement can improve the workability of the mortar. The addition of PVAc to TBMI can slow down the hardening time of mortar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the characteristics of the flexural strength of concrete due to the addition of Flekson additives. The approach taken is to make an experimental design with the addition of the additive Flekson. The treatment was given in the form of adding 0 %, 0.5 %, 1.0 %, and 1.5 % and age of concrete tests 1, 3, and 7 days. Flekson levels with three repetitions of each experiment. The analytical method uses a completely randomized experimental design with anova. Then proceed with regression analysis to determine the effect of the strength of the relationship between the addition of Flekson additives on the flexural strength. The results showed that the addition of Flekson additives was able to have a very significant effect on changes in the flexural strength. While the results of linear regression modeling for 7 days were obtained the power equation exponential value is 0.498 and the coefficient is 39.726 with the test results R square is 0.9669. The existence of a negative regression coefficient indicates that the addition causes a decrease in the flexural strength of concrete. However, this decrease indicates that the addition of additives provides a more flexible material condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asphalt rubber has been widely used due to its environmental protection potential and desirable highperformance capabilities. One type of damage that often occurs in the pavement layer is rutting, related to the density and temperature of the pavement mixture. However, the poor construction workability and segregation issues of asphalt rubber, along with the exorbitant cost of asphalt rubber modification, are the serious problems that plague their application scope. Consequently, it becomes crucial to analyse the interaction between rubber and asphalt in the composite mixture and evaluate the modifier dosage's influence on the modified asphalt's performance. This study presents a comprehensive review of the effects of rubber modifiers on the performance of modified asphalts that influence the properties of modified asphalts. This study will provide invaluable information to researchers, engineers, and designers, informing them of modified asphalts' development, potential, and challenges, the optimum contents to attain the best performance, and the mechanism nvolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results on the effect of silica-containing fillers on the structure formation of a composite cement binder. Obtaining the results makes it possible to use, the use of active fillers in cement sources makes it possible to reduce the part of the binder without loss of density, which is the result of using the resource of energy-saving research technology in the field of building material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a scientific and practical justification for the expediency of using dried persimmon powders in the production of bakery products. The results of a study of the influence of additives on the properties of the main biopolymers of wheat flour, the quality of dough and finished products, and the food safety of the objects of study are presented. The expediency of using the studied powders in the production of rich Uzbek flatbreads has been proved, which leads to an improvement in the technological properties of semi-finished products, a reduction in their preparation time and the production of finished products with indicators that are important for consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Banach-Steinhaus theorem is one of the basic principles of Functional Analysis. We prove a weakly additive, order-preserving version of the Banach-Steinhaus theorem on spaces with order unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of the features of regulation of strength and rheological characteristics of Portland cement compositions modified with micro- and nanocarbonate additives and the feasibility of their introduction in the form of nanocarbonate dispersion in cement compositions. The use of such additives provides a directed effect on the processes of structure formation and causes the formation of a dense, strong and minimally stressed microstructure of cement stone. The effectiveness of the use of additives in this particular form is due to the manifestation of the nucleation effect, which accelerates the hydration of alite and causes chemical binding of the carbonate component into more stable compounds than hydrocarboaluminates, what provides high mechanical properties and durability of formed artificial stone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until recently the additive manufacturing (AM) was seen only as a design and testing tool but in the recent years it has become a regular manufacturing operation in a number of industries. This interest to AM is related with the realizing of the certain role of additive production in the technological revolution and the role it will acquire for the competitive advantages among the industrial enterprises. The additive production receives an indisputable advantage in the fields of single and repair productions over the traditional technologies for design and production of parts and products. This paper demonstrates an example of the using of reverse engineering technologies combined with the capabilities of the additive technologies in order to solve a specific production problem. A part from the drive of a machine from the food industry has been reconstructed and the results show that this leads to saving time and financial resources while filly meeting the requirements submitted to the reconstructed element. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work the influence of technological parameters of wire-feed electron beam additive manufacturing on the size of γ'-phase precipitations the in the product of Ni-Al system of a heat-resistant nickel-based superalloy was investigated. It was shown that the size of γ'-phase precipitations in the form of nanoscale and submicrocrystalline cuboids in the material of the additively formed product was smaller than in the initial as-cast state. Depending on the distance to the substrate, the average size of cuboids ranged from 43 to 207 nm, which was 13 to 2.7 times smaller than in the as-cast state. It was found that, depending on the height of the additive product, the size of γ'-phase precipitations reached an extremum at a distance of about 20 mm to the substrate. The average size of γ'-phase cuboids did not exceed 133 nm in the final material layers of the additive product with a height of 34 mm. The extreme dependence of the size of γ'-phase precipitations along the height of the additive product was caused by a combination of a given monotonic decrease in the heat input and heat accumulation in the product material as it was being formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work obtained a hardened surface layer on the surface of 4Cr9Si2 steel in the process of additive electron beam 3D-printing with the combination of wire and powder feeding of the material into the printing zone. It is revealed that tungsten particles after printing are located mainly in the interdendritic space of the steel. A number of macroscopic inhomogeneities are present in the layer volume. A small-sized transition zone with a mixed structure is formed along the contour of fine powder particles. The orientation of growing dendrites both in the base metal and in the hardened layer has a pronounced direction in the direction of heat removal from the melt bath of each layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metal forming processes has been carried out from a long time ago. The first use of metal forming has been found over 6000 years from present. The forging process is oldest known mechanical forming process. Time by time, with the advancement of techniques and tools the forming processes has been changed and started saving time. The Powder Metallurgy (PM) is the most advance and efficient metal forming process that uses powder metals and additives to be converted into final products. The PM products are quick manufactured having better mechanical properties saving time, money and materials. The current time is about to be efficient in all the aspects, thus the PM comes into picture. Many researchers are currently working on this topic to make it more and more efficient and cost effective. This dissertation is based on the PM in which ferrous metal (Iron) has been fused with Non-ferrous metal (Copper) with help of sintered forging operation by adding Manganese Sulphide (MnS) and Molybdenum Di-Suphide (MoS2) in different amounts and to study the behaviour of the metal after sintering. In this dissertation, the practice has been done on Fe-Cu-C and MnS and MoS2 has been used in 0.2 to 0.5 and 0.35 to 0.7 percent respectively. The behaviour was studied by machining the sintered product on the lathe turning machine and result was compared to get the best composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction of pavements of highways is considered the greatest environment for reutilizing waste materials. Hence; the choice of sustainable materials classifies a vital concept to design an innovative characteristic of pavements construction. The current study investigates the effect of using nano sustainable additives such as; nano slag and nano-metakaolin, at three contents (2, 4, 6) % by the asphalt weight. Physical characteristics, as viscosity, ductility, penetration, penetration index, softening point, were evaluated. Besides, the mixing process of modified asphalts was achieved use a shear blender set at (3000) rpm, for 30 mins. at 160 °C. General, the experimental results exhibited that optimistic influences of used nano additives on physical characteristics. The rotational viscosity and softening point values of modified asphalts containing (2, 4, 6) % of nano slag or nano metakaolin increased as, (43%,71%,80%),(42%,68%,92%) and (6%,12%,16%),(4%,14%,8%) respectively, in compared with base asphalt. As well as, the penetration value of modified asphalts reduced as, (13.5%,31.8%,38%), (9%,23%,44%) respectively. Correspondingly the ductility values of modified asphalt containing (2, 4, 6) % of nano slag or nano metakaolin reduced as (8%,16%,34%), (12%,20%,40%) respectively. The 4% nano slag or nano metakaolin showed the optimal results of viscosity, softening point, penetration, penetration index and ductility as, (720.710) C.p., (56,57)°C, (45,51) mm, (0.057,0.019), (105,100) cm respectively. Hence, the optimized modified asphalt with 4 % nano slag and 4% nano metakaolin produce the superior the physical properties as, (780) C.p,(59) °C,(42) mm,(0.404) & (100) cm respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, everyone is looking for solutions to send messages in a secure manner. There are two ways to do that-either one delivers the message himself/herself to the receiver or one wraps the message in a way that no delivery partner can access it. In today's fast-paced world, we are all left with the second option of delivering the message through a delivery partner. We can do so through 'Cryptography' which is a technique that ensures secure delivery of our messages. In this paper, we are going to use the 'Stirling Transform' and 'Additive Group' under Modulo 27 to secure and guard a secret message from the ones we do not intend to share the message. In order to make message secure message, various algorithm have been created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern high-rise construction, as a rule, high quality concretes in classes B40-B60 and above are used, due to the need to ensure the required strength of the load-bearing structural elements of buildings and structures, strength and stability of the constructed building as a whole. Some of the results of the development of high-quality concrete using fine-dispersed volcanic additive and superplasticizer of a new generation, which are shown in this article, confirmed the possibility of obtaining concrete classes B40-60. The obtained compositions of high-strength concrete should be widely used in areas with the necessary reserves of volcanic tuff for the implementation of high-rise monolithic construction, while ensuring effective technical and economic indicators of the design of concrete composites, land use conditions and environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Authors proposed a series of cone penetration-based operative methods for estimation of plasticizing, water-reducing and strength compatibility between plasticizing additives and binders. Plasticizing compatibility with frequently applied surfactant additives was analyzed for cements from various manufacturers. As compatibility parameter authors proposed the value of cement paste retention time in plastic condition. Concentration dependence of cement paste plasticizing effect with various plasticizing additives was determined for certain cements. Strength compatibility of plasticized cements was estimated by the value of early hardness for obtained binding compositions maturing under natural and heat treatment conditions. Dependence of strength compatibility on concentration of applied surfactant additives and water/cement ratio was determined as well. As regards water-reducing compatibility, authors collated heat treatment maturity dependence of plasticized cement paste physical-mechanical activity on alteration of their water/cement ratio. This article practical feasibility was proved to pre-estimate compatibility between surfactant additive and applied Portland cement. The compatibility to be established was shown to depend, on a par with composition of applied surfactants, to a large degree on stability of Portland cement properties as well. To estimate plasticizing, water-reducing and strength compatibility of plasticizers and binders a complex in-line method is proposed on the basis of cone penetration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the best choice among many alternatives is sometimes quite complicated, especially if it involves many decision criteria. This research was conducted in an Indonesian state-owned institution that provides capital assistance and guidance to MSME partners with the intention to help them grow. These MSMEs are grouped into clusters which limit the loan amount and the repayment period. This institution desired to get preference of which MSMEs that allowed to apply for a cluster upgrade, which means higher loan amount and longer repayment period. They prefer that only MSMEs with satisfying performance can apply for cluster upgrade. Therefore, they wanted to rank their 891 MSME partners from best to worst of performance wise. The Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) approach with the Linear Scale Transformation (Max) normalization method is used to find the performance rating of each MSME. Performance is measured by the increase of sales, assets, and labor. The total value from SAW then sorted to establish the best-to-worst performance list. The list would help the institution to decide whether the certain MSME is allowed to apply for cluster upgrade. By knowing which MSME has the best performance, the institution can continue their research to get the appropriate coaching method and policy to help their MSME partners to grow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adding additives to liquid biofuels is a good way to improve combustion performance. The conversion of aerosol into a combustible fuel and reduction of emitted pollutants through improved combustion efficiency, Physiochemical pathways and flame structure are key to understanding gas turbines, engines, and other applications. The additives react with the fuel species to create a reaction in various laboratory-scale setups. The study conducted in different combustion configurations has been gathered together in this review from various published articles. This method looked examined the impact of biofuel additives on various key combustion parameters. A detailed description of the contribution of biofuel additives to the formation of pollutants, particularly soot, was provided. In this study, four main groups of additives were examined, namely Chemical additives based on metals, oxygenated chemicals, and non-metallic additives such as carbon and boron-based. A summary and discussion were presented of the pros and cons of adding additives, including water as well as nanoparticles. The findings of the research efforts are described, problems are addressed, and a recommendation for future study on the impacts of additives is provided as a consequence of this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this current study, the additive effect of coconut shell ash and alumina nano additives are blended with the biodiesel obtained from waste cooking oil to investigate the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics in a four stroke diesel engine. The nano additives are mixed with biodiesel oil based on their volumetric ratio. The additives are activated carbonmade from the coconut shell ash and alumina. The Nano particles are introduced into the biodiesel fuel to increase the combustion and performance characteristics of the engine. Alumina nano additives and activated carbon nano additives are added separately to transesterified waste cooking oil and homogenioused with the help of an ultrasonicator mixerat 26 kHz frequency. An appropriate amount of both the Nano additives each, of 50 ppm is added to 500 ml of waste cooking oil. The results of calorific value, combustion, performance, and emissions for the alternate fuel with nano additives alumina, nano additives activated carbon are compared with the result of diesel fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent rise in the market for biolubricants can be linked to their environmental friendliness and sustainability, which are derived from their plant-based constituents. Numerous scientists believe that biolubricants will eventually supplant petroleum-based lubricants. This research will contribute to resolving critical difficulties with biolubricants, such as the optimal synthesis of biolubricants. This paper begins with a discussion of lubrication's tribological properties. Then, the molecular structure properties of biolubricant base stocks are discussed, which are critical for good tribological performance. These include chemicals and polymers derived from plants, particle and multilayer materials, and ionic liquids. Additionally, these additives and their numerous applications are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on synthesis, characterization and application of biopolymer films as alternatives food packaging has received great attention from scientists worldwide. As compared to petroleum-based films, biopolymer films are biodegradable and environmental friendly. Despite these advantages, biopolymer films possess several weaknesses such as low mechanical and barrier characteristics, as well as poor physicochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. These have limit biopolymer films to be applied in large scale for food preservation. In the context of academic research, there is a vast opportunity for creating innovation. In recent years, biopolymer films reinforced with additives and nanofillers have become an enthralling area to study. This brief review summarises the application of propolis as a novel additive in biopolymer matrix films. The formulations of active biofilms and the effects of propolis incorporation on mechanical and antimicrobial properties of biopolymer films are highlighted in this review. The potential of propolis incorporated biopolymer films for food packaging are also discussed. This review is not only significant to food scientists, but also to relevant to materials scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In current scenario, various methods have been identified to reduce emissions and improve efficiency in existing engine model. There are various innovative methods used in diesel engine to improve the working parameters. The investigation of nanoparticle additives added to diesel to increase attributes such as shorter ignition delay, improved burning rate, reaction efficiency, and good cetane number is shown in this work. When biodiesel is blended with fuel additives in a CI engine, it delivers good performance, combustion, and exhaust emissions. Additives help an engine's reliability, efficiency, and longevity by combining with a carefully developed base fuel mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to produce a conceptual understanding assessment instrument on the subject of "addictive and additives substances" during the Covid-19 pandemic. This development research was carried out using by carrying out three of four stages; the Define stage, the Design stage, and the Development stage. The assessment instrument from the development results consists of 11 Basic Competency Achievement Indicators, each of which is developed into three learning objectives so that the assessment instrument has 33 learning objectives (each learning objective is developed into three question indicator items). The total questions developed were 99 question packages and 18 of them were taken to be used as validation samples. Each question package consists of four types of questions; (1) true - false, (2) single choice, (3) the relationship between things, and (4) short answer. The assessment instrument developed covers the subject of "additives and addictive substances and their impact on health". The feasibility of this assessment instrument product was tested with two activities, (1) validation by experts from universities and (2) validation of user practicality by teachers and students. The assessment instrument developed is in the valid category based on the results of validation by experts with a score of 85.35%. For the level of practicality of the user by the teacher, the assessment instrument got a score of 98.61% with a very valid category. Furthermore, for the level of user practicality validity by students, the assessment instrument also received a very valid category with a score of 95.55%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology suffers from several issues such as blockage by solid material and absorption by oxygen or rain. These issues cause degradation in TCP performance, where many packets are dropped. Retransmission for the packet drops will be required to receive the whole segments of data. This paper focuses on the side effects of congestion and link errors over TCP performance in the mmWave environment. This study proposes two mechanisms to enhance the conventional TCP Congestion Control Algorithm (CCA) through Additive Increase/Multiplicative Decrease (AIMD) approach. Firstly, the proposed method exploits the Additive Increase (AI) phase to stay in a stable state as long as possible. Secondly, the proposed method uses a Multiplicative Decrease (MD) phase to prevent the congestion window (cwnd) to be reduced. The proposed TCP enhancement will be compared with the default TCP-CCA. The evaluation of the proposed TCP enhancement is conducted in ns-3. The simulation results confirm that the proposed method refines cwnd up to 14% of in comparison with default TCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asphalt cement, commonly known as asphalt or bituminous, is one of the basic materials used to produce hot mix asphalt (HMA) for road pavements. In the past, asphalt was mixed directly with other materials to produce a conventional HMA without any modification. However, the asphalt binder has failed in many places worldwide due to climate change and various issues such as cracking, bleeding, shoving, etc. Therefore, they modify asphalt cement by using many types of additives to overcome these problems. This work aims to review these studies that have been concerned with improving asphalt cement as a pre-action before mixing it with other materials to make modified hot mix asphalt (HMA) for road pavements. The present paper reviews published studies (1978–2019). It is evident from literature survey studies that modification of asphalt cement gives more efficient, economic, and eco-friendly results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of additive technological processes of 3D-synthesis providing the production of parts from metals and alloys is discussed. The use of these technologies for the synthesis of complex geometric objects is carried out with high speed and at the same time with low material intensity of production processes. The paper considers the analysis and prospects of additive technologies for the synthesis of metal products. The history of development of these technological processes is briefly given. With the help of morphological analysis, a classification of many technological processes and their comparison is made. Based on the constructed morphological matrix, a forecast of the development of the investigated technologies is given. For the first time a morphological matrix of technologies for the synthesis of metal products was constructed. The power of the morphological set of potential technology is 36,864 variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tribological and sedimentation characteristics of a lubricant and additive system consisting of nanoparticles (carbon nanotubes) and microparticles (copper powder) are investigated. The combined effect of additives of different types are shown. Wear is reduced by 16% in comparison to the lubricant-carbon nanotube system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of studies of the possibility of maximum replacement of an expensive clinker component in no additive Portland cement with an affordable and cheap composite additive, including an active (hybrid additive - "Phosphozol", clay-containing rock mass) and ballast (volcanic rock of diabase-pyroxenite) parts, which provides high physical mechanical performance of composite Portland cement while reducing its cost.on of the calculated and experimental data shows their satisfactory matches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micron size powders of zirconium dioxide stabilized with various concentration of yttrium and samarium oxides were synthesized by the method of co-deposition. The properties of the obtained powders were studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The samples of the promising Cu-Al-Ni alloys were fabricated by electron-beam additive printing and studied by electron microscopy. The fabrication was carried out using the combined powder feed and wire feed technology. The samples obtained by specific selecting the printing regime, varying the degree and mode of post-processing, were characterized by homogeneous chemical composition structure. The microstructure and elements distribution of the obtained material was determined by scanning electron microscopy. In the case of printing without additional electron-beam treatment, an irregularity of the microstructure, chemical composition, precipitation of intermetallic phases was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents theoretically calculated and experimental data on the reactivity and manifestation of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of sterically hindered S- and Se-containing bridged phenols. The dependence of the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized bis [n-α-methylbenzyl-m-methyl-2-hydroxy-phenyl] disulfide (selenide) s on the values of their energy of boundary molecular orbitals has been revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem of effectiveness improvement of heat exchangers for microturbines is considered in this article. The estimated study and obtaining of the characteristics of the airflow in various configurations of shell-and-tube heat exchangers' tubes are carried out by developed mathematical model. Cylindrical tubes with a smooth wall, tubes with ribs, and spiral tubes, which are manufactured by additive technologies, are considered. The mathematical model is verified by comparing calculated data with experimental data, a deviation is no more than 15%. The developed mathematical model of gas flow in shell-and-tube heat exchangers' tubes, as well as the obtained data of a computational study, can be used to develop new configurations of tubes and optimize their heat exchange surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the methods of training your own convolutional neural network, with the aim of detecting non-standard objects, in particular, typical defects that arise in additive manufacturing when printing by layer-by-layer fused technology. The features of the choice of the optimal framework are considered, the elements of the mathematical model of the convolutional neural network are described, the features of installing and configuring the library are shown, the technique for retraining and training a new model is described, the features of annotating the initial images for training the model, the numerical indicators obtained for the speed and accuracy of the model are shown. The prospects for the development of the system and the ways of improving the proposed method are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper shows the effect of nitrogen and sulfur-containing additives on the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of oil products. The geometrical and electronic characteristics of the molecules were calculated and the "structure - manifested property" relationship has been established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation sector is mainly responsible in adding greenhouse gases to environment. These pollutants are produced by burning of petrol and diesel which are used in different locomotives. Though biodiesel has proved to be a promising and best resource for alternative fuel, its exhaust emissions and specially NOx are harmful. Nano particles added to emulsions has potential to reduce exhaust emissions without compromising on engine performances. Addition of nano additives to diesel and biodiesel aids in increasing fuel properties. Nano particles increases surface to volume ratio and oxidation rate of fuel. It decreases ignition delay and improves ignition temperature of combustion zone. Study focuses on advancements in performances and emission characteristics of emulsions with nanoparticles year wise and their potential effect on physiochemical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent technology used to minimize mixing and compaction temperatures without affecting pavement consistency is Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA). The Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) is modified to produce, lay and compact Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) at temperatures that are lower than conventional HMA. The WMA is developed to enhance the efficiency of the pavement by mixing chemical additives into the traditional mix. In this study an attempt is made to compare the Marshall properties of WMA produced with the inorganic additive: "SASOBIT" and chemical additive "STEARIC ACID" with HMA for Dense Grade Bituminous Macadam (DBM). The adopted mixing temperature for HMA was 160°C and the mixing temperatures for WMA was 110°C - 140°C, with an additive dosage rate of 3% by weight of the binder respectively. The optimum binder content was to be found out individually for the mixture for different mixing temperatures and additive dosage rate. The Laboratory Study Concludes that volumetric properties (VA, VMA and VFB), stability, flow value was improved for WMA mix by the addition of the additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is aimed to use of diphenylamine as nano additive with pine oil as biodiesel. The experiment is conducted on four stroke single cylinder CI engine to evaluate the performance and emission characteristics and compared with biodiesel without additive. The nano particles are added as fuel additives to biodiesel blend B20 (20% pine oil biodiesel and 80% diesel). The nano additives are mixed to biodiesel using the process called ultrasonication. The experimental outcome has shown that, the use of nano additive with biodiesel has results in increase in performance characteristics like BTE and ME is increased around 4.3% and 5.11% than biodiesel without additive and emissions like CO, CO2 and HC are reduced almost 28.33%, 12.5% and 11.53% respectively with additives compared to B20 without nano particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The northern regions characterized by harsh climatic conditions should be developed using modern technology employing polymeric materials suitable for use at temperatures down to -60 °C. The creation of polymer composite materials based on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with highly perfected service characteristics is one of the priority tasks of modern materials science. The paper discusses the physical-mechanical, tribological, and thermodynamic properties of composites based on PTFE and various types of fillers. The results of the study show that complex filling in a certain combination provides a high degree of interaction between the polymer and the filler, thereby significantly improving the properties of PTFE-based composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of thermal conditions and some technological methods (intermediate inserts of monolithic metal, nanomodifying additives) on the quality of the permanent joint of porous titanium obtained by laser welding is studied experimentally. It has been established that, to obtain a high-quality defect-free weld, it is necessary to use an intermediate insert made of compact metal placed butt-to-butt between the ends of the butt-welded plates. The position of the focal spot should be set at a depth equal to the thickness of the plate, i.e. on its bottom surface. The use of modifying additives based on titanium nitride increases the dispersion and uniformity of the weld structure and the heat-affected zone, and this positively affects the mechanical characteristics of the metal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carrier gas hot extraction was used for determining oxygen in FLINAK. Additive and multiplicative components of reproducibility were established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, an experiment on performance and emission characteristics of the diesel engine is performed with three blends made up of waste plastic oil, n-hexanol, and diesel. This research studygives the solution to plastic waste management and alternate fuel to diesel. The waste plastic oil is extracted from the plastic waste by the pyrolysis process to which zeolite is used as a catalyst. From the experimental results, the blend having the volume percentage of 50% of diesel, 30% of waste plastic oil and 20% of n-hexanol hasshown better performance among the other blends. About 1.265% and 14.285% increase in brake thermal efficiency, 4.04% and 8.96% lower in oxides of nitrogen emission, and 30% and 40% lower in smoke emission is achieved for this blend when compared with pure diesel and waste plastic oil at full load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diesel fuel is most widely used for IC engines, due to demand of fossil fuels many researchers found biofuels as an alternate for fossil fuel. To improve the performance of biofuel, their performances are studied with different biodiesel blends and Nano additives. This study focuses on preparation of biofuel from the renewable micro and macro algal energy sources. By adding thecerium oxide Nano particles as a biofuel additive in order to reduce the NOX emission in renewable Algal biofuel. The stoechospermum marginatum algae are collected in the form of wet, then it is dried and oil is extracted by lipid extraction process. By transesterification process, the FAME is produced and its emission and performance characters are studied in a single cylinder diesel engine by adding cerium oxide in B20 and B40 blend. Readings are taken for B20 and B40 blends with additives and without additives. This study determines that this algal biodiesel is a better replacement for diesel fuel and addition of cerium oxide will reduce the NOx emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present work, Transesterification process has been adopted for converting rice bran oil into rice bran biodiesel. The test samples were prepared from rice bran biodiesel (BD) blended with titanium oxide (TiO2) at different proportions of 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and 150 ppm by the ultrasonicator. An unmodified diesel engine employed for experimentation for all samples. The test samples prepared by volume as follows, BD20 (80 % Diesel + 20 % Biodiesel), BD20T50 (80 % Diesel + 20 % Biodiesel + 50 ppm TiO2), BD20T100 (80 % Diesel + 20 % Biodiesel + 100 ppm TiO2), BD20T150 (80 % Diesel + 20 % Biodiesel + 150 ppm TiO2). From the experimental results, it is observed that nano-additives gives affirmative influence on exhaust emissions of rice bran biodiesel blends on a single-cylinder diesel engine. TiO2 nano-additives acts as an oxidation catalyst during combustion thus CO, HC, NOx emissions which reduces effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]