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There is an increasing interest and growing practice in Citizen Science (CS) that goes along with the usage of websites for communication as well as for capturing and processing data and materials. From an educational perspective, it is expected that by integrating information about CS in a formal educational setting, it will inspire teachers to create learning activities. This is an interesting case for using bots to automate the process of data extraction from online CS platforms to better understand its use in educational contexts. Although this information is publicly available, it has to follow GDPR rules. This paper aims to explain (1) how CS communicates and is promoted on websites, (2) how web scraping methods and anonymization techniques have been designed, developed and applied to collect information from online sources and (3) how these data could be used for educational purposes. After the analysis of 72 websites, some of the results obtained show that only 24.8% includes detailed information about the CS project and 48.61% includes information about educational purposes or materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper brings together studies on the future and design methodologies to develop a novel proposal for prospective analysis in the field of education. We apply mixed research methods in combination with design methodologies to open up new routes for studying the evolution, impact and behaviour of trends in future scenarios. Our research is based on an analysis of qualitative data from secondary sources and interviews with experts, which we transform into quantitative data using fuzzy logic models applied to uncontrolled Internet data environments. Our goal is to verify the validity of the DEFLEXOR method, which addresses the need to identify educational opportunities based on future scenarios defined using megatrends detected in various fields. Our conclusions highlight that combining qualitative and quantitative approaches with the methodological principles of design thinking, together with automated calculations arising from creative reflection by experts, constitutes a powerful methodology for developing specific prospective studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research supporting this paper addresses the problem of educational communication efficacy using a dual methodology strategy. Over 1.200 questionnaires were given out to professionals in four institutions dedicated to persuasive communication; two traditional --the church and schools-- and two more recently created -- journalism and advertising. Probably they are the four groups with more socialising force in the last centuries; For this paper the educators' responses were specifically analysed to determine their conception of the communication process and the requirements for effective communication, and these were compared with those from the other groups, especially from advertising professionals. Lastly, all the responses were compared to contributions from neuroscience that have been made in recent decades about how the human mind functions, particularly with regards to decision-making, to determine which communication proposals provide a greater guarantee of efficacy. The results indicate the need for educators to break away from a strictly cognitive polarized communication that focuses on transmission. They are more related with guaranteeing the supply than creating a demand, and open up to the communicative potential of emotions, interaction and storytelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital technology has provided users with new connections that have reset our understanding of social architectures. As a reaction to Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Big Data, the educational field has rearranged its structure to consider human and non-human stakeholders and their actions on digital platforms. In light of this increasingly complex scenario, this proposal aims to present definitions and discussions about AI and Big Data from the academic field or published by international organizations. The study of AI and Big Data goes beyond the search for mere computational power and instead focuses upon less difficult (yet perhaps more complex) areas of the study social impacts in Education. This research suggests an analysis of education through 21st century skills and the impact of AI development in the age of platforms, undergoing three methodological considerations: research, application and evaluation. To accomplish the research, we relied upon systematic reviews, bibliographic research and quality analyses conducted within case studies to compose a position paper that sheds light on how AI and Big Data work and on what level they can be applied in the field of education. Our goal is to offer a triangular analysis under a multimodal approach to better understand the interface between education and new technological prospects, taking into consideration qualitative and quantitative procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to measure a population's level of knowledge and active use of certain digital tools that play a primary role in developing their media literacy. To achieve it, an Online Digital Literacy test was designed to measure the knowledge and active usage of 45 different online software packages. This tool works as a reliable indicator to identify a population's media literacy development in terms of its linguistic and technological dimensions. More than 1,500 subjects of different gender, age and level of studies were tested in different cities within the autonomous community of Castilla and León in Spain, to measure their competence using these tools. The resulting data has enabled the identification of the level differences between age groups and gender and to formulate proposals in respect of digital literacy to enhance the public's competence in terms of media education. The general results indicate that people's Online Digital Literacy level is lower than ideal and that there is a level divide in relation to gender and age and that the average user has a social and recreational profile as a consumer of pre-existing content on the Internet rather than as manager, instigator or creator of his or her own content. This paper's conclusions therefore raise awareness of these deficiencies and encourage academic institutions to design specific digital literacy educational programmes to help citizens become media empowered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many Nowadays, digital teaching competence transcends the individual training of teachers in ICT. The European framework DigCompEdu, highlights that teachers must train students in the application of digital technologies in a critical and responsible way, in terms of information, communication, content generation, wellbeing and problem solving. Despite the good intentions to systematize a common model of development of digital competence, it is detected that the proposals lack a pedagogical approach that serves as a theoretical framework for them. This paper proposes a development model of the digital teaching competence based on the sociocultural approach through four constructs: Command, Preference, Reintegration and Appropriation. For this study, an ad hoc scale is created to record the digital teaching competence through the development of this in their students and empirical evidences are provided. A survey type design is proposed. The sample consists of 1,881 students of compulsory education in Andalusia (Spain). SPSS is used to analyse data. The average general results for each of the dimensions studied reveal a medium level of development of digital competence. It is concluded that there is still too much to be done in terms of teacher training in ICT, being necessary to provide them strategies for the development of this in their students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the ongoing research on the challenges and opportunities of delivering on-line and virtual content to apprentices in a Polytechnic institution. Due to the current financial recession, apprentices are going back to academia in order to update their skills, but these potential students are not willing to leave their workplace or their personal lives behind to study. In this context on-line delivery represents an opportunity to provide access to content without leaving the work environment. However, in order to be successful in providing on-line materials for apprentices, polytechnics around the world are facing two challenges: How to transform hands-on Learning skills to on-line Learning material, and how to provide a rich-engaging environment for this group of learners. But not only the learner expectations should be taken when designing on-line learning. Instructors play also a crucial role in this endeavor, as Web 2.0 technologies offer the instructor an entirely new role in teaching: that of a facilitator. In order to analyze apprenticeship students' on-line learning, 57 on-line surveys were distributed among a group of students registered for on-line apprenticeship programs. The paper presents research findings and a comparison of these with a what the literature states regarding the new generation of learners and their use of technologies, and the behavior (learning preferences, learning styles, use of IT) presented by the research sample. Innovative opportunities for learning at the workplace (such as recommendations and future areas of research) are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces key features of the BFI's evolving strategies for film education in UK schools during the final 25 years of the analogue era. Historically, the BFI did much to establish the characteristics of film study, but it also embodied tensions which have continued to preoccupy educators, such as the relationship between the instrumental use of film to support the curriculum, and learning about its intrinsic and distinctive qualities as a medium, or about its ideological function in society. The paper also addresses the question of whether «film» on its own constitutes a valid area of study, or whether it is more properly studied alongside television as part of «moving image media». The BFI has played a key role in exploring these issues and in exemplifying how film, or moving image media, can be taught to younger learners, but the internal vicissitudes it has constantly experienced have always pulled its educational activities in different directions. The central argument of this paper is that film education -and indeed media education in general- should be an entitlement for every learner, not something offered only to a minority or provided as an optional extra. The key projects described in this paper indicate some of the ways in which a publicly funded cultural institution can intervene in educational policy and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding communication technologies through the networks by which people connect, communicate and cooperate has been a constant feature in the work of researchers who have not dissociated their view about the meaning of technologies within new social movements. This paper states that Information and Communication Technologies are not only networks that people join individually, but that they also act as social technologies. Their improvement depends both on the diversity of their functions (social, political, cognitive, etc.) and on the flexibility they have to adapt to functional diversity (to lifecycles, changing and fluctuating mobility or to audiovisual perception thresholds, for example). This idea is supported by the new technological challenge represented by portable devices, the personal area network, high-use user interfaces, systems designed for home care, etc. All this will be tried and tested in this paper within the educational context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elderly people spend long hours in front of TV without any kind of planning. Thus, it is necessary to study TV consumption and offer guidelines to help them to watch TV from a critical point of view. This paper shows the results obtained immediately after a study carried out with people over 65 years who visit the centres for elderly people in Huelva in their free time. This paper shows with quantitative information the vision that elderly people from Huelva have about TV, and finally it proposes different progress actions that can reduce the time they spend in front of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the results of a study on TV consumption at home that has been developed both in state and private Primary and High schools. This paper tries to emphasize the need for media literacy at home, including parents and tutors and taking into account the results of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augmented reality emerges as a tool, on which it is necessary to examine its real educational value. This paper shows the results of a bibliometric analysis performed on documents collected from the Web of Science repository, an Internet service that concentrates bibliographic information from more than 7,000 institutions. Our analysis included an overall universe of 12,000 indexed journals and 148,000 conference proceedings. From those, we selected a sample targeting the terms "mobile-learning" or "m-learning" and "augmented reality" as descriptors or components of titles of scientific works. The analysis on journals (n=741) and in conference proceedings (n=913) reveals a differentiated perspective in each area in the last two years. A qualitative analysis of 67 scientific productions addressing these subjects complements the research. This highlights five themes: conceptualization of the phenomenon, development of new methodologies, motivation, spatial delocalization, and implementation in subject-matter areas. The research highlights logical changes, such as greater and differentiated access to information; transcendent innovations, such as increasing informal and ludic activities, insertion into virtual environments, membership of specific groups, and networks of friendly interaction, along creation of new scales of values. These elements are now beginning to constitute fundamental parts of teaching methodologies. Education appears to be subsidiary to technical advances, thus imposing a drastic methodological change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text is an approach on two leading topics: the changes emerging in the way audiences deal with new and old media, and, the multiple processes of reception and interaction occurring as a result of the information and communication systems. Audiences are seemingly devising new roles as creators and emitters of media products which they exchange through a variety of languages, formats and technologies. Significant differences are emerging between widespread consumption and connectivity, and the authentic, horizontal and creative participation of audiences. This paper also develops a proposal that is educational, communicative and pedagogical for this changing and polymorphous audience repositioning. This proposal is based on the tradition of the Latin American Critical Pedagogy of Communication course offered by the Communication Studies department of the University of Valladolid (Segovia). The study of Communication, Education and Society in a Digital Context is part of the degree course in Communication at the UVa, which was established with the aim of developing and reinforcing the skills required to achieve a global dialogue in the field of communication and education. The main goal of communicative competence is to instruct on the techniques and skills needed to produce and explore the application of media contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advance in new technologies has changed the educational model considerably. On-line education has arrived with a bang at university and those degree courses linked to the field of communication have adopted this type of technologies. In just a few years, the number of courses available in the communication field that include on-line subjects has multiplied. It seems that this tendency of proliferation will continue due to a high demand for degrees in the communication field as well as the possibility of completing these degrees on-line. This paper shows the perspective that on-line journalism students at the Rey Juan Carlos University in Madrid have on their studies. The results of a survey of students of the different courses that include the qualification allow us to gain a perspective of their experiences at the beginning and end of the studies. The questionnaire asks about socio-demographic traits from which we draw a sociological profile of on-line journalism student. It also delves into the motivations and expectations surrounding the decision to enrol in this mode and in its assessment both in terms of learning and the relationship between peers and teachers. Some of the conclusions point to the positive attitude of students and a satisfactory evaluation by the students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helping students think creatively is consistently cited as one of the key goals of education. Yet, across universities around the world, alarms have been sounding off suggesting that students are not prepared for a world where they are expected to solve messy, unstructured problems that don't have easy answers. This paper introduces design thinking, a human-centered innovation methodology that has been implemented in a design innovation program at Stanford University as well as at one of the most successful design consultancies. After a brief overview of design thinking, the author illustrates the key elements of this innovation pedagogy through its implementation at a university in Colombia. Realizing the potential of this methodology for building creative competence and confidence among students from all disciplines, and recognizing the power of the next generation of information and collaboration technologies and social media, the author proposes new research and development projects that will bring more creativity to traditional distance and blended learning programs through an infusion of design thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the current relationship between Peruvian teenagers and television. The information accessed from various sources concluded that adolescents are consuming television extensively, especially the poorer within the country. Teens appreciate the cable television as a source of learning, and its variety and ability to relate it with the world. The interest in cartoons, movies and series -fiction genre in general- affirms the value of this media in society as well as the possibility to make them more familiar with their environment. Information about what happens beyond their localities is a source of reference in their perception of the country. Beyond the cultural conflict from which is generally assessed from the effects that television may have on the rural world, television has a positive sign for the visual deterritorialization, which dissolves the natural relationship between culture and territory. In rural areas, parents and teenagers evaluate television positively because it offers more than just the school itself. In the midst of academic and professional criticism on television, adolescents do not distinguish between traditional media and new media, they are all integrated into their daily lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A videogame is a cultural device with its own socializing functions, as stated by most of the media. The high levels of pleasure and enjoyment it gives players make it essential to analyse its potential as an educational tool, more so if there is an awareness of its value as a vehicle for personality development among young people. This paper tries to provide current examples of the wide range of videogames and their ability to develop certain skills related to the dynamic representation of space, within Jerome Bruner's learning model. There is analysis of how adventure, strategy, simulation and role-playing games improve the development of skills such as reflection, strategic and tactical reasoning, or mental agility and economic challenges. Furthermore, data is provided on the present rating systems for game choice e.g.. ESRB (Entertainment Software Rating Board) valid in the U.S.A, and PEGI, from the European Federation for Interactive Software. Both are accepted by aDeSe (Asociation for Distributors and Editors of Entertainment Software) and both try to help parents and teachers recognise its content and suitability for the different range of ages and profiles. To sum up, the essay attempts to show the importance of videogames in the teaching-learning process by providing up-to-date examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A videogame is a cultural device with its own socializing functions, as stated by most of the media. The high levels of pleasure and enjoyment it gives players make it essential to analyse its potential as an educational tool, more so if there is an awareness of its value as a vehicle for personality development among young people. This paper tries to provide current examples of the wide range of videogames and their ability to develop certain skills related to the dynamic representation of space, within Jerome Bruner's learning model. There is analysis of how adventure, strategy, simulation and role-playing games improve the development of skills such as reflection, strategic and tactical reasoning, or mental agility and economic challenges. Furthermore, data is provided on the present rating systems for game choice e.g.: ESRB (Entertainment Software Rating Board) valid in the U.S.A, and PEGI, from the European Federation for Interactive Software. Both are accepted by aDeSe (Asociation for Distributors and Editors of Entertainment Software) and both try to help parents and teachers recognise its content and suitability for the different range of ages and profiles. To sum up, the essay attempts to show the importance of videogames in the teaching-learning process by providing up-to-date examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we reflect on the relationship of games, cognitive development and educational processes during a time of profound technological change. Specifically, we consider the role of videogames in knowledge construction and in children's education. By studying both the logic of video games and how players understand them, we can develop interesting ideas for re-thinking theories on knowledge and education. Primarily, this text analyzes the role of video games in the world of play in order to delve into its unique narrative models. Finally, we evaluate their virtual features for learning and education in general, then focusing on the risks entailed. We conclude with a cognitive-pedagogical evaluation of the connective thought that videogames can develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A videogame is a cultural device with its own socializing functions, as stated by most of the media. The high levels of pleasure and enjoyment it gives players make it essential to analyse its potential as an educational tool, more so if there is an awareness of its value as a vehicle for personality development among young people. This paper tries to provide current examples of the wide range of videogames and their ability to develop certain skills related to the dynamic representation of space, within Jerome Bruner's learning model. There is analysis of how adventure, strategy, simulation and role-playing games improve the development of skills such as reflection, strategic and tactical reasoning, or mental agility and economic challenges. Furthermore, data is provided on the present rating systems for game choice e.g.: ESRB (Entertainment Software Rating Board) valid in the U.S.A, and PEGI, from the European Federation for Interactive Software. Both are accepted by aDeSe (Asociation for Distributors and Editors of Entertainment Software) and both try to help parents and teachers recognise its content and suitability for the different range of ages and profiles. To sum up, the essay attempts to show the importance of videogames in the teaching-learning process by providing up-to-date examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an educational process which enables the participants to a critical analysis of television and its contents. This educational method has been developed at «La Salle» University centre, in a social educators and teachers training course, in the frame of the subject called «Techniques of Social Communication and Advertisement». It is based on a methodology that aims the development and promotion of complex thinking and critical consciousness. Reference to some techniques for the analysis of television in class may also be found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rate of mass media per inhabitant is particularly high in Uruguay. Nevertheless, there aren't many experiences in teacher training and formation of a critical consciousness. The actors involved in the educational process have considered the matter thoroughly. At the same time, a revolutionary experience carried out with computers is being attacked, due to the lack of a pedagogic and critical basis. This paper offers the different arguments and new proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the image in movement in the cinema and on television is the most complex audiovisual manifestation, it should not be forgotten that it is not the only one. Oral narrations, drawings and commented pictures, dramatizations, the different representation varieties such as marionettes, shade theatre, puppet shows, and so on, are resources of great potential to work audiovisual education from other perspectives. They also suppose the establishment of an educational basis, fundamental in the future to be able to work on moving images with solid grounds of maturity and knowledge. This paper focuses on the inclusion of all these resources inside the process of audiovisual education, being fundamental their treatment in the first years of formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formal education offered at schools has an intentional and professional curricular space that influences, in a direct way, on the people's formation, their behaviours, their strategies to cope with daily interpersonal relationships, and their new challenges. This paper includes a reflection on the incidence of psychopedagogic orientation in the development of abilities and competences for a more responsible and critical use of television messages. It also offers some practical proposals that can be implemented by practitioners or tutors in collaboration with their students' families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image must become a basic way towards knowledge. This paper proposes to search for shocking TV images that illustrate and define cultural and scientific concepts. Audiovisual itineraries for students are provided for students. They are based on the relationship between word and image, and the architectonic forms that surround us: buildings. Educating the sight implies an education through images, an education to learn how to see, and how to live the reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Television is part of the young people's daily life and the new technologies, such as the digital video, make a new pedagogical approach possible. This approach enables the teacher to take a critical view of the mass media and to set the knowledge, which is fundamental in the learning process. This paper is based upon the research carried out in Primary schools in Brazil and it intends to show the pedagogical possibilities of television when using the digital video. The results are audiovisual productions with pedagogical, social and cultural aims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the educational experience as a privileged social practice for the comprehension of the meaning of sport in television. We base our socio-cultural approach on a pedagogical action carried out with future Physical Education teachers from Brazil. They identified, through the reading of the television broadcast of a women's basketball championship, the play on meanings spread by the Brazilian television, thus influencing the construction of certain ethics and aesthetics of the present-day sports phenomenon. In such a process, the students were able to identify the transformation of sport into a «TV-show» and to comprehend the process of signification of cultural elements by the media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes taking place in the current media scenery will affect the television as mass media decisively. Maybe students and the rest of the people should be educated not only as critical viewers, but also as creators and producers of audiovisual messages, as users of interactive media, as part of audiovisual experiences in cyberspace. In this paper the author revises the key aspects of media education (including television, of course), explores to what extent they are still valid nowadays and what new changes are required in the digital age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How should we observe? How should we learn to observe, to be able to think critically about the images that surround and invade our interior? How should we perform so that the future professionals of education may also educate their way of observing? In this paper the author expresses his proposal about how to develop critical thinking, following the six intellectual skills that shape critical thinking which appear in the Delphi report, using the television series «The Boarding School». [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an analysis of 37 short audio-visual stories told in sketches (like a storyboard). These works were drawn by teenagers of two high-schools of Federal District, Brazil, within the framework of a project of investigation-action supported by the University of Brasilia. The aim of this analysis is to show the adjustment of the strategy of drawing sketches to the construction of proposals, which arise from the union joining of the creative capacities of the young people together with their position as viewers. It is necessary to mention that the groups of teenagers hadn't attended any courses or audiovisual workshops which become the starting point for the development of a proposal of media literacy in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few means provide us with more controversial and interesting materials in a moral sense than television contents do nowadays. By showing many cases which involve a conflict of rights and values, TV gives plenty of opportunities for moral reflection. It is a very valuable instrument since it offers us relevant present problems, which are also very easy to understand and motivating for young people. This paper is intended to make some suggestions in order to foster the didactic use of some television contents. More specifically, it is intended to show the possibilities that moral dilemmas offer for this purpose. Accordingly, I will put forward some dilemmas which have been built from television materials, as well as several indications for its didactic use and a field research example about them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents part of an investigation titled «Child and television: contributions to the teacher's work in children's education». It studies the way in which children between three and seven years old have a relationship with television. Starting from the interventions with the kids, new possibilities to teach children how to watch TV are shown. In order to do that, this research is based on the Brazilian teacher Paulo Freire and his concept about reading the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some ideas about how the author sees the current television in Spain. It has been calculated that today in Spain one student of Primary or Secondary school spends about 900 hours in class and between 1.500 and 2.000 in front of the TV. The author develops some audiovisual, academic activities that teachers could do with students in order to improve their abilities to watch television from a critical point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the problems we have in a current society educated in the visual culture to teach Audio-visual Narrative in such a way that it takes a constant work of learning in the practical activity. Using this criterion, we begin studying the previous cultural parameters and continue with the practices, evaluation methods and feedback between pupils and teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More and more media students complete their studies with professional placements every year. At the same time, each year more universities include such experience as an integral part of their curricula. This is in recognition of the fact that a learning process takes place during placements. Therefore, universities offering such training placements have to accept some responsibility for their success. Universities need to be aware of what students do during these periods of training in order to face the challenge posed by this responsibility. By doing this, universities will know which things need to be improved. This paper aims to generate debate on the following topic: the first work experience of media students should be fully educational and should transfer knowledge, skills and social engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]