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Audiovisual media are part of children's daily life. They build and/or replace a part of the reality that is sometimes preceded. This paper is interested in one of the elements of the audiovisual binomial, the soundtrack, in order to analyse its meaning and sense from the children's point of view. The objectives are: to determine if the audiovisual media clips to which children are exposed (sound, image and all) are perceived differently; to establish the possible differences in the assessment they make when comparing the sound and image presentation modalities. Fourteen audiovisual media (movies, series, cartoons and documentaries) were identified by 115 children (10-12 years old) as preferred. Audiovisuals were edited in three modalities (sound, image, and all) and grouped into different series of three clips, which were watched in group sessions by 547 Spanish and Argentinian children (mean age: 11 years old). An Assessment Questionnaire of audiovisual clips was designed and implemented. Results showed differences in the meaning of the soundtrack in three of the five categories of the questionnaire. The significant predominance of the sound in series, documentaries and, especially, movies is highlighted. Contextual space-time elements, affective implications, feelings, and empathy as well as assessment of the experience are all perceived by means of the sound (the music). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the main contributions of the TV broadcasters in Spain to the study of the relationships between television and childhood. It is justified by the need of compile and organise these contributions. Quality contents broadcasted for children, children consumption of television and the role of TV channels to transfer a positive image of the childhood have been the mainstays of this text. The information that we report is the result of the study carried out from Observatorio Comunicación y Sociedad. Methodologically, consulting scientific bibliography about television and childhood has made possible to put our study into context. After that, the use of questionnaire to people responsible of contents broadcasted for children by the main Spanish TV channels, and the analysis of the different experiences and work papers prepared by televisions, have allowed to create a setting with the broadcasters' main contributions to a new paradigm which improves the relationship between minors and television. The conclusion from the analysis and the consultation to experts point that, except in the case of the public state television and some regional televisions, the research and the redesign of the childhood/television relationship is not one of the channels priorities. In fact, only TVE has an important scientific production in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has two purposes: one conceptual and the other practical. On a conceptual level, it outlines a model for understanding how TV operates as a social mediator in the event of natural disasters, and at the practical level, it recommends measures that can be used to optimize the role of TV and its ideal social function in contexts of crisis. This model views TV intervention as both «self-centered», that is, driven by its reproduction as a media consumption company; and «socially-centered», designed to respond swiftly and accurately to the social requirements that emerge in crisis situations. The suggested model is to be contrasted with the results of a research study conducted by the National TV Council of Chile that explored the role of TV broadcasting after the earthquake in February 2010. According to the results of the study, audiences value the amount of information broadcasted by TV networks but perceive that the predominance of its «self-centered» function creates a problem: the logic of the 'spectacle' is prevalent and exacerbates the audience's emotions. The primary purpose of this paper is to develop a strategy to recommend how TV and its associate services can respond to a crisis situation while respecting the tragedy of natural disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elderly people spend long hours in front of TV without any kind of planning. Thus, it is necessary to study TV consumption and offer guidelines to help them to watch TV from a critical point of view. This paper shows the results obtained immediately after a study carried out with people over 65 years who visit the centres for elderly people in Huelva in their free time. This paper shows with quantitative information the vision that elderly people from Huelva have about TV, and finally it proposes different progress actions that can reduce the time they spend in front of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the results of a study on TV consumption at home that has been developed both in state and private Primary and High schools. This paper tries to emphasize the need for media literacy at home, including parents and tutors and taking into account the results of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is usually known about television for children are the programmes broadcast. In contrast, the underlying criteria as well as their conditioning factors are largely unknown. This paper aims to unveil the television backstage, presenting and analysing the logics and strategic options that shape the conception, production and broadcasting of programming for children. In this way, this paper also intends to contribute to a wellgrounded knowledge about a reality quite present in children's daily life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper analyzes the results of a qualitative investigation developed by the Spanish public television on the values and characteristics of the national television fiction genre, as well as other aspects of its latest evolution. The conclusions of this qualitative analysis and the audience ratings confirm the hegemony of the genre within the generalist television programming. In the same sense, the paper analyzes its latest tendencies and what is called the last renewal of domestic television fiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of work on «Observar TV», a children's observatory of television launched in the city of Barranquilla (Colombia) in which children participated as protagonists in research, training and spaces for dialogue centred on their observations of television broadcasts. The goals of the project included: 1) to ascertain the reflection and discussion of preferences and opinions (expressed by boys and girls) regarding television; 2) to identify and discuss their imagery around citizenship in relation to coexistence and peace, multiculturalism and democratic responsibility and participation; 3) to understand the development processes that contribute to the construction of their critical thinking abilities regarding television and its consumption; 4) to increase the visibility of children as active participants in setting the public agenda of their city. This study was developed using a participatory action research approach that employed qualitative methods (focus groups, workshops, and observations) for the simultaneous execution of three components: research, training, and visibility/interaction. The results demonstrate that the child participants displayed a critical attitude toward television and expressed their likes and dislikes regarding television content. The participants took up the challenge to discuss, transform, or reaffirm their imagery relating to citizenship and strengthened their capacities in language and communication. The children expressed the reflections that came up in the work of the observatory by participating in the television program «Learning to watch television», that was produced by the regional station «Telecaribe». [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyse child viewers' interpretation of television violence shown in television programmes specifically aimed at children. The justification for this work is based on the research that considers that more theoretical and empirical studies need to be carried out on the conceptualisation of violence, and about how much violence is legitimised and through what mechanisms such legitimacy is constructed. It is aimed at providing a notion of television violence as interpreted by child television viewers which takes these mechanisms into account. The methodology used is based on an analysis of the content and the dialogue of in-depth interviews conducted with sixteen children under the age of 12 years, after showing them two sequences of television programmes with types and various formalisation of fictional violence. The results, as well as providing a conceptual map of the responses, also show how children define and differentiate different types of violence. We can also verify how their reception process is framed by their cultural history and specific reading and consumption experiences, in which contextual narrative aspects play a very important role in children's interpretation of violence. Thus, the results of this study indicate how children give an unrestricted significance to violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much has been said and written about media education, its relevance and goals. Beyond directives, resolutions or recommendations, research in this area has deepened the foundations of media education but has also emphasized its weak points or faults. One of these critical points noted in the training and research work developed at the University of Minho, Portugal, in the last 20 years is the non-existence of resources and materials that could be used to promote media education in different contexts. But this is not just about the availability of materials, it concerns the importance of putting knowledge into practice and of mediating the knowledge produced with the appropriate audience. This concern was the basis of the 'Media Education in Booklets' project carried out by the Society and Communication Research Centre and funded by the Evens Foundation, Belgium. This paper presents the resources produced by this project in the form of three booklets: the first deals with the mediation of TV at school and at home; the second describes videogames, ways of playing, benefits, dangers, creativity and interculturality; the third is about the Internet and social networks, and the new forms of relationships and communication that these allow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the main characteristics of advertising discourse in relation to childhood and its engagement with children's view of this stage of life, in line with «new social studies» and critical discourse analysis. This discussion seeks to complement the functionalist perspective of communication studies in the field of advertising content analysis by incorporating a discursive focus, taking into account contextual issues that may condition the interpretation of messages. Firstly, discourse analysis was used as a means of exploring social representations, identifying stereotypes employed in children's advertising in order to establish the possible functions of the message. To contrast these findings, group interviews were conducted with 10 and 11 year-old boys and girls from middle-income families in Santiago, Chile. A comparison of both findings reveals a complex and relational notion of childhood. Children see themselves as burdened by parents, and adulthood as an effective lack of liberty, where the archetypes reveal an image of the adult world as a state of loss with respect to the exercise of creativity, imagination and freedom. These archetypes correlate to children's television output, where a number of shows ridicule the image of adults through irony and parody, presenting them as incompetent in their roles as parents and in their moral authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the productive structure in Spanish television research. Data from theses about Spanish television which had been defended in this country over the period 1976/2007 was extracted. Two methodologies are used within this analysis: a bibliometric analysis and Social Network Analysis (SNA). Results show the production of theses by time period, university, these advisors and examination board members. The use of social networks leads us in the identification of notable academic groups operating in the present period as well as tendencies in the composition of the board in terms of university of origin and thesis advisor. There are 404 theses on television written in this period. The results indicate a general and constant increase in the number of theses, especially noticeable over the last 15 years. Regarding scientific production, the Complutense University of Madrid stands out as the most productive. The structural analysis shows that only the Complutense University of Madrid, the Autonomous University of Barcelona, University of Navarre and the University of La Laguna generate their own research groups. Professors shaping the Spanish research system for television are found through the analysis of social networks. Leading positions within the network structure are held by professors of communication from the Complutense University of Madrid and the Autonomous University of Barcelona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the educommunicational consequences of the transformations of mediated communication in the process of digitization. We present qualitative empirical evidence on the use of mass media and digital technologies from the digital convergence of media, the industry and the resulting complementary formats. Television, in particular, has experienced a process of changing its formats and expressive content by delivering interactivity, facilitating the expression of subjects by means of different technological devices. So from the perspective of the subject, it is observed that the new technological devices and their new grammars are utilized provided they contribute with meaning to his daily practice and biographical trajectory. Nevertheless, digital inclusion policies have focused only on maximizing access to equipment and digital literacy associated to technology applications and not to the narrative skills of the subjects. It is therefore necessary to generate new concepts that allow new methodological guidelines, in communication and education academic processes, to promote the use of new emerging digital spaces for communicational empowered citizens, that is, from competent to tell (expressive skills) to more specifically, tell oneself (as an individual) and tell us (collectively). Finally, these will be the expressive spaces of the new television with citizen's expressions, fostered by converging elements of digital technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the current relationship between Peruvian teenagers and television. The information accessed from various sources concluded that adolescents are consuming television extensively, especially the poorer within the country. Teens appreciate the cable television as a source of learning, and its variety and ability to relate it with the world. The interest in cartoons, movies and series -fiction genre in general- affirms the value of this media in society as well as the possibility to make them more familiar with their environment. Information about what happens beyond their localities is a source of reference in their perception of the country. Beyond the cultural conflict from which is generally assessed from the effects that television may have on the rural world, television has a positive sign for the visual deterritorialization, which dissolves the natural relationship between culture and territory. In rural areas, parents and teenagers evaluate television positively because it offers more than just the school itself. In the midst of academic and professional criticism on television, adolescents do not distinguish between traditional media and new media, they are all integrated into their daily lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is doubly justified: as a part of a bigger research project on types of so far marginalized characters in television drama serials; and as a contribution to the teenage invasion of the TV screen as a call to this kind of audience. The aim of this paper is to show prototypes of adolescents created in televised products broadcast today in Spain. The methodology is based on two factors: a quantitative one about serials and characters, and a qualitative analysis of drama serials and teen characters. The result confirms the existence of a powerful standardized appearance and attitude regarding the models proposed by American series over the Spanish ones. The conclusion discusses the generation of contradictory teenage prototypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the models of Public Television in Spain (TVE) and Great Britain (BBC), within the different contexts in which both entities are created and developed. We understand that the features adopted by cultural industries do not obey to immovable determinations but are the result of political, economic and cultural circumstances. The discourse of professionals working in these two media -obtained trough indepth interviews- will allow us to infer the concept of public service inspiring their work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an educational process which enables the participants to a critical analysis of television and its contents. This educational method has been developed at «La Salle» University centre, in a social educators and teachers training course, in the frame of the subject called «Techniques of Social Communication and Advertisement». It is based on a methodology that aims the development and promotion of complex thinking and critical consciousness. Reference to some techniques for the analysis of television in class may also be found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media education is one of the obligations of Portuguese public television. In the last few years, RTP2 has shown great concern about the quality of its programmes, mainly those addressed to children and teenager audiences. This paper focuses on the communicative and educational strategies used by television programmes «Kulto» and «Pica» and discusses if they contribute to teach children and teenagers to watch television, thus enhancing their media literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formal education offered at schools has an intentional and professional curricular space that influences, in a direct way, on the people's formation, their behaviours, their strategies to cope with daily interpersonal relationships, and their new challenges. This paper includes a reflection on the incidence of psychopedagogic orientation in the development of abilities and competences for a more responsible and critical use of television messages. It also offers some practical proposals that can be implemented by practitioners or tutors in collaboration with their students' families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the image in movement in the cinema and on television is the most complex audiovisual manifestation, it should not be forgotten that it is not the only one. Oral narrations, drawings and commented pictures, dramatizations, the different representation varieties such as marionettes, shade theatre, puppet shows, and so on, are resources of great potential to work audiovisual education from other perspectives. They also suppose the establishment of an educational basis, fundamental in the future to be able to work on moving images with solid grounds of maturity and knowledge. This paper focuses on the inclusion of all these resources inside the process of audiovisual education, being fundamental their treatment in the first years of formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Television is part of the young people's daily life and the new technologies, such as the digital video, make a new pedagogical approach possible. This approach enables the teacher to take a critical view of the mass media and to set the knowledge, which is fundamental in the learning process. This paper is based upon the research carried out in Primary schools in Brazil and it intends to show the pedagogical possibilities of television when using the digital video. The results are audiovisual productions with pedagogical, social and cultural aims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the educational experience as a privileged social practice for the comprehension of the meaning of sport in television. We base our socio-cultural approach on a pedagogical action carried out with future Physical Education teachers from Brazil. They identified, through the reading of the television broadcast of a women's basketball championship, the play on meanings spread by the Brazilian television, thus influencing the construction of certain ethics and aesthetics of the present-day sports phenomenon. In such a process, the students were able to identify the transformation of sport into a «TV-show» and to comprehend the process of signification of cultural elements by the media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes taking place in the current media scenery will affect the television as mass media decisively. Maybe students and the rest of the people should be educated not only as critical viewers, but also as creators and producers of audiovisual messages, as users of interactive media, as part of audiovisual experiences in cyberspace. In this paper the author revises the key aspects of media education (including television, of course), explores to what extent they are still valid nowadays and what new changes are required in the digital age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an analysis of 37 short audio-visual stories told in sketches (like a storyboard). These works were drawn by teenagers of two high-schools of Federal District, Brazil, within the framework of a project of investigation-action supported by the University of Brasilia. The aim of this analysis is to show the adjustment of the strategy of drawing sketches to the construction of proposals, which arise from the union joining of the creative capacities of the young people together with their position as viewers. It is necessary to mention that the groups of teenagers hadn't attended any courses or audiovisual workshops which become the starting point for the development of a proposal of media literacy in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results obtained from a sample of adolescents from the Basque Country (Spain) regarding the relationship between their personal values and the values perceived in their favourite television programmes. The theoretical framework used for conceptualizing and assessing such values was the Schwartz model; and the instrument used for the study was an own scale developed by the authors (Val-TV 0.1), which was statistically validated using a multidimensional analysis. In accordance with our hypotheses, which are based on previous studies, we can affirm that, in general, the subjects tend to perceive the same values in television programmes that they themselves show. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents part of an investigation titled «Child and television: contributions to the teacher's work in children's education». It studies the way in which children between three and seven years old have a relationship with television. Starting from the interventions with the kids, new possibilities to teach children how to watch TV are shown. In order to do that, this research is based on the Brazilian teacher Paulo Freire and his concept about reading the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some ideas about how the author sees the current television in Spain. It has been calculated that today in Spain one student of Primary or Secondary school spends about 900 hours in class and between 1.500 and 2.000 in front of the TV. The author develops some audiovisual, academic activities that teachers could do with students in order to improve their abilities to watch television from a critical point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the use of the different methodologies in cultural studies by Spanish researchers and academics. These working methodologies are still peripheral in film studies in Spain, although the number of publications generically adhering to cultural studies viewpoints are increasing, above all those studies concerning film audience or gender and, to a lesser extent, those dealing with film reception, stereotype representation and more recently transnational studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last years there has been an increase of gender studies, with the incorporation of women at academic world and as consecuence of a bigger social awareness. Even so, the analyses of this type, specially in communication, are not very usual. The object of this paper is to analyze gender construction and stereotypes in spanish fiction TV through two successful Spanish series, proposing a model of analyses that allows to recognize and to clasificate these representations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives a summary of how the different information and communication technologies have changed the societies which have used them through the years. Consecration and adoption of different technologies have fulfilled beliefs and expectations that eventually have come true. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]