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• Good documentation practice is the foundation for promoting medication safety in young population. • Study identified poor documentation practice through paper and electronic means of medical records. • Newly introduced electronic medical records did not improve the rates of metabolic monitoring nor the quality of documented monitoring. • Youth are at significant risk for antipsychotic induced metabolic syndrome the repercussion of which may impact years of productivity. • Potentially electronic health records could provide health workers with real-time information access, and develop accurate, relevant and structured information thereby adhering to clinical evidence. Since the development of digital records, claims have been made that they improve audits. Clinical audits play important role in evaluation of evidence-practice gaps. Antipsychotic medications are one of the commonly prescribed group of drugs in severe adverse mental conditions. Youth and young people are highly prone to develop drug induced metabolic syndrome. Present study evaluated the extent of data documentation on evidence for metabolic monitoring of antipsychotics and compared paper based to electronic records with good documentation standards. First phase of this study involved a retrospective clinical audit of paper-based documentation on the extent of documentation of weight (primary outcome); lipid and blood glucose (secondary outcomes) of youth prescribed atypical antipsychotics. This was undertaken in three public mental health clinics and a public/private developmental service in Australia based on paper-based documentation. The second phase included auditing electronic data capture from one community clinic. Evidence of documentation was compared with practice standards and published clinical audits (adherence rate benchmark: 40–60%). A total of 310 cases were assessed of which 51 and 37 cases met the eligibility criteria for paper-based and electronic based audit respectively as a component of clinical audit. Evidence of paper documentation of weight was 43% among participants and was comparable with other published clinical audits (p = 0.07) with poor monitoring rates for other blood tests. Findings revealed poor rate of documentation at 35.1% (13 cases), 5.4% (2 cases) and 8.1% (3 cases) for weight, lipid assessments and glucose monitoring, respectively based on electronic records. Present study demonstrate lack of good documentation practices on metabolic monitoring of youth prescribed antipsychotics. It appears transitioning from paper to electronic records did not impact the rate of increase in documentation of metabolic monitoring. This study recommends inclusion of e-monitoring icon with built in metabolic monitoring chart as a component of youth prescribed antipsychotic case records. Good documentation practice is a first step in determination of causality of antipsychotics induced metabolic syndrome. Appropriate strategies to a user-friendly electronic reminder system will be crucial to address on the mechanistic of documentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Childcare policy responses towards Covid-19 differed in European welfare states. • Policy responses cause informalization of childcare to different degrees. • Informalization of childcare is mainly connected with social risks for women. • Cultural and institutional differences help to understand varying policy responses. The closure of extra-familial childcare facilities by European governments in 2020 was an important part of interventions against the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. One consequence was that childcare was provided by parents at home, mainly by women. As a result, women mainly experienced financial and employment risks related to this "informalization" of childcare. The childcare policies of European welfare states differ in the extent to which they include measures to reduce the social risks related to informalization. Against this backdrop, this paper asks: How should one understand cross-national differences in childcare policies during the pandemic? We are also particularly interested in the effects of childcare policies on the social risks connected with the informalization of childcare and what these mean for the gendered division of paid work and care. Differences in childcare policies during the pandemic are commonly explained in terms of the path dependence of such policies. Using the theoretical approach of "care arrangement," this article introduces a broader theoretical framework that considers the role of cultural and institutional factors for understanding the cross-national differences in childcare policies during the pandemic. We introduce the findings of a comparative empirical study of childcare policies in three European welfare states—Denmark, Germany and England—that represent different types of care arrangements. This paper uses policy and media documents, quantitative data on childcare and women's employment, cultural ideas and secondary analysis of empirical studies. We find that governments did not per se respond to the pandemic based on institutional path dependence regarding childcare policies, while the integration of culture into the theoretical framework allows for a more comprehensive understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Many mental health disorders first emerge during early childhood or adolescence. • Wait times for children's mental health services have been an international and widespread problem. • Long wait times prolong the emotional distress of children and/or adolescents and their caregivers which can exacerbate mental health difficulties. • The majority of research in this area has been conducted in the United Kingdom and Canada and focus on one waitlist strategy. • Common strategies include alternative service delivery models, increasing system capacity, and improving intake and assessment processes. Background: Although many mental health disorders first emerge during early childhood or adolescence, there is a significant gap between demand and availability of mental health resources, leading to long waitlists for services. Objective: The objective of this scoping review was to identify and characterize the research literature related to the range of waitlist management strategies that have been implemented in outpatient child and adolescent mental health care. Methods: Electronic databases reviewed included: Medline (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), PubMed, PsychINFO, SCOPUS, CINAHL, and ISI Web of Science. Grey literature databases included: OpenGrey, Conference Papers Index, and Proquest Digital Dissertations. Articles were screened by two reviewers in two steps: first by title and abstract, then full text level. Data were extracted using an a-priori developed data extraction framework, which was piloted and modified iteratively. Results: A total of 119 papers related to waitlist interventions in child and adolescent mental health were reviewed. Of these 119 papers, 11% were reviews, summary, or theoretical papers; 8% used a randomized control trial design and 2.5% were trial protocols. Most studies used less rigorous designs, such as uncontrolled before-and- after designs. The large majority focused on just one waitlist strategy each. The most commonly used approaches included: prioritization/triage and initial assessment; brief consultation and advice or brief therapy approaches; group-based models; interim services; increasing capacity; and strategies to decrease non-attendance. Most studies were conducted in the United Kingdom or Canada. Discussion: While mental health systems are complex, most studies examining waitlist initiatives explored the implementation of single initiatives. It is unlikely that a single waitlist strategy can be effective in managing wait times for children's mental health. Rather, consistent and systemic approaches to address wait times that consider the impact of the reduction approach on the patient, the program, and the community are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Family Support as an approach to supporting and protection children, young people and parents. • Pan-European issues involved in family support. • A social justice perspective on supporting and protection children, young people and parents. • Implications for policy, practice, research, evaluation and academia. • Based on a wider range of academic, policy and practice contributions. Family support as an approach to working with children, youth, parents, and families is widely practiced across Europe albeit with a range of diverse meanings and interpretations. This paper responds to this ambiguity and provides a conceptual understanding of the delivery of family support in Europe. In doing so it applies a social justice approach critically examining the extent to which Family Support reflects the right of families, children, youth, and parents to be supported. It identifies and critically examines similarities and differences in the meaning and application of family support as a key concept in the European context. It is based on a comprehensive review of literature, mapping multi-disciplinary approaches to the provision of support, based on academic material from 2015 to 2020 and adopting a broad and inclusive definition of family. The paper considers the complexities in developing a universally accepted understanding of family support that: has value for practitioners and managers; is selected as a focus by policy makers; is open to evaluation and research; is compatible with academic research; and most importantly provides responsive and effective support to children, youth, parents and families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Value system of a society is often shaped by its constitution, affecting how society perceives family. • Modern constitutional provisions on family implicitly lean towards traditional family forms. • The notion of Family Support is rarely expressly mentioned in constitutions of European countries. • Family Support is seen as a part of supervision authority or general duty of states to assist families. • More inclusive constitutional provisions with a constructive, rights-based approach are needed. This paper aims to explore the extent in which contemporary constitutional concepts of the family influence the recognition of the importance and the implementation of family support in European context. The authors start from the premise that constitutions lay the foundation for national legislation and policy, at the same time indicating a state's recognition of internationally agreed standards in a given field. Considering family support as a human right, the authors reflect on the meaning of constitutional protection vis a vis policies and practices of providing support to children and families and look into family related constitutional provisions of various European countries. Building upon the work of the European Family Support Network – COST Action 18123, the key elements of constitutional protection of families are identified, having a direct effect on the conceptualization and delivery of family support. In conclusion, considering the place and significance afforded to family support in national constitutions, the paper offers a classification of constitutions in that respect and evaluates the implications of constitutional regulation on family support policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concerns about child supervision are present in a large proportion of the circumstances responded to by North American child protection systems. This paper examines different perspectives on low-supervision, from parental-deficit to critical-ecological formulations, to address two questions that are central to assessing reports: why low-supervision is deemed to be harmful, and why low-supervision events occur The implications of this knowledge for child protection system responses is explored, and the conceptualization and application of supervisory neglect as a maltreatment category is critically questioned in order to tease apart what this label may represent in practice. The paper considers how thinking could be reframed to make supervisory neglect a more discrete classification which informs subsequent action, including centering the environmental hazard in supervisory neglect formulations and giving primacy to the impact on the child rather than to parent behavior. The role of normative thinking in decision-making and the risk of perpetuating social inequalities and oppressive power is also considered. More research is required to examine responses and outcomes under current systems of practice, and how child protection workers and systems reflexively analyze reports. In addition, more societal dialogue is needed to prevent widespread risk-averse thinking about how children should be supervised, which can reinforce restrictive child protection policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A scoping study provides a better understanding of how local authorities in China support care-experienced young people. • Twenty-two social policies in China are mapped and examined. • Across localities, housing and employment services are prioritised to support care-experienced young people. • Current policy responses are insufficient, and people's opportunities to access the stipulated support are quite limited. An increasing amount of attention is being paid to young people with care experience on an international scale. They are often associated with negative outcomes after leaving care, such as low educational attainment, unstable housing, job instability and social exclusion. While many countries have prescribed social policies for supporting them for a more fruitful transition out of care, there is little information available in the context of China at local levels. Given this, this paper maps and examines existing local policies, exploring how local authorities support care-experienced young people in China. To achieve, it adopts a scoping review. The findings highlight (i) China's local polices as a whole prescribe a variety of services, resources, and/or measures to support care-experienced young people, of which housing and employment are at the top of the list; (ii) current policy responses are insufficient, and opportunities of this group of people to access the stipulated support are quite limited. The findings of this study indicate that policymakers need to improve local policies in order to make them more operable, sophisticated, and comprehensive, so that care-experienced young people can reap the greatest benefits from them. Also, a national leaving-care policy that provides guidance to local authorities should be considered, adding consistency and clarity to relevant policies across the country. The limitations of this paper relate mainly to its review methods, which point to the need to expand data sources and conduct cross-reviews to enhance the findings' credibility and robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The method of this paper is a critical literature review with qualitative thematic analysis, on the topic of disability, child protection and the internet. • This study found that disabled children are at greatly increased risk of child maltreatment above their non-disabled peers, whilst unique complexities are documented around disabled perpetrators of abuse toward children. • Findings from this research study attempts to broaden parents and guardians, safeguarding professionals, policy makers and scholars' conceptual understanding of the impact of pervasive internet use on the unique complexities that disability presents for child protection within the digital world. • Key learning for future safeguarding practice is presented towards keeping children safe, in the context of a rapidly encroaching world wide web, and its complex social implications. Findings are presented from a critical literature review on child protection and welfare risks and the opportunities of internet use related to disability. There is evidence of unique complexities and substantially increased risks and barriers to effective safeguarding practice, at the intersection of disability, internet use and child protection. This is further complicated by the surge in internet usage leading the vast majority of children in contemporary western societies to be deeply ensconced in virtual worlds. We present findings of a critical literature review with qualitative thematic analysis applied to a sample of 33 key documents. The premise of this paper is to broaden conceptual understanding of the opportunities and risks of internet use by children and adults with disabilities in the context of child protection and welfare practice. This paper is relevant to parents, guardians, safe guarding practitioners and academics. This paper highlights key learning for future safeguarding practice, further research and scholarly work, towards keeping children safe, in the context of a rapidly expanding digital world, and its complex social implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Permanent supportive housing (PSH) is one setting which aims to provide stability and community to those who have experienced homelessness. • PSH has not been widely studied with young adults. • This paper uses mixed method to explore how young adult residents experience psychological sense of community (PSOC) before and after moving into PSH. • We find that building community takes time and requires opportunities for voices to be heard, along with ongoing personal growth (often related to substance use recovery). • Future PSH settings for young people should consider how to support residents in their individual journeys, and in building community. Amidst chronic stressors and ongoing instability, many young people who have experienced homelessness and housing instability find communities and settings which offer support and care. Permanent Supportive Housing (PSH) is one setting which aims to provide stability and community to those who have experienced homelessness, but it has not been widely studied with young adults (ages 18–25 upon moving into PSH). This paper employs a longitudinal convergent mixed methods approach – with quantitative and qualitative survey data over 1.5 years – to explore how young adult residents (N = 27 at T1; N = 20 at T2, N = 13 at T3) experience sense of community before and after moving into PSH. Using McMillan and Chavis' (1986) four-part Psychological Sense of Community (PSOC) framework to frame data collection and analysis, we find that residents' sense of community is shaped by an ongoing negotiation of personal and collective needs. Building community takes time and requires opportunities for voices to be heard (and shape change), along with ongoing personal growth – especially related to substance use recovery. Our findings offer insights for future PSH settings for young people – as well as other residential and community settings which aim to support young people. We suggest the need for future research which explores the tension of policy decision making, about substance use for example, in low-barrier support services like PSH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Instability often overshadowed young people's experiences of being in care. • Disrupted schooling could have a devastating impact on academic confidence. • School was frequently described by participants as a key source of support. • Stigmatisation was a significant theme in participants' narratives of school. • Narratives often painted a complex picture of instability, educational struggle, and perceived failure. • The societal imperative to be resilient and self-reliant had the effect of responsibilising participants. Research highlights a plethora of negative outcomes for care leavers and it is widely accepted that children in care are likely to have lower educational attainment than their peers. Rather than concluding that these figures can be attributed directly to being 'in care', scholars have indicated that the matter is more complex, drawing attention to circumstances which pre-date or supersede entry into care. This paper seeks to highlight the experiences of those care leavers who bucked the trend and achieved sufficient qualifications to study in higher education. Despite achieving well academically, our research shows that young people in care still struggled to manage the academic pathway between care and university. This paper draws on evidence collected from 234 care experienced students in England and Wales to consider the educational challenges faced by those without familial support. Findings revealed that instability, stigma and poor institutional support were significant barriers in participants' educational journeys. We consider the impact of narratives of 'meritocracy' and 'resilience' on interpretations of educational success for care leavers. We conclude that caution should be exercised when celebrating individual successes, and greater attention should be paid to structural and systemic barriers to educational achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Numerous barriers to service provision exist for young people with complex needs. • Strategies for service engagement are required at the practitioner and system level. • Practitioner-level strategies included relational and structural approaches. • System-level strategies included flexible and collaborative approaches. • Young people appear to benefit most from services adapted to their needs. Young people with complex needs often have a range of co-occurring challenges that require the support of multiple government agencies and services. Increasingly, government agencies are working with young people who present with co-occurring and comorbid complex needs requiring co-ordinated multi-agency responses. However, agencies and services are often faced with multiple obstacles and challenges to meeting the needs of these young people, placing them at increased risk of poor outcomes during their adolescence and into adulthood. The objective of this Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) was to provide practice insights as they relate to service engagement for young people with complex needs to highlight ways in which service delivery can be enhanced. Published academic literature as well as relevant material from the grey literature on young people aged 10–25 was synthesized to identify: (a) the principal barriers to service provision, and (b) strategies that facilitate service engagement. A total of 18 papers met the eligibility criteria for review. Papers were assessed using the critical appraisal skills programme (CASP). Individual and system level barriers were identified, including the characteristics of young people and the nature and structure of services. Strategies were identified at the practitioner level (e.g., benefits of relational, structural and empowerment approaches), and the system level (e.g., flexible services, collaborative approaches and improved staffing and resources). The review highlighted the importance of creating a service environment that is structured around the needs of young people rather than one which requires vulnerable young people to adapt to services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Participatory research approaches offer new opportunities for studying mentoring and social capital. • Presents experiences with two user groups: mentoring practitioners and migrant youth (mentees). • Challenges in youth understanding and meaningful engagement. • Challenges in practitioner blending of roles and resource constraints. • Close researcher-practitioner collaboration provided benefits for the mentoring organization, as well as meaningful participation and benefits for a few of the youth. Participatory approaches have gained broad interest among researchers as a vehicle for allowing participants' experiences and voices to inform research, beyond simply being a source of data. However, participants in mentoring programs, particularly young people, often are not included in research partnerships in a meaningful way. Additionally, practitioners often struggle to translate research findings into program improvements. This paper examines the experiences of a research team collaborating with two user groups: mentoring practitioners, and youth with migrant and refugee backgrounds participating in mentoring programs. With ambitions for meaningful user involvement, our aim was to develop and test a digital intervention for supporting social capital in mentoring. The paper draws primarily upon participant observation and qualitative data from a focus group and panel discussions. While youth voices did inform and shape the research, we also experienced challenges related to youth understanding and engagement. The adult practitioners participated actively but encountered tensions due to their dual roles as co-researchers and mentoring professionals, and resource constraints. Ultimately, a close collaboration enabled the co-creation of adaptations to our research approaches, allowing meaningful participation for some of the youth, and facilitating program changes. This paper offers lessons for researchers wishing to conduct participatory research in the context of youth mentoring, as well as specific suggestions for those studying social capital. It contributes to the discussion on participatory approaches with multicultural youth, presenting critical reflections on our experiences within this mentoring context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• South and Southeast (S/SE) Asian refugee parents experience significant impacts to emotional and physical wellbeing in the antenatal and postnatal period in resettlement countries. • Parents experienced various challenges in maternity healthcare settings including confusion, distress, limited interpreting support, and feeling unable to voice concerns. • Parents highlighted the importance of formal supports including interpreters, and informal supports including family and community in the First 2000 Days. • Culturally responsive care may enhance the wellbeing and support experiences of S/SE Asian refugee families in the First 2000 Days. There is growing scholarly attention concerning the wellbeing experiences of people from refugee and asylum-seeking backgrounds, particularly in relation to antenatal and postnatal care in countries of resettlement. However, less is known about early childhood support for refugee and asylum-seeking parents during the First 2000 Days of a child's life (conception to age five). There is also little understanding of the needs of refugees and asylum-seekers from South and Southeast (S/SE) Asia for whom there may be unique cultural considerations regarding parenting and support. This systematic review therefore aimed to explore the emotional and physical wellbeing and support experiences of refugee and asylum-seeking families (mothers, fathers, and other family members with caregiving roles) from S/SE Asia during the First 2000 Days. This review was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). We identified publications through a systematic search of six databases. Eligible papers were peer-reviewed, primary data studies published in English, conducted in middle- to high-income countries of resettlement, and included data that could be disaggregated for S/SE Asian families. Of 5,770 publications, 13 articles met inclusion criteria. While our review aimed to explore the experiences of various family members, included papers focused primarily on the experiences of refugee women. Our review found that S/SE Asian refugee parents reported various challenges to physical and emotional wellbeing during the First 2000 Days ranging from nutrition and diet concerns to feelings of anxiousness, grief, isolation, and feelings of distress in healthcare settings. Parents also expressed a level of trust and satisfaction with maternity care during resettlement, however, these experiences were challenged by a lack of culturally responsive care. Findings speak to the importance of informal social supports for S/SE Asian refugee parents, and culturally safe, formal supports where parents feel comfortable to voice their concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Findings highlight the importance of peer support and the possibility of participatory research approaches in catalyzing peer connectivity and agency among foster scholars in higher education. • Actions and advocacy associated with Participatory Action Research have benefits for students with foster care experience and can contribute to critical consciousness raising among those within and outside of child welfare and university systems. • Integrating youth voice and perspective to our existing body of knowledge about youth with foster care experience in higher education adds a critical, often missing perspective. • Universities, child welfare system professionals, policymakers, child welfare scholars desiring to create policy and practice more affirming of young people with foster care experience should center the voices and recommendations of youth with foster care experience in their decision making. This paper presents findings from a focus group conducted as part of a larger Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) study with a cohort of university students with experience in foster care. Six foster scholars (ages 18–21) participated in a research collective offered as a collaboration between the School of Social Welfare and the Educational Opportunities Program (EOP) at a large Northeastern public research university. Over the course of several semesters, students received an overview of research methods, evaluated existing research regarding the educational outcomes of youth with foster care experience, then designed an interview guide for a focus group that they later participated in. Focus group data was transcribed and then analyzed in two ways, first through thematic content analysis using ATLAS TI qualitative software, and simultaneously through participatory narrative analysis using an adapted version of Carol Gilligan's Listening Guide. The cluster of findings presented in this paper highlights co-researchers' experiences of a YPAR approach to research. Three themes emerged: validation of experience and peer support , connection to available resources, and YPAR as a tool of collective action and empowerment. An overview of the significant actions and change efforts associated with the YPAR process is also provided. Findings highlight the importance of peer support and the possibility of participatory research approaches in catalyzing peer connectivity and agency among foster scholars in higher education. Integrating youth voice and perspective to the existing body of knowledge about youth with foster care experience in higher education adds an important perspective needed to more holistically understand what resources and supports are most critical in ensuring their success. Recommendations are made for both universities and child welfare scholars desiring to center the voices and experiences of youth with foster care experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Discretion is affected by individual, relational and organisational factors. • In an experimental design, we study what affects discretion. • The use of interpreters is dependent on relation to the child. • Interpreter services are less likely to be used in acute situations. • The use of interpreter services is less dependent on the children's language skills. This paper focuses on child welfare workers' discretionary decision making. They can rely on routines, procedures and manuals as part of their work, but in the end, they still have to make a choice, based on the available information at the time. Discretionary decision making is a way of reasoning when facing uncertainty in professional work and when laws, rules and systematic knowledge must be applied in specific cases. A larger body of research on discretion and discretionary decision making in social work has developed, but there remains much ground to cover in terms of empirical analyses of how discretionary processes play out in real-life contexts. The two main research questions ask how the characteristics of each child and context and of social workers and their work situation affect the latter's decision to use interpreter services in their work with unaccompanied minors and children from minority backgrounds. The decision to use or not to use interpreter services in different situations, as an act of discretionary decision making by child welfare workers, is analysed in this paper. To study discretionary decision making among child welfare workers, a combination of a traditional survey and a vignette experiment has been used, bringing together organisational features, individual traits and situational characteristics. The findings indicate that interpreter services are less likely to be used in acute situations and more likely to be used with the children whom the child welfare staff members know better, irrespective of the children's language skills. The analyses also show varying effects of the staff's training and educational backgrounds, and surprisingly, the negative effects of institutional guidelines. One possible interpretation of this is that the guidelines are perceived as rigid constraints, instead of positive recommendations for actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Young people are rarely included in research & policy that affect their lives. • We conducted youth participatory action research with youth in Cleveland, Ohio. • We show how engaging with youth across all stages of research enriches the work. • Our collaborative research highlights challenges to youth well-being. Research on youth well-being is often driven by adult researcher voices, while youth experiences are neglected. Youth participatory action research (YPAR) is a distinct and powerful approach to capture youth experiences unique to particular social settings and leverage these voices to produce action and change through research. YPAR can be used to challenge oppression, mitigate the researcher-participant hierarchy, and build a social justice-oriented methodology, particularly when it uses a critical and intersectionality lens, rooted in a wider understanding of racial oppression. This methodology paper analyzes our Youth Lens methodology, which uses Critical YPAR to explore African American youth perceptions of how the neighborhood environment shapes health and well-being in Cleveland, Ohio. We describe, in detail, our methodology which was used to examine the history of redlining and systemic racism in the city and how it has driven present-day health and socioeconomic disparities. Further, we reflect in this paper not only on the methodology, but on our own role in the research. We end with implications for collaborative research with youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study reviewed forced family separation as the result of migration policies. • Forced family separation is linked to negative mental health outcomes for children. • Forced family separation is linked to adverse health among parents/caregivers. • There is racial and ethnic discrimination in punitive immigration policies. This paper aims to systematically look at the impacts of child separation from the primary caregiver as the result of migration policies from a racial and ethnic equity perspective. An online systematic search of Web of Science Core Collection, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Sociological Abstracts with keywords relevant to migration, family separation, and health outcomes was conducted in January 2022. The studies retrieved through the search were independently reviewed by two of the authors using the PRISMA checklist for scoping reviews and Covidence systematic review software. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study, 14 papers were included in the scoping review. We found that none of the studies were centered on a racial and ethnic equity framework. The reviewed studies showed that forced separation was associated with negative mental health outcomes including anxiety, depression, emotional and behavioral problems, post-traumatic stress or post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep disturbance, and stress among children. Similar adverse health outcomes were reported among caregivers. These negative mental health outcomes can have long-term and even generational impacts on the well-being and health of the communities in the U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Youth's juvenile justice involvement can lead to financial debt into adulthood. • Juvenile monetary sanctions propel youth into early adulthood, with negative effects. • Juvenile monetary sanctions hinder individuals' educational and work aspirations. • Juvenile monetary sanctions increase individuals' distrust of the legal system. Previous research has established the deleterious long-term effects of juvenile legal system involvement such as increased risk of criminal legal system involvement as adults. This paper examines retrospective accounts of how that process occurs by exploring the following research question: how does one's involvement in the juvenile legal system, which includes monetary sanctions, shape peoples' views of law and legal institutions and with what consequences? Based on 19 interviews with adults who have legal debt from both juvenile and criminal legal systems, the paper focuses on four aspects of the long-reaching effects of juvenile legal involvement and juvenile monetary sanctions: legal socialization, adultification, legal cynicism, and future aspirations. In all these aspects, we show the organizational constraints that shape individuals' perspectives about the law and the impact of monetary sanctions on their lives. In doing so, the paper shows how monetary sanctions associated with juvenile cases add to the cumulative disadvantage of legal system involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of the Special Issue on "Social Innovation in Child and Youth Services". We begin with a description of the field and then discuss the individual papers which comprise the Special Issue. This special issue contains 13 groundbreaking innovations that are happening around the globe as each country tackles its own pressing social problems. There are 5 studies take the social demand approach, and another 5 studies utilize the societal challenge, and 3 studies apply the systemic change approach to implement their innovative initiatives. The most persistent problems require creative and innovative solutions that use fresh ideas, procedures, and products. This introductory article illustrates the promise of interventions that, despite methodological limitations and logistical barriers, have already shown to create positive social impact among their respective communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Learning the lessons from serious child abuse cases can prevent harm in future. • Lack of 'professional curiosity' and 'challenge' are inadequate explanations. • More productive understandings for practice would be communication and courage. • Awareness of the ambiguous policy context is also essential. • Well supported staff and properly resourced services are vital. Learning lessons from cases where children have been killed or seriously harmed from abuse or neglect is important for child protection policy and practice around the world. In England there is a long-established system of locally based, multi-agency reviews. Three recurrent themes over the years have been the poor quality of assessments, shortcomings in inter-agency working and information sharing, and not knowing the children and understanding their experiences. The reviews often identify a lack of 'professional curiosity' and insufficient 'challenge' on the part of child protection practitioners as the cause of these problems. This paper analyses these concepts, drawing on four recent studies of child safeguarding reviews conducted by the authors and their research team. It uses qualitative data from the reports and the views of local professionals in online focus groups. The reviews tend to use the perceived lack of curiosity and challenge as the explanation for poor practice without interrogating why, when and in what circumstances it becomes more difficult for professionals to remain curious and appropriately challenging. Professional curiosity and challenge are complex, multifaceted concepts, and applying them in practice is difficult and skilled work. The paper argues for a more nuanced and grounded understanding of the concepts and their application in practice. It sets them in wider frames of communication and courage, and the ambiguous policy context of a preference for cooperative engagement with families but high expectations about protecting children. It offers recommendations for future research into the review process, authorship style, practice in local agencies and national government policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Participation in decisions is positively related to subjective well-being at school. • Material deprivation has a considerable impact on subjective well-being. • Bullying and school safety both affect children's subjective-wellbeing at school. • Results suggest relationships important for subjective well-being at school. This paper considers the relationship between children's subjective well-being at school and the fulfilment of their participation rights. Our research focuses on the association between children's involvement in decision-making in school and their subjective well-being (SWB) using international evidence from the Children's Worlds survey. The analysis uses data from the third wave of the Children's Worlds survey collected from 12-year-olds within 13 EU and former EU countries. We focus on the school in response for calls for more domain-specific analysis of children's SWB, and in light of the considerable amount of time children spend in school and the compulsory nature of schooling. We identify an association between subjective well-being and participation in decision-making at school, across all countries included in this study, except Malta. The paper also finds that relationships with teachers and other peers (as measured by bullying) also impact upon children's school-based SWB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Trauma-Informed Approach: Prioritizes understanding and addressing deep interpersonal trauma in returning children. • Unified Response: Advocates for harmonized approaches across military, healthcare, and social welfare. • Participation: Emphasizes active involvement of returning children, reclaiming their rights and roles. • Protracted Recovery: Acknowledges ongoing challenges post-captivity, requiring sustained efforts. • Broader Context: Reintegration extends beyond personal growth to encompass conflict aftermath. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, signed by 195 countries globally, symbolizes a collective commitment to safeguarding children's rights. Despite this, children have become pawns in contexts such as political violence and armed conflict, abducted and held hostage, exploiting their vulnerability. Born out of Israel's recent experience with the Hamas terror organization's abduction of 40 Israeli children aged 9 months to 18 years, this paper proposes a comprehensive framework that could be useful to other countries in addressing the complex challenges associated with the return of children abducted in contexts of armed conflict and political violence. This framework is rooted in four theoretical prisms—trauma, development, context, and children's rights, and spans five critical stages: the preparation stage, the first 24 h, the first week, and the first month after a child's return. It also provides general guidance on longer-term support and providing support to multiple key figures and contexts in the child's life. By outlining key concepts and guidelines within the framework, this manuscript provides a unique insight into potential response to this distressing phenomenon. While it is our fervent hope that no country will need to implement such a framework, the unfortunate reality is that evil knows no limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Aboriginal perceptions about the overrepresentation of Aboriginal infants in out-of-home care include adversities related to colonisation not addressed prenatally, unnecessary reports, and unnecessary removals. • System causes of unnecessary reports include bias in reporting, visibility bias, health worker lack of experience and high demand for community services. • System causes of unnecessary removals include bias in removal decisions, bias in risk assessment instruments, power imbalances in child protection decision-making and lack of culturally informed community-based residential services following birth. • System causes of unmet need prenatally include disparity between resources for Aboriginal services and need, fear and distrust of child protection, an inexperienced Aboriginal workforce and challenges identifying high risk Aboriginal families prenatally. • Core components of an effective response to tackle system causes of Aboriginal baby removals include mediation of child protection activities, supportive links between Aboriginal services, child protection and health workers, culturally grounded case practice, traditional cultural activities, and flexible support funds. The increasing rate of statutory Aboriginal infant removal in Australia, which has reached almost 10% of live births in the state of Victoria, is a crisis motivating radical change in child protection pathways. This paper describes the problem analysis and design phases of an Aboriginal-led systems change project intended to ensure Aboriginal infants are raised safe and strong in family, Community, and culture by creating a response capable of shifting underlying system factors. Dialogue and deliberation processes involving 27 practitioners working within Aboriginal health and social care programs in the Bayside Peninsula Area of metropolitan Melbourne, the traditional land of the Bunurong people, was the overarching method used to develop a shared understanding of the problem of Aboriginal infant removals and reach a consensus about what to do in the local system. The themes that emerged during problem analysis reflect a risk/bias theoretical perspective, and in the design phase, it was deemed necessary to reduce both child safety-related risk as well as bias in the child protection system that responds to risk. The ensuing Bringing Up Aboriginal Babies at Home program has a clear systems theory of change, and a service blueprint describing how it is going to be implemented. Bringing Up Aboriginal Babies at Home practice resonates with other programs that have evolved independently in Australia and in other western child protection jurisdictions to reduce infant removals, including building trust for engagement, inspiring hope, openness and transparency, activating extended networks of formal and informal supports, and close collaboration with antenatal and child protection services. Program evaluation will determine whether Bringing Up Aboriginal Babies at Home (BUABAH) can be implemented with fidelity, tackle identified system flaws, reduce the number of Aboriginal infants taken into statutory care and become sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Recognition that carers' experience both affiliative and threat-based emotions in their relationships with birth parents; • Carers who share First Nations' cultural identities with parents find that these can provide a basis for affiliative emotional responses; • There is limited formal support for carers to manage the strong emotions, particularly threat-based emotions, that can complicate their relationships with birth parents; • We provide five recommendations for improving support for carers in building and sustaining relationships with birth parents and in realising their potential to support children's rights to family connections during the out-of-home care journey. Children in foster and kinship care have a right to relationships with their parents. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) asserts children's right to contact with their parents and families during periods of separation, except where this is proven not to be in the child's best interests. Foster and kinship carers can play a pivotal role in children's opportunities for, and experiences of, connection to parents and other family. Yet, the relationship between carers and parents is often characterised by ambivalence and tensions. Emerging research suggests that training and support to carers can help them to navigate their own and children's relationships with their families. However, such support is not routinely available, and the evidence-base for supporting carers to manage complex relationships with parents is not well-developed. In this paper, we report on a study with 113 foster and kinship carers in Queensland (Australia). We explore carers' perceptions of the emotional aspects of their relationships with parents. A novel feature of our study is our exploration of carers' perceptions of affiliative and threat-based emotions in their relationships with birth parents. We report that carers experience a wide spectrum of emotions in their relationships with parents, some of which strengthen these relationships while others create distance. We find also that carers receive little, if any, formal support in building relationships with parents and for supporting children's opportunities for, and experiences of family contact. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander carers report being unsupported in meeting their cultural obligations in developing relationships with children's parents and families. We discuss the implications for formal support to improve carers capacities to build and maintain their own, and children's, relationships with parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Beneficial help relationships go beyond formal professional practice. • Peers and friends are central to youths' beneficial help seeking trajectories. • Family gestures and home practices are embedded in beneficial help relationships. The literature on help engagement of commercially sexually exploited youth has tended to focus on the challenges of such relationships and has been mostly grounded in studies of professional help relations from professional perspectives. This study is part of a large-scale study on help seeking and help related experiences from the perspectives of commercially sexually exploited youth (CSEY). This paper focuses specifically on the beneficial characteristics of help as seen by CSEY. Fifty commercially sexually exploited youths, in the present or in the past. In-depth semi-structured interviews, conducted and analyzed in accordance with the principles of Constructivist Grounded Theory. The study identified four characteristics of beneficial help that were salient both to help relations with professionals and in relations with peers and friends: Continuity and long-term ties; Sharing similarities; brokering help by others; "doing family," and "performing home." The significance of the various help experiences appeared to be more a function of how the help was provided and the nature of the relationship, rather than whether it was provided by formal or informal helpers. Nonetheless, the study underscores the critical importance of care and support by peers and friends and calls for further examination of the ways these might be integrated into services and programs for youths who are subject to commercial sexual exploitation. It also cautions not to "professionalize" informal friendships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Acceptability of HIV prevention interventions among young adults in Africa is high. • Seven themes were identified to explain reasons for acceptability or lack thereof. • Understanding, ease of use, relevance, and perceived positive effects are key. • Perceived negative effects and intervention costs can hinder acceptability. • Various social factors shape acceptability, such as stigma and social acceptability. Understanding what young adults and other key stakeholders find acceptable for HIV prevention interventions and reasons explaining acceptability or lack thereof is crucial for intervention developers and implementers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Higher acceptability of health and social interventions can improve intervention uptake and effectiveness. This paper aims to aggregate and synthesise the evidence on the acceptability of HIV prevention interventions for young adults in SSA, published over the past twelve years. In line with PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic mapping review to identify studies assessing the acceptability of HIV prevention interventions with young adults aged 10–24 in SSA, published between 2010 and 2022. We employed descriptive syntheses to aggregate and present study characteristics, methodologies, and findings on overall intervention acceptability. An inductive thematic analysis of quantitative and qualitative findings across studies was then conducted to highlight reasons for the acceptability or unacceptability of interventions among young adults and other stakeholders. The review identified 32 studies assessing young adults' acceptability of HIV prevention interventions. Fourteen studies also explored the acceptability of other stakeholders, such as caregivers, teachers, and healthcare workers. Overall reported acceptability was high. Of the 18 studies that provided a quantitative assessment based on the proportion of participants that found the intervention acceptable, only one study reported acceptability below 50%. The findings of the thematic analysis identified the following seven key factors shaping acceptability: ease of use; intervention understanding; intervention costs; perceived positive effects; perceived negative effects; relevance to young adults' needs and context; and social factors shaping acceptability. The review highlights the importance of collecting and aggregating information on the acceptability of HIV prevention interventions in Africa to inform future intervention development. It also points to factors developers and implementers of HIV prevention services and programmes should consider. However, our review also exposes gaps in the literature. More research is needed to investigate the acceptability of different stakeholders beyond end-users, the acceptability of integrated interventions, and the development of more robust theoretical frameworks and measurement tools. Understanding what influences the acceptability of interventions among young people and other key individuals will better equip researchers and practitioners to meet their needs and improve opportunities for the transition to adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Diverse types of organizations involved in family support provision across Europe are systematically mapped. • Low representation of front-line practitioners in national family support networks. • Inter-country differences in networking building progress. • Development of the family support field by nurturing family support infrastructures both locally and globally, building hybrid evidence intermediary networks. Research has proven that family is the context for the development and well-being of the new generation, and parents need support in order to fulfill children and young people's physical, cognitive, emotional, and social needs. Most EU policy relating to children and young people is mediated through family even if this is not explicitly named. At a national level, European countries have been encouraged to offer family support initiatives through local authorities that promote positive parenting and guarantee children's rights. The current challenge in the family support landscape consists of engaging the European level with the local and national structures, in order to support the delivery of quality family support systems and services across Europe. This article reports on the progress in this area by the European Family Support Network (EurofamNet). EurofamNet was created with the purpose of establishing a pan-European family support network to inform family support policies and practices in order to contribute with global actions to face current challenges in family support agenda at European level. This paper introduces the mapping exercise performed by the network to identify key family support actors for research, policy, and practice at the European, local and national level. For this purpose, an expert-targeted approach was followed. Two experts identified 83 key family support actors at the European level, and a panel of 22 experts jointly identified 326 key actors and organizations in 17 European countries. The analysis of this mapping exercise offers an interesting mosaic of family support provision in different European countries that reflect both intra- and inter-network diversity in nature, scope, and sectors of family support actors and organizations. At the same time, this mapping exercise contributes to creating social fabric with the potential to facilitate knowledge mobilization of quality standards to be implemented for the guarantee of quality provision in family support in Europe. Practical implications for the development of the family support and wider services fields of this novel initiative of connecting the efforts of key actors in family support throughout Europe are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Critically reviews the literature on interventions to support children with incarcerated parents. • Twenty-four studies reporting on child outcomes in the United States were reviewed. • Most research has focused on promoting parenting skills and improving visits. • Little research on programs supporting at-home caregivers. • Services are typically not developmentally specified and do not acknowledge systems of inequality. The United States' overreliance on incarceration has resulted in the imprisonment of millions of individuals – the majority of whom are parents of minor children. While mass incarceration has failed to effectively reduce crime or increase safety, it has dramatically harmed children and families in the United States. In turn, a wealth of research confirms the negative social, emotional, and psychological impacts of parental incarceration on children and the disproportionate impact on Black and Hispanic families and families living in poverty. As activists work towards dismantling this discriminatory and overly punitive system, it is also necessary to support children and adolescents currently impacted by parental incarceration. Using the Family Stress-Proximal Process (FSPP) model (Arditti, 2016) as a frame, the current paper critically reviews the literature on interventions to support children with incarcerated parents (CIP). The use of the FSPP frame highlights that while most intervention research has focused on promoting parenting skills of incarcerated parents and improving visit experiences, there is a dearth of research on interventions that (1) support at-home caregivers, (2) provide developmentally-targeted and −appropriate services and (3) acknowledge and counteract systems of inequality like structural racism and poverty that cause and exacerbate incarceration-related stress. These findings support a research agenda that prioritizes interventions framed around the intersectional identities of CIP and the intersecting systems that impact their lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Parents of trans children hold a body of knowledge about supporting trans children. • Families interact with a wide range of services and agencies in their journey to affirm their children's gender. • Parent knowledge and advocacy extends far beyond the medicalised pathway. • Parent knowledge can be used to inform services and agencies to provide more integrated, affirming services. The childhood and adolescence of transgender and gender diverse children and young people (trans children) is contested in many areas, such as media, education, health, and increasingly in the political sphere. Parents and carers of trans children navigate services and societal relations in their journey to affirm their children, from happy childhood to trans adults. This paper reports on the accounts of parents of trans children in Australia. Semi-structured interviews with 18 parents of 15 trans children in four states were analysed to understand the journey holistically, and interactions with services and institutions on this journey. Children ranged in current age from 8 to 21 years, and were 2 to 16 years when they first expressed their trans identity. These journeys highlight moments of gender euphoria, and points of both positive and negative interactions with a range of services such as GPs, specialist healthcare, trans healthcare, schools, foster care, government records, and sporting environments. This research demonstrates that parents have a collective body of knowledge on supporting and affirming trans children that should be drawn on to inform child and youth services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Trauma-informed practice is being trialled in response to extra-familial risks and harms. • An institutional ethnography found sources of knowledge impact this innovation. • Professionals may say young people are 'known-to-services' but be distant from them. • Being proximal to young people and advocating for their needs helps to know them. • To be trauma-informed, professionals must relationally know those they support. Efforts to shift from criminal justice to welfare-based responses to exploitation and other forms of extra-familial risks and harms, have centred relational approaches. In particular, the role that relationships between professionals and young people can play in providing a sense of safety as well as a route to wider support services when young people come to harm beyond their families is under consideration. In parallel, trauma-informed practice is increasingly promoted as a tool for creating service conditions in which relational practice can thrive. In this paper we present data from an institutional ethnography of two social care organisations in the UK which are endeavouring to adopt trauma-informed responses to extra-familial risks and harms. We use observation, focus group, and case file data collected in two time periods, to illustrate a relationship we identified between the nature and source of knowledge that guided professional responses, the ability of professionals to form relationships with young people affected by extra-familial risks and harms, and the capacity for their organisations to be trauma-informed. In doing so we trouble an established discourse in many social care organisations, that young people subject to intervention are 'known-to-services' and call for more responses in which young people are 'known-by-professionals' who are supporting them. Far from being a matter of semantics, we discuss how these two ways of knowing about young people, and the situations they face, potentially facilitate or undermine key pillars of trauma-informed practice, and the relational approaches that make such practice possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental difficulties, including mental ill health, substance misuse, domestic violence and learning disability have been associated with children entering out-of-home care. There is also evidence that these issues may co-occur within families. Understanding how the co-occurrence of these difficulties is associated with care entry is complex because they may co-occur in the same or different household members and have different impacts on the likelihood of care entry when they occur in mothers, fathers or in single parent households. Administrative data from local authority children's services in Wales were linked with demographic data to identify households in which children lived prior to entering care. Linkage to birth data identified biological mothers. Linkage with primary care, emergency department, hospital admissions and substance misuse services data enabled indicators of substance misuse, mental health, assaults in the home, learning disability and neurodivergence in the adults in those households to be identified. A series of multilevel binary logistic regression models were used to explore the odds of a household having one or more children entering care if risk factors were present. These considered the effects of individual risks, and cumulative risk both in individual adults in the household, and across the whole household. The effects of the number of adults, having adults with no risks and the differential impacts of risks in biological mothers, other women or men were also explored. Additional models explored these factors in single adult households. Cumulative risks increased the likelihood of care entry, however this effect disappeared when individual risks were controlled for. The presence of an individual with no risks in the household acted as a protective factor. Overall, the impact of the risks on the odds of care entry was substantially greater if the risks were present in the biological mother than if they occurred in other adults (men or women) in the household. In single adult households risk factors had a much greater impact when they occurred in households headed by women as opposed to men. Substantial differences in the effects of risk factors in female and male adults are apparent and further research is needed to understand why this is occurring to ensure that parents are treated equally in terms of support and statutory intervention regardless of their sex. 1 1 Throughout this paper we refer to the "sex" of the parents /adults in households, as opposed to their "gender." This is because in the analysis we carried out the sex of these individuals was determined by their GP records. We have chosen to use the term "sex," rather than "gender," as we believe this data is more likely to reflect their biological sex, rather the gender that the individuals identify as. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Since about the turn of the century, a growing awareness of the poor outcomes resulting from "as usual" community mental health care has led to increasing efforts to implement programs and interventions with empirical evidence of effectiveness. However, these efforts have encountered numerous barriers, in particular the high cost of implementation, which has severely limited uptake and sustainment of empirically-supported programs and interventions. Typically, the largest contributor to cost is the training and coaching required to ensure provider competence fidelity to the intervention or program model. This paper describes a social innovation that aims to provide high quality training and coaching that is affordable and sustainable in community mental health settings. The main strategy for this is the use of a completely "remote" process for training and coaching. This process relies on a web-based platform through which trainees access a library of real examples of good—and not-so-good—practice, and through which they also receive individualized coaching and feedback based on video recordings of their own practice with clients. Specifically, the paper describes a remote training intervention for practitioners working with young people aged 16–25 who experience serious mental health conditions. This approach is designed to train providers to work with young people in ways that increase their engagement and retention in services, as well as their alliance with treatment providers. Enhancing providers' skills in these areas is urgently needed, given that young people in this age range have the highest rates of serious mental health conditions, and yet they are also the least likely to engage in or complete mental health treatment. Findings indicate that participants were highly satisfied with the training, and that their skills in key areas increased significantly, as measured both by their own subjective assessment and by expert ratings of their video-recorded practice. Highlights • Advances in technology have made "remote" training and coaching approaches feasible. • Potentially, remote training can be more cost effective than usual training strategies. • Tested in community mental health agencies, remote training appeared to be effective. • Participants' targeted skills increased after the Achieve My Plan remote training. • Participants were highly satisfied with the Achieve My Plan remote training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The importance of supervision for social work practice is one of the most widely accepted tenets of the profession. Yet, surprisingly little is known about what happens in supervision, making it difficult to unravel what it is about supervision that makes a difference to social work practice. This paper describes the development of a framework for assessing the quality of group supervision. It focuses on one sub-category of group supervision – systemic group supervision – and draws a wider evaluation of systemic social work practice in the UK. It is based on 29 observations of "live" of supervision to illustrate differences in quality of supervisory practice. The process of developing the coding framework was cyclical, and ultimately resulted in a three-point ordinal grouping for assessing systemic supervisory practice. Analysis of observational data assessed systemic group supervision as follows: 8 as non-systemic (28%); 12 (41%) as demonstrating some incorporation of systemic ideas into interactions, described as "green shoots" (or showing encouraging signs of development but not yet reached its full potential); and 9 (31%) supervision sessions demonstrating a full incorporation of systemic concepts and practice. What marked "systemic" sessions from "green shoots" supervision was the move from hypothesis generation about family relations and risk to children to purposeful, actionable conversations with families: the move from reflection to action. This paper supports a small but growing body of evidence about the fundamental characteristics of successful or effective supervision within children and families social work. Highlights • Describes a new method for assessing social work supervisory practice • Defines an emerging type of supervision – systemic group supervision – informed by systemic family therapy principles • Identifies six essential domains of systemic supervision, including the relational nature of family problems • Ranks systemic supervision as: non-systemic, "green shoots" (or showing promise) and fully "systemic" • "Systemic" sessions were marked by a move from hypotheses generation to purposeful, actionable conversations with families [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper sets out to give a rounded view of the Irish foster care system as currently constituted. It will cover areas such as the law and policy framework, key data, key institutional actors, views of the system from the perspective of key stakeholders (care experienced adults and young people, foster carers and their children and the biological parents of children in foster care), and distinctive features of the Irish system. It will also offer a brief review of key influences that have helped shape the current system and Ireland's move from high use of institutional care to high rates of family placement. It will also consider challenges that still face policy and practice in the Irish foster care system. The paper takes a multi-disciplinary approach drawing on evidence from various perspectives including law, history and social policy. Offering the Irish case in this paper is not to claim or imply that the Irish system is fully developed or has resolved all its challenges. As will become clear, the argument here is that Ireland is an interesting case not because of any (erroneous) claim that it is the finished article as a foster care system. It is interesting because it is both a system that is still in development, and is also one that has already made the transition from a system dominated by residential care to one heavily reliant on family placement. Highlights • Ninety-two per cent of children in care in Ireland are placed in families (in both foster and kinship care) • This represents one of the highest family placement rates in care systems across the world • Previously the Irish care system relied heavily on institutional care like many Catholic countries • Ireland thus serves as an interesting case study of de-institutionalisation in a traditionally Catholic country • The paper offers a detailed overview of the current system of provisions for children in care in Ireland [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Awareness about the commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) in the United States has increased during the last ten years. The increased awareness is reflected in the U.S. government's substantial efforts to address the problem of human trafficking through legislation including the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 and its four subsequent reauthorizations. Despite these policy efforts, addressing the needs of CSEC victims who are U.S.-born children continues to be a major challenge in the implementation of the federal anti-trafficking policy. This paper reviews and critiques the responses to CSEC in the United States. Following an overview of the literature on the identification, characteristics and needs of CSEC victims, the paper discusses issues in the identification of CSEC victims and their needs. Then, the paper examines and critiques the policy responses of the U.S to CSEC within its borders. Finally, the paper provides an overview of best practices for addressing the needs of CSEC victims and critiques the availability and accessibility of services. Implications and recommendations are discussed for each of the key issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Child nutritional health has always been a research focus and an essential indicator reflecting children's health and living conditions in developing countries. This study investigates how household income and other individual and family factors influence child nutritional status. The Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey data are used to analyze changing patterns of child malnutrition status, and to compare the gap between genders, rural and urban areas etc., and the WHO new child growth standards are used in this paper as the reference for each specific age and gender. The findings in this paper include three aspects. First of all, the headcount ratio of undernourished children in both stunting and underweight has declined over years from 1991 to 2009 in China. Second, regional disparity in child nutritional status was significant, and the economic growth was a key driver to improve the nutritional conditions of the poor children. Furthermore, this paper also employs the stepwise logistic regression models to illustrate the influencing mechanisms of family income and other factors on child nutrition, and finds that household income affected child nutritional status significantly through the mechanisms of community, household, parental and individual factors. Highlights • This paper studies stunting and underweight rates of Chinese children and finds both malnutritional indicators have declined from 1991 to 2009. • This paper studies the regional and demographic differences in child nutrition and finds certain heterogeneity in malnutritional indicators. • This paper studies the relationship between family income and child nutrition and reveals significant and positive correlation between the two. • This paper finds significant impact mechanisms of individual, parental, family and community factors on child nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The use of technology by children and adolescents to communicate has numerous advantages, but it is also associated with cyberbullying and cybervictimization. Risk and protective factors are numerous and interact with each and are important to reduce such behaviors. Among these factors, parental online involvement can reduce cyberbullying or cybervictimization. The parental role can be positive by actively supervising and monitoring online activities or by restricting what their children are doing. Monitoring, supervising or even controlling what their children do online will enable them to see and whether they are involved in some way in cyberbullying. This was the focus of our study. Parents can also control and then limit use of technology and online access. Both approaches are beneficial; however, controlling and limiting can make the child-parent relationship distant, with children not sharing their online problems, and parents not knowing what their children might be doing. This paper looks at the relationship of these online parental roles with adolescent's involvement in cyberbullying and cybervictimization, to help parents and adults in general, to equip them most efficiently to protect their children from avoidable harm and problems. A total of 4390 Italian adolescents aged 13–20 years completed a paper and pencil self-report questionnaire, with results indicating that risk factors for cyberbullying include being a boy, being older, and spending more hours online, as well as parental control of online activities which is a very broad concept but could facilitate parents be aware of whether their children are involved in cyberbullying or cybervictimization. Concerning cybervictimization, risk factors were being older, spending more hours online, and inadequate parental supervision. Differences emerged between boys and girls. Highlights • 1 boy in 3 is involved in cyberbullying and similarly in cybervictimization. • 1 girl in 4 is involved in cyberbullying and 1:3 in cybervictimization. • Half of the adolescents reported their parents not having any information or access to their online activities. • Cyberbullying boys reported almost three times more than cyberbullying girls' poor parental online supervision. and almost twice poorer parental control of online activities and social network supervision. • Cybervictim girls reported more than twice higher poor parental online supervision, boys reported twice poorer parental control of online activities and psocial network supervision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Summary Incorporating the voice of the child is essential for a holistic assessment that is used to guide social work interventions targeted at enhancing the well-being of children. In order to include children as key participants in understanding their worldview, social workers need to provide a space for children to voice out their subjective assessment of their current life experiences and conditions. This paper aims to bring attention to utilizing photo eliciting interviewing (PEI) as a means to access children's subjective well-being from low-income families. Findings By utilizing photoraphy and in-depth interviews sequentially to engage and gain access into children's worldviews, this study found that children from low-income families possessed agentic capabilities and are capable of contributing towards their well-being. Despite the financial constraints experienced by their families, children did not perceive their families to be poor. Instead, they took into account the family context and parental efforts in assessing the family's circumstances. Furthermore, children initiated strategies to create opportunities of happiness or to intervene in situations of sadness that stemmed from financial constraints. Application This study propose social workers to employ PEI as a complement to the objective measurement tools commonly utilized in social work assessments and interventions when working with children from low-income families. Other than constructing a holistic assessment of children's well-being, PEI also allows for the inclusion of children as integral partners in social work interventions and programme designs. Children possess the knowledge and ability to initiate and contribute solutions to problems, which when identified and tapped upon, promotes children's participation as change agents of their own lives. Highlights • This paper highlights the relevance of using Photo Elicitation Interviewing as a supplementary information gathering method for social work assessment in working with children. • Utilizing this method, this paper illustrates how it engaged children from low-income families by empowering them to use photography to express their views on their families' financial constraints. • From the results of using photos to elicit conversations, children were facilitated to voice their perspectives, world views and their sense of agency. • It is proposed that Photo Elicitation Interview can be a useful tool for social work assessment alongside with standardized assessment measurements and framework to access children's voice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper aims to explore the challenges to youth work in capturing the voices of young people in a meaningful way within Meitheal and the Child and Family Support Networks model (Meitheal). This is a prevention and early intervention model for statutory and non-statutory agencies working with children, young people and families. This paper, within the context of Meitheal, will explore how best to achieve positive outcomes for young people, and identify what are the barriers which inhibit their full participation in this model. A total of 16 youth workers completed semi-structured interviews that were transcribed and analysed using inductive thematic analysis. The analysis identified three themes: 'Role of youth work in Meitheal', 'Barriers and facilitators of adolescent voices in Meitheal' and 'The young person'. The study found that youth workers recognise advocacy and support of young people as a key role for their profession within models of prevention and early intervention. Barriers to adolescents' active engagement in Meitheal were the formal structure and agenda, but also the need to achieve outcomes in exchange of professional validation. Youth workers are also concerned about the nature of young people's participation as being fully participatory and voluntary in the process, whilst questioning if their voices are truly being included in a meaningful way. Highlights • Youth workers' role within Meitheal is one of support and advocacy of the young person. • The structured and formal setting of Meitheal challenged the participation of young people. • Meitheal can be unsettling and difficult for young people, this limits their involvement as true partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper describes the process of design, development, and implementation of a complex, multi-component, tertiary prevention intervention aimed at stabilizing pathways out of homelessness, the Housing Outreach Project-Collaborative (HOP-C). HOP-C is a multi-organizational, cross-sector, inter-professional collaboration. This process-oriented paper aims to elucidate the rationale for and experience of implementing the three main components of HOP-C: case management, mental health treatment and peer support, as well as the processes that support this wrap-around intervention as a whole. This paper draws on qualitative process-oriented data (i.e. field notes and interviews with staff) collected over the course of the intervention, and integrates perspectives from multiple practitioners involved in this endeavour. Practitioners reported the diversity in the type and intensity of services offered to clients, the building of a close and communicative interprofessional and inter-agency team, as well as the development of broader connectivity between organizations and practitioners as significant strengths of this approach. Challenges and successes in implementation are explored with the intention of providing insight into ways in which other collaborative complex interventions might be approached in the youth homelessness sector. Highlights • Youth homelessness is a complex social problem • HOP-C is a tertiary prevention complex intervention for youth transitioning from homelessness • HOP-C represents a cross-sector, cross-agency, interprofessional collaboration • Intervention provided wrap-around case management, peer, and mental health supports • Individualized supports and close interprofessional teams linked to positive youth outcomes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Research has indicated that empathy and prosocial responding are associated with numerous emotional, psychological and social benefits. However, although adolescence is recognised as a key period for prosocial development, knowledge about the factors that facilitate the development of empathy and prosocial responding among adolescents is limited. A narrative systematic review was conducted of studies examining the significant social and psychological correlates of empathy and prosocial behaviour in adolescents. Empirical research papers focusing on typically developing adolescents, aged 13-18 years were identified and assessed for quality. Findings from a total of 168 papers were extracted and subjected to a narrative synthesis. Results indicated that a number of different contextual and psychological factors significantly influence the levels of other-oriented (empathy and prosocial) responding expressed by adolescents. However, findings indicate that differential relationships may be observed depending on how empathy and prosocial responding are operationalised. Overall, results from this review have important implications for future research and policy. Highlights • Greater understanding about the development of empathy and prosocial responding during adolescence is warranted • Youth empathy and prosocial behaviour are associated with numerous different social/individual factors. • Greater consistency in how empathy and prosocial behaviour are conceptualised and measured in independent research studies is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract For many local authority children and family services in the UK faced with the task of responding to children and families facing difficulties and with declining budgets, there is an increasing imperative on how services can respond more effectively to the diverse needs of families on the edge of care. At the same time policy and paradigm shifts have affected the way in which social workers engage with families. This paper is rooted in research commissioned by one local authority that used an innovative visual 'river of experience' co- production approach to understand better the experiences of children and families on their journeys to the edge of care and to inform how statutory services might respond 'better', and possibly earlier, to prevent children being taken into care. The research highlights the gap between assumptions and practices of child and family services and the realities and needs of children and families. The paper discusses these disjunctions and draws out questions to challenge statutory services. In particular, the paper asks why, in spite of serial involvement of professionals, do children still end up in the care system. The paper contributes to current discourses about rethinking child protection, arguing for a different approach to responding to families facing difficulties involving human centred, holistic family support and a more reflexive and relational approach to professional practice. Highlights • The continuing gap between services and the needs of children and families • Children's voices frequently go unheard in statutory professional interventions. • Insufficient attention to emotional/psychological legacy of early neglect • Reiterates the need for re-imagining child protection as family-centred practice • Need for Children and Family services to be flexible and adaptive learning systems [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective: In Chile, between 7 and 24% of young people claim to be victims of physical violence in their romantic relationships, but there is a lack of validated questionnaires to measure these behaviors and research in this area is still limited. Due to this fact, adapting and validating the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS; Straus, 1979 ; Straus et al., 1996) with multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was conducted in this paper; afterword, it aims to analyze the violence involvement within the young couples (dating violence) in Chile, and its association with the perceived quality of the relationship. Method: 1283 university students participated (69.1% women; 30.9% men; mean age = 21.94; s.d. = 1.871). Results: A bi-factorial model of the CTS (moderate vs severe behaviors) with sex invariance among the youth population in Chile was confirmed. Between 15 and 25% of involvement in moderate violence was pointed out; these behaviors have high percentages of reciprocity and are occasional. The negative quality variables such as imbalance of power or conflicts are related to higher rates of involvement in violence, but not the positive quality variables such as communication. Conclusions: this paper represents a novel contribution for Dating Violence analysis in the Latin American context; it establishes a validated and invariance measure for analyzing Dating Violence with Chilean youth population, and pointed out high rates of involvement on this violent behaviors. Its value for the development of precautionary policies and suitable intervention has to be considered. Highlights • CTS adaptation is a validated and stable instrument for dating violence measurement in the youth population of Chile. • Physical Dating Violence rates in Chile is comparable to some European countries with similar culture characteristics. • The aggressive dynamics established within these couples are mainly correlated with negative relationship quality scales. • The need for education on this subject is clear for avoiding violence and allows people to enjoy love. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From ethnographic research with unaccompanied children in the United States and Guatemala, this paper explores emergent and, at times, conflicting narratives of care that young migrants encounter while in U.S. federal custody. They are depicted as ‘ideal’ victims deserving of care and simultaneously as unauthorized outlaws subject to state discipline via detention and deportation. In contrast, Guatemalan youth and their families speak of migration as a cultural elaboration of care in which they are agents of caregiving, employing transnational migration as a collective and historically-rooted survival strategy. By examining the multiple conceptualizations of care that young people encounter and embody, this paper problematizes theorizations of ‘care’ by tracing the conflicting meanings assigned to it. Informed by the perspectives of young migrants and their families, the paper suggests ways that service providers might better serve them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]