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We synthesize and purify 9, 9'-bianthracene with the purity up to 96.4%. The electronic and crystallographic structures of 9, 9'-bianthracene are studied. The results of a joint experimental investigation based on a combination of x-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra, hydrogen nuclear magnetic (HNMR) spectra, infrared absorption (FT-IR) spectra, and mass spectra (MS) of 9,9'-bianthracene are obtained. The uniform compact film is observed by an atomic-force microscope (AFM). Organic field effect transistors (OFETs) with an active layer based on the synthesized 9, 9'-bianthracene are fabricated for the first time. Its field-effect mobility is as large as 0.067cm2/(V-s) and the on/off ratio is above 5 × 10.4 The result demonstrates that the oligomerization of a small semiconductor molecule is an effective method to develop high-mobility organic semiconductors.

The well-known Fraunhofer multi-slit diffraction is described as the multi-slit interference modulated by the single-slit diffraction, namely the multiplication between the single-slit diffraction factor and the multi-slit interference factor. By considering the simplified argument we show that the multi-slit diffraction of evanescent waves which are in the near-field region also has the interference and diffraction effects, and that this two-fold effect can be expressed as the convolution of the diffraction factor and the interference factor. Our conclusion could be helpful to understand the contribution of evanescent waves to the optical responses of sub-wavelength structures such as slits and grooves.

Based on the expansion expression of the fundamental mode of a single-mode fibre in terms of Laguerre–Gauss modes, the propagation of a beam of a weakly guiding fibre laser through an optical ABCD system with a circular aperture at the fibre end is studied. The results show that there is much difference between the propagation of the laser beam described by the expansion expression and by the Gaussian mode approximation. The depth of focus of the laser beam is longer than that of the Gaussian modes.

Electric field enhancement distributions encountered in feed gap of opposing bi-Au cone-tips is studied using a frequency-domain three-dimensional finite element method to solve Maxwell's equations of electric field distributions. Both the influences of cone-tip length and surrounding medium on electric field enhancement are investigated. The maximal enhancement value is discussed in terms of a simple physical model based on a standing wave on the tip surface associated with the antenna effect and surface plasmon. Simulated results demonstrate the enhancement is sensitive to the tip length. By selecting a suitably matched scale according to the incident wavelength, a large enhancement value can be observed within a small focused spot between the opposing tips permitting a high spatial resolution. The relative position of the opposing tips is also found for the optimum enhancement. All of the results suggest that our configuration is suitable for the site-specific Raman spectroscopic analysis at nanoscale.

Porous titanium and Ti6Al4V are produced by the powder metallurgy method. Dependence of the electrical conductivity on the porosity and pore size is investigated and the experimental results are correlative and compared with several earlier models. A newly modified Mori–Tanaka relationship based on the effective field method is proposed, which is successfully applied to describe the dependence of the electrical conductivity of porous titanium and Ti6Al4V on the porosity. The pore size has a minor effect on the electrical conductivity of both samples.

Spiral patterns are obtained in a dielectric barrier discharge system with water electrodes. The dynamics of spiral formation and transition is investigated. Wavelength characteristic of spiral patterns is also studied. Correlation measurements indicate that the wavelength of spiral pattern increases with the increasing gas gap width and oscillates with the increasing drive frequency.

The Coulomb potential recapture effect in above-barrier ionization with ultrashort long-wavelength laser pulses is investigated theoretically by solving the one-dimensional time-dependent Schrodinger equation. We find that electrons can be recaptured with considerable possibility by the Coulomb potential near the end of the pulse though atoms are ionized almost completely within the first few half optical cycles. Therefore there is a high probability of the atom surviving after the pulse. We also check this process in the three-dimensional case and find that this kind of stabilization can still exist in three-dimensional atoms.

Porous titanium is produced by the powder metallurgy method. Dependence of the electrical conductivity on the porosity and pore size is investigated and the experimental results are compared with a number of models. It is found that the minimum solid area model could be successfully applied to describe the relationship between the electrical conductivity and the porosity of porous titanium. This kind of conductivity increases with increasing pore sizes.

We investigate the carrier envelope phase (CEP) effects on high-order harmonic generation (HHG) in ultrashort pulses with the pulse duration 2.5 fs when the laser intensity is high enough so that the initial state is ionized effectively during the laser pulse but remains about 20% population at the end of the laser pulse. We find that the ionization process of the initial state is very sensitive to the CEP during the laser pulse. The ionization process of the initial state determines the continuum state population and hence influences dramatically the weights of the classical trajectories that contribute to HHG. In such a case we can not predict the cutoff and the structure of the harmonic spectrum only by the number and the kinetic energy of the classical trajectories. The harmonic spectrum exhibits abundant characters for different CEP cases. As a result, we can control the cutoff frequency and the plateau structure of the harmonic spectrum with CEP by controlling the time behaviour of the ionization of the initial state.

We report cw diode-pumped cryogenic Tm:Ho:YLF amplifiers at 2.049 μm with a Tm:Ho:GdVO4 oscillator. Not only the single- and double-pass, but also the single- and double-end pump amplifiers with a 10-mm-length medium are compared. A measured maximum small-gain coefficient of 1.3 cm−1 is achieved for the double-pass and double-end pump amplifier. The maximum extracted power of 8.5 W, the gain of 3.2 and extracted efficiency of 32% have been obtained with an input signal power of 3.9 W. The difference of the hosts in the oscillator and amplifier has little influence on the characteristic of the amplifier output. Additionally, the extracted efficiency of the quasi-continuous-wave amplifier with a repetition rate of 10 kHz is the same as the cw one.

We investigate the nonlinear correlations of protein sequences by using the nonlinear prediction method developed in nonlinear dynamical theory. It is found that a lot of protein sequences show strong nonlinear correlations and have deterministic structures. Further investigations show that the strong nonlinear correlations of these protein sequences are due to the symmetries of their tertiary structures. Furthermore, the correlation lengths of the sequences are related to the degrees of the symmetries. These results support the duplication mechanism of protein evolution and also reveal one aspect how amino acid sequences encode their spatial structures.

We experimentally investigated the VUV excitation luminescence properties of Ca4GdO(BO3)3:RE (RE=Eu3+,Tb3+). Ca4GdO(BO3)3:Eu3+ and Ca4GdO(BO3)3:Tb3+ emitted bright red and green colour light, respectively, under 172 nm excitation, resulting from the favorable position of the host absorption band (186 nm) and efficient energy transfer from Gd3+ to activators (e.g. Eu3+ or Tb3+) by means of secondary absorption in the Ca4GdO(BO3)3 matrix. The f–d transitions of Eu3+ and Tb3+ in the host lattice are depicted.

Synthesis and growth properties of the TiSi2 film on a Si (001) substrate are investigated. A novel two-step method is used for deposition of the C54 phase TiSi2 film with low resistivity. The first step is the formation of the C49 phase TiSi2 at a relative low substrate temperature of 400 C, followed by rapid thermal annealing process at 850degrees C in N-2 for the formation of the C54 phase TiSi2 as the second step. Finally, selective wet, etching is employed to remove the un-reaction Ti on the surface and the low resistivity C54 TiSi2 film can be obtained. The films deposited under various parameters are evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and the resistivity measurement. Compared with other sputtering technologies used commonly for TiSi2 synthesis, this two-step method has apparent advantages such as the mild synthesis temperature and the high purity of the final product with low resistivity, uniform large area and improving surface roughness. In addition, the film also shows that the low coefficient of resistivity-temperature appears in the temperature range from 20degrees C to 800degrees C.

Influence of the nuclear deformation on the potential energy surface (PES) in a di-nuclear system is studied in details. It is found that the PES shape changes greatly due to the deformation effect. The top point of the PES could be reduced significantly, which implies that the optimum excitation energy could also be reduced greatly and may enhance the formation probability of the compound nucleus. The dynamical deformation as a function of the reaction time in the reaction process is dramatic. The Z/N ratios of fragments tend to follow that of the compound nucleus during the nucleon exchange process, but to fluctuate.

PbSe films were grown on (111)-oriented BaF2 substrates by using molecular beam epitaxy. High resolution x-ray diffraction characterization showed good crystalline quality of PbSe films. Both longitudinal optical phonon at 135 cm-1 and transverse optical phonon at 47.6 cm-1 were observed by Raman scattering measurements. The Raman tensor calculation demonstrates that both transverse-optical and longitudinal-optical (LO) phonons in PbSe crystal are Raman active on (111)-oriented surface. Furthermore, 2LO phonon at about 270 cm-1 and polaron at about 800 cm-1 in PbSe, were also observed. The observed Raman frequencies are in good agreement with theoretical calculations using point ion model.

We investigate the ionization and high-order harmonic generation of a hydrogen atom in high-frequency (several atomic units) super strong (up to several tens of atomic units) dichromatic laser fields. An effective iterative method in the framework of high-frequency Floquet theory is used in the calculations. We have considered two kinds of dichromatic laser field, i.e. 1ω-2ω and 1ω-3ω. We find that, in both the cases, the ionization and high-order harmonic generation show evident dependence on the relative phase and strength of the additional harmonic field. The dynamical origin of these interference effects is also discussed.

The flow field of a plasma wake is studied by analysing the saturated ion current of multiple scanning probes with the method of chaos dynamics. The laminated structure of the near-wake is verified. It is observed at x > 250 mm (x is the axis along the flow field) that the far-wake flow field is similar to the free flow field, and turbulent structure exists in the near-wake, but there is no turbulence in the far-wake. The spatially intermittent character of the flow field can be discovered, which seems to produce some relationship between the spatially intermittent character and the turbulence. The results show that the analytic method of chaos dynamics is sensitive to a non-periodic signal.

A previously unknown ``spin-other-orbit'' effect of photon modes is predicted by solving a Schrodinger-like equation for a non-relativistic electron interacting with a two-mode intense photon field propagating in two perpendicular directions. A multiphoton ionization experiment to test this effect is suggested. Transition rates which manifest this effect to be measured in the experiment are calculated and presented graphically. A detailed comparison between this effect and the well-known spin-other-orbit effect of electrons is included.

The quantum telebroadcasting of a cat-like state in combination with the quantum teleportation and the local copying of entanglement is presented. This gives a general way of distributing entanglement among distant parties. All of the operations of our scenario are local and within the reach of current technology.

A liquid nitrogen cooled dual-wavelength Tm, Ho:GdVO4 microchip laser is reported. The output dual wavelengths are at 2038.9 nm and 2050.1 nm. At each wavelength, the laser has a single longitudinal mode. The threshold power is nearly 20mW and the slope efficiency is 18.7%. The single longitudinal mode output power reaches 98 mW, and the ratio of power is about 60% (2038.9 nm) and 40% (2050.1 nm).

A laser-diode-pumped widely tunable single-longitude-mode Tm:YAP laser in 2 μm eye-safe region is built. Continuous tunable range from 1899 nm to 2025 nm is achieved with the maximum laser output power of 225 mW at 1989 nm. In addition, the Tm:YAP laser operating under multimode and single-mode conditions is discussed.

ZnO nanorods are successfully synthesized by annealing the precursors in argon with the chemical precipitation method. The structural and optical properties of ZnO nanorods are investigated. As annealing temperature increases, the intensity of the green emission increases while the intensity of the yellow emission decreases. The result suggests that the green emission depends strongly on the annealing temperature.

By using a pump recycling configuration, the maximum power of 8.1 W in the wavelength range 1.935-1.938 mu m is generated by a 5-mm long Tm:YAlO3 (4 at. %) laser operating at 18 degrees C with a pump power of 24 W. The highest slope efficiency of 42% is attained, and the pump quantum efficiency is up to 100%. The Tm:YAlO3 laser is employed as a pumping source of singly-doped Ho(l%):GdVO4 laser operating at room temperature, in which continuous wave output power of greater than 0.2 W at 2.05 mu m is achieved with a slope efficiency of 9%.

A widely tunable cw diode-pumped room-temperature Tm:GdVO4 laser is built. Output power of 2.8 W and a slope efficiency of 22% pumped by a 18 W Fibre-coupled diode laser at 795 nm have been obtained. Continuous tunability from 1820 nm to 1946 nm is achieved. In addition, the factors that contribute to the efficiency of oscillation are studied.

We investigate the equilibrium lattice constant, bulk modulus, elastic constants and Debye temperature of Li2O under pressure by using ab initio unrestricted Hartree-Fock (HF) linear combination of atomic orbital (LCAO) periodic approach. The obtained results at zero pressure are well consistent with the available experimental data and other theoretical results. It is found that the elastic constants C-11, C-12 and C-44 and bulk modulus B increase monotonously as pressure increases. Also, the anisotropy will weaken and the Debye temperature will rise with pressure increasing.

The effects of field correlation on Raman-enhanced nondegenerate four-wave mixing (RENFWM) have been investigated by examining the RENFWM spectra as a function of time delay between two beams. An enhancement of the ratio between the resonant and nonresonant RENFWM signal intensities was found as the time delay was increased when the laser had broadband linewidth.

We study high-order harmonic generation (HHG) in an intense laser pulse when the initial state is prepared as a coherent superposition of the ground and first excited states. By examining the populations of these states for different laser intensity regions, the role of the excited state in the harmonic generation process can be identified. We also find that high conversion efficiency and high cutoff frequency of HHG can be achieved if the intensity of the laser pulse is high enough to cause considerable ionization of the first excited state but not sufficient to ionize the ground state.

The fusion–evaporation reaction 116Sn (19F, p3n) 131Ce at projectile energy of 95 MeV is used to populate high spin states in 131Ce. The de-exciting γ-rays are detected in γ–γ coincidence measurement with Compton-suppressed BGO-HPGe detectors. Level lifetimes of 131Ce were determined by using the Doppler shift attenuation method. The experimental results indicate that collectivity of 131Ce is reduced relative to that of 130Ce and it follows that deformation decreases with increase of the neutron number on the basis of systematic comparison of transition quadrupole moments for the light cerium isotopes.

Based on the interference between one-photon and two-photon processes, we report polarization beats in a cascade three-level system (PBCTS). We performed PBCTS experiments in Na vapor, which showed a modulation of the four-wave mixing signal intensity with period 55 fs, corresponding to the beating between the resonant frequencies of the transitions from 3S1/2 to 3P3/2 and from 3P3/2 to 4D3/2,5/2.

The plateau in high-harmonic generation is investigated in the frequency domain. Probability density of an electron in an electromagnetic field is obtained through analysing the quantized-field Volkov state. The plateau of high-harmonic generation reflects the spectral density of the electron at the location of nucleus after above-threshold ionization.