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In this research, the aim of the study is to investigate the mechanical properties of eco-hybrid natural polymer of kenaf and glass fibre. The specimens were fabricated using vacuum infusion technique and joining into single lap bolted joint. The mechanical fasteners of Huck lock bolt were used as joining method with the bondline length of 64 mm. The investigation was conducted under two different conditions of dry and wet of 50°C for water immersion of 20 days. The effect of moisture was defined in bolted joints materials. The tensile test with a speed rate of 1 mm/min was conducted for both condition using 100 kN load cell until total failure of specimen. The experimental results were plotted into load displacement and stress strain curve for each environment.

The pulp and paper making industry is looking for new main raw material based on its physical, chemical and morphological characteristics. Currently in this industry, bagasse is the most useful raw material in pulp and paper industry. The objective of this study is to determine its suitability for pulping. Acacia auriculiformis is a fast-growing tree normally found in Indonesia and Australia. Acacia auriculiformis leaf contains of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. The range of lignin content in Acacia auriculiformis is 19%-20%. The hemi-cellulose and lignin contents was removed by soda-pulping process using different concentrations as followed; 3%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. In order to determine the optimum pulping conditions for Acacia auriculiformis craft paper, several tests were conducted such as apparent density, tear test, tensile strength test and moisture absorption. It was found that the Acacia auriculiformis fibre treated with 3% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions gave good tear test of the paper. For apparent density test, the best concentration of NaOH used for treating Acacia auriculiformis pulping is at 15%. From the study, the optimum concentration of NaOH in treating Acacia auriculiformis fibre is at 5% for best result in tensile strength. Hence, from the overall tests, 5% concentration of NaOH is the optimum value. From the findings, Acacia auriculiformis fibre has a potential to be used in paper making and food packaging industry.

Curing concrete is actually maintaining the moisture content as long as possible in order for concrete to develop its hardening properties during its early stages. However, good curing is rarely to occur and that’s due to lack of knowledge by workers at site and shortage of water at the site area. Therefore, to investigate and produce a self-curing concrete that relays on itself in curing without the need of an outer source of water as a curing agent with a similar performance of a normal concrete using external water as a source of curing agent. This paper is investigating the effect of baby diapers as a self-curing agent. The mix design consists of high strength ordinary Portland cement with a grade of 52.5 along with coarse aggregate and washed river sand as a fine aggregate mixed along with silica fume to enhance the strength of concrete side by side with super-plasticizer to improve the workability of concrete, with the addition of baby diapers. Mix proportion has been divided into 4 mix with different proportion of baby diapers acting as the changeable variable while the rest of the components is fixed, the 4 mixes are said to be Control Mix (CM), 1% of baby diapers polymer, 2% of baby diapers polymer, and 3% of baby diapers polymer. In order to have a fair comparison in an equal number of cubes, cylinders, and prisms are molded and distributed equally to be tested under 3 different situations which are curing tank, room temperature, and sun-dry. The results can be concluded that the optimum baby-diapers ratio to be used is 1% and the optimum curing condition is said to be room-temperature as it gave the highest compressive strength and split tensile strength.

Hybridization of filler in polymer composites is one technique of combining different properties of filler for making unique composites. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be used as filler to enhance the mechanical properties of polymer composites. However, CNTs are difficult to disperse in a polymer matrix. The hybridization of CNTs and inorganic fillers can combine their properties and improve the dispersion in polymer composites. This research was focused on the fabrication and characterization of CNTs-dolomite filled with epoxy composites. The CNTs-dolomite hybrid fillers were prepared by physically mixing method and Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) method. The CNTs-dolomite hybrid compound filled epoxy composites with different filler loading were characterized by tensile test, Rockwell hardness test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Epoxy/CVD composites showed higher mechanical properties than the Epoxy/PHY composites. This increase was associated with the homogenous dispersion of CNTs-dolomite hybrid compound as observed using SEM. It was demonstrated that the Epoxy/5CVD composites are capable of increasing tensile strength by up to 67 %, and tensile modulus of 28 %, when compared to a pure epoxy composite.

Polymer nanocomposite can be produced through combination of organic polymer matrix with dispersed inorganic nanofillers. In this study, fluoromica was employed as inorganic nano filler to reinforce high density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix. Optimum nano filler loading to improve mechanical properties of the HDPE nanocomposite was investigated. The fluoromica was first surface modified through ion exchange method using dimethyldioctadecylammonium chloride (DODMAC) to obtain organically modified fluoromica (organo-fluoromica) with hydrophobic surface characteristic. The organo-fluoromica was incorporated into HDPE matrix in 0, 1, 2 and 4 wt%, melt mixed using twin screw extruder and compressed into sheets. The resultant HDPE/organo-fluoromica nanocomposites were subjected to the mechanical tests (tensile and tear tests). Results indicate that the HDPE nanocomposites with 2wt% of organo-fluoromica (HDPEOF2) possesses the highest tensile strength which is 23.72 MPa. The value is ∼15% higher than the neat HDPE. This was due to the good interactions between the organo-fluoromica nanofiller with the HDPE matrix. The surface modification produced hydrophobic nano filler for improving its compatibility with the hydrophobic HDPE matrix. Accordingly, elongation at break of the nanocomposite reduced while the Young’s modulus increased. This was caused by the restricted molecular motion of the HDPE chains as a result of nanofiller-matrix interactions. Findings also indicate that the use of nanofiller greater than 2wt% decreases the mechanical properties of the HDPE due to filler-filler interaction and therefore reducing the contact surface between the clay and the polymer matrix. Furthermore, the stiffness of the HDPE nanocomposite increased as concentration of nanofiller increased. The result of tear test follows the trend of tensile test, where the HDPE nanocomposite with 2wt% organo-fluoromica shows the best tear property. The tear strength of HDPEOF2 nanocomposites is found to be increased by 8.14% when benchmarked with the neat HDPE. This may be due to nanometric dispersion of the silicate layers and enhancement in nanofiller-matrix interactions that can improve the tearing resistance of the HDPE. The findings of this study revealed the potential of organo-fluoromica as reinforcing filler in the HDPE nanocomposite system, thus demand further research and development in this particular area.

The paper presents a study of the effect of high temperatures (up to 180°C) and an alkaline environment on the physical and mechanical properties of fiber from a copolymer of polyacrylonitrile with methyl acrylate. These studies are of interest for fiber reinforced concrete and the technologies of its production. Such studies are also useful in studying the properties of fiber reinforced concrete used and exposed to high temperatures. As a result of the research, the tensile strength, strain-to-failure, deformation as a function of temperature and FTIR-spectra for fiber were obtained. The results clearly demonstrate that use polymer fiber from a copolymer of polyacrylonitrile with methyl acrylate for reinforcing fiber concrete is possible at temperatures up to 60°C, at this temperature in an alkaline environment there is a slight decrease in the mechanical characteristics of the fiber.

Bioplastic as an alternative to conventional plastic was synthesized through a crosslinking method by adding maleic acid to reduce the mobility of the structure and to increase the mechanical strength of plastic. The plastic was then reinforced with two different fillers, pure cellulose and cellulose palmitate, which is useful to reduce the level of water intake and increase the strength of the crosslinked PVA/starch. The plastics were then characterized and tested in the level of tensile strength, and swelling ability.

The effects of different ratios of tire reclaimed rubber (TRR) and natural rubber (NR) on mechanical properties (tensile, tear, hardness and abrasion) were studied. The blends of TRR/NR (30/70, 50/50/ 70/30 and 80/20) were prepared by internal mixer and laboratory two-roll mill according to the standard. It is important to describe the mechanical properties of the samples as it provides the safety aspect of material specially those used in buildings, bridges and structural supports. The tensile strength, modulus and elongation at break of the blends were ascribed in tensile testing with the standard of ISO 37. The ability of reclaimed rubber blends to withstand force under tearing condition was measured by crescent tear test (ISO 34) and the resistance of material towards indentation force applied was tested by hardness (ISO 48). Abrasion resistance used to measure the volumetric loss of the blends when the samples is exposed to mechanical action (ISO 4649). The result showed that the addition of reclaimed rubber decreased the tensile strength and elongation at break. While the modulus at 100, hardness and abrasion properties increases with increasing reclaimed ratio. The ratio of 30/70 showed the best mechanical properties compared to the other blend ratios.

In this research, microcrystalline cellulose reinforced photo crosslinked thermoplastic starch was studied to replace petroleum-based polymers on bioplastic application. There are 3 stages in this research. The first stage will be to find the optimum formulation of microcrystalline cellulose where the variation of the amount of filler carried out in this research is 0 %, 3 %, 6 %, 9 % and 12 % of the dry weight of starch. The second stage will be to find the optimum crosslinking time using photo crosslinking where the properties of irradiated thermoplastic starch for every 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours. The third stage will be to compare the properties of photo-crosslinked thermoplastic starch and peroxide crosslinked thermoplastic starch. Each formulation has undergone tensile test to study their mechanical properties and the optimum formula is obtained for subsequent studies. 6 % microcrystalline cellulose filled thermoplastic starch films was found to have the highest tensile strength and was chosen to be photo-crosslinked for the next objective. Results showed that 8 hours of photo-crosslinking time has the highest tensile strength, so this specimen is further compared with 8 hours of peroxide crosslinked specimen where peroxide crosslinked thermoplastic starch films exhibit higher tensile strength than thermoplastic starch film that is photo-crosslinked for 8 hours.

Five variations of starch-based bioplastics have been prepared to see the improvement of starch/PVA-based bioplastic characteristics. They are pure PVA, PVA/starch composite, PVA/starch crosslinked with glutaraldehyde, crosslinked PVA/starch and cellulose added, and crosslinked PVA/starch and cellulose palmitate added. Among the five variations, the PVA bioplastic film showed the closest transparency value to conventional plastics but also has the highest degree of swelling and solubility, and the crosslinked PVA/starch showed the least transparency value. The crosslinked PVA/starch with cellulose palmitate as a filler had the lowest DS and solubility. Tensile strength test results proved that the crosslinked PVA/starch and reinforced by cellulose palmitate graft polymer had the highest tensile strength and confirmed as the best result among five bioplastic modifications.

This work was aimed to study the composite of thermoplastic polypropylene (PP) and kenaf core fiber (KCF). More specifically, the effect of different KCF loading on mechanical properties of PP/KCF composite had been investigated. The fabrication of PP/KCF composite with filler loading of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 wt% was prepared by using co-rotating twin-screw extruder at temperature 180 °C and rotor speed of 70 rpm. The mixing process then proceeded with compression molding at the same temperature to produce sheet composite, before the composite was cut into dumbbell specimens using a hydraulic press. All the samples were subjected to the tensile test to evaluate the mechanical properties of the composite. The results obtained showed that the increase in filler loadings increase tensile strength and modulus of the composite while decrease elongation at break. The highest tensile strength of composite recorded at 20 wt% of KCF loading, and the addition of more KCF after that resulting in a significant drop of tensile strength. To conclude, the mechanical properties of KCF reinforced polypropylene composite were influenced by filler loading.

Surface processing of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V samples with nanosecond laser pulses (λ = 1060 nm, τ = 120 ns) under a thin layer of water has been carried out. Changes in the surface topography and structural-phase state of the near-surface layers of the Ti6Al4V alloy are studied by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. It is shown that such treatment leads to a refinement of the structure of the surface layer and the formation of tensile residual macrostresses in the near-surface layers.

Technological methods are considered that allow obtaining increased indicators of the functional properties of steels. For practical implementation, methods have been proposed for introducing dispersed refractory particles during casting in the direction opposite to the gravitational field and introducing dispersed particles during casting on a centrifugal casting installation. Experiments were carried out to obtain experimental ingots. After carrying out heat treatment, studies of indicators of mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, ultimate strength, impact strength and hardness, were carried out.

The chitosan/microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) film was produced through solution casting with different composition of MCC and the presence of plasticizer. This chitosan /MCC film is a biodegradable polymer due to all the ingredient was natural resources. MCC and chitosan can be found abundantly in the earth, thus, can be obtained easily. One testing was conducted which was tensile test. The optimum ratio of chitosan/MCC was 97:3 (chitosan:MCC). At this ratio, chitosan /MCC film has the highest tensile strength which was 14.73 MPa without adding any plasticizer. By the addition of plasticizer, properties of chitosan /MCC film was improved. Glycerol was used in chitosan /MCC film as plasticizer. Higher tensile strength and elongation at break follow by lower Young's modulus were the result showing that with the addition of glycerol, their film properties were able to be enhanced. About 13.57% increment in tensile strength and 47.66% in elongation at break of optimum ratio for plasticized chitosan/MCC films compared to unplasticized films.

The experimental study is based on the replacement of cement by Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace slag (GGBS) is investigated by compressive strength, flexural strength and Split Tensile strength to increase the strength parameter based on durability test. In order to increase the workability, the Polycarboxylate Ether is added. High-strength concrete tends to be economical, although its initial cost is higher than that of high-strength concrete in building, increasing the structure's service life and less damage to the structure that would reduce overall costs. The grade of concrete will be 60N/mm2. Polycarboxylate Ether was also incorporated along with the GGBS to further enhance the mechanical properties. Here we have replaced cement (OPC 53 grade) with GGBS like 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60%. The w/c ratio is 0.4. We have used Polycarboxylate Ether as a chemical admixture. Through SEM analysis the chemical bonding between the cement particles and the chemical position is revealed. The strength is increased more effectively by adding 40% of GGBS instead of cement and the addition of polycarboxylate gives the good workability to the concrete to increase the strength, therefore the GGBS and polycarboxylate plays better role in this studied.

Control of thermal degradation and melt strength of Poly (lactic acid), PLA, during melt processing while improving the toughness of the obtained samples is still a challenge for the polymer industry. Poly (L-lactide acide) (PLLA)/Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) blends were prepared in compositions of 70/30% and 50/50% in presence of multifunctional epoxy chain extender. A laboratory internal mixer was used to prepare the samples via reactive melt mixing. The effect of TPU on tensile modulus and elongation at break of chain extended PLLA were investigated. The tensile properties of the obtained samples show significant improvement in ductility of the PLA/TPU blends whereas chain extender contributed positive effect on the elastic modulus and strain at break of prepared blends. SEM micrographs of the samples show improved adhesion at the interface for samples incorporating multifunctional chain extender.Control of thermal degradation and melt strength of Poly (lactic acid), PLA, during melt processing while improving the toughness of the obtained samples is still a challenge for the polymer industry. Poly (L-lactide acide) (PLLA)/Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) blends were prepared in compositions of 70/30% and 50/50% in presence of multifunctional epoxy chain extender. A laboratory internal mixer was used to prepare the samples via reactive melt mixing. The effect of TPU on tensile modulus and elongation at break of chain extended PLLA were investigated. The tensile properties of the obtained samples show significant improvement in ductility of the PLA/TPU blends whereas chain extender contributed positive effect on the elastic modulus and strain at break of prepared blends. SEM micrographs of the samples show improved adhesion at the interface for samples incorporating multifunctional chain extender.

Materials are indispensible but the supply is limited. In particularly, the supply of material is limited for specific applications. Light weight low strength applications are very wide. This investigation focuses the natural fibre hybrid with artificial fiber-based hybrid composite preparation. The sisal and banana fibre is used to prepare the composite with glass fibre. The banana fiber is here treated with specific concentration of sodium oxidanide in the distilled water. The composites synthesized with treated and untreated banana fibres. The alternate fashion of horizontal and vertical is followed for fibres’ orientation. The bio epoxy is employed as matrix material with mix of hardener. The prepared composite are characterized by water absorbability, tensile properties, flexural properties and shock absorption capacities. The synthesized composites also characterized for dry and wet applications.

The adverse environmental degradation created by various plastics produced from petroleum products is a major concern for the world nations. The developed and developing nations have adopted various strategies on the production and usage of highly hazardous conventional plastics. Various research works have been undertaken to formulate a sustainable alternative for the conventional plastics. In this regard, an effort was made to synthesis a biodegradable polymer for large scale commercial usage in packaging applications. Biodegradable polymers can be produced from various resources. The study involves the production of bio-plastic from Banana peel and Prosopis juliflora. Cellulose, a major component required for biopolymer synthesis was extracted from Prosopis juliflora which then combined and processed with dried banana peel. Additives and preservatives that contributes to the polymer characteristics were added in suitable proportions and processed under defined conditions. The mixture was then dried at a temperature of 130 ℃ to yield the final product. The biopolymers thus produced were tested for its water absorption capacity, thermal resistance, tensile strength, biodegradability and microbial attacks. It was observed that water absorption capacity of the biopolymer was lower for lesser starch and higher cellulose concentrations. The tensile strength was found to be 0.67 N/mm2 which was due to the addition of zinc oxide. No microbial attack was observed during storage and it was also found that the biopolymer was able to withstand high temperature up to 130 °C during its usage.

Dental composite as restorative materials is mostly used because of its aesthetics, good adhesive properties, and minimal preparation. However, almost half of the composite restoration failure can be caused by a crack, which is triggered from the use of irregular and angulated silica particles as composite fillers. These also tend to decrease the Diametral Tensile Strength (DTS) value as one of the mechanical properties. This study aims to compare the DTS value of dental composite with and without PMMA fiber. Twenty samples were divided into two groups, dental composite without PMMA fiber filler as the control group (70% silica particle filler) and dental composite with PMMA fiber filler (65% silica particle filler, 5% PMMA fiber filler). The DTS test was carried out using the Universal Testing Machine (Lloyd) with 5.6 N load and 1 mm/minute crosshead speed. Then, the fracture surface of the samples was evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) using JEOL JED-2300. The result of DTS value on the control group was 38.74±3.05 MPa while the fiber group was 28.39±3.21 MPa, which is supported by SEM observations that revealed the presence of the nanofiber on the fiber group with the percentage of the silica concentration (±30%) on the EDS observations was lower than the control group. So, it can be concluded that the fiber reinforcement has lowered silica concentration, which decreased DTS value than the control group. Further research shall investigate the fiber diameter, phase of crystallization, binding interaction between silica and fiber as filler, and also the optical properties akin to natural tooth appearances on the cervical region.

The development of new materials for the airplane and aviation is moving at a quick pace. The new materials must achieve robustness, strength, weight decrease, cost financial aspects, materials test data, and environmental- friendly. The materials test information is being utilized for the design of landing gear and other structural components for aircrafts. The landing gear comprises of shock strut, pin, bush, torsional link, wheel, tire, axle, up lock, trailing arm and retraction component. In this paper, yield and ultimate strength, percentage elongation, percentage area of reduction and young’s modulus are find out by conducting tensile test on the raw materials such as aluminium alloy, alloy steel and titanium alloy used in the landing gear system and to conduct structural analysis test on landing gear components such as pin, bush and torsional link. These significant parameters obtained from the tensile testing and structural analysis are valuable for the choice of raw materials for the structure of airplane segments. Thus, the mechanical tested data for different raw materials have corresponded with the authentication of affirmation given by the producer and in this way, this investigation will be especially helpful for assembling the landing gear segments by our Indian defense sector.

This research paper aims to develop a light weight cementitious composites using light weight fine aggregates. Crushed perlite is used to replace the fine aggregate by ECC (0%), LECC 1 (20%), LECC 2 (40%), LECC 3 (60%), LECC 4 (80%), LECC 5 (100%). Poly Vinyl Alcohol fibers were added in the mix to improve the tensile and flexural strength. Compressive strength, direct tensile strength, flexural strength is tested in the specimen after a curing period of 28 days. It was observed that the presence of crushed perlite in the light weight cementitious composite reduce the self-weight of the component. Hence increase in crushed perlite enhances the strength of the cementitious composites.

Conventional steel used in construction industry shows high tensile strength and hence it is used as Main bar, distribution bar and stirrups in structural elements. And now, the stirrups in the beam element is replaced by synthetic polymer, it is termed as Synthetic polymer beam. Synthetic polymer reinforced concrete (SPRC) beams have proved that the strength is equal to the normal conventional concrete beam. In this paper strength and energy gain factor for both conventional and SPRC beams were compared, and also the defected conventional beam is retrofitted with synthetic polymer as external windings and plastered with cement mortar. Strength gained after retrofitting is more than the strength of the beam before fracture.

Aluminum matrix composite (AMC) was one of the promising materials for railway brake shoe, replacing gray cast iron since it has a low density and great combination between strength and wear resistance. The addition of boron carbide (B4C) which reinforced aluminum ADC12 as matrix showed better interfacial bonding than other ceramic reinforcement such as silicon carbide and alumina. However, B4C has some serious problem when used in a large amount which will decrease the wetting properties. In this study, the fabrication of AMC was carried out with the addition of 1 to 10 vf.% reinforcement through stir casting and 2 minutes argon degassing process. Magnesium as a wetting agent, Titanium-boron as a grain refiner, and strontium as a modifier were added to improve its mechanical properties. Microstructure and mechanical properties of AMC were investigated by performing Optical Microscope (OM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and destructive test. The result showed that the addition of 7 vf.% B4C was the optimum variation which increased the tensile strength with the value of 231.117 MPa and hardness of 58.34 HRB also decreased impact resistance with value of 0.09375 J/mm2 and wear rate 0.00326 x 10-5 mm/m3.

Polymer matrix composite is mostly used as main material of UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) structure. The composite material that is usually used is polymer matrix composite using glass or carbon fiber with epoxy or polyester resin. E-glass, carbon, and aramid are the fibers that widely used in composite because of their high stiffness and strength, and they are lightweight. Therefore, in this study, the authors conducted a study of the mechanical properties of E-glass composite materials. We use E-glass fiber ±45°, this E-glass is woven type with fiber direction -45° and +45°. This E-glass will be tied with Lycal resin and epoxy. The purpose of this study is to determine the mechanical properties material such as tensile strength and stiffness of a composite material of E-glass fiber ±45° with Lycal resin and epoxy resin. Composite was compared between Lycal and epoxy ones. We manufactured the composite E-glass fiber ±45°/Lycal and E-glass fiber ±45°/epoxy with hand lay-up method, the cut specimen geometry refer to ASTM D3039 for tensile standard test. Tensile test was conducted with Tensilon Universal Testing Machine – AND RTF-2410 with a 100kN load cell, specimen shape and size according to standard size ASTMD 3039. The result shown that the matrix had an effect on tensile strengths of composite samples. The tensile strength of E-glass fiber ±45°/epoxy composite is 65.43 MPa, while the tensile strength of E-glass fiber ±45°/Lycal composite is 49.94 MPa, so that E-glass fiber ±45°/epoxy composite is stronger than E-glass fiber ±45°/Lycal composite.

Now a day’s fiber reinforced composite materials plays a dominant role for variety of applications due their high specific strength and modulus. The composite materials are prepared in three different combination of fiber and epoxy resin. The first combination is epoxy 60%, coir 30% and tamarind 10%, second combination is epoxy 60%, coir 20% and tamarind 20% and the third combination epoxy 60%, coir 10% and tamarind 30%. The fiber which serves as a reinforcement in reinforced plastic material is usually synthetic or natural. The literature studies shows that synthetic fibers such as glass, carbon etc., have been used in fiber-reinforced plastics. The composite materials are tested by various testing like impact test, hardness test and tensile test for different combination composite materials. From the test results the mechanical properties like elongation, hardness and load carrying capacity of these composite materials are evaluated. The results clearly indicate that the inclusion of natural fibers improves the load bearing capacity. It is found that flexural strength (maximum load carrying capacity 9.1kN with a deflection of 16.8mm) for specimen at coir 10% and tamarind 30% was better among all combination. The tensile strength (8.35kN with deflection of 9.014mm) for specimen at coir 30% and tamarind 10% was better among all combination. The impact test result shows that impact strength (76) for specimen at coir 10% and tamarind 30% was better among all combination. By comparing all the three combination of composite material, the third combination (epoxy 60%, coir 10% and tamarind 30%) of composite material have good mechanical properties is showed.

Materials are indispensible but the supply is limited. In particularly, the supply of material is limited for specific applications. Light weight low strength applications are very wide. This investigation focuses the natural fibre hybrid with artificial fiber based hybrid composite preparation. The sisal and banana fibre is used to prepare the composite with glass fibre. The banana fiber is here treated with specific concentration of sodium oxidanide in the distilled water. The composites synthesized with treated and untreated banana fibres. The alternate fashion of horizontal and vertical is followed for fibres’ orientation. The bio epoxy is employed as matrix material with mix of hardener. The prepared composite are characterized by water absorbability, tensile properties, flexural properties and shock absorption capacities. The synthesized composites also characterized for dry and wet applications.

Austenite stainless steel (ASS) 316L is for the most part regularly utilized in chemical, petrochemical industry, pharmaceutical equipment, medicinal gadgets. These are typically comprised of an austenite stainless steel 316L tempered steel. The purposes behind the some frequently disappointments of segments of hardware are because of wear and fatigue. The cutting-edge forms are utilized to deliver these as high, strong parts incorporate cryogenic treatment. This paper manages the impact of below zero treatment on the tensile behavior of austenite stainless steel 316L. The force for examining the tensile properties of the steels which are utilized in the synthetic, marine and atomic reactors is to guarantee that steels utilized in gear’s have adequate solidarity to anticipate disappointment when segments of a hardware’s are exposed to tensile loads, and to give essential plan data on the quality of austenite stainless steel 316L treated steel. An investigation on the impacts of cryogenic treatment is made by methods for elastic testing. This test was directed according to ASTM benchmarks assignment E8M. The present results avow that the tensile behavior shows the weak crack after cryogenic treatment for ASS 316L. Scanning electron (SEM) examination of the fracture surface demonstrates the nearness of dimples, voids decreased to get cleavage formation, so that the fracture can shows the ductile to brittle fracture sub-zero treatment of austenite stainless steel 316L material.

This research aims to determine the strength of engineered cementitious composites. The strength tests like compressive strength, flexural strength, and direct tensile strength were determined. Expansive agent and shrinkage reducing admixture were used. These admixtures used to enhance the strength and reducing the water content in the mix. The expansive agent also increases the compressive strength, but it does not give any changes in direct tensile and flexure properties. Polyvinyl alcohol and polypropylene fibres have excellent structural properties that are ideal for Engineered Cementitious Composites. Superplasticizer increases the workability of the fresh concrete and also it reduces shrinkage. Glass fibre is also used because of its high tensile property. The hybridization with low and high modulus fibres are engaged to increase the strength of Engineered Cementitious Composites.

Molecular dynamics simulation of diffusion welding between aluminum and nickel has been performed and the tensile behavior of the as-welded material has been examined. Two slabs Al-Ni are being contacted directly to introduce diffusion between the two with certain parameters. Diffusion welding was performed at a temperature of 500 K, at the pressure of 10 MPa in the x-direction, and a holding time of 200 ps. The tensile test is performed at a strain value of 2.64e9/s. The results have shown that the displacement of atoms during diffusion welding significantly occurs from the beginning until it reaches about 10 ps. However, the movement of atoms experiencing a plateau stage and less atomic exchange is occurring afterward. nickel slab that has a better strength was able to maintain its fcc crystalline structure during diffusion welding and tensile test than aluminum which has lower strength. The higher melting point of Ni promoting better resistance in the interface to be deformed, while the lower melting point of Al has been promoting better bonding between the two that is promoted by the defects that occur at the interface. During the tensile test, the lower strength of Al made it randomly deformed and crack seems to occur. However, failure of the diffusion-welded Al-Ni has occurred around the interface. The ultimate tensile strength of the diffusion-welded Al-Ni reaches up to 4.166 GPa at a strain value of 0.07128.

Ground coffee husk has been incorporated into polypropylene (PP) at 20, 30 and 40 wt%, along with a PP maleated compatibilizer at 10 wt% relative to the coffee husk, by means of a co-rotating twin-screw extruder and subsequent injection molding into test specimens. In relation to neat PP, the 40 wt% composite showed an increase in flexural strength, flexural modulus, tensile modulus and heat distortion temperature of about 35, 90, 75 and 45%, respectively. However, strain at break, impact and tensile strength decreased by around 95, 40 and 20%, respectively. The presence of coffee husk practically did not affect PP melt temperature, but increased both composite’s degree of crystallinity, measured by DSC, and temperature at maximum degradation rate, measured by TGA.

The aim of this study is to investigate the shape memory behavior and physical properties of crosslinked low density polyethylene (LDPE)/Octavinyl functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (OvPOSS)/triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) composites. Shape memory polymer can return from its temporary shape to the original (permanent) shape upon heating. One of the most widely used shape memory polymers is crosslinked polyethylene. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSSs) organic/inorganic hybrid materials are new the generation of nanofillers that can be used to increase the crosslinking efficiency of LDPE. OvPOSS nanoparticles having reactive functional vinyl groups and TAIC were used as coagents. On the other hand, 1 phr of di tert-butyl cumyl peroxide (BCUP) was used as a crosslinking agent in this study. LDPE/OvPOSS/TAIC/Peroxide composites were prepared in an Xplore model twin screw micro-compounder at a screw speed of 50 rpm and 135°C barrel temperature. The crosslinking was carried out using a hot-press operated at 175°C. The composites were characterized by performing tensile tests, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), rheology and shape memory tests. Rheological test results showed that the degree of crosslinking, storage and loss modulus of LDPE/TAIC system increased by the addition of OvPOSS and TAIC. It was obtained from DSC analysis that LDPE/OvPOSS/TAIC/Peroxide composites exhibited lower melting enthalpy values, which can be attributed to the restricted chain mobility of LPDE in the presence of OvPOSS and PRX.The aim of this study is to investigate the shape memory behavior and physical properties of crosslinked low density polyethylene (LDPE)/Octavinyl functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (OvPOSS)/triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) composites. Shape memory polymer can return from its temporary shape to the original (permanent) shape upon heating. One of the most widely used shape memory polymers is crosslinked polyethylene. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSSs) organic/inorganic hybrid materials are new the generation of nanofillers that can be used to increase the crosslinking efficiency of LDPE. OvPOSS nanoparticles having reactive functional vinyl groups and TAIC were used as coagents. On the other hand, 1 phr of di tert-butyl cumyl peroxide (BCUP) was used as a crosslinking agent in this study. LDPE/OvPOSS/TAIC/Peroxide composites were prepared in an Xplore model twin screw micro-compounder at a screw speed of 50 rpm and 135°C barrel temperature. The crosslinking was carried out using a ...

Plastic product is one of the global problems due to the processes of degradation it takes thousands of years to decompose. Scientists in the world proposed a solution by using bioplastics. In this study, we synthesis bioplastics from cassava starch mixed with glycerin at various concentration (3%, 6%, 9%) and carbon at various concentration (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%). The biodegradability of the bioplastics was studied and provided the moisture absorption, tensile strength, and the structural properties by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The high concentration of glycerin (≥ 6%) would accelerate the degradation process 2 times higher than the lowest concentration. The degradation process and the mechanical properties increased with increasing the amount of carbon in bioplastic.

Materials are indispensible but the supply is limited. In particularly, the supply of material is limited for specific applications. Light weight low strength applications are very wide. This investigation focuses the natural fibre hybrid with artificial fiber-based hybrid composite preparation. The banana fibre is used to prepare the composite with glass fibre. The banana fiber is here treated with specific concentration of sodium oxidanide in the distilled water. The composites synthesized with treated and untreated banana fibres. The alternate fashion of horizontal and vertical is followed for fibres’ orientation. The bio epoxy is employed as matrix material with mix of hardener. The prepared composite are characterized by water absorbability, tensile properties, flexural properties and shock absorption capacities. The synthesized composites also characterized for dry and wet applications.

Electric cars are going to be the future of 21st century because the exponential growth of gasoline-based automobile engines resulted in emission of particulate matter and gases creating pollution and global warming. Composite materials gains importance in electric cars owing to light weight enhanced mechanical, thermal properties in comparison with conventional metals and alloys used in gasoline engines. Experiments have been performed to understand the properties of titanium carbide reinforced aluminum metal matrix composites with fly ash as filler material in three different compositions. The following mechanical properties namely ultimate tensile strength, double shear compression strength and impact strength are calculate.

Casting is one of the methods commonly used to produce an aluminum product. Aluminum casting product’s mechanical properties are a crucial parameter that indicates the quality of the casting product. In reality, the properties of aluminum casting product can be reduced by porosity defects that appear because of aluminum’s high reactivity with hydrogen gas. Therefore, hydrogen gas that formed on melt aluminum should be removed by doing the degassing method. In this research, the result of the degassing process by using different materials was compared, it is by using NaF-NaNO3− based tablet degasser and argon gas, pure and technical. The melting temperature used in this research was 750 °C, and the aluminum was poured at 670 °C. The result shows that NaF-NaNO3−based tablet degasser and pure argon gas has the best ability to reduce the number of hydrogen gas formed in aluminum casting product. The aluminum casting product’s mechanical properties were enhanced, for the ultimate tensile strength the highest elevation occurs from 62.17 MPa to 214.26 MPa, for the hardness strength the highest elevation occurs from 15 BHN to 79.67 MPa, and for the impact strength the highest elevation occurs from 0.202 J/mm2 to 0.408 J/mm2.

Materials are indispensible but the supply is limited. In particularly, the supply of material is limited for specific applications. Light weight low strength applications are very wide. This investigation focuses the natural fibre hybrid with artificial fiber based hybrid composite preparation. The sisal fibre is used to prepare the composite with glass fibre. The sisal fiber is here treated with specific concentration of sodium oxidanide in the distilled water. The composites synthesized with treated and untreated sisal fibres. The alternate fashion of horizontal and vertical is followed for fibres’ orientation. The bio epoxy is employed as matrix material with mix of hardener. The prepared composite are characterized by water absorbability, tensile properties, flexural properties and shock absorption capacities. The synthesized composites also characterized for dry and wet applications.

The Additive manufacturing (AM) technology familiarize many innovative and monetary gains when compared to conventional manufacturing methods. This research work affords an insight for supplanting metallic materials like stainless steel, titanium, carbon steel by means of durable plastics namely ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) and PLA (Polylactic Acid). The mechanical behaviour of additive manufactured ABS and PLA, produced by fused deposition modelling are investigated at different densities. The main idea of this research work is to identify the mechanical characteristics of ABS and PLA at various conditions and to develop 3D printed thin walled cylinders by fused deposition modelling. The thin walled cylinders contribute its applications in pressure tanks and other low-pressure processing equipment. The fabrication of thin walled cylinders involves parameters such as maximum operating pressure, temperature, density, and print orientation. The tensile and flexural tests are carried over AM thin walled cylinders to estimate its mechanical properties, durability and corrosion resistance behaviour. It is found that the AM thin walled cylinders fabricated using ABS and PLA has better flexibility, less weight, high impact resistance and corrosion resistance, and durability when compared to metallic materials in very less production time and cost, the wastage of materials is also being reduced. Results shows that the ABS has better tensile and flexural strength than PLA. This methodology provides a better approach for fabricating various components through bio degradable ABS and PLA to enhance modern manufacturing industries.

The nano-sized montmorillonite-filled natural rubber (NR) compoundswere vulcanized at 150 °C using a semi efficient vulcanization recipe. Through the vulcanization properties; the influences of nano-sized montmorillonite on physico-mechanical properties of NR compounds was studied. The montmorillonite as a nano-sized filler which was added into NR compounds at 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0 phr. It was revealed that montmorillonite acted as a curative rubber chemical and reinforcing filler. It decreased optimum cure times of the NR compounds. The bigger the montmorillonite amount, the lower were the optimum cure time. It was also revealed that montmorillonite improved the physico-mechanical properties of NR compounds. The hardness, maximum torque, torque difference and tensile modulus were increased but the elongation at break was decreased up to the 10.0 phr. of montmorillonite addition. The tensile strength was improved up to the 8.0 phr. of montmorillonite addition.

The study of nanocellulose has been emerging due to its highly possible applications. The main objective of this research is to fabricate nanocellulose crystalline filament from Sugarcane Bagasse through wet-spinning method. Sugarcane Bagasse is chosen due to its abundance in Indonesia and high cellulose content. In this research, the Sugarcane Bagasse were mechanically treated in order to minimize the size. Secondly, the biomass is pre-treated with NaClO2 (Bleaching) in order to eliminate lignin and hemicellulose. Thirdly, the biomass is treated with Acid Hydrolysis. The variation used in Acid Hydrolysis is HCl with 1%, 3%, and 5%. After obtaining Nanocellulose Crystalline, the biomass was spun through wet-spinning method using 16G needle, 18G needle, 1.5%, and 2% in concentration as the variation. The wet spinning method used a coagulating bath that is filled with Acetone. The characterization used in this research would be Cellulose Content Test, TEM, XRD, and Tensile Strength Test. The average results of this research are 42.75% on cellulose isolation, 63.9% on CNC crystallinity index, 45.3 nm on particle size, and 4.3 lbs. on tensile strength at fracture with 11.91 % on elongation. Nanocellulose Filament used in this research would be applicable for the future textile and material industry that possibly replace fossil fuel-based material.

Despite the popularity of fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites both in academia and industry, the research on basalt fiber (BF) reinforced thermoplastic PP composites is quite limited. Due to their superior properties, BFs have a great commercial potential for industrial applications. In this study, six different silane coupled BF/PP composites were prepared with fiber contents up to 15wt% using a twin-screw extruder. Maleic anhydride grafted PP (MA-g-PP) coupling agent content was fixed at 10wt%. Mechanical properties were investigated by tensile, flexural, and Izod impact tests. Thermal, viscoelastic, and morphological properties were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The results showed that BFs have substantial effect on the mechanical and viscoelastic properties of the composites. The considerable increase in the tensile strength, flexural strength, and Izod impact strength was attributed to the higher interfacial adhesion between the BF and PP matrix in the presence of MA-g-PP coupling agent. The SEM images proved the increased interfacial adhesion between the fibers and the PP matrix. The improved interfacial adhesion was also affected the crystallization behavior of PP.

The chain drives are the primary systems used in order to transmit power, and act as the effective means of material handling. Chain conveyors ultimately experience tension due to wear. The tension generated on this conveyor setup needs to be supplanted, consequently would affect the efficiency and increases to perform such an important activity of an industry. Roller and chain transports are predominantly used in the mills where sugar, paper, fertilizer and cements are produced in large quantities. Such material handling systems are more reliable and appropriate in the metal casting industries in which the foundry practices and heat treatment processes are inevitable. This report discusses on the physical responses of the chain drive upon elastic loading and also contemplates on the internal resistances. Analysis on such experimentations brings in fruitful results and suggestions so as to minimize the constraints related to time and cost, to the aforesaid industries.

In this paper we prepared a hybrid composite and investigation has been done on its mechanical behaviour. The best alternative material is Aluminium alloy found to with its distinctive capacity of crafting the materials to give prerequisite properties are gaining wide spread acceptance for Various industries like automobile, industrial, and aerospace are accepting the Aluminium alloy Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) because of their low density, high strength and good structural rigidity. In the current work, an effort is made to formulate and relate the mechanical properties of Al6061-SiC/Graphite hybrid composites. The Metal matrix composites were fabricated using stir casting technique in which amount of reinforcement is varied from as 15% of the total weight. The set composites are described by micro structural studies and mechanical properties were assessed as per the standards. The micro photographs of the composites revealed legitimately even dispersal of the particles in composites with huddling at few places. The spread Graphite and SiC in Al6061 alloy subsidized in augmenting the tensile strength and hardness of the composites. The scanning electroencephalographs of the samples indicated uniform distribution of the reinforcement particles in the matrix without any voids.

A silo is a structure for storing bulk materials. They are commonly used for bulk storage of coal, cement, carbon black, woodchips, food products and sawdust. The design of silos to store bulk solids involves bulk materials, geometry and structural considerations. Generally the supporting structures are said to be staging. Silo structures are generally constructed with reinforced concrete. Such structures must have adequate strength and be in compliance with serviceability requirement with respect to crack widths. This important design requirement is achieved by limiting the tensile stresses in concrete to be within permissible limits as specified in codes of practice. In this study an attempt is made to understand the differences in structural behaviour of silo with two types of idealization for foundation such as rigid and flexible by using STAAD PRO v8i. For this structure, not only considering the vertical forces (dead load and live load) but also considering the lateral forces like wind and seismic load.

The objective of this work is to predict the deterioration and failure of composites under essentially any type of loading—constant, variable, bending, torsion, tension, compression, or others. G10/Fr4 is a thermosetting industrial fibre glass composite consisting of a continuous filament glass cloth material with an epoxy resin binder. It was matrix formed and layer by layer formed with glass fibre and epoxy resin to study different mechanical properties. Initially experimental and computational studies were performed on matrix formed sample to characterize tensile and compression properties of thermosetting fibre glass composite. When the results of computational and experimental methods were compared, similar values are obtained. Other sample of G10 FR-4 made by layer by layer forming with glass fibre and resin sample is used for bending test. Also, tensile, compression and bending loads are applied repeatedly many number of times to predict the fatigue life of material. Both experimental and computational tests were conducted and compared. We get similar tensile, compression, and bending properties in experimental and computational method.

In this study, an attempt was made to investigate structural characteristics and mechanical properties of welded joint of Aluminium 7075 alloy using ER4043 (AlSi5) filler by cold metal transfer (CMT) welding processes. The present work, probably the first of its kind of work, focuses on examine the effect of process parameters on the microstructures, tensile strength, and Vickers Hardness of the joint. Microstructural analysis revealed that the heat affected zone area is narrow which is due to the short-circuiting process resulted in better joint strength when compared to conventional welding methods, and the grains were homogenous and observed in the weld zone without any solidification defects. Also, the weld zone’s grain size was found to be smaller as it confirms to a lower weld zone’s hardness value. The welding current and the correction factor for the arc length have a significant impact on the joint strength.

The prime concern in limiting the consumption of Ordinary Portland Cement, in the construction industry, by replacing with industrial by-products is seriously undertaken by the researchers. Geopolymer is considered as a replacing material to cement when composed by the base materials containing aluminum and silicon and activated by an alkaline solution to perform as a binder. Geopolymer binder's preference is made because of the less carbon content and incredibly lesser greenhouse emission than ordinary Portland cement. This paper evaluates the feasibility of geopolymer mortar, its workability and mix proportions with different binder materials, mechanical performance (compressive and tensile strength) and durable properties (acid attack, high temperature resistance, shrinkage resistance). The current study outcome shows that geopolymer adoption is done as an environment friendly and feasible material, which may be a suitable renewal to the conventional cement in the future.

The compounds of silica-filled styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) were vulcanized at 150 °C through the use of a semi efficient vulcanization system. Through the vulcanization properties, the influences of palmitamide on physico- mechanical properties of compounds of silica-filled SBR were investigated. The palmitamide was produced from palmitic acid and urea. As an additive rubber chemical, the palmitamide was incorporated into the silica-filled SBR at 0.0, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 parts per hundred rubber (phr.). It was revealed that palmitamide acted as a curative rubber material which shortened theoptimum cure times but increased the torque difference of the silica-filled SBR compounds. The bigger the palmitamide concentration, the lower the optimum cure times were. It was also revealed that palmitamide affected the physico-mechanical properties. Thehardness, tensile moduli and tensile strength were raised but the elongation at break was decreased up to a 3.0 phr. of palmitamide concentration. It was confirmed by the swelling test, the improvement in physico-mechanical properties was because of the improvements in crosslink density as well as the cure state of the silica- filled SBR compounds.