Search

Pyrolysis and combustion experiments were carried out on a single wood pellet in a drop tube furnace, under a heating rate of 5 °C/min. Kinetic modeling was done using the Extended Independent Parallel Reaction model. Three reactions were considered in the pyrolysis case and only one in the combustion case. In the pyrolysis case, a thermal model was proposed which is coupled with the kinetic model to correct the temperature inside the pellet. In the combustion case, the mass rate curve was compared to that of the main gaseous emissions. The mass and mass rate curves between the combustions of a pellet in the drop tube furnace and of pellet sawdust in a thermobalance under the same heating rate were compared., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Understanding sludge rheology and optimizing equipment performance is crucial for energy efficiency in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This study examined sludge rheology after thermal hydrolysis pre-treatment (THP) at 60, 80, and 120 °C for 2 h, followed by anaerobic digestion (AD) at 37 °C for 20 days, and assessed impacts on pump and agitator performance. Post-treatment, sludge showed reduced viscosity and improved flowability, indicated by changes in Herschel-Bulkley parameters, enhancing pump and agitator efficiency, particularly at 120 °C. These rheological improvements were correlated to the solubilization of sludge components after THP and solids reduction after AD, highlighting the interconnectedness of rheology and treatment outcomes. Despite high heat demands, an energy balance showed that THP scenarios, especially at 120 °C, had lower energy requirements for pumps and agitators, leading to energy savings without increased heat consumption. These findings underscore the influence of rheological changes in improving energy efficiency in WWTPs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Because of the naturally limited anaerobic degradability and limited biogas yield of raw sludge (RS), this study aims to increase the biogas production of primary sludge (PS) and waste activated sludge (WAS) by the integration of thermal alkaline process (TAP). PH 11 is confirmed to be the most suitable pH value for the TAP of both sludges. Moreover, with the pretreatment at pH 11 and 160 °C (6 bar) for 30 min, the investigated PSs and WASs achieved an increased biogas production of up to 81 % and 72 %, respectively. The improved net electricity production of WASs after TAP varied between 15-43 % compared to conventional WAS digestion. However, the TAP of PS at pH 11 enhanced the biogas production by 1-81 %, which did not constantly contribute to an improved net electricity production., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Existing phosphorus (P) resources are becoming increasingly scarce, so it is necessary to recover P from potential sources. This paper is based on thermal hydrolysis process (THP) at 140-180 °C, coupled with low-temperature pyrolysis at 300 °C, to study its effect on the recovery and conversion of P from sewage sludge. Most significant change was observed in apatite P, which increased from 3.43 ± 0.48 mg/g in raw sludge to 30.17 ± 1.17 mg/g in biochar (BTHP-180-4-300) during optimal process (THP condition: 180 °C, 4 h; pyrolysis condition: 300 °C). Reactions between phosphates and metal ions became more complete during this combined process. Unstable forms of P were converted into more stable forms, with transformations from Al-P and Fe-P toward Ca-P compounds like Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , Ca 3 Mg 3 (PO 4 ) 4 , Ca 2 P 2 O 7 , and Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 , making P less degradable and more suitable as slow-release fertilizers. Additionally, P characteristics of actual THP in a sewage treatment plant were similar to those of laboratory THP., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Inorganic elements in palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) are problematic in boiler operation, causing slagging and fouling deposits. The first pilot-scale hydrothermal treatment (HTT) system was commenced in a palm oil mill to remove undesirable elements. Fuel properties, combustion behavior, and fouling deposition of HTT-EFB were investigated. Liquid temperatures and treatment times in the HTT system significantly altered EFB-fuel properties. At ≥ 60 °C, potassium removals of at least 78 % were achieved, generating EFB-fuel containing potassium below 0.5 %wt. Later, a series of EFB combustion experiments were conducted in a specially designed fixed-bed reactor to simulate the tube surface of industrial boilers. Fouling deposition from HTT-EFB combustion reduced to below half of untreated EFB at all HTT conditions and combustion temperatures studied. The deposit-to-fuel ratio of HTT-EFB combusted at 1,000 °C was 37.3 % lower than untreated EFB combusted at a typical EFB boiler at 800 °C. Results demonstrated great potential for HTT-EFB in industrial applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Catalysts are usually employed in hydrothermal processes for different purposes, such as enhancing quality and yield of produced biofuels. However, assessing catalyst performances can be time consuming and expensive. For this reason, in this work, a technique based on high pressure differential scanning calorimetry was applied to study heterogeneous catalyst behavior under hydrothermal conditions at the micro-scale. Heterogeneous catalysts were mixed with distilled water and cellulose, selected as substrate, and tested at 250 °C. The heat release profiles obtained were deconvoluted in three Gaussian peaks, each associated with a set of reactions. Siralox and iron chloride showed the highest catalytic activities impacting the development and the enthalpy of the reactions. Selected samples were further characterized to investigate synergies among acid and basic sites and emphasize the importance of the spatial distribution of the components inside the catalysts. This study highlights the crucial role of advanced techniques in optimizing catalyst performance for more efficient biofuel production., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Lignocellulosic biomass, renewable with short growth cycle and diverse sources, can be substituted fossil fuel. However, low effective hydrogen-to-carbon ratio (H/C eff ) limits its applications. Torrefaction and co-pyrolysis with high H/C eff feedstocks are promising technology. This paper investigated the effect of heating modes on oil-bath torrefaction of walnut shells, followed by fast co-pyrolysis. Six heating modes during oil-bath torrefaction were evaluated. Com1 (Microwave 67 %, Lightwave 33 %) yielded the lowest residual yield 84 wt%, while the highest gas production 495.47 mL/g which mainly composed of CO and CO 2 . Torrefied feedstock under Com1 had the highest H/C eff . Decarboxylation and decarbonylation reactions dominated among oil-bath torrefaction. Com1 produced the most hydrocarbons and least oxygen-containing compounds. As microwave ratio decreased, the content of olefins, acids and phenols decreased, monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alcohols was showed opposite tend. This study offers new ideas for microwave and lightwave torrefaction and promoting hydrocarbon production from lignocellulosic biomass., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This laboratory study reports results on the group particle combustion of pulverized bituminous coal and various types of torrefied biomass. Combustion of particle streams in a drop tube furnace in air was concurrently monitored by a spectrometer and an electronic camera to obtain spectral emissivities and temperatures. As particle number density (PND) increased, biomass particles became more prone than coal to group combustion. Spectral emissivities increased with increasing PND from 0.2 to 0.4 for coal and from 0.1 to 0.3 for biomass, in the wavelength domain of λ = 600-1000 nm. Emissivities changed little with wavelength, giving credence to the gray body assumption. Particle cloud temperatures were in the range of 1650-1900 K, depending on PND, type of fuel, and location in the cloud; temperatures decreased with increasing PND. The radiative heat of the particle laden flames was predominantly attributed to burning chars in the flames and it increased with increasing PND., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Sludge pretreatment plays a crucial role in solubilizing particulate matters to release organic matter for subsequent anaerobic fermentation (AF). This study innovatively combines radio frequency (RF) heating and alkaline treatment, and finds that the combined pretreatment achieved a sludge disintegration rate of 35.11 %, which is 15.19 % and 8.48 % higher than single RF or alkaline pretreatment. The dissociated ions from the alkali are conducive to RF action on sludge. Furthermore, the combined pretreatment significantly benefits the subsequent AF experiments, resulting in a 9-fold increase in volatile fatty acids production. Considering cost-effectiveness, the optimal operating condition is a 10-minute RF treatment at pH 10 with a total cost of 4.35 × 10 -3 dollars per kg soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) increased. These findings provide a foundational basis for the development of a novel technology for sludge pretreatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Pyrolysis is an efficient thermochemical conversion process, but accurate prediction of yield and properties of biochar presents a significant challenge. Three prominent ensemble learning methods, viz. Random Forest (RF), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), and Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost) were utilized to develop models to predict yield and higher heating value (HHV) of biochar. Dataset comprising 423 observations from 44 different biomasses was curated from peer-reviewed journals for predicting biochar yield. RF regressor achieved a test R2 of 0.86 for biochar yield, while XGB regressor achieved a test R2 of 0.87 for biochar HHV prediction. The SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis was conducted to assess influence of each feature on the model's output. Pyrolysis temperature and ash content of biomass were identified as the most influential features for the prediction of both yield and HHV of biochar. The partial dependence plots (PDPs) revealed nonlinear relationships, interpreting how the model formulates its predictions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In this study, a novel magnetic Ni-Fe 2 O 3 -C catalyst combined with electromagnetic induction heating in biomass steam gasification was proposed to enhance H 2 production. Better catalytic performance for H 2 production was observed with the Ni-Fe 2 O 3 -C catalyst under induction heating, resulting in an increase in H 2 yield from 735.1 to 2271.2 mL/g-biomass (a 209.1 % enhancement). SEM, TGA and XRD analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in coking deposition, caking, and particle agglomeration of the Ni-Fe 2 O 3 -C catalyst under induction heating, while maintaining more active sites. Importantly, the benefits of induction heating were also applicable to different magnetic catalysts like Ni-Al 2 O 3 -C, Ni-ZrO 2 -C, and Ni-MgO-C. Experimental results revealed a logarithmic correlation between the increase in H 2 yields due to induction heating and the magnetic saturation (Ms) of the catalysts. The Ni-Fe 2 O 3 -C catalyst, with a high Ms of 50.9 emu/g, showed the highest catalytic activity for H 2 production under induction heating in this study., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The study investigated the inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa using a combined approach involving thermally activated peroxyacetic acid (Heat/PAA) and thermally activated persulfate (Heat/PDS). The Heat/PDS algal inactivation process conforms to first-order reaction kinetics. Both hydroxyl radical (•OH) and sulfate radical (SO 4 - •) significantly impact the disruption of cell integrity, with SO 4 - • assuming a predominant role. PAA appears to activate organic radicals (RO•), hydroxyl (•OH), and a minimal amount of singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ). A thorough analysis underscores persulfate's superior ability to disrupt algal cell membranes. Additionally, SO 4 - • can convert small-molecule proteins into aromatic hydrocarbons, accelerating cell lysis. PAA can accelerate cell death by diffusing into the cell membrane and triggering advanced oxidative reactions within the cell. This study validates the effectiveness of the thermally activated persulfate process and the thermally activated peroxyacetic acid as strategies for algae inactivation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This work focuses to the value added utilization of animal sewage sludge into gases, bio-oil and char using synthetic zeolite (ZSM-5 and Y-zeolite) and natural sourced (diatomite, kaolin, perlite) materials as catalysts. Pyrolysis was performed in a one-stage bench-scale reactor at temperatures of 400 and 600 °C. The catalyst was mixed with the raw material before the pyrolysis. Catalysts had a significant effect on the yield of products, because the amount of volatile products was higher in their presence, than without them. In case of kaolin, due to the structural transformation occurring between 500-600 °C, a significant increase in activity was observed in terms of pyrolysis reactions resulting in volatiles. The hydrogen content of the gas products increased significantly at a temperature of 600 °C and in thermo-catalysts pyrolysis. In the presence of catalysts, bio-oil had more favourable properties., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

In this study, we investigated the advantages of utilizing natural FeS 2 ore in the context of dark fermentative hydrogen production within a fermentation system employing heat-treated anaerobic granular sludge with xylose as the carbon source. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in both hydrogen production and the maximum rate, with increases of 2.58 and 4.2 times, respectively. Moreover, the presence of FeS 2 ore led to a reduction in lag time by more than 2-3 h. The enhanced biohydrogen production performance was attributed to factors such as the intracellular NADH/NAD + ratio, redox-active components of extracellular polymeric substances, secreted flavins, as well as the presence of hydrogenase and nitrogenase. Furthermore, the FeS 2 ore served as a direct electron donor and acceptor during biohydrogen production. This study shed light on the underlying mechanisms contributing to the improved performance of biohydrogen production from xylose during dark fermentation through the supplementation of natural FeS 2 ore., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Yu, Lei reports financial support was provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Slow pyrolysis is a widely used thermochemical pathway that can convert organic waste into biochar. We employed six machine learning models to predictively model 13 selected variables using pearson feature selection. Additionally, partial dependence analysis is used to reveal the deep relationship between feature variables. Both the gradient boosting decision tree and the Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation neural network achieved training set R 2  > 0.9 and testing set R 2  > 0.8. But the other models displayed lower performance on the testing set, with R 2  < 0.8. The partial dependence plot demonstrates that pyrolysis conditions have greater impact on biochar yield than biomass composition. Furthermore, the highest treatment temperature, being the sole consistently changing feature, can serve as a guiding factor for regulating biochar yield. This study highlights the immense potential of machine learning in experimental prediction, providing a scientific reference for reducing time and economic costs in pyrolysis experiments and process development., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In this paper, the plate-heat transfer type bio-methanol steam reforming reactor for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and its operation performance was studied. The structure of the plate-heat transfer type for bio-methanol reforming has been designed and optimized with the application parameters of hydrogen production capacity, hydrogen production rate, bio-methanol conversion rate, volume limitation. Results showed the catalyst particle size has little influence when it less than 0.85 mm; However, when the catalyst loading was 20 g and the feed rate of bio-methanol solution was 1.5 mL/min, the effect of reforming bio-methanol was the best. At this time, the specific hydrogen production was 64.062 mL/g cat .min, the hydrogen production rate was 21.354 mL/s, the bio-methanol conversion rate was 82.25%. This paper can provide scientific reference for further research and development of high-efficiency and low-cost bio-methanol reforming hydrogen production equipment., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Pyrolysis temperature determines the multiphase (solid and dissolved) structure of biochar (BC). In this study, the temperature-dependent evolution of characteristics and potential hazards of three crop (cotton, alfalfa, and wheat) residue BC were systematically investigated. The results showed that pyrolysis temperature significantly affected the elemental composition and morphology of BC. A higher pyrolysis temperature led to a higher aromatization and graphitization degree of BC. A numerical relationship between pyrolysis temperature and BC surface properties (functional groups, carbonization degree) was established. Pyrolysis temperature controlled the content, composition, and functional group evolution of BC-derived dissolved organic matter. Although the amount of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in BC was concentrated after pyrolysis, the potentially risk of PTEs significantly decreased. The spin concentration of persistent free radicals in BC prepared at 500 °C was the highest. These findings will hopefully offer comprehensive guidance for sustainable utilization of crop straw and fit-for-purpose exploitation of BC., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This work aims to develop a prediction model for the contents of oxygenated components in bio-oil based on machine learning according to different pyrolysis conditions and biomass characteristics. The prediction model was constructed using the extreme gradient boosting (XGB) method, and the prediction accuracy was evaluated using the test dataset. The partial dependence analysis (PDA) method was used to derive the pattern of influence of each input feature individually or in combination on the output variable. The results show that the prediction models constructed from biomass ultimate analysis and pyrolysis conditions can predict the contents of oxygenated components in bio-oil more accurately than the models constructed from biomass proximate analysis. Moderate C and O contents, higher H content of biomass, lower flow rate, and higher pyrolysis temperature can improve bio-oil quality., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Urea was introduced into the fungal pretreated corn stover and then the urea soaked materials were subjected to pyrolysis for the production of nitrogen-containing bio-oil and nitrogen-doped biochar. The urea soaking effectively realized the enrichment of nitrogen-containing compounds in the bio-oil and the maximal content of the nitrogen-containing compounds in bio-oils reached up to 66.32% under 4 wt% urea concentration. Among the nitrogen-containing compounds, amines were the most dominant component with the maximal content of 41.17%. The higher urea concentration is beneficial to make more nitrogen be fixed in the biochar. The nitrogen content of the biochar reached up to 12.86 wt% under 8 wt% urea concentration. Nitrogen on the biochar surface existed in the form of pyrrolic-N, pyridinic-N and graphite-N. In conclusion, urea simple soak on fungus pretreated biomass to perform pyrolysis is a promising approach to obtain high value-added nitrogen-containing chemicals and nitrogen-doped biochar with high nitrogen content., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Zeolites, being acidic, act as the most promising catalytic materials for deoxygenating reactive oxygenated compounds produced during the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Herein, two zeolites, HY and HZSM-5, with different Si/Al ratios, were employed to investigate the effect of zeolite structure on aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) production during flash hydropyrolysis of cotton stalks (Temperature = 800 ˚C, H 2 pressure = 10 bar). Both the zeolites enhanced AHs production. However, the pore structure and pore size of HZSM-5 marked a pronounced effect on the reduction of oxygenated compounds. With an increase in Si/Al ratio, AHs area% was found to decrease owing to the decrease in acidity. Ni/zeolite catalysts were also investigated to look into the effect of metal loading on the catalytic properties of zeolites. Ni/zeolite catalysts enhanced the aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon production by further conversion of phenolics and other oxygenated compounds due to the promotion of direct deoxygenation, decarbonylation and decarboxylation reactions., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A huge amount of waste is generated by the cashew processing industries. This study aims to valorise these cashew wastes generated at different levels while processing cashew nuts in factories. The feedstocks include cashew skin, cashew shell and cashew shell de-oiled cake. Slow pyrolysis of these three different cashew wastes was performed at varying temperatures (300-500℃) at a heating rate of 10℃/min in a lab scale glass-tubular reactor under inert atmosphere of nitrogen with flow rate of 50 ml/min. The total bio-oil yield for cashew skin and the de-oiled shell cake was 37.1 and 48.6 wt% at 400℃ and 450℃, respectively. However, the maximum bio-oil yield obtained for cashew shell waste was 54.9 wt% at 500℃. The bio-oil was analysed using GC-MS, FTIR, and NMR. Along with the various functionalities observed in bio-oil through GC-MS, phenolics were observed to have maximum area% for all the feedstocks at all temperatures. At all the slow pyrolysis temperatures, cashew skin led to more biochar yield (40 wt%) as compared to cashew de-oiled cake (26 wt%) and cashew shell waste (22 wt%). Biochar was characterized by various analytical tools such as XRD, FTIR, Proximate analyser, CHNS, Py-GC/MS and SEM. Characterization of biochar revealed its carbonaceous and amorphous nature along with porosity., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aviation fuel is high energy density and is usually produced from refinery in petroleum industry. Production of renewable aviation fuel from biomass eases pressure of carbon emission regulation. The operational processes in this study include steam stripping, hydrolysis of residues, condensation reaction unit, autoclave hydrogenation, fixed-bed hydrodeoxygenation, and oil-upgrading unit. The biomass-derived aviation fuel has a low oxygen content of 0.4 %, while its high heat value is 45.5 MJ/kg. The aviation fuel ranges from C8 ∼ C15, and rich in isoparaffins (50.4 %) while the n-paraffins have a selectivity of 12.2 % and other components are cycloparaffins (19.0 %), aromatic hydrocarbons (11.3 %), and alkenes (5.6 %). The mass yield for aviation fuel from corn stover reaches 10.6 %. This pilot study achieved production of aviation fuel from raw biomass corn stover., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Anaerobic digestion (AD)-based biogas production mitigates the environmental footprint of organic wastes (e.g., food waste and sewage sludge) and facilitates a circular economy. The work proposed an integrated system where the thermal energy demand of an AD is supplied using an air source heat pump (ASHP). The proposed system is compared to a baseline system, where the thermal energy is supplied by a natural gas-based heating system. Several machine learning models are developed for predicting biogas production, among which the Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) showed a superior performance (R 2  = 0.84 and RMSE = 0.0755 L gVS -1  day -1 ). The GPR model further informed a thermodynamic model of the ASHP, which revealed the maximum biogas yield to be approximately 0.585 L.gVS -1 .day -1 at an optimal temperature of 55 °C (thermophilic). Subsequently, life cycle assessment showed that ASHP-based AD heating systems achieved 28.1 % (thermophilic) and 36.8 % (mesophilic) carbon abatement than the baseline system., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Lignocellulosic biomass is a rich source of fixed renewable carbon and a promising alternative to fossil sources. However, low effective hydrogen to carbon ratio limits its applications. This work studied the influence of oil-bath co-torrefaction of corncob and waste cooking oil for co-pyrolysis. It was compared with dry torrefaction and hydrothermal wet torrefaction firstly. Residual of oil-bath co-torrefaction were the highest of 97.01 %. Oil-bath co-torrefaction could maximize hydrogen atoms retention in corncob, which has a positive significance for deoxygenation during pyrolysis. Oil-bath co-torrefaction could also reduce the average activation energy required for corncob decomposition, while it was increased with dry torrefaction. Oil-bath co-torrefaction coupled with co-pyrolysis was more suitable for hydrocarbon-rich bio-oil production. Oil-bath co-torrefaction temperature had the greatest influence on bio-oil composition. High pressure promoted formation of the CC double bond and degradation of lignin, which further promoted the formation of monocyclic aromatics in bio-oil., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The recent scenario has witnessed the augmenting demand for energy precursors primarily from renewable ways in respect of the natural environment. The high energy along with the cost-intensive nature of the conventional approaches directed the researchers to find out an effective and promising method that principally uses the microwave for the pretreatment. The formation of heat energy from electromagnetic energy through polar particle rotation would be noted to be the core principle of the aforesaid effective approach. The microwave treatments speed up the destruction of complex structure of the biomass by applying a specific range of heat over the polar parts in a selective manner in the aqueous medium. In this review, the implementation of microwave-assisted green approaches for modeling an integrated circular bioeconomic strategy to potentially use lignocellulosic biomass for bioproducts is discussed., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)