42 results
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2. Lessons for effective COVID-19 policy responses: a call for papers
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Tangcharoensathien, Viroj, Yamamoto, Naoko, Topothai, Chompoonut, Pangkariya, Nattanicha, Patcharanarumol, Walaiporn, and Suphanchaimat, Rapeepong
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Free enterprise ,Public health ,Health ,World Health Organization - Abstract
As of 19 March 2021, 121 million cases and over 2.6 million deaths due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had been reported to the World Health Organization. While heads of [...]
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- 2021
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3. Health impacts of climate change and geopolitics: a call for papers.
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Phonsuk, Payao, Suphanchaimat, Rapeepong, Patcharanarumol, Walaiporn, Campbell-Lendrum, Diarmid, and Tangcharoensathien, Viroj
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CARBON dioxide , *CLIMATE change , *ENVIRONMENTAL health , *HEALTH promotion , *HEALTH services accessibility , *HEALTH status indicators , *MENTAL health , *NATURE , *PRACTICAL politics , *POPULATION geography , *PUBLIC health , *SERIAL publications , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *PARTICULATE matter - Abstract
The authors offer observation on health impacts of climate change and geopolitics. Topics discussed include increase in global carbon dioxide emissions in 2018, direct health effects of the main drivers of climate changes like fossil fuel, and how climate change affects agriculture. It also mentions goal set by the 2015 Paris Agreement and ways geopolitics influenced the allocation of foreign assistance.
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- 2020
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4. A practical agenda for incorporating trust into pandemic preparedness and response.
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Bollyky, Thomas J. and Petersen, Michael Bang
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PREVENTION of epidemics , *POLICY sciences , *PROFESSIONAL practice , *PSYCHOLOGICAL burnout , *HEALTH policy , *COMMUNITIES , *PANDEMIC preparedness , *TRUST , *COMMUNICATION , *EPIDEMICS , *MEDICAL emergencies , *PUBLIC administration , *PUBLIC health , *EVIDENCE-based medicine , *INTERPERSONAL relations , *EMERGENCY management , *COOPERATIVENESS - Abstract
Despite widespread acknowledgement that trust is important in a pandemic, few concrete proposals exist on how to incorporate trust into preparing for the next health crisis. One reason is that building trust is rightly perceived as slow and challenging. Although trust in public institutions and one another is essential in preparing for a pandemic, countries should plan for the possibility that efforts to instil or restore trust may fail. Incorporating trust into pandemic preparedness means acknowledging that polarization, partisanship and misinformation may persist and engaging with communities as they currently are, not as we would wish them to be. This paper presents a practical policy agenda for incorporating mistrust as a risk factor in pandemic preparedness and response planning. We propose two sets of evidence-based strategies: (i) strategies for ensuring the trust that already exists in a community is sustained during a crisis, such as mitigating pandemic fatigue by health interventions and honest and transparent sense-making communication; and (ii) strategies for promoting cooperation in communities where people mistrust their governments and neighbours, sometimes for legitimate, historical reasons. Where there is mistrust, pandemic preparedness and responses must rely less on coercion and more on tailoring local policies and building partnerships with community institutions and leaders to help people overcome difficulties they encounter in cooperating with public health guidance. The regular monitoring of interpersonal and government trust at national and local levels is a way of enabling this context-specific pandemic preparedness and response planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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5. Climate finance opportunities for health and health systems.
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Borghi, Josephine, Cuevas Garcia-Dorado, Soledad, Anton, Blanca, Gerardo, Domenico, Gasparri, Giulia, Hanson, Mark, Soucat, Agnès, Bustreo, Flavia, and Langlois, Etienne V.
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MIDDLE-income countries , *MEDICAL care use , *PSYCHOLOGICAL resilience , *POLICY sciences , *NET losses , *GREENHOUSE effect , *ENDOWMENTS , *CLIMATE change , *CONFERENCES & conventions , *SUSTAINABILITY , *ECONOMICS , *TAXATION , *FINANCIAL management , *HEALTH care industry , *GREENHOUSE gases , *PUBLIC health , *HEALTH promotion , *NEEDS assessment , *LOW-income countries , *MEDICAL care costs , *WELL-being - Abstract
Climate change poses significant risks to health and health systems, with the greatest impacts in low- and middle-income countries - which are least responsible for greenhouse gas emissions. The Conference of Parties 28 at the 2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference led to agreement on the need for holistic and equitable financing approaches to address the climate and health crisis. This paper provides an overview of existing climate finance mechanisms - that is, multilateral funds, voluntary market-based mechanisms, taxes, microlevies and adaptive social protection. We discuss these approaches' potential use to promote health, generate additional health sector resources and enhance health system sustainability and resilience, and also explore implementation challenges. We suggest that public health practitioners, policy-makers and researchers seize the opportunity to leverage climate funding for better health and sustainable, climate-resilient health systems. Emphasizing the wider benefits of investing in health for the economy can help prioritize health within climate finance initiatives. Meaningful progress will require the global community acknowledging the underlying political economy challenges that have so far limited the potential of climate finance to address health goals. To address these challenges, we need to restructure financing institutions to empower communities at the frontline of the climate and health crisis and ensure their needs are met. Efforts from global and national level stakeholders should focus on mobilizing a wide range of funding sources, prioritizing co-design and accessibility of financing arrangements. These stakeholders should also invest in rigorous monitoring and evaluation of initiatives to ensure relevant health and well-being outcomes are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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6. Global health inequities: more challenges, some solutions
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Tangcharoensathien, Viroj, Lekagul, Angkana, and Teo, Yik-Ying
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Refugees ,National health insurance ,Public health ,Health ,World Health Organization - Abstract
Health inequity is the presence of unfair, avoidable or remediable differences in achieving optimal health and well-being among people. However, despite global commitment to reduce health inequities, progress has been [...]
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- 2024
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7. Behavioural and social sciences for better health: call for papers.
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Altieri, Elena, Grove, John, Bach Habersaat, Katrine, Michie, Susan, and Sunstein, Cass R.
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BEHAVIOR modification , *HEALTH attitudes , *HEALTH behavior , *HEALTH promotion , *MANUSCRIPTS , *HEALTH policy , *PSYCHOLOGY , *PUBLIC health , *SOCIAL sciences , *HEALTH literacy - Abstract
The authors provide invitation for practitioners and researchers to submit reports on the opportunities that behavioural and social sciences offer in achieving health for all. Topics mentioned include the challenge of factoring behavioural evidence into health policies and programmes, the need for global community of experts to offer easy access to evidence, tools, expertise, and examples of use, and a multidisciplinary technical advisory group for behavioural insights and sciences for health.
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- 2020
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8. New ethical challenges of digital technologies, machine learning and artificial intelligence in public health: a call for papers.
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Zandi, Diana, Reis, Andreas, Vayena, Effy, and Goodman, Kenneth
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ALGORITHMS , *ARTIFICIAL intelligence , *HEALTH promotion , *INFORMATION technology , *INTERNET , *MACHINE learning , *MEDICAL technology , *PUBLIC health , *SERIAL publications , *DECISION making in clinical medicine - Abstract
The authors report on the plan of the "Bulletin of the World Health Organization" (WHO) to publish a theme issue on new ethical challenges of digital technologies, machine learning, and artificial intelligence in public health. The aim is to show ethical and governance matters that artificial intelligence applications are raising in public health. The deadline for submission is May 15, 2019. WHO Member States are said to be adopting the use of digital technologies in the health sector.
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- 2019
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9. The simplified trachoma grading system, amended/Modification du systeme de codage simplifie du trachome/Modificacion del sistema de clasificacion simplificada del tracoma
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Solomon, Anthony W., Kello, Amir B., Bangert, Mathieu, West, Sheila K., Taylor, Hugh R., Tekeraoi, Rabebe, and Foster, Allen
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Inflammation ,Public health ,Trachoma ,Health - Abstract
A simplified grading system for trachoma was published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1987. Intended for use by non-specialist personnel working at community level, the system includes five signs, each of which can be present or absent in any eye: (i) trachomatous trichiasis; (ii) corneal opacity; (iii) trachomatous inflammation--follicular; (iv) trachomatous inflammation--intense; and (v) trachomatous scarring. Though neither perfectly sensitive nor perfectly specific for trachoma, these signs have been essential tools for identifying populations that need interventions to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem. In 2018, at WHO's 4th global scientific meeting on trachoma, the definition of one of the signs, trachomatous trichiasis, was amended to exclude trichiasis that affects only the lower eyelid. This paper presents the amended system, updates its presentation, offers notes on its use and identifies areas of ongoing debate. [phrase omitted] [phrase omitted] En 1987, l'Organisation mondiale de la Sante a publie un systeme de codage simplifie du trachome. Destine au personnel non qualifie travaillant au sein des communautes, il comporte cinq signes, chacun pouvant etre present ou absent dans l'un ou l'autre reil: (i) le trichiasis trachomateux; (ii) l'opacite corneenne; (iii) l'inflammation trachomateuse --folliculaire; (iv) l'inflammation trachomateuse--intense; et enfin, (v) la cicatrice trachomateuse. Bien qu'ils ne soient ni parfaitement precis, ni totalement specifiques au trachome, ces signes constituent des outils essentiels pour identifier les populations qui necessitent une intervention afin d'eliminer le trachome en tant que probleme de sante publique. En 2018, lors de la quatrieme reunion scientifique mondiale sur le trachome, la definition de l'un des signes, le trichiasis trachomateux, a ete modifiee pour exclure du systeme de codage le trichiasis qui n'affecte que la paupiere inferieure. Ce document expose le nouveau systeme, actualise sa presentation, formule des remarques sur son utilisation et identifie les domaines qui font encore l'objet de debats. [phrase omitted] En 1987, la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud (OMS) publico un sistema de clasificacion simplificado para el tracoma. Este sistema fue disenado para que lo utilice el personal no especializado que trabaja a nivel comunitario e incluye cinco signos, cada uno de los cuales puede estar presente o ausente en los ojos: i) la triquiasis tracomatosa; ii) la opacidad corneal; iii) la inflamacion tracomatosa-folicular; iv) la inflamacion tracomatosa-intensa; y v) la cicatrizacion tracomatosa. Si bien no son perfectamente sensibles ni muy especificos del tracoma, estos signos han sido herramientas esenciales para identificar a las poblaciones que requieren intervenciones para eliminar el tracoma como problema de salud publica. En 2018, se modifico la definicion de uno de los signos, la triquiasis tracomatosa, en la 4.a Reunion Cientifica Mundial sobre el Tracoma de la OMS, para descartar la triquiasis que solo afecta al parpado inferior. En el presente documento se describe el sistema modificado, se actualiza su presentacion, se ofrecen observaciones sobre su aplicacion y se identifican los ambitos de debate en curso., Introduction Trachoma is the most important infectious cause of blindness. (1) Repeated conjunctival infection (2) with particular strains of Chlamydia trachomatis (3-5) results, in some people, in conjunctival scarring, trichiasis [...]
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- 2020
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10. Linking health and finance ministries to improve taxes on unhealthy products/Relier les ministeres de la Sante et des Finances pour renforcer les taxes sur les produits nocifs pour la sante/Vinculacion de los ministerios de Sanidad y Hacienda para mejorar los impuestos sobre los productos perjudiciales para la salud
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Siu, Erika and Thow, Anne Marie
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Coronavirus infections ,Medical policy ,Taxation ,Public health ,Coronaviruses ,Physical fitness ,Alcoholic beverages -- Taxation ,Health ,University of Illinois at Chicago -- Taxation ,World Bank Group. World Bank -- Tax policy ,World Health Organization -- Tax policy - Abstract
The World Health Organization recommends economic measures such as taxes on tobacco, alcohol and unhealthy foods and beverages as part of a comprehensive strategy for prevention of noncommunicable diseases. However, progress in adopting these so-called health taxes has been hampered, in part, by different approaches and perceptions of key issues in different sectors of government. Health promotion is the responsibility of health policy-makers, while taxation is the mandate of finance ministries. Thus, strengthening cooperation between health and finance policy-makers is central to the successful adoption and implementation of effective health taxes. In this paper we identify the shared concerns of finance and health policy-makers about health taxes with the aim of enabling more effective cross-sector cooperation towards both additional financing for health systems and changes in unhealthy behaviours. For example, new approaches to supporting health taxation include the growing priority for health-system financing due to the growing burden of noncommunicable diseases, and the need to address the health and economic damage due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. As a result, high-level efforts to achieve progress on health taxes are gaining momentum and represent important progress towards using the combined expertise of health and finance policy-makers. L'Organisation mondiale de la Sante recommande l'adoption de mesures economiques telles que des taxes sur le tabac, l'alcool ainsi que les boissons et aliments nocifs pour la sante dans le cadre d'une vaste strategie de prevention des maladies non transmissibles. Cependant, les progres en la matiere ont rencontre des obstacles, notamment en raison de la difference d'approche et de perception des principaux enjeux a divers niveaux du gouvernement. La promotion de la sante releve de la politique sanitaire, tandis que la taxation est la mission du ministere des Finances. Accentuer la cooperation entre les responsables de la sante et des finances est donc indispensable a la reussite de l'instauration et de la mise en oeuvre de taxes sanitaires efficaces. Dans le present document, nous identifions les preoccupations partagees tant par les responsables de la sante que par ceux des finances concernant les taxes sanitaires, dans le but d'intensifier la collaboration entre les secteurs. Objectif: debloquer des fonds supplementaires pour les systemes de sante et favoriser l'abandon des comportements nuisibles a la sante. Parmi les nouvelles approches de soutien aux taxes sanitaires, citons par exemple une plus grande priorite accordee au financement du systeme de sante afin de reduire la charge croissante que font peser les maladies non transmissibles, et la necessite de reparer les degats economiques et sanitaires causes par la pandemie de maladie a coronavirus 2019. Ainsi, les efforts visant a developper les taxes sanitaires gagnent du terrain et representent une avancee considerable vers une valorisation de l'expertise conjointe entre ministere de la Sante et ministere des Finances. [phrase omitted] La Organizacion Mundial de la Salud recomienda la adopcion de medidas economicas como los impuestos sobre el tabaco, el alcohol y los alimentos y bebidas poco saludables como parte de una estrategia global de prevencion de las enfermedades no transmisibles. Sin embargo, los avances en la adopcion de estos llamados impuestos saludables se han retrasado, en parte, por los diferentes enfoques y percepciones de las cuestiones clave en los distintos sectores del gobierno. La promocion de la salud es competencia de los responsables de formular las politicas sanitarias, mientras que la fiscalidad es el mandato de los ministerios de Hacienda. Por lo tanto, el fortalecimiento de la cooperacion entre los responsables de formular las politicas sanitarias y financieras es fundamental para el exito de la adopcion y aplicacion de sistemas fiscales sanitarios eficaces. En este documento, se identifican las preocupaciones que comparten los responsables de formular las politicas financieras y sanitarias en relacion con los impuestos saludables, con el fin de permitir una cooperacion intersectorial mas eficaz, tanto en lo que respecta a la financiacion adicional de los sistemas sanitarios como a la modificacion de los comportamientos poco saludables. Por ejemplo, entre los enfoques nuevos para apoyar la fiscalidad sanitaria se encuentran la creciente prioridad de la financiacion de los sistemas sanitarios debido a una mayor carga de enfermedades no transmisibles, y la necesidad de solucionar los danos sanitarios y economicos debidos a la pandemia de la enfermedad por coronavirus de 2019. En consecuencia, los esfuerzos de alto nivel para lograr avances en materia de impuestos saludables estan cobrando impulso y representan un avance importante hacia el uso de la experiencia combinada de los responsables de formular las politicas sanitarias y financieras., Introduction Health taxes are those imposed on products that have a negative public health impact. Many countries apply health taxes to products such as tobacco, alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverages that [...]
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- 2022
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11. Health policy implications of corporate social responsibility provisions in international investment agreements/Impacts des dispositions relatives a la responsabilite sociale des entreprises sur les politiques de sante dans les accords internationaux d'investissement/ Consecuencias de las disposiciones sobre responsabilidad social empresarial en los acuerdos internacionales de inversion para la politica sanitaria
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Tissaoui, Takwa, Davis, Teresa, Trevena, Helen, and Thow, Anne Marie
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Corporate social responsibility ,Medical policy ,International business enterprises ,Public health ,Health ,European Union ,European Union. European Commission ,United Nations ,Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - Abstract
Objective To analyse and classify inclusions of corporate social responsibility in international investment agreements, especially inclusions with reference to public health. Method We extracted the text of international investment agreements containing corporate social responsibility inclusions from the electronic database of investment treaties. We conducted a documentary analysis of the corporate social responsibility inclusions, and we developed a typology categorizing inclusions based on level of detail and reference to international commitments. Findings Of the 3816 agreements signed as of October 2023, 127 agreements contain corporate social responsibility inclusions. Since the first inclusion of corporate social responsibility in 2008, the percentage of agreements containing such inclusion signed each year has steadily increased from 4.6% (4/86) in 2008 to 42.8% (21/49) in 2018 and 33.3% (3/9) in 2023. Using the typology we developed, we categorized the level of detail as follows: nine were minimal, 27 were low, 35 were low- medium, 107 were medium, 11 were medium-high and seven were high. Health is mentioned in 36 of these inclusions. Conclusion This analysis indicates that international investment agreements increasingly incorporate a high level of detail on expectations regarding investors' corporate social responsibility. Such provisions offer a potential tool to increase government guidance and accountability of global corporations, including with respect to governments' public health objectives. Objectif Analyser et classer les dispositions relatives a la responsabilite sociale des entreprises dans les accords internationaux d'investissement, en particulier celles relatives a la sante publique. Methodes Nous avons extrait de la Base de donnees electronique des traites d'investissement (EDIT) le texte d'accords internationaux d'investissement contenant des dispositions relatives a la responsabilite sociale des entreprises. Nous avons effectue une analyse documentaire des dispositions relatives a la responsabilite sociale des entreprises et avons elabore une typologie classant ces dispositions selon leur niveau de detail et leur reference a des engagements internationaux. Resultats Sur les 3816 accords signes en date d'octobre 2023, 127 contiennent des dispositions relatives a la responsabilite sociale des entreprises. Depuis l'inclusion de la premiere disposition de responsabilite sociale des entreprises en 2008, le pourcentage d'accords signes chaque annee et contenant ce type de disposition a augmente regulierement, passant de 4,6 % (4/86) en 2008 a 42,8% (21/49) en 2018 et 33,3% (3/9) en 2023. A l'aide de la typologie que nous avons elaboree, nous avons classe le niveau de detail comme suit : neuf niveaux de detail etaient minimes, 27 etaient faibles, 35 etaient faibles a moyens, 107 etaient moyens, 11 etaient moyens a eleves et sept etaient eleves. La sante est mentionnee dans 36 de ces dispositions. Conclusion Cette analyse indique que les accords internationaux d'investissement integrent de plus en plus souvent un niveau eleve de details sur les attentes en matiere de responsabilite sociale des entreprises. Ces dispositions constituent un outil potentiel pour renforcer les orientations gouvernementales et la responsabilite des entreprises internationales, notamment en ce qui concerne les objectifs de sante publique des gouvernements. Objetivo Analizar y clasificar las inclusiones de la responsabilidad social empresarial en los acuerdos internacionales de inversion, en especial las inclusiones con referencia a la salud publica. Metodo Se extrajo de la Base de Datos Electronica de Tratados de Inversion el texto de los acuerdos internacionales de inversion que incluian la responsabilidad social empresarial. Se realizo un analisis documental de las inclusiones de la responsabilidad social empresarial y se elaboro una tipologia que clasifica las inclusiones en funcion del nivel de detalle y la referencia a los compromisos internacionales. Resultados De los 3816 acuerdos firmados hasta octubre de 2023, 127 acuerdos contienen inclusiones de responsabilidad social empresarial. Desde la primera inclusion de la responsabilidad social empresarial en 2008, el porcentaje de acuerdos firmados cada ano que contienen esta inclusion ha aumentado de manera constante, pasando del 4,6% (4/86) en 2008 al 42,8% (21/49) en 2018 y al 33,3% (3/9) en 2023. Mediante la tipologia que se desarrollo, se categorizo el nivel de detalle de la siguiente manera: nueve fueron minimos, 27 fueron bajos, 35 fueron bajos-medios, 107 fueron medios, 11 fueron medios-altos y siete fueron altos. La salud se menciona en 36 de estas inclusiones. Conclusion Este analisis indica que los acuerdos internacionales de inversion incorporan cada vez mas un alto nivel de detalle sobre las expectativas en materia de responsabilidad social empresarial de los inversores. Estas disposiciones ofrecen una herramienta potencial para aumentar la orientacion de los gobiernos y la rendicion de cuentas de las empresas mundiales, incluso con respecto a los objetivos de salud publica de los gobiernos. [phrase omitted], Introduction The term corporate social responsibility reflects a shift in the norms and expectations of the public and governments regarding corporate behaviour and its impact on objectives including public health. [...]
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- 2024
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12. Promotion of behavioural change for health in a heterogeneous population/Promotion du changement comportemental en matiere de sante au sein d'une population heterogene/Promocion del cambio de comportamiento en pro de la salud en una poblacion heterogenea
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Schimmelpfennig, Robin, Vogt, Sonja, Ehreta, Sonke, and Efferson, Charles
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Medical care, Cost of ,Vaccination ,Medical policy ,Smoking ,Antismoking movement ,Public health ,Health - Abstract
Public health policy often involves implementing cost-efficient, large-scale interventions. When mandating or forbidding a specific behaviour is not permissible, public health professionals may draw on behaviour change interventions to achieve socially beneficial policy objectives. Interventions can have two main effects: (i) a direct effect on people initially targeted by the intervention; and (ii) an indirect effect mediated by social influence and by the observation of other people's behaviour. However, people's attitudes and beliefs can differ markedly throughout the population, with the result that these two effects can interact to produce unexpected, unhelpful and counterintuitive consequences. Public health professionals need to understand this interaction better. This paper illustrates the key principles of this interaction by examining two important areas of public health policy: tobacco smoking and vaccination. The example of antismoking campaigns shows when and how public health professionals can amplify the effects of a behaviour change intervention by taking advantage of the indirect pathway. The example of vaccination campaigns illustrates how underlying incentive structures, particularly anticoordination incentives, can interfere with the indirect effect of an intervention and stall efforts to scale up its implementation. Recommendations are presented on how public health professionals can maximize the total effect of behaviour change interventions in heterogeneous populations based on these concepts and examples. Les politiques de sante publique impliquent souvent I'organisation de campagnes rentables a grande echelle. Lorsqu'il est impossible d'imposer ou d'interdire certains comportements, les professionnels de la sante publique ont parfois recours a des actions induisant un changement de comportement afin d'atteindre des objectifs benefiques pour la societe. Ces actions sont susceptibles d'entrainer deux effets: (i) un effet direct sur les personnes initialement visees par la campagne; et (ii) un effet indirect provoque par la pression sociale et l'observation du comportement d'autres personnes. Neanmoins, les attitudes et croyances peuvent considerablement varier au sein de la population; ainsi, ces deux effets peuvent interagir et avoir des consequences imprevues, inefficaces et contre-intuitives. Les professionnels de la sante publique ont besoin de mieux comprendre cette interaction. Le present document en illustre donc les principes majeurs en examinant deux domaines cles des politiques de sante publique: le tabagisme et la vaccination. Lexemple des campagnes antitabac montre quand et comment les acteurs de la sante publique peuvent accentuer l'impact d'une action destinee a faire evoluer les comportements en optant pour l'approche indirecte. L'exemple des campagnes de vaccination met en lumiere la maniere dont les structures d'incitation sous-jacentes, en particulier celles favorisant l'anticoordination, peuvent interferer avec l'effet indirect d'une action et aneantir les efforts deployes pour la mettre en reuvre. Plusieurs recommandations sont formulees afin d'aider les professionnels de la sante publique a amplifier l'effet global des actions de changement comportemental au sein d'une population heterogene, en s'appuyant sur ces concepts et exemples. La politica de salud publica suele incluir la aplicacion de intervenciones rentables y a gran escala. Cuando no es posible imponer o prohibir un comportamiento especifico, los profesionales de la salud publica pueden recurrir a intervenciones de cambio de comportamiento para lograr objetivos politicos que sean favorables para la sociedad. Es posible que las intervenciones generen dos efectos principales: i) un efecto directo sobre las personas a las que en principio se dirige la intervention; y ii) un efecto indirecto mediado por la influencia social y por la observation del comportamiento de otras personas. Sin embargo, las actitudes y creencias de las personas pueden ser muy diferentes en toda la poblacion, por lo que estos dos efectos pueden interactuar y producir consecuencias inesperadas, poco utiles y contraproducentes. Los profesionales de la salud publica deben comprender mejor esta interaccion. Este documento explica los principios clave de esta interaccion al analizar dos areas importantes de la politica de salud publica: el tabaquismo y la vacunacion. El ejemplo de las campanas antitabaco muestra cuando y como los profesionales de la salud publica pueden aumentar los efectos de una intervention de cambio de comportamiento si se aprovecha el procedimiento indirecto. El ejemplo de las campanas de vacunacion explica como las estructuras subyacentes de incentivos, en particular los incentivos de descoordinacion, pueden interferir con el efecto indirecto de una intervention y detener los esfuerzos para ampliar su aplicacion. A partir de estos conceptos y ejemplos, se formulan recomendaciones sobre como los profesionales de la salud publica pueden maximizar el efecto total de las intervenciones de cambio de comportamiento en poblaciones heterogeneas., Introduction Public health policy objectives often conflict with local culture. (1-3) Thus, to avoid a backlash when trying to change people's behaviour, policy-makers may often resist policies that forbid or [...]
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- 2021
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13. Violence against children during the COVID-19 pandemic/ Violence a l'egard des enfants durant la pandemie de COVID-19/ Violencia infantil durante la pandemia de la COVID-19
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Bhatia, Amiya, Fabbri, Camilla, Cema-Turoff, ilan, Turner, Ellen, Lokot, Michelle, Warria, Ajwang, Tuladhar, Sumnima, Tanton, Clare, Knight, Louise, Lees, Shelley, Cislaghi, Beniamino, Bhabha, Jaqueline, Peterman, Amber, Guedes, Alessandra, and Devries, Karen
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Epidemics -- New York ,Child welfare ,Children -- Health aspects ,Public health ,Violence ,Coronaviruses ,Health ,World Health Organization -- Crimes against - Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected children's risk of violence in their homes, communities and online, and has compromised the ability of child protection systems to promptly detect and respond to cases of violence. However, the need to strengthen violence prevention and response services has received insufficient attention in national and global pandemic response and mitigation strategies. In this paper, we summarize the growing body of evidence on the links between the pandemic and violence against children. Drawing on the World Health Organization's INSPIRE framework to end violence against children, we illustrate how the pandemic is affecting prevention and response efforts. For each of the seven INSPIRE strategies we identify how responses to the pandemic have changed children's risk of violence. We offer ideas for how governments, policy-makers, and international and civil society organizations can address violence in the context of a protracted COVID-19 crisis. We conclude by highlighting how the current pandemic offers opportunities to improve existing child protection systems to address violence against children. We suggest enhanced multisectoral coordination across the health, education, law enforcement, housing, child and social protection sectors. Actions need to prioritize the primary prevention of violence and promote the central role of children and adolescents in decision-making and programme design processes. Finally, we stress the continued need for better data and evidence to inform violence prevention and response strategies that can be effective during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. La pandemie de maladie a coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) a eu un impact sur le risque de violence a l'egard des enfants a domicile, au sein de leur communaute et en ligne. Elle a egalement empeche les systemes de protection de l'enfance d'identifier rapidement les situations de ce typeetd'y reagirdesque possible. Pourtant, la necessitede renforcer les services de prevention et d'action en la matiere n'a pas ete suffisamment prise en compte dans les strategies nationales et internationales d'intervention et d'attenuation des effets de la pandemie. Le present document reprend l'accumulation de preuves confirmant les liens entre pandemie et violence a l'egard des enfants. En nous inspirant du cadre INSPIRE de l'Organisation mondiale de la Sante visant a mettre fin a la violence a l'encontre des enfants, nous illustrons la facon dont la pandemie affecte les efforts de prevention et d'action. Pour chacune des sept strategies INSPIRE, nous determinons comment les mesures de lutte contre la pandemie ont influence le risque de violence envers les enfants. Nous formulons des pistes pour que les gouvernements, les legislateurs, les institutions Internationales et les organisations de la societe civile puissent remedier a cette violence dans un contexte de crise prolongee due a la COVID-19. En guise de conclusion, nous mettons en lumiere les opportunites qu'offre la pandemie actuelle d'ameliorer les systemes existants de protection de l'enfance pour mieux combattre la violence envers les enfants. Nous suggerons d'accroitre la collaboration entre les secteurs de la sante, de l'education, du maintien de l'ordre, du logement, des droits de l'enfant et de la protection sociale. Les actions entreprises doivent sefocaliser sur la prevention primaire de la violence et promouvoir le role central des enfants et adolescents dans les processus de conception de programmes et de prise de decisions. Enfin, nous soulignons le besoin permanent de donnees et de preuves fiables pour orienter les strategies de prevention et d'intervention face a la violence, afin degarantir leur efficacite pendantetapres la pandemie de COVID-19. La pandemia de la enfermedad porcoronavirus (COVID-19) ha afectado al riesgo de violencia infantil que sufren los ninos en sus hogares, comunidades y en linea, y ha puesto en peligro la capacidad de los sistemas de proteccion infantil para detectar y responder rapidamente a los casos de violencia. Sin embargo, la necesidad de reforzar los servicios de prevencion y respuesta a la violencia no ha recibido suficiente atencion en las estrategias nacionales y mundiales de respuesta y mitigacion de la pandemia. En este documento, resumimos el creciente conjunto de pruebas sobre los vinculos entre la pandemia y la violencia infantil. Basandonos en el marco INSPIRE de la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud para poner fin a la violencia Infantil, ilustramos como la pandemia esta afectando a los esfuerzos de prevencion y respuesta. Para cada una de las siete estrategias de INSPIRE, identificamos como las respuestas a la pandemia han cambiado el riesgo de violencia infantil. Ofrecemos ideas sobre como los gobiernos, los responsables politicos y las organizaciones internacionales y de la sociedad civil pueden abordar la violencia en el contexto de una crisis prolongada de COVID-19. Concluimos destacando como la pandemia actual ofrece oportunidades para mejorar los sistemas de proteccion infantil existentes para abordar este tipo de violencia. Sugerimos una mayor coordinacion multisectorial en los sectores de la salud, la educacion, la aplicacion de la ley, la vivienda y la proteccion social infantil. Las acciones deben priorizar la prevencion primaria de la violencia y promover el papel central de los ninos y adolescentes en los procesos de toma de decisiones y en el diseno de programas. Por ultimo, subrayamos la necesidad permanente de contar con mejores datos y pruebas para fundamentar las estrategias de prevencion y respuesta a la violencia que puedan ser eficaces durante la pandemia de COVID-19 y seguir vigentes cuando esta pase. [phrase omitted], Introduction Throughout the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, children have often been referred to as silent spreaders, low-risk or invisible carriers of the disease. These descriptions negate the well-documented adverse [...]
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- 2021
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14. WHO air quality database: relevance, history and future developments/Base de donnees de I'OMS sur la qualite de l'air: pertinence, historique et developpement future/ Base de datos de la OMS sobre calidad del aire: relevancia, historia y desarrollos futuros
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Shairsingh, Kerolyn, Ruggeri, Giulia, Krzyzanowski, Michal, Mudu, Pierpaolo, Malkawi, Mazen, Castillo, Juan, da Silva, Agnes Soares, Saluja, Manjeet, Martinez, Karla Cervantes, Mothe, Josselyn, and Gumy, Sophie
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Air quality ,Air quality management ,Public health ,Air pollution ,Health ,World Health Organization - Abstract
Air pollution is the second most important risk factor for noncommunicable diseases, but air quality monitoring is lacking in many low- and middle-income countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) recently released its 2022 updated air quality database status report. This report contains data from about 6743 human settlements, a sixfold increase from 1102 settlements in its first publication in 2011, which shows that air pollution is increasingly recognized as a health priority at global and national levels. However, progress varies across the world. More than 90% of the settlements in the database are in high- and middle-income countries and areas mainly in China, Europe, India and North America. The database is crucial for increasing awareness of air pollution, and for calculating global exposures and the corresponding burden of disease attributable to air pollution. This article describes the progress made and challenges in collecting air quality data. The database uses official data sources which can be difficult to access and assess, because air quality monitoring is done by different government bodies or uses varying monitoring methods. These air quality data can be used by the health sector to engage in discussions on monitoring air quality to protect public health, and facilitate multisectoral engagement of United Nations agencies to support countries to conform with the 2021 WHO air quality guidelines. Although air pollution levels in most countries are higher than those recommended in the guidelines, any action policy-makers take to reduce air pollution will help reduce the burden of air pollution on health. Bien que la pollution de l'air represente le deuxieme facteur de risque le plus important pour les maladies non transmissibles, de nombreux pays a revenu faible et intermediaire ne menent aucun controle de la qualite de l'air. L'Organisation mondiale de la Sante (OMS) a recemment publie l'edition 2022 du rapport de situation relatif a sa base de donnees sur la qualite de l'air. Ce rapport renferme des informations sur pres de 6743 etablissements humains, un chiffre six fois superieur aux 1102 etablissements humains figurant dans la premiere publication de 2011, ce qui montre que la pollution de l'air est davantage reconnue comme une priorite en matiere de sante, tant a l'echelle nationale qu'internationale. Pourtant, les avancees ne sont pas les memes partout dans le monde. Plus de 90% des etablissements mentionnes dans la base de donnees se trouvent dans des pays a revenu faible et intermediaire, ainsi que dans des regions principalement situees en Chine, en Europe, en Inde et en Amerique du Nord. Cette base de donnees est essentielle pour mieux sensibiliser a la pollution de l'air, mais aussi pour calculer l'exposition mondiale et l'impact des maladies qui lui sont attribuables. Le present article decrit les progres realises et les defis qui subsistent dans la collecte d'informations liees a la qualite de l'air. La base de donnees utilise des sources officielles, qui peuvent etre difficiles d'acces et compliquees a evaluer car le controle de la qualite de l'air est effectue par plusieurs organismes gouvernementaux ou emploie des methodes differentes. Les informations ainsi recoltees peuvent etre exploitees par le secteur de la sante pour entamer des discussions sur le controle de la qualite de l'air. Objectif: preserver la sante publique et favoriser la mobilisation multisectorielle d'agences des Nations Unies pour aider les pays a se conformer aux lignes directrices de l'OMS relatives a la qualite de l'air, qui datent de 2021. Meme si, dans la plupart des pays, les niveaux de pollution de l'air depassent les recommandations formulees dans ces lignes directrices, toute action entreprise par les responsables politiques pour les faire baisser contribuera a reduire l'impact qu'exerce cette pollution sur la sante. La contaminacion del aire es el segundo factor de riesgo mas importante de las enfermedades no transmisibles, pero en muchos paises de ingresos bajos y medios no se vigila la calidad del aire. La Organizacion Mundial de la Salud (OMS) publico hace poco su informe actualizado de 2022 sobre el estado de la base de datos de calidad del aire. Este informe contiene datos de unos 6743 asentamientos humanos, es decir, seis veces mas que los 1102 asentamientos de su primera publicacion en 2011, lo que demuestra que la contaminacion del aire se reconoce cada vez mas como una prioridad sanitaria a nivel mundial y nacional. Sin embargo, los progresos varian en todo el mundo. Mas del 90% de los asentamientos de la base de datos se encuentran en paises y regiones de ingresos altos y medios, principalmente en China, Europa, India y Norteamerica. La base de datos es esencial para aumentar la concienciacion sobre la contaminacion del aire y para calcular las exposiciones globales y la correspondiente carga de morbilidad atribuible a la contaminacion del aire. Este articulo describe los progresos realizados y los desafios que plantea la recopilacion de datos sobre la calidad del aire. La base de datos utiliza fuentes de datos oficiales a las que puede resultar dificil acceder y evaluar porque el control de la calidad del aire lo realizan diferentes organismos gubernamentales o utilizan metodos de control que varian. El sector sanitario puede utilizar estos datos sobre la calidad del aire para participar en debates sobre la vigilancia de la calidad del aire con el fin de proteger la salud publica y facilitar el compromiso multisectorial de los organismos de las Naciones Unidas para ayudar a los paises a cumplir las directrices de la OMS 2021 sobre la calidad del aire. Aunque los niveles de contaminacion del aire en la mayoria de los paises son superiores a los recomendados en las directrices, cualquier medida que adopten los responsables de formular politicas para reducir la contaminacion del aire contribuira a reducir la carga de la contaminacion del aire sobre la salud., Introduction Air pollution is a recognized, global health risk factor and is associated with close to 7 million deaths every year. (1) The availability of air quality data is essential [...]
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- 2023
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15. National nutrition surveillance programmes in 18 countries in South-East Asia and Western Pacific Regions: a systematic scoping review/ Programmes nationaux de surveillance nutritionnelle dans 18 pays des regions de l'Asie du Sud-Est et du Pacifique occidental: examen systematique de la portee/ Programas nacionales de vigilancia de la nutricion en 18 paises de las regiones de Asia Sudoriental y el Pacifico Occidental: una revision sistematica de alcance
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Peters, Remco, Li, Bai, Swinburn, Boyd, Allender, Steven, He, Zouyan, Lim, Sim Yee, Chea, Mary, Ding, Gangqiang, Zhou, Weiwen, Keonakhone, Phonesavanh, Vongxay, Maikho, Khamphanthong, Souphaxay, Selamat, Rusidah, Dayanghirang, Azucena, Abella, Ellen, Da Costa, Filipe, Chotivichien, Saipin, Ungkanavin, Narttaya, Truong, Mai Tuyet, Nguyen, Son Duy, and Poh, Bee Koon
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United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ,Malaysia. Ministry of Health ,Nutrition ,Public health ,Information management ,Information accessibility ,Health ,United Nations. Children's Fund - Abstract
Objective To identify and analyse ongoing nutrition-related surveillance programmes led and/or funded by national authorities in countries in South-East Asian and Western Pacific Regions. Methods We systematically searched for publications in PubMed(r) and Scopus, manually searched the grey literature and consulted with national health and nutrition officials, with no restrictions on publication type or language. We included low- and middle-income countries in the World Health Organization South-East Asia Region, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and China. We analysed the included programmes by adapting the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's public health surveillance evaluation framework. Findings We identified 82 surveillance programmes in 18 countries that repeatedly collect, analyse and disseminate data on nutrition and/or related indicators. Seventeen countries implemented a national periodic survey that exclusively collects nutrition-outcome indicators, often alongside internationally linked survey programmes. Coverage of different subpopulations and monitoring frequency vary substantially across countries. We found limited integration of food environment and wider food system indicators in these programmes, and no programmes specifically monitor nutrition-sensitive data across the food system. There is also limited nutrition-related surveillance of people living in urban deprived areas. Most surveillance programmes are digitized, use measures to ensure high data quality and report evidence of flexibility; however, many are inconsistently implemented and rely on external agencies' financial support. Conclusion Efforts to improve the time efficiency, scope and stability of national nutrition surveillance, and integration with other sectoral data, should be encouraged and supported to allow systemic monitoring and evaluation of malnutrition interventions in these countries. Objectif Identifier et analyser les programmes de surveillance nutritionnelle en cours, menes et/ou finances par les autorites nationales de pays des regions de l'Asie du Sud-Est et du Pacifique occidental. Methodes Nous avons effectue une recherche systematique de publications sur PubMed(r) et Scopus, mene des recherches manuelles dans la litterature grise et consulte des responsables nationaux de la sante et de la nutrition, sans restriction quant au type de publication ou a la langue. Nous avons inclus les pays a revenu faible et intermediaire de la region de l'Organisation mondiale de la sante pour l'Asie du Sud-Est et de l'Association des nations de l'Asie du Sud-Est, ainsi que la Chine. Nous avons analyse les programmes inclus en adaptant le cadre d'evaluation de la surveillance de la sante publique des Centers for Disease Control and Prevention des Etats-Unis. Resultats Nous avons identifie 82 programmes de surveillance dans 18 pays qui collectent, analysent et diffusent regulierement des donnees sur la nutrition et/ou des indicateurs lies. Dix-sept pays ont mis en reuvre une enquete nationale periodique qui recueille exclusivement des indicateurs de resultats nutritionnels, souvent parallelement a des programmes d'enquete lies a l'echelle internationale. La couverture des differentes sous-populations et la frequence de surveillance varient considerablement d'un pays a l'autre. Nous avons constate dans ces programmes une integration limitee des indicateurs portant sur l'environnement alimentaire et le systeme alimentaire au sens large, et aucun programme ne surveille specifiquement les donnees prenant en compte la nutrition dans l'ensemble du systeme alimentaire. La surveillance nutritionnelle des personnes vivant dans des zones urbaines defavorisees est egalement limitee. La plupart des programmes de surveillance existent sous une forme numerisee, recourent a des mesures pour garantir la qualite des donnees et font preuve de flexibilite, mais beaucoup sont mis en reuvre de maniere incoherente et dependent du soutien financier d'agences exterieures. Conclusion Les efforts visant a ameliorer l'efficacite temporelle, la portee et la stabilite de la surveillance nutritionnelle a l'echelle nationale, ainsi que l'integration avec d'autres donnees sectorielles, devraient etre encourages et soutenus afin de permettre un suivi et une evaluation systemiques des interventions en matiere de malnutrition dans ces pays. Objetivo Identificar y analizar los programas de vigilancia en curso relacionados con la nutricion que dirigen o financian las autoridades nacionales de los paises de las regiones de Asia Sudoriental y el Pacifico Occidental. Metodos Se realizaron busquedas sistematicas de publicaciones en PubMed(r) y Scopus, busquedas manuales en la literatura gris y consultas con funcionarios nacionales de salud y nutricion, sin restricciones de tipo de publicacion ni de idioma. Se incluyeron paises de ingresos bajos y medios de la Region de Asia Sudoriental de la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud y de la Asociacion de Naciones de Asia Sudoriental y China. Para analizar los programas incluidos se adapto el marco de evaluacion de la vigilancia de la salud publica de los Centros para el Control y la Prevencion de Enfermedades de Estados Unidos. Resultados Se identificaron 82 programas de vigilancia en 18 paises que recopilan, analizan y difunden repetidamente datos sobre nutricion o indicadores relacionados. Diecisiete paises aplicaron una encuesta periodica nacional que recopila exclusivamente indicadores de resultados nutricionales, por lo general junto con programas de encuestas internacionales. La cobertura de las diferentes subpoblaciones y la frecuencia del seguimiento varian sustancialmente de un pais a otro. Se hallo una integracion limitada de los indicadores del entorno alimentario y del sistema alimentario en general en estos programas y ningun programa supervisa especificamente los datos que tienen en cuenta la nutricion en todo el sistema alimentario. Tambien es limitada la vigilancia relacionada con la nutricion de las personas que viven en areas urbanas desfavorecidas. La mayoria de los programas de vigilancia estan digitalizados, utilizan medidas para garantizar la alta calidad de los datos y presentan evidencias de flexibilidad; sin embargo, muchos se aplican de forma incoherente y dependen del apoyo financiero de organismos externos. Conclusion Se deben fomentar y apoyar los esfuerzos para mejorar la eficiencia temporal, el alcance y la estabilidad de la vigilancia nacional de la nutricion, asi como la integracion con otros datos sectoriales, para permitir un seguimiento y una evaluacion sistemicos de las intervenciones contra la malnutricion en estos paises. [phrase omitted], Introduction In south-east Asia, low- and middle-income countries have a high burden from all forms of malnutrition, such as underweight, wasting, stunting and micronutrient deficiencies, obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases. [...]
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- 2023
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16. National public health law: a role for WHO in capacity-building and promoting transparency.
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Marks-Sultan G, Tsai FJ, Anderson E, Kastler F, Sprumont D, and Burris S
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- Capacity Building legislation & jurisprudence, Disaster Planning, Health Policy, Humans, Public Health Practice legislation & jurisprudence, Capacity Building organization & administration, Delivery of Health Care legislation & jurisprudence, Global Health legislation & jurisprudence, Public Health legislation & jurisprudence, World Health Organization organization & administration
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A robust health infrastructure in every country is the most effective long-term preparedness strategy for global health emergencies. This includes not only health systems and their human resources, but also countries' legal infrastructure for health: the laws and policies that empower, obligate and sometimes limit government and private action. The law is also an important tool in health promotion and protection. Public health professionals play important roles in health law - from the development of policies, through their enforcement, to the scientific evaluation of the health impact of laws. Member States are already mandated to communicate their national health laws and regulations to the World Health Organization (WHO). In this paper we propose that WHO has the authority and credibility to support capacity-building in the area of health law within Member States, and to make national laws easier to access, understand, monitor and evaluate. We believe a strong case can be made to donors for the funding of a public health law centre or unit, that has adequate staffing, is robustly networked with its regional counterparts and is integrated into the main work of WHO. The mission of the unit or centre would be to define and integrate scientific and legal expertise in public health law, both technical and programmatic, across the work of WHO, and to conduct and facilitate global health policy surveillance.
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- 2016
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17. Lessons from a global antimicrobial resistance surveillance network/Lecons tirees d'un reseau mondial de surveillance de la resistance aux antimicrobiens/Lecciones de una red mundial de vigilancia de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos
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Ruppe, Etienne
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Beta lactamases ,Drug resistance in microorganisms ,Antibacterial agents ,Public health ,Social networks ,Escherichia coli ,Health ,World Health Organization - Abstract
The World Health Organization developed the Tricycle surveillance programme to obtain a global picture of antimicrobial resistance, especially in countries with limited surveillance capacity. The programme was developed within a One Health perspective. Tricycle provides a framework for applying a standardized technical protocol to determining the prevalence of extended-spectrum [beta]-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in three sectors: the human, animal and environment sectors. Regular use of the protocol would enable information to be obtained on time trends and on inter- and intraregional variations, thereby generating dynamic data on antibacterial resistance for decision-makers. To date, 19 countries have begun implementing the Tricycle protocol, while other countries will start implementation in the coming years. The Network for Enhancing Tricycle ESBL Surveillance Efficiency (NETESE) was established to support countries implementing the Tricycle protocol. Currently, NETESE includes representatives from 15 institutions in eight low- or middle-income countries at different stages of Tricycle protocol implementation, and from four European countries involved in devising the protocol. This paper describes the Tricycle protocol, reports the initial experiences of NETESE participants with its implementation and discusses future challenges and opportunities. L'Organisation mondiale de la Sante a developpe le programme de surveillance Tricycle afin d'avoir une vue globale de la resistance aux antimicrobiens, en particulier dans les pays oU les capacites de surveillance sont limitees. Ce programme a ete mis au point selon l'approche <>. Tricycle etablit le cadre d'application d'un protocole technique standardise qui vise a mesurer la prevalence de souches d'Escherichia coli productrices de [beta]-lactamase a spectre etendu (BLSE) dans trois secteurs: humain, animal et environnemental. Lusage regulier du protocole permettrait d'obtenir des informations sur l'evolution dans le temps et les variations inter- et intraregionales, ce qui genererait des donnees dynamiques sur la resistance aux antimicrobiens pour les decideurs. A ce jour, 19 pays se sont lances dans la mise en place du protocole Tricycle, tandis que d'autres prevoient de le faire dans les annees a venir. Le reseau NETESE (Network for Enhancing Tricycle ESBL Surveillance Efficiency) a ete cree pour les aider a appliquer ce protocole. Actuellement, le reseau NETESE reunit des representants de 15 institutions dans huit pays a revenu faible ou intermediaire a differents stades de mise en oeuvre du protocole Tricycle, ainsi que quatre pays europeens impliques dans sa conception. Le present document decrit le protocole Tricycle, partage les premieres experiences des participants au reseau NETESE en matiere de deploiement, et aborde les futurs defis et opportunites qui y sont lies. La Organizacion Mundial de la Salud desarrollo el programa de vigilancia Tricycle para obtener un panorama global de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos, especialmente en paises con una capacidad de vigilancia limitada. El programa se creo desde la perspectiva One Health. Tricycle proporciona un marco que permite aplicar un protocolo tecnico estandarizado con el fin de determinar la prevalencia de Escherichia coli productora de [beta]-lactamasa de espectro extendido (ESBL) en tres sectores: el humano, el animal y el medio ambiente. El uso habitual del protocolo permitiria obtener informacion sobre las tendencias temporales y las variaciones inter e intrarregionales, generando asi datos dinamicos sobre la resistencia a los antibacterianos que resultarian utiles para los responsables de la toma de decisiones. Hasta la fecha, 19 paises han comenzado a implementar el protocolo Tricycle, mientras que otros paises comenzaran a aplicarlo en los proximos anos. La red NETESE (Network for Enhancing Tricycle ESBL Surveillance Efficiency), se creo para apoyar a los paises que implementan el protocolo Tricycle. Actualmente, NETESE esta formada por representantes de 15 instituciones de ocho paises con ingresos medios o bajos, que se encuentran en diferentes etapas de implementacion del protocolo Tricycle. Tambien incluye a representantes de cuatro paises europeos que intervienen en el diseno del protocolo. El presente documento describe el protocolo Tricycle, recoge las primeras experiencias de los participantes de NETESE durante la implementacion de dicho protocolo, y aborda tanto los retos como las oportunidades futuras. [phrase omitted], Introduction To provide a picture of antimicrobial resistance in humans, animals and the environment in all countries, especially those with limited surveillance capacity, the World Health Organization (WHO) Advisory Group [...]
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- 2023
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18. Legal capacities required for prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases/Capacites juridiques requises pour prevenir et maitriser les maladies non transmissibles/Fortalecer la capacidad juridica para la prevencion y el control de las enfermedades no contagiosas
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Magnusson, Roger S., McGrady, Benn, Gostin, Lawrence, Patterson, David, and Taleb, Hala Abou
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Public health ,Health ,European Union -- Officials and employees ,United Nations. General Assembly -- Officials and employees ,World Trade Organization -- Officials and employees - Abstract
Law lies at the centre of successful national strategies for prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. By law we mean international agreements, national and subnational legislation, regulations and other executive instruments, and decisions of courts and tribunals. However, the vital role of law in global health development is often poorly understood, and eclipsed by other disciplines such as medicine, public health and economics. This paper identifies key areas of intersection between law and noncommunicable diseases, beginning with the role of law as a tool for implementing policies for prevention and control of leading risk factors. We identify actions that the World Health Organization and its partners could take to mobilize the legal workforce, strengthen legal capacity and support effective use of law at the national level. Legal and regulatory actions must move to the centre of national noncommunicable disease action plans. This requires high-level leadership from global and national leaders, enacting evidence-based legislation and building legal capacities. [phrase omitted] [phrase omitted] Le droit est au coeur des strategies nationales efficaces de lutte contre les maladies non transmissibles. Par droit, nous entendons les accords internationaux, les legislations nationales et infranationales, les reglementations et autres instruments executifs, et les decisions des cours et des tribunaux. Cependant, le role vital du droit dans le developpement de la sante a l'echelle mondiale est souvent mal compris, et eclipse par d'autres disciplines telles que la medecine, la sante publique et l'economie. Cet article definit des domaines d'intersection cles entre le droit et les maladies non transmissibles, en commencant par le role du droit en tant qu'outil pour mettre en oeuvre des politiques visant a prevenir et maitriser les principaux facteurs de risque. Nous mettons en evidence des mesures que l'Organisation mondiale de la Sante et ses partenaires pourraient prendre pour mobiliser les professionnels du droit, renforcer les capacites juridiques et soutenir une utilisation efficace du droit au niveau national. Des mesures juridiques et reglementaires doivent etre placees au centre des plans d'action nationaux pour la lutte contre les maladies non transmissibles. Cela necessite un leadership de haut niveau de la part des dirigeants internationaux et nationaux, a travers l'adoption de lois fondees sur des donnees scientifiques et un renforcement des capacites juridiques. [phrase omitted] La ley es la clave del exito de las estrategias nacionales para la prevencion y el control de las enfermedades no contagiosas. Por ley entendemos los acuerdos internacionales, la legislacion nacional y subnacional, los reglamentos y otros instrumentos ejecutivos, asi como las decisiones de los tribunales y las cortes de justicia. Sin embargo, el papel vital de la ley en el desarrollo de la salud mundial a menudo no se comprende bien y se ve eclipsado por otras disciplinas como la medicina, la salud publica y la economia. Este documento identifica las areas clave de interseccion entre la ley y las enfermedades no contagiosas, empezando por el papel de la ley como herramienta para implementar politicas de prevencion y control de los principales factores de riesgo. Se determinan las medidas que la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud y sus asociados podrian adoptar para movilizar al personal legal, fortalecer la capacidad juridica y apoyar el uso eficaz de la legislacion a nivel nacional. Las acciones legales y reglamentarias deben pasar a ser el centro de los planes de accion nacionales para las enfermedades no contagiosas. Esto requiere un liderazgo de alto nivel por parte de los lideres mundiales y nacionales, para promulgar una legislacion basada en pruebas y crear capacidades juridicas., Abstracts in [phrase omitted] Francais, PyccKuu and Espanol at the end of each article. Introduction Noncommunicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, respiratory diseases and diabetes, cause an estimated 41 million [...]
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- 2019
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19. Fiscal policy to improve diets and prevent noncommunicable diseases: from recommendations to action/Politiques fiscales pour l'amelioration des habitudes alimentaires et la prevention des maladies non transmissibles: des recommandations aux actes/Una politica fiscal para mejorar las dietas y prevenir enfermedades no contagiosas: de la recomendacion a la accion
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Thow, Anne Marie, Downs, Shauna M., Mayes, Christopher, Trevena, Helen, Waqanivalu, Temo, and Cawley, John
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Public health ,Fiscal policy ,Beverages ,Diet ,Health ,World Health Organization -- Tax policy - Abstract
The World Health Organization has recommended that Member States consider taxing energy-dense beverages and foods and/ or subsidizing nutrient-rich foods to improve diets and prevent noncommunicable diseases. Numerous countries have either implemented taxes on energy-dense beverages and foods or are considering the implementation of such taxes. However, several major challenges to the implementation of fiscal policies to improve diets and prevent noncommunicable diseases remain. Some of these challenges relate to the cross-sectoral nature of the relevant interventions. For example, as health and economic policy-makers have different administrative concerns, performance indicators and priorities, they often consider different forms of evidence in their decision- making. In this paper, we describe the evidence base for diet-related interventions based on fiscal policies and consider the key questions that need to be asked by both health and economic policy-makers. From the health sector's perspective, there is most evidence for the impact of taxes and subsidies on diets, with less evidence on their impacts on body weight or health. We highlight the importance of scope, the role of industry, the use of revenue and regressive taxes in informing policy decisions. L'Organisation mondiale de la Sante a recommande aux Etats membres d'envisager de taxer les boissons et aliments a haute teneur energetique et/ou de subventionner les denrees riches en nutriments, en vue d'ameliorer les regimes alimentaires et de prevenir les maladies non transmissibles. Aujourd'hui, nombreux sont les pays a avoir instaure des taxes sur les boissons et aliments a haute teneur energetique ou a envisager de le faire. Neanmoins, d'importants defis subsistent pour la mise en application de ce type de politiques fiscales. Certains sont lies a la nature intersectorielle des interventions appropriees. Par exemple, comme les responsables des politiques economiques et les responsables des politiques de sante ont des preoccupations administratives, des priorites et des indicateurs de performances differents, ils s'appuient souvent sur differentes formes de donnees dans leur prise de decisions. Dans le present document, nous decrivons les donnees probantes susceptibles d'orienter les interventions sur l'alimentation fondees sur des politiques fiscales et nous evoquons les principales problematiques auxquelles doivent repondre a la fois les responsables des politiques economiques et les responsables des politiques de sante. D'un point de vue de sante publique, les preuves de l'impact des taxes et subventions sur les habitudes alimentaires sont plus nombreuses que les preuves de leur impact sur le poids ou la sante. Nous abordons egalement l'importance du perimetre d'action, le role de l'industrie, l'utilisation des recettes fiscales et la regressivite des taxes, dans l'optique d'eclairer les decisions politiques. La Organizacion Mundial de la Salud ha recomendado a los Estados Miembros considerar la posibilidad de aplicar un impuesto a las bebidas y los alimentos de alto contenido energetico y/o subvencionar los alimentos ricos en nutrientes para mejorar las dietas y prevenir enfermedades no contagiosas. Numerosos paises ya aplican impuestos a bebidas y alimentos de alto contenido energetico o consideran la implementacion de dichos impuestos. Sin embargo, persisten varios desafios importantes para la implementacion de politicas fiscales para mejorar las dietas y prevenir las enfermedades no contagiosas. Algunos de estos desafios estan relacionados con la naturaleza intersectorial de las Intervenciones correspondientes. Por ejemplo, puesto que los encargados de la formulacion de politicas de salud y economia tienen diferentes preocupaciones administrativas, indicadores de rendimiento y prioridades, a menudo tienen en cuenta diferentes formas de pruebas en su toma de decisiones. En este documento, se describe la base de pruebas para intervenciones relacionadas con la dieta basadas en politicas fiscales y se consideran las preguntas clave que deben formular tanto los responsables de la politica economica como de la de salud. Desde la perspectiva del sector de la salud, existen muchas pruebas del impacto de los impuestos y subsidios en las dietas, con menos pruebas de sus impactos sobre el peso o la salud corporal. Se destaca la importancia del alcance, el papel de la industria, el uso de los ingresos y los impuestos regresivos para informar sobre las decisiones politicas. [phrase omitted], Introduction In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the 'implementation of an effective tax on sugar-sweetened beverages' as one of several key measures to address childhood obesity. (1) This [...]
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- 2018
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20. Systems approaches to support action on physical activity.
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Rutter, Harry, Cavill, Nick, Bauman, Adrian, and Bull, Fiona
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EPIDEMICS , *HEALTH promotion , *HEALTH policy , *PUBLIC health , *SYSTEM analysis , *PHYSICAL activity , *NON-communicable diseases - Abstract
The authors comment on the article "Time for a causal systems map of physical activity" by J. Nuzzo and colleagues. Topics discussed include argument of the authors regarding criticisms of their paper, description of the initial physical activity system map they included in their paper, and core challenge inherent in a complex systems approach to physical activity promotion.
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- 2020
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21. Modelling the global economic costs of tobacco product waste/Modelisation de l'impact economique mondial des dechets generes par les produits du tabac/Modelacion de los costes economicos globales derivados de los residuos de los productos del tabaco
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Lam, Juleen, Schneider, John, Shadbegian, Ron, Pega, Frank, St Claire, Simone, and Novotny, Thomas E.
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Cellulose ,Tobacco industry ,Smokers ,Mortality ,Fiscal policy ,Medical policy ,Smoking ,Public health ,Cigarettes ,Health ,World Health Organization -- Economic policy ,United Nations. International Labour Organization -- Economic policy - Abstract
Tobacco smoking continues to cause considerable premature mortality and morbidity worldwide. Most of the approximately six trillion cigarettes sold globally each year are discarded improperly as toxic environmental waste. Tobacco product waste, including cigarette butts, is the most commonly collected waste item worldwide. Of particular concern is the cellulose acetate filter, a poorly degradable plastic additive attached to most commercially manufactured cigarettes. This filter was introduced by the tobacco industry to reduce smokers' perception of harm and risk but it has no health benefit. To inform health policy and practice and improve public health outcomes, governments and society can benefit from cost estimates of preventing, properly disposing of and/or cleaning up tobacco product waste. Estimating the costs of tobacco product waste to communities and responsible authorities could encourage the development of health, environmental and fiscal policy interventions and shift accountability for the costs of tobacco product waste onto the global tobacco industry. To support health and environmental policy-making, we therefore propose an empirical approach to estimate the economic costs of tobacco product waste based on its negative environmental externalities. We first present general estimates for six representative countries and then identify data gaps that need to be addressed to develop global estimates. Interventions against tobacco product waste may be new channels to regulate tobacco products across sectors--for example, health, environment and finance--and consequently reduce overall tobacco use. Le tabagisme continue a entrainer un taux de morbidite et de mortalite precoce considerable a travers le monde. La plupart des quelque six billions de cigarettes vendues chaque annee a l'echelle planetaire ne sont pas correctement eliminees et deviennent une source de pollution environnementale toxique. Les dechets lies aux produits du tabac, notamment les megots, sont les residus les plus frequemment collectes dans le monde. C'est surtout le filtre qui pose probleme car il est compose d'acetate de cellulose, un additif plastique difficilement biodegradable que l'on retrouve dans la majorite des cigarettes commercialisees. Ce filtre a ete introduit par l'industrie du tabac afin de donner aux fumeurs l'impression qu'ils courent moins de risques, alors qu'il n'a aucun effet benefique sur la sante. Les gouvernements et la societe pourraient recolter les fruits d'une estimation des couts engendres par la prevention, l'elimination correcte et/ou le nettoyage des dechets lies aux produits du tabac, qui leur permettrait de mieux orienter les politiques et pratiques en la matiere, mais aussi d'ameliorer les resultats de sante publique. Estimer l'impact de ces dechets sur les communautes et les autorites competentes pourrait encourager a adopter des mesures sanitaires, environnementales et fiscales, et pousser a responsabiliser davantage l'industrie mondiale du tabac vis-a-vis des couts qu'ils entrainent. En vue de soutenir l'elaboration de politiques sanitaires et environnementales, nous proposons donc une approche empirique visant a determiner les consequences economiques des dechets generes par les produits du tabac en nous fondant sur l'influence nefaste qu'ils exercent sur l'environnement. Nous commencons par presenter des estimations globales pour six pays representatifs, puis nous identifions les lacunes a combler dans les donnees afin de produire des estimations mondiales. Prendre des mesures de lutte contre ce type de dechets pourrait constituer un nouveau moyen de reglementer les produits du tabac dans differents secteurs comme la sante, l'environnement et les finances par exemple--et, par consequent, faire diminuer la consommation de tabac en general. El tabaquismo sigue causando una considerable tasa de mortalidad y morbilidad prematura en todo el mundo. La mayor parte de los casi seis billones de cigarrillos que se venden cada ano en el mundo se desechan de forma inadecuada como residuos toxicos para el medio ambiente. Los residuos de los productos del tabaco, incluidas las colillas, son los que mas se recogen en todo el mundo. Un aspecto especialmente preocupante es el filtro de acetato de celulosa, un aditivo plastico poco degradable que se adhiere a la mayoria de los cigarrillos fabricados en el mercado. La industria del tabaco introdujo este filtro para reducir la percepcion de dano y riesgo de los fumadores, pero no tiene ningun beneficio para la salud. A fin de fundamentar las politicas y practicas sanitarias y mejorar los resultados en materia de salud publica, los gobiernos y la sociedad se pueden beneficiar de las estimaciones de costes de la prevencion, la eliminacion adecuada o la limpieza de los residuos de productos del tabaco. La estimacion de los costes de los residuos de productos del tabaco para las comunidades y las autoridades responsables podria fomentar el desarrollo de intervenciones de politica sanitaria, medioambiental y fiscal y trasladar la responsabilidad de los costes de los residuos de productos del tabaco a la industria del tabaco mundial. Para apoyar la elaboracion de politicas sanitarias y medioambientales, se propone un enfoque empirico para estimar los costes economicos de los residuos de los productos del tabaco en funcion de sus consecuencias negativas para el medio ambiente. En primer lugar, se presentan estimaciones generales para seis paises representativos y, a continuacion, se identifican las deficiencias de informacion que se deben abordar para desarrollar estimaciones globales. Las intervenciones contra los residuos de productos del tabaco pueden constituir canales nuevos para regular los productos del tabaco en todos los sectores, por ejemplo, la salud, el medio ambiente y las finanzas, y, en consecuencia, reducir el consumo general de tabaco., Introduction Tobacco smoking contributes greatly to premature mortality and morbidity for millions of people worldwide every year. Tobacco product waste, including cigarette butts, smokeless products and cigar remnants, packaging, and [...]
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- 2022
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22. Towards a global plastics treaty: The passing of an effective global plastics treaty slated for 2024 would have major implications for public health
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Humphreys, Gary
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Plastics industry ,Public health ,Plastic containers ,Plastics ,Health - Abstract
Hugh Shim knows what failure looks like. It goes floating past his office every day in the form of the plastic bottles, food containers and shopping bags that end up [...]
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- 2023
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23. Community participation for transformative action on women's, children's and adolescents' health.
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Marston, Cicely, Hinton, Rachael, Kean, Stuart, Baral, Sushil, Ahuja, Arti, Costello, Anthony, and Portela, Anayda
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MORTALITY prevention , *CHILD health services , *CHILDREN'S health , *COMMUNITY health services , *HEALTH promotion , *HUMAN rights , *MEDICAL care , *HEALTH policy , *PUBLIC health , *RESPONSIBILITY , *SOCIAL justice , *ADOLESCENT health , *WOMEN'S health , *COMMUNITY support , *PATIENT-centered care , *HEALTH & social status - Abstract
The Global strategy for women's, children's and adolescents' health (2016-2030) recognizes that people have a central role in improving their own health. We propose that community participation, particularly communities working together with health services (co-production in health care), will be central for achieving the objectives of the global strategy. Community participation specifically addresses the third of the key objectives: to transform societies so that women, children and adolescents can realize their rights to the highest attainable standards of health and well-being. In this paper, we examine what this implies in practice. We discuss three interdependent areas for action towards greater participation of the public in health: improving capabilities for individual and group participation; developing and sustaining people-centred health services; and social accountability. We outline challenges for implementation, and provide policy-makers, programme managers and practitioners with illustrative examples of the types of participatory approaches needed in each area to help achieve the health and development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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24. Public health information for minority linguistic communities
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Carlo, Pierpaolo Di, McDonnell, Bradley, Vahapoglu, Lisa, Good, Jeff, Seyfeddinipur, Mandana, and Kordas, Katarzyna
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Natural language interfaces ,Public health ,Computational linguistics ,Language processing ,Health - Abstract
Crisis and emergency risk communication guidelines (1) stress that the success of a communication campaign is determined by how well its design reflects the diversity of the intended audience. Of [...]
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- 2022
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25. Improvements to a framework for gender and emerging infectious diseases
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Lawry, Lynn Lieberman, Lugo-Robles, Roberta, and McIver, Vicki
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Communicable diseases ,Public health ,Coronaviruses ,Health ,World Health Organization - Abstract
Sex and gender issues are important during pandemics and epidemics; however, they are routinely overlooked. In emerging infectious disease contexts, sex and gender factors affect the vulnerability, exposure risk, treatment [...]
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- 2021
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26. Legislating for public accountability in universal health coverage, Thailand/Reglementer la reddition de comptes publique en matiere de couverture sanitaire universelle, Thailande/Legislando para la responsabilidad publica en la cobertura sanitaria universal, Tailandia
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Kantamaturapoj, Kanang, Kulthanmanusorn, Anond, Witthayapipopsakul, Woranan, Viriyathorn, Shaheda, Patcharanarumol, Walaiporn, Kanchanachitra, Churnrurtai, Wibulpolprasert, Suwit, and Tangcharoensathien, Viroj
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Banks (Finance) ,Medically uninsured persons ,National health insurance ,Public health ,Local government -- Thailand ,Health care reform ,Health ,Australia. National Health Security Act 2007 ,World Bank Group. World Bank - Abstract
Sustaining universal health coverage requires robust active public participation in policy formation and governance. Thailand's universal coverage scheme was implemented nationwide in 2002, allowing Thailand to achieve full population coverage through three public health insurance schemes and to demonstrate improved health outcomes. Although Thailand's position on the World Bank worldwide governance indicators has deteriorated since 1996, provisions for voice and accountability were embedded in the legislation and design of the universal coverage scheme. We discuss how legislation related to citizens' rights and government accountability has been implemented. Thailand's constitution allowed citizens to submit a draft bill in which provisions on voice and accountability were successfully embedded in the legislative texts and adopted into law. The legislation mandates registration of beneficiaries, a 24/7 helpline, annual public hearings and no-fault financial assistance for patients who have experienced adverse events. Ensuring the right to health services, and that citizens' voices are heard and action taken, requires the institutional capacity to implement legislation. For example, Thailand needed the capacity to register 47 million people and match them with the health-care provider network in the district where they live, and to re-register members who move out of their districts. Annual public hearings need to be inclusive of citizens, health-care providers, civil society organizations and stakeholders such as local governments and patient groups. Subsequent policy and management responses are important for building trust in the process and citizens' ownership of the scheme. Annual public reporting of outcomes and performance of the scheme fosters transparency and increases citizens' trust. Maintenir la couverture sanitaire universelle exige une forte participation publique a l'elaboration des politiques et a la gouvernance. En Thailande, le regime de couverture universelle a ete mis en reuvre dans tout le pays en 2002, permettant de couvrir l'ensemble de la population grace a trois regimes publics d'assurance maladie et d'ameliorer les resultats de sante. Bien que la position de la Thailande concernant les Indicateurs de gouvernance mondiaux de la Banque mondiale se soit deterioree depuis 1996, des dispositions en matiere d'expression et de reddition de comptes ont ete integrees a la legislation et a la structure du regime de couverture universelle. Nous discutons ici de la mise en reuvre de la legislation relative aux droits des citoyens et a la reddition de comptes du gouvernement. En vertu de la constitution de la Thailande, les citoyens ont pu soumettre un projet de loi dont les dispositions en matiere d'expression et de reddition de comptes ont ete integrees aux textes legislatifs et transposees dans la loi. La legislation rend obligatoire l'enregistrement des beneficiaires, une assistance telephonique 24h/24 et 7 j/7, des auditions publiques annuelles et une aide financiere systematique pour les patients qui ont ete victimes d'evenements indesirables. Pour garantir le droit a des services de sante, permettre aux citoyens de faire entendre leur voix et s'assurer que des mesures soient prises, les institutions doivent etre en mesure d'appliquer la legislation. Par exemple, la Thailande devait pouvoir enregistrer 47 millions de personnes et les rattacher au reseau de prestataires de soins du district ou elles vivaient, et reenregistrer les personnes qui changeaient de district. Les auditions publiques annuelles doivent faire participer les citoyens, les prestataires de soins, les organisations de la societe civile et les parties prenantes telles que les collectivites locales et les groupes de patients. Les reponses qui en decoulent au point de vue des politiques et de la gestion sont importantes pour instaurer la confance dans le processus et permettre aux citoyens de se l'approprier. Les rapports annuels publics sur les resultats du regime de couverture permettent d'accroitre la transparence et de renforcer la confance des citoyens. Para mantener la cobertura sanitaria universal se requiere una solida participacion activa del publico en la formulacion de politicas y la gobernanza. El plan de cobertura universal de Tailandia se implemento en todo el pais en 2002, lo que permitio a Tailandia lograr una cobertura completa de la poblacion a traves de tres planes de seguro medico publico y demostrar mejores resultados en materia de salud. Aunque la posicion de Tailandia respecto de los Indicadores mundiales de gobernanza del Banco Mundial ha disminuido desde 1996, las disposiciones relativas a la voz y la rendicion de cuentas estaban incorporadas en la legislacion y en el diseno del plan de cobertura universal. Se discute como se ha implementado la legislacion relacionada con los derechos de los ciudadanos y la rendicion de cuentas del gobierno. La Constitucion de Tailandia permitia a los ciudadanos presentar un proyecto de ley en el que las disposiciones sobre la voz y la rendicion de cuentas se incorporaban con exito en los textos legislativos y se aprobaban como ley. La legislacion exige el registro de los beneficiarios, una linea telefonica de ayuda 24 horas al dia los 7 dias de la semana, audiencias publicas anuales y asistencia financiera gratuita para los pacientes que han sufrido eventos adversos. Para garantizar el derecho a los servicios de salud y que se escuche la voz de los ciudadanos y se adopten medidas, es necesario contar con la capacidad institucional para aplicar la legislacion. Por ejemplo, Tailandia necesitaba la capacidad de inscribir a 47 millones de personas y ponerlas en contacto con la red de proveedores de servicios de salud del distrito en el que viven, y de volver a inscribir a los miembros que se trasladan fuera de sus distritos. Las audiencias publicas anuales deben incluir a los ciudadanos, los proveedores de servicios de salud, las organizaciones de la sociedad civil y las partes interesadas, como los gobiernos locales y los grupos de pacientes. Las respuestas politicas y de gestion subsiguientes son importantes para generar confianza en el proceso y en la apropiacion del plan por parte de los ciudadanos. El informe publico anual sobre los resultados y el rendimiento del plan fomenta la transparencia y aumenta la confianza de los ciudadanos., Introduction The World Bank worldwide governance indicators (1) comprise six dimensions of governance: voice and accountability; political stability and absence of violence; government effectiveness; regulatory quality; rule of law; and [...]
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- 2020
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27. Addressing barriers to primary health-care services for noncommunicable diseases in the African Region
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Tesema, Azeb, Joshi, Rohina, Abimbola, Seye, Ajisegiri, Whenayon Simeon, Narasimhan, Padmanesan, and Peiris, David
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Health care reform ,Lung diseases -- Risk factors ,Health care industry ,Public health ,Cardiovascular diseases -- Risk factors ,Mail receiving and forwarding services ,Health care industry ,Health ,University of New South Wales - Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) Package of essential noncommunicable disease interventions (known as WHO PEN) was designed for the prevention, early detection, treatment and care of diabetes, cancer, chronic respiratory [...]
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- 2020
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28. Commercial determinants of health: advertising of alcohol and unhealthy foods during sporting events/Determinants commerciaux de la sante: publicite pour des boissons alcooliques et des aliments peu sains lors d'evenements sportifs/Los determinantes comerciales de la salud: publicidad de bebidas alcoholicas y alimentos poco saludables durante eventos deportivos
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Ireland, Robin, Bunn, Christopher, Reith, Gerda, Philpott, Matthew, Capewell, Simon, Boyland, Emma, and Chambers, Stephanie
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Coca-Cola Co. (Atlanta, Georgia) -- Advertising ,World Cup (Soccer) -- Advertising ,Soft drink industry ,Sports sponsorship ,Advertising ,International business enterprises ,Public health ,Type 2 diabetes ,Alcoholic beverages ,Health ,World Health Organization ,Fédération Internationale de Football Association ,Premier League - Abstract
Tobacco, alcohol and foods that are high in fat, salt and sugar generate much of the global burden of noncommunicable diseases. We therefore need a better understanding of how these products are promoted. The promotion of tobacco products through sporting events has largely disappeared over the last two decades, but advertising and sponsorship continues by companies selling alcohol, unhealthy food and sugar-sweetened beverage. The sponsorship of sporting events such as the Olympic Games, the men's FIFA World Cup and the men's European Football Championships in 2016, has received some attention in recent years in the public health literature. Meanwhile, British football and the English Premier League have become global events with which transnational companies are keen to be associated, to promote their brands to international markets. Despite its reach, the English Premier League marketing and sponsorship portfolio has received very little scrutiny from public health advocates. We call for policy-makers and the public health community to formulate an approach to the sponsorship of sporting events, one that accounts for public health concerns. Le tabac, l'alcool et les aliments riches en graisse, en sel et en sucre generent la plus large partie de la charge mondiale des maladies non transmissibles. Il est donc necessaire de mieux comprendre la maniere dont ces produits sont promus. La promotion des produits du tabac dans le cadre d'evenements sportifs a largement disparu au cours des vingt dernieres annees, mais la publicite et le sponsoring par des entreprises qui vendent de l'alcool, des produits alimentaires peu sains et des boissons sucrees sont encore d'actualite. Depuis quelques annees, la litterature sur la sante publique commence a porter son attention sur le sponsoring d'evenements sportifs, tels que les Jeux olympiques, la Coupe du monde masculine de la FIFA ou encore le Championnat d'Europe de football masculin de 2016. Mais dans le meme temps, le football britannique et la Premier League anglaise sont devenus des evenements mondiaux auxquels les multinationales aiment etre associees pour promouvoir leurs marques aupres de marches internationaux. Malgre leur portee, le marketing et le sponsoring de la Premier League anglaise semblent negliges par les defenseurs de la sante publique. Nous appelons les decideurs politiques et la communaute de sante publique a elaborer une approche pour le sponsoring d'evenements sportifs qui reponde aux enjeux de sante publique. El tabaco, el alcohol y los alimentos que son ricos en grasa, como la sal y el azucar, generan gran parte de la carga mundial de enfermedades no contagiosas. Por tanto, necesitamos una mejor comprension de la forma en que se promueven estos productos. La promocion de los productos del tabaco a traves de eventos deportivos ha desaparecido en gran medida en las ultimas dos decadas, pero la publicidad y el patrocinio continuan por parte de las empresas que venden alcohol, alimentos poco saludables y bebidas azucaradas. El patrocinio de eventos deportivos como los Juegos Olimpicos, la Copa Mundial de la FIFA masculina y el Campeonato de Futbol Europeo del 2016 ha recibido cierta atencion en los ultimos anos en la bibliografia sobre salud publica. Mientras tanto, el futbol britanico y la Premier League inglesa se han convertido en eventos globales con los que las empresas transnacionales estan dispuestas a asociarse, para promocionar sus marcas ante los mercados internacionales. A pesar de su alcance, la cartera de comercializacion y patrocinio de la Premier League inglesa apenas han sido objeto de escrutinio por parte de los defensores de la salud publica. Pedimos a los responsables de la formulacion de politicas y a la comunidad de la salud publica que formulen un enfoque para el patrocinio de eventos deportivos, que tenga en cuenta estas preocupaciones sobre la salud publica., Introduction Noncommunicable diseases, including cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, cancers and type 2 diabetes, cause an estimated 41 million deaths per year globally, of which 15 million occur between the ages [...]
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- 2019
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29. Ensuring access to affordable, timely vaccines in emergencies
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Kate, Elder, Barbara, Saitta, Tanja, Ducomble, Miriam, Alia, Ryan, Close, Suzanne, Scheele, Elise, Erickson, Rosalind, Scourse, Patricia, Kahn, and Greg, Elder
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Pfizer Inc. -- Prices and rates ,Vaccines -- Prices and rates ,Public health ,Decision making ,Vaccination ,Pharmaceutical industry -- Prices and rates ,Company pricing policy ,Health ,World Health Organization ,United Nations. Children's Fund - Abstract
Vaccination is an effective intervention to reduce disease, disability, death and health inequities worldwide. Over the last two decades, vaccines have become more accessible in low-income countries; however, significant gaps [...]
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- 2019
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30. Controlling hepatitis C in Rwanda: a framework for a national response/Controler l'hepatite C au Rwanda: cadre pour une action nationale/Control de la Hepatitis C en Rwanda: un marcco para una respuesta naciona
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Mbituyumuremyi, Aimable, Van Nuil, Jennifer No, Umuhire, Jeanne, Mugabo, Jules, Mwumvaneza, Mutagoma, Makuza, Jean Damascene, Umutesi, Justine, Nsanzimana, Sabin, and Gupta, Neil
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Health care costs -- Control ,Antiviral agents ,Public health ,Hepatitis C -- Prevention -- Care and treatment -- Control ,Health ,World Health Organization - Abstract
With the introduction of direct-acting antiviral drugs, treatment of hepatitis C is both highly effective and tolerable. Access to treatment for patients, however, remains limited in low- and middle-income countries due to the lack of supportive health infrastructure and the high cost of treatment. Poorer countries are being encouraged by international bodies to organize public health responses that would facilitate the roll-out of care and treatment on a national scale. Yet few countries have documented formal plans and policies. Here, we outline the approach taken In Rwanda to a public health framework for hepatitis C control and care within the World Health Organization hepatitis health sector strategy. This Includes the development and implementation of policies and programmes, prevention efforts, screening capacity, treatment services and strategic information systems. We highlight key successes by the national programme for the control and management of hepatitis C: establishment of national governance and planning; development of diagnostic capacity; approval and introduction of direct-acting antiviral treatments; training of key personnel; generation of political will and leadership; and fostering of key strategic partnerships. Existing challenges and next steps for the programme include developing a detailed monitoring and evaluation framework and tools for monitoring of viral hepatitis. The government needs to further decentralize care and integrate hepatitis C management into routine clinical services to provide better access to diagnosis and treatment for patients. Introducing rapid diagnostic tests to public health-care facilities would help to increase case- finding. Increased public and private financing is essential to support care and treatment services. Grace a l'introduction d'antiviraux a action directe, le traitement de l'hepatite C est a la fois tres efficace et bien tolere. Neanmoins, l'acces des patients au traitement demeure limite dans les pays a revenu faible et intermediaire en raison du manque d'infrastructures sanitaires de soutien et du cout eleve du traitement. Les pays pauvres sont encourages par des organismes internationaux a elaborer des mesures, de sante publique qui faciliteraient la mise en place de soins et de traltements a l'echelle nationale. Peu de pays ont cependant etabli des politiques et des plans officiels. Dans cet article, nous presentons l'approche adoptee au Rwanda a l'egard d'un cadre de sante publique pour le controle de l'hepatite C et les soins qui lui sont associes dans le contexte de la strategie du secteur de la sante contre l'hepatite de l'Organisation mondiale de la Sante. Cela inclut le developpement et la mise en oeuvre de politiques et de programmes, d'efforts de prevention, de capacites de depistage, de services de traitement et de systemes d'information strategiques. Nous mettons en avant les principaux success du programme national pour le controle et la gestion de l'hepatite C: l'etablissement d'une gouvernance et d'une plantation nationales; le renforcement des capacites de diagnostic; l'approbation et l'introduction de traitements antiviraux a action directe; la formation de personnel d'encadrement; le developpement d'une volonte et d'un leadership politiques; et la promotion de partenariats strategiques cles. Les enjeux actueis et les prochaines etapes du programme incluent l'elaboration d'un cadre detaille de suivi et devaluation, ainsi que des outils pour le suivi de l'hepatite virale. Le gouvernement doit favoriser la decentralisation des soins et integrer la gestion de l'hepatite C aux services cliniques courants afin de fournir aux patients un meilleur acces au diagnostic et au traitement. L'utilisation de tests de diagnostic rapide dans les etablissements publics de sante permettrait d'ameliorer le depistage. II est essentiel d'augmenter les financements publics et prives poursoutenir les services de soins et de traitement. Con la introduccion de los farmacos antiviricos de accion directa, el tratamiento de la hepatitis C es altamente eficaz y tolerable. Sin embargo, el acceso al tratamiento por parte de los pacientes sigue siendo limitado en los paises de Ingresos medios y bajos, debido a la falta de infraestructuras sanitarias de apoyo y a los altos costos del tratamiento. Los organismos internacionales alientan a los paises mas pobres a organizar respuestas de salud publica que podrian facilitar la puesta en marcha de atencion y tratamiento a escala nacional. Sin embargo, son pocos los paises que han documentado planes y politicas formales. En el presente estudio, esbozamos el enfoque adoptado en Rwanda para un marco de salud publica para el control y la atencion de la hepatitis C dentro de la estrategia del sector de la salud contra la hepatitis de la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud. Este Incluye la elaboracion y aplicacion de politicas y programas, medidas preventivas, capacidad de cribado, servicios de tratamiento y sistemas de informacion estrategica. Destacamos los exitos clave del programa nacional para el control y tratamiento de la hepatitis C: establecimiento de la gobernanza y planificacion nacional; desarrollo de capacidad diagnostica; aprobacion e introduccion de tratamientos antiviricos de accion directa;formacion de personal clave; generacion de voluntad politica y liderazgo; y promocion de asociaciones estrategicas clave. Los desafios actuales y los proximos pasos del programa incluyen el desarrollo de un marco de seguimiento y evaluacion detallado, asi como herramientas para el seguimiento de la hepatitis viral. El gobierno necesita descentralizartodavia mas la atencion e integrar la gestion de la hepatitis C en los servicios clinicos corrientes para proporcionar un mejor acceso al diagnostico y tratamiento de los pacientes. La introduccion de pruebas diagnosticas rapidas en los centros de atencion de salud publica ayudaria a aumentar la busqueda de casos. El aumento de la financiacion publica y privada es esencial para apoyar los servicios de atencion y tratamiento., Introduction Worldwide, an estimated 71 million people, 1% of the global population, are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). (1) The prevalence in sub-Saharan countries is significantly higher. In [...]
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- 2018
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31. Scaling-up antiretroviral therapy in Malawi/Elargir l'acces aux traitements antiretroviraux au Malawi/Ampliacion de la terapia antirretroviral en Malawi
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Jahn, Andreas, Harries, Anthony D., Schouten, Erik J., Libamba, Edwin, Ford, Nathan, Maher, Dermot, and Chimbwandira, Frank
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Management science ,Highly active antiretroviral therapy ,Public health ,HIV ,Antiretroviral agents ,Company business planning ,Health ,World Health Organization -- Planning - Abstract
Problem In Malawi, health-system constraints meant that only a fraction of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and in immediate need of antiretroviral treatment (ART) received treatment. Approach In 2004, the Malawian Ministry of Health launched plans to scale-up ART nationwide, adhering to the principle of equity to ensure fair geographical access to therapy. A public health approach was used with standardized training and treatment and regular supervision and monitoring of the programme. Local setting Before the scale-up, an estimated 930 000 people in Malawi were HIV-infected, with 170 000 in immediate need of ART. About 3000 patients were on ART in nine clinics. Relevant changes By December 2015, cumulatively 872 567 patients had been started on ART from 716 clinics, following national treatment protocols and using the standard monitoring system. Lessons learnt Strong national leadership allowed the ministry of health to implement a uniform system for scaling-up ART and provided benchmarks for implementation on the ground. New systems of training staff and accrediting health facilities enabled task-sharing and decentralization to peripheral health centres and a standardized approach to starting and monitoring ART. A system of quarterly supervision and monitoring, into which operational research was embedded, ensured stocks of drug supplies at facilities and adherence to national treatment guidelines. Probleme Au Malawi, en raison des contraintes du systeme de sante, seule une petite partie des personnes atteintes du virus de l'immunodeficience humaine (VIH) ayant besoin d'un traitement antiretroviral (TAR) immediat pouvaient en beneficier. Approche En 2004, le ministere de la Sante a lance des plans visant a elargir l'acces aux TAR dans tout le pays et a assurer l'accessibilite geographique equitable de ces traitements. La demarche s'est axee sur la sante publique, avec des formations et des traitements standardises ainsi qu'une supervision et un controle reguliers du programme. Environnement local Avant cette initiative, le Malawi comptait environ 930 000 personnes atteintes du VIH, dont 170 000 qui avaient besoin d'un TAR immediat. Environ 3000 patients etaient sous TAR, dans neuf cliniques. Changements significatifs En decembre 2015, au total, 872 567 patients avaient debute un TAR dans 716 cliniques, suivant les protocoles nationaux de traitement et dans le cadre du systeme normalise de suivi. Lecons tirees La forte mobilisation nationale a permis au ministere de la Sante de mettre en place un systeme uniformise afin d'elargir l'acces aux TAR et a fourni des points de reference pour sa mise en oeuvre sur le terrain. Les nouveaux systemes de formation du personnel et d'accreditation des etablissements de sante ont permis de partager les taches et de les decentraliservers les centres de sante peripheriques, tout en adoptant une demarche standardisee pour le commencement et le suivi des TAR. Les stocks de medicaments dans les etablissements ainsi que le respect des directives nationales en matiere de traitements ont ete assures grace a un systeme de supervision et de controle trimestriels qui integrait des aspects de recherche operationnelle. Situacion Las restricciones del sistema sanitario en Malawi dieron lugar a que unicamente una fraccion de las personas afectadas por el virus de la inmunodeficienda humana (VIH) con necesidades inmediatas de obtener un tratamiento antirretroviral (TAR) recibiera tratamiento. Enfoque En 2004, el Ministerio de Sanidad de Malawi lanzo planes para aumentar los TAR en todo el pais, adhiriendose al principio de equidad para garantizar el acceso geografico justo a la terapia. Se utilizo un enfoque de salud publica con una formacion y tratamiento estandarizados, asi como la supervision y control habituales del programa. Marco regional Antes del aumento, habia alrededor de 930 000 personas infectadas con VIH en Malawi, 170 000 de ellas con una necesidad inmediata de obtener TAR. Alrededor de 3 000 pacientes recibieron TAR en nueve clinicas. Cambios importantes En diciembre de 2015, de forma acumulativa, 872 567 pacientes comenzaron con TAR en 716 clinicas, siguiendo los protocolos de tratamiento nacionales y utilizando el sistema de supervision estandar. Lecciones aprendidas Un fuerte liderazgo nacional permitio al ministerio de sanidad implementar un sistema uniforme para aumentar los TAR y ofrecio referencias para su implementacion en el terreno. Los nuevos sistemas de formacion del personal y acreditacion de instalaciones sanitarias permitieron el reparto de tareas y la descentralizacion a los centros sanitarios perifericos, asi como un enfoque estandarizado para comenzar y supervisar los TAR. El sistema de supervision y control trimestral, al que se Incorporo una investigacion operativa, garantizo reservas de medicamentos en las instalaciones y el cumplimiento de las directrices nacionales para el tratamiento., Introduction Malawi is a low-income country with an estimated population of 16 million in 2012. (1) In 2004, approximately 930 000 Malawians were thought to be infected with human immunodeficiency [...]
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32. Medicines quality assurance to fight antimicrobial resistance
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Nwokike, Jude, Clark, Aubrey, and Nguyen, Phillip P.
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United States. Agency for International Development -- Planning -- International economic relations ,Quality control -- Planning ,Public health ,Microbial drug resistance ,Company business planning ,Quality control ,Health ,World Health Assembly -- Planning ,World Health Organization -- Planning - Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is increasingly the focus of global attention. The adoption of resolution 68.7 at the 68th World Health Assembly (1) was pivotal in the ongoing fight against antimicrobial resistance, [...]
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- 2018
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33. Policy options for extending standardized tobacco packaging
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Hoek, Janet and Gendall, Philip
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Smoking ,Brand identity ,Youth ,Public health ,Tobacco industry -- Marketing ,Tobacco products -- Marketing ,Company marketing practices ,Health ,World Health Organization - Abstract
Smoking is a public health problem that will cause 1 billion deaths in the 21st century, if current smoking patterns persist. (1) Tobacco companies' aggressive marketing has fostered tobacco use [...]
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- 2017
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34. Primary health care: realizing the vision
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Barkley, Shannon, Marten, Robert, Reynolds, Teri, Kelley, Edward, Dalil, Suraya, Swaminathan, Soumya, and Ghaffar, Abdul
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National health insurance ,Public health ,COVID-19 ,Primary health care ,Health - Abstract
Primary health care is the cornerstone of a strong health system and accelerates progress towards universal health coverage (UHC) and the sustainable development goals (SDGs). A primary healthcare approach includes [...]
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- 2020
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35. Emergency, critical and operative care services for effective primary care
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Reynolds, Teri A., Guisset, Ann-Lise, Dalil, Suraya, Relan, Pryanka, Barkley, Shannon, and Kelley, Edward
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Hospitals ,Health planning ,Public health ,Health ,World Health Assembly - Abstract
A primary health-care approach to service delivery places primary care at the core of integrated health services, ensuring that systems are responsive to people's needs, values and preferences. At its [...]
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- 2020
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36. Ensuring an inclusive global health agenda for transgender people
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Thomas, Rebekah, Pega, Frank, Khosla, Rajat, Verster, Annette, Hana, Tommy, and Say, Lale
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Transgender people ,Gender identity ,Public health ,Sustainable development ,Health ,United Nations. General Assembly -- Health policy ,World Health Organization -- Health policy - Abstract
There is a growing commitment in public health to understand and improve the health and well-being of transgender people and other gender minorities, who comprise an estimated 0.3-0.5% (25 million) [...]
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- 2017
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37. Health system requirements for hearing care services
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Chadha, Shelly, Kamenov, Kaloyan, and Cieza, Alarcos
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Health care industry ,Public health ,Health care industry ,Health ,World Health Assembly ,World Health Organization - Abstract
Hearing loss is a public health challenge. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 466 million people experience moderate or higher levels of hearing loss and that this number could [...]
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- 2019
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38. More health workers needed for universal health coverage: Despite efforts to boost its health workforce, Bangladesh is struggling to make progress towards universal coverage of health services
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Cousins, Sophie
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Medical personnel ,Health care reform ,Pregnant women ,Public health ,National health insurance ,Workers ,Women ,Health ,World Health Organization -- Health policy - Abstract
On a stifling afternoon at Kunipara slum in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, a group of women sit cross-legged on the floor of a health centre.The women, who live in [...]
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- 2018
39. Lessons learnt during 20 years of the Swedish strategic programme against antibiotic resistance
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Christer Norman, Christina Åhrén, Karin Tegmark Wisell, Olov Aspevall, Katarina Hedin, Cecilia Stålsby-Lundborg, Otto Cars, Sonja Löfmark, Mats Erntell, Gunilla Skoog, Karin Carlin, Lars Blad, Håkan Hanberger, Jenny Hellman, and Sigvard Mölstad
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0301 basic medicine ,Economic growth ,medicine.medical_specialty ,030106 microbiology ,Resistance (psychoanalysis) ,Drug resistance ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Antibiotic resistance ,Drug Resistance, Bacterial ,Global health ,medicine ,Infection control ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Medical prescription ,Sweden ,Public health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology ,Bacterial Infections ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Government Programs ,Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi ,Streptococcus pneumoniae ,Work (electrical) ,Policy & Practice ,Population Surveillance ,Communicable Disease Control ,Business - Abstract
Increasing use of antibiotics and rising levels of bacterial resistance to antibiotics are a challenge to global health and development. Successful initiatives for containing the problem need to be communicated and disseminated. In Sweden, a rapid spread of resistant pneumococci in the southern part of the country triggered the formation of the Swedish strategic programme against antibiotic resistance, also known as Strama, in 1995. The creation of the programme was an important starting point for long-term coordinated efforts to tackle antibiotic resistance in the country. This paper describes the main strategies of the programme: committed work at the local and national levels; monitoring of antibiotic use for informed decision-making; a national target for antibiotic prescriptions; surveillance of antibiotic resistance for local, national and global action; tracking resistance trends; infection control to limit spread of resistance; and communication to raise awareness for action and behavioural change. A key element for achieving long-term changes has been the bottom-up approach, including working closely with prescribers at the local level. The work described here and the lessons learnt could inform countries implementing their own national action plans against antibiotic resistance.L'utilisation croissante d'antibiotiques et l'augmentation de la résistance bactérienne aux antibiotiques constituent un défi pour le développement et la santé mondiaux. Il est nécessaire de communiquer et de diffuser les initiatives qui parviennent à contenir ce problème. En Suède, la propagation rapide de pneumocoques résistants dans le sud du pays en 1995 a conduit à la formation du Programme stratégique suédois contre la résistance aux antibiotiques, également connu sous le nom de Strama. La création de ce programme a été un point de départ important pour coordonner des efforts sur le long terme afin de lutter contre la résistance aux antibiotiques dans le pays. Cet article décrit les principales stratégies du programme: engagement aux niveaux local et national; suivi de l'utilisation d'antibiotiques afin de prendre des décisions en connaissance de cause; objectif national de prescription d'antibiotiques; surveillance de la résistance aux antibiotiques pour agir au niveau local, national et mondial; observation des tendances de résistance; lutte contre les infections afin de limiter la progression de la résistance; communication afin d'inciter à l'action et au changement des comportements. L'adoption d'une démarche ascendante a été un élément clé pour favoriser les changements à long terme, notamment la collaboration étroite avec les prescripteurs au niveau local. Le travail qui est décrit ici et les enseignements tirés pourraient aider les pays à mettre en œuvre leur propre plan d'action national contre la résistance aux antibiotiques.El creciente uso de antibióticos y el aumento de los niveles de resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos son un desafío para la salud y el desarrollo mundiales. Es necesario comunicar y difundir iniciativas de éxito para contener el problema. En Suecia, una rápida propagación de neumococos resistentes en el sur del país desencadenó la formación del programa estratégico sueco contra la resistencia a los antibióticos, también conocido como Strama, en 1995. La creación del programa fue un importante punto de partida de los esfuerzos coordinados a largo plazo para combatir la resistencia a los antibióticos en el país. En este artículo se describen las principales estrategias del programa: labores dedicadas a nivel local y nacional, supervisión del uso de antibióticos para tomar decisiones fundamentadas, un objetivo nacional para las recetas de antibióticos, vigilancia de la resistencia a los antibióticos para la acción local, nacional y global; seguimiento de las tendencias de resistencia, control de las infecciones para reducir la propagación de la resistencia y comunicación para sensibilizar sobre las medidas y el cambio de comportamiento. Un elemento clave para conseguir cambios a largo plazo ha sido en enfoque ascendente, que incluye trabajar estrechamente con los médicos a nivel local. El trabajo aquí descrito y las lecciones aprendidas podrían ofrecer información a los países que implementan sus propios planes de medidas nacionales contra la resistencia a los antibióticos.يشكل الاستخدام المتزايد للمضادات الحيوية وارتفاع مستويات المقاومة البكتيرية للمضادات الحيوية تحديًا يواجه الصحة والتنمية العالمية. لذلك نحن بحاجة إلى توصيل ونشر مبادرات ناجحة لاحتواء المشكلة، حيث أدى الانتشار السريع في السويد لبكتريا المكورات الرئوية المقاومة في الجزء الجنوبي من البلد إلى تشكيل البرنامج الاستراتيجي السويدي ضد مقاومة المضادات الحيوية في عام 1995، والذي يُعرف كذلك باسم Strama. وقد مثّل إطلاق البرنامج نقطة انطلاق هامة للجهود المنسقة الطويلة الأجل لمواجهة مقاومة المضادات الحيوية في البلاد. ويصف التقرير الاستراتيجيات الأساسية للبرنامج كما يلي: الالتزام بالعمل على المستويات المحلية والوطنية، ومراقبة استخدام المضادات الحيوية لاتخاذ القرارات المستنيرة، واستهداف وطني للوصفات الطبية للمضادات المحلية، ومراقبة مقاومة المضادات الحيوية لاتخاذ إجراءات محلية ووطنية وعالمية، ورصد نزعات المقاومة، ومكافحة العدوى للحد من انتشار المقاومة، والتواصل لزيادة الوعي للعمل والتغير السلوكي. ويتمثل العنصر الرئيسي لتحقيق التغييرات على المدى الطويل في اتباع نهج تصاعدي، والعمل بشكل وثيق مع مقدمي الوصفات الطبية على المستوى المحلي. ويمكن للعمل الموضح في هذه الدراسة والدروس المستفادة أن تساعد البلدان على تنفيذ خططها للعمل الوطني ضد مقاومة المضادات الحيوية.抗生素用量的不断增加和细菌抗生素耐药性水平的不断增强已经成为威胁全球健康和发展的难题。我们需要交流和传播遏制该问题的成功举措。在瑞典南部迅速蔓延的耐药性肺炎双球菌推动了 1995 年瑞典抗生素耐药性应对战略计划(也称作 Strama)的制定。该计划的制定是长期协调努力解决该国抗生素耐药性问题的重要起点。本文描述了该计划的主要战略:致力于从地方和全国层面开展工作;监控抗生素的使用以制定明智的决策;设定抗生素处方的全国性目标;监督抗生素耐药性的地方、全国和全球措施;追踪耐药性发展趋势;控制感染以限制耐药性的传播;加强宣传以增强行动和行为转变意识。实现长期转变的关键因素是采取自下而上的方式,包括与地方层面的处方开具人员开展密切合作。本文描述的工作内容和经验教训可告知其他实施全国性应对抗生素耐药性行动计划的国家。.Все большее использование антибиотиков и повышение резистентности бактерий к антибиотикам являются проблемой для глобального здоровья и развития. Необходимо поддерживать взаимодействие с успешными инициативами по сдерживанию проблемы и распространять о них информацию. В Швеции быстрое распространение резистентных пневмококков в южной части страны послужило причиной формирования в 1995 году шведской стратегической программы по борьбе с резистентностью к антибиотикам, также известной как Strama. Создание программы стало важной отправной точкой для долгосрочных скоординированных усилий по борьбе с резистентностью к антибиотикам в этой стране. В этом документе описываются основные стратегии программы: целенаправленная работа на местном и национальном уровнях, мониторинг использования антибиотиков с целью принятия обоснованных решений, национальная цель по назначению антибиотиков, наблюдение за резистентностью к антибиотикам для принятия действий на местном, национальном и глобальном уровнях, отслеживание тенденций резистентности, контроль инфекций с целью ограничения распространения резистентности, взаимодействие для повышения осведомленности о действиях и изменение поведенческих схем. Ключевым элементом в достижении долгосрочных изменений был подход «снизу вверх» при тесном сотрудничестве на местном уровне с врачами, назначающими лекарственные препараты. Описанная здесь работа и полученный опыт могли бы помочь странам реализовать свои собственные национальные программы действий против резистентности к антибиотикам.
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- 2017
40. National public health law: a role for WHO in capacity-building and promoting transparency
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Scott Burris, Géraldine Marks-Sultan, Feng Jen Tsai, Florian Kastler, Dominique Sprumont, and Evan D. Anderson
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Capacity Building ,Public health law ,Disaster Planning ,Public administration ,Global Health ,World Health Organization ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine ,Global health ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Health policy ,030503 health policy & services ,Public health ,Health Policy ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Transparency (behavior) ,Health promotion ,Policy & Practice ,Preparedness ,Public Health Practice ,Health law ,Business ,Public Health ,0305 other medical science ,Delivery of Health Care - Abstract
A robust health infrastructure in every country is the most effective long-term preparedness strategy for global health emergencies. This includes not only health systems and their human resources, but also countries' legal infrastructure for health: the laws and policies that empower, obligate and sometimes limit government and private action. The law is also an important tool in health promotion and protection. Public health professionals play important roles in health law - from the development of policies, through their enforcement, to the scientific evaluation of the health impact of laws. Member States are already mandated to communicate their national health laws and regulations to the World Health Organization (WHO). In this paper we propose that WHO has the authority and credibility to support capacity-building in the area of health law within Member States, and to make national laws easier to access, understand, monitor and evaluate. We believe a strong case can be made to donors for the funding of a public health law centre or unit, that has adequate staffing, is robustly networked with its regional counterparts and is integrated into the main work of WHO. The mission of the unit or centre would be to define and integrate scientific and legal expertise in public health law, both technical and programmatic, across the work of WHO, and to conduct and facilitate global health policy surveillance.Avoir une infrastructure sanitaire solide dans chaque pays est la meilleure stratégie à long terme de préparation aux urgences sanitaires mondiales. Il s'agit non seulement des systèmes de santé et de leurs ressources humaines, mais aussi de l'infrastructure juridique des pays en matière de santé: les lois et les politiques qui permettent, obligent et parfois limitent l'action du gouvernement et du secteur privé. La législation est également un outil important pour la promotion et la protection de la santé. Les professionnels de la santé publique jouent un rôle important vis-à-vis de la législation sanitaire - de l'élaboration des politiques à leur application, en passant par l'évaluation scientifique de l'impact des lois sur la santé. Les États membres sont déjà chargés de faire part de leurs lois et règlements nationaux en matière de santé à l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS). Le présent article suggère que l'OMS, qui dispose de l'autorité et de la crédibilité pour le faire, participe au renforcement des capacités dans le domaine de la législation sanitaire des États membres et facilite l'accès, la compréhension, le contrôle et l'évaluation des lois nationales. Des arguments convaincants peuvent être présentés aux bailleurs de fonds pour le financement d'un centre ou d'une unité de législation de la santé publique qui disposerait du personnel nécessaire, entretiendrait de solides relations avec ses homologues régionaux et serait intégré aux principaux travaux de l'OMS. La mission de cette unité ou de ce centre consisterait à définir et intégrer l'expertise scientifique et juridique dans la législation de la santé publique, sur le plan technique et programmatique, dans le cadre des travaux de l'OMS, et à réaliser et faciliter la surveillance des politiques sanitaires mondiales.Una infraestructura sanitaria firme en todos los países es la estrategia de preparación más eficaz a largo plazo para tratar las emergencias sanitarias en todo el mundo. Esto no solo incluye los sistemas sanitarios y sus recursos humanos, sino también la infraestructura legal para la salud de cada país: las leyes y políticas que facultan, obligan y, en ocasiones, limitan la acción privada y del gobierno. La legislación también es una herramienta importante para el fomento y la protección de la salud. Los profesionales de la salud pública tienen funciones fundamentales en la legislación sanitaria: desde el desarrollo de políticas a través de su puesta en vigor, hasta la evaluación científica del impacto sanitario de las leyes. Ya se ha encomendado a los Estados Miembros que comuniquen sus leyes y normativas de salud nacionales a la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Este artículo propone que la OMS tenga la autoridad y credibilidad para dar apoyo a la creación de capacidad de las leyes sanitarias de los Estados Miembros, y para facilitar el acceso, la comprensión, la supervisión y la evaluación de las leyes nacionales. Creemos que hay argumentos firmes a favor de las contribuciones para la financiación de un centro o unidad de derecho de salud pública que cuente con el personal adecuado, tenga un sistema de redes sólido con sus contrapartes regionales y esté integrado con el trabajo principal de la OMS. La misión de la unidad o centro sería definir e integrar la experiencia científica y legal en la ley de salud pública, tanto en el aspecto técnico como programático, a través del trabajo de la OMS, así como dirigir y facilitar el control de las políticas sanitarias globales.إن إنشاء بنية تحتية قوية للصحة في كل بلد يمثل استراتيجية التأهب الأكثر فعالية على المدى الطويل لحالات الطوارئ الصحية العالمية. وهذا الأمر لا يشمل فقط أنظمة الصحة والموارد البشرية الخاصة بها، وإنما يمتد أيضًا ليشمل البنية التحتية القانونية للصحة في البلدان، بما يشمل: القوانين والسياسات التي تعمل على تمكين وفرض الإجراءات الحكومية والخاصة وأحيانًا الحد من تأثيرها. ويمثل القانون أيضًا أداةً مهمة في مجال حماية الصحة وتشجيع الحفاظ عليها. ويؤدي المتخصصون في مجال الصحة العامة أدوارًا هامة في قانون الصحة – بداية ًمن وضع السياسات، حتى إنفاذها، ونهايةً بإجراء التقييم العلمي عن التأثير الصحي للقوانين. تم إلزام الدول الأعضاء بالفعل بإعلام منظمة الصحة العالمية بقوانينها الصحية الوطنية ولوائحها التنظيمية. نقترح في هذه الدراسة منح منظمة الصحة العالمية الصلاحية والمصداقية لدعم بناء القدرات في مجال القوانين الصحية داخل نطاق الدول الأعضاء، وتسهيل الاطلاع على القوانين الوطنية وفهمها ومتابعتها وتقييمها بشكلٍ أكبر. ونحن نعتقد أنه يمكن تقديم عرض مُقنِع للجهات المانحة لتمويل مركز أو وحدة قانون الصحة العامة، التي يتواجد فيها عدد كافٍ من الموظفين، والتي يتم توصيلها بشبكة قوية بنظيراتها الإقليمية، مع دمجها في نطاق العمل الرئيسي لمنظمة الصحة العالمية. وعلى أن تتمثل مهمة الوحدة أو المركز في تحديد ودمج الخبرات العلمية والقانونية في قانون الصحة العامة، لكل من الخبرات التقنية والبرمجية، وذلك عبر نطاق الأعمال التي تؤديها منظمة الصحة العالمية، والعمل على إجراء أعمال مراقبة السياسة الصحية العالمية وتسهيلها.在每个国家建立稳健的卫生基础设施是应对全球性卫生突发事件最有效的长期准备战略。 这不仅包括卫生系统及其人力资源,而且还包括各国有关卫生的法律基础设施: 赋予权力、义务并且有时限制政府和民间活动的法律和政策。 法律也是促进卫生和卫生防护的重要工具。 从政策的制定、执行,到科学评估法律对卫生的影响——公共卫生专业人员在卫生法律中发挥重要的作用。 成员国必须将其国家卫生法律和法规传达给世界卫生组织。 在本文中,我们建议世界卫生组织凭借其权威性和公信力在成员国中支持卫生法律领域的能力建设,并且使国家法律更加便于查阅、了解、监控和评估。 我们认为应强力主张捐助方为公共卫生法律中心或部门提供经费,使这些中心或部门配备足够的工作人员,与区域内的同行稳健地联网并且融入世界卫生组织的主要工作中。 这些部门或中心的任务将是在世界卫生组织的整个工作范围内确定与整合公共卫生法律中的科学与法律专业知识(包括技术和程序知识),并且开展和促进全球卫生政策监督。.Поддержание сильной инфраструктуры системы здравоохранения в каждой стране является наиболее эффективной долгосрочной стратегией обеспечения готовности к чрезвычайным ситуациям в области мирового здравоохранения. В данном случае под инфраструктурой понимаются не только системы здравоохранения и их людские ресурсы, но и правовая инфраструктура стран в области здравоохранения, а именно законы и положения, которые расширяют возможности, налагают обязательства и иногда вводят ограничения для деятельности правительств и частных лиц. Законодательство также является важным инструментом укрепления и охраны здоровья. Профессиональные работники сферы общественного здравоохранения играют важные роли в сфере здравоохранительного права, от разработки стратегий, их реализации до научной оценки воздействия законов на здоровье. Государства-участники уже приняли на себя обязательство сообщать Всемирной организации здравоохранения (ВОЗ) о своих национальных законах и правилах, относящихся к области здравоохранения. В данной статье высказывается предположение, что ВОЗ обладает достаточным авторитетом и репутацией для поддержки наращивания потенциала в сфере здравоохранительного права государств-участников и для облегчения доступа к внутренним законам, их понимания, отслеживания и оценки. Авторы уверены, что существуют веские доводы, которые можно привести донорам, в пользу финансирования ориентированного на сферу общественного здравоохранения юридического центра или группы, которые располагали бы кадровым составом соответствующего уровня подготовки, прочными связями со своими региональными партнерами и были бы вовлечены в основную деятельность ВОЗ. Миссия этой группы или центра заключалась бы в определении научных и юридических знаний (как технических, так и программных), их внедрении в законодательство, относящееся к общественному здравоохранению, во всех областях деятельности ВОЗ, а также в осуществлении надзора за политикой в сфере мирового здравоохранения и содействии ему.
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- 2016
41. Campaigning for a fact-based approach to health journalism: Gary Schwitzer argues that--when it comes to reporting on health and medicine--the news media in the United States of America are often out of touch with the public they purport to serve
- Author
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Fleck, Fiona
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Journalists ,Public health ,Health - Abstract
Q: How did you become interested in public health? A: As a newsroom reporter 25 or more years ago, I remember realizing that I didn't want to follow blindly what [...]
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- 2017
42. Community health worker programmes after the 2013–2016 Ebola outbreak
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Henry B. Perry, Ketan Chitnis, Mamady Camara, Robert Camara, Ranu S Dhillon, Daniel Palazuelos, Tolbert Nyenswah, Joseph Kandeh, Rajesh Panjabi, Alain K. Koffi, and Anne Liu
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Economic growth ,business.industry ,030503 health policy & services ,Public health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,International health ,Sierra leone ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Health promotion ,Environmental health ,Community health ,medicine ,Global health ,Health education ,030212 general & internal medicine ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Health policy ,Perspectives - Abstract
The 2013-2016 Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa exposed an urgent need to strengthen health surveillance and health systems in low-income countries, not only to improve the health of populations served by these health systems but also to promote global health security. (1) Chronically fragile and under-resourced health systems (2) enabled the initial outbreak in Guinea to spiral into an epidemic of over 28 616 cases and 11310 deaths (as of 5 May 2016) (3) in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, requiring an unprecedented global response that is still ongoing. Control efforts were hindered by gaps in the formal health system and by resistance from the community, fuelled by fear and poor communication. Lessons learnt from this Ebola outbreak have raised the question of how the affected countries, and other low-income countries with similarly weak health systems, can build stronger health systems and surveillance mechanisms to prevent future outbreaks from escalating. (4) Factors that were important in the growth and persistence of the Ebola virus outbreak were lack of trust in the health system at the community level, the spread of misinformation, deeply embedded cultural practices conducive to transmission (e.g. burial customs), inadequate reporting of health events and the public's lack of access to health services. (1) Community health workers are in a unique position to mitigate these factors through surveillance for danger signs and mobilization of communities when an outbreak has been identified. In this paper we make the case for investing in robust national community health worker programmes as one of the strategies for improving global health security, for preventing future catastrophic infectious disease outbreaks and for strengthening health systems. Community health workers provide health education, gather information and deliver basic curative and preventive services at the community and household levels. They were first deployed in China nearly a century ago and have been deployed by both nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and national governments over the past half-century. (5) Although community health workers play diverse roles, they share common features: they receive limited formal training and are recruited from and work in their own communities. (6) They are therefore uniquely positioned to promote healthy household practices and appropriate health-care-seeking behaviours. Large-scale national community health worker programmes are the cornerstones of primary health-care systems in many countries that have been pacesetters in improving the health of their populations, such as Brazil, Ethiopia, Malawi, Nepal and Rwanda. (7) Yet the failure of several national community health worker programmes in the 1970s and 1980s resulted in a loss of momentum for the movement. As a result of the growing success of the current programmes, (5,7) there is renewed global interest in using community health workers to strengthen primary health-care systems towards the goals of achieving universal health coverage and ending preventable child and maternal deaths. During the most recent Ebola outbreak, community health workers played several important roles. They worked with community leaders, going house to house to provide important information about Ebola and searching for active cases and contacts, (8) and they helped local religious leaders to expand their education and outreach strategies, especially in efforts to reduce transmission during funerals and burials. Many community-based agents, including community health workers working with NGOs, were deployed for contact tracing, community sensitization, promotion of epidemiologically and culturally appropriate protective practices, and data collection. (8) Networks of community health workers played key roles in limiting the spread of Ebola virus infection within Nigeria in July 2014. (9) Community health workers who were normally engaged in polio eradication initiatives were rapidly redeployed to detect patients with Ebola virus and trace their contacts. …
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- 2016
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