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The article presents information on energy supply and use in the U.S. Topics discussed include the changes in the U.S. energy system since the start of the 21st century, the overall energy consumption in the country since 2000, the challenges facing the electric power industry in the country, and a growth in renewable energy consumption between 2000 and 2022.

The article discusses implications of Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the ensuing war on the countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), a region of continuing strategic and foreign policy salience to Congress. Topics include humanitarian effects of war in the MENA region, because of increased volatility in energy and food commodity markets, decisions related to diplomacy, and the provision of military support, and enforcement of sanctions.

The article focuses on U.S. President Joe Biden signed the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act which addresses a range of issues, including surface transportation, water infrastructure, broadband, and minority business. It mentions bill also appropriates for the Abandoned Mine Reclamation Fund and for carbon reduction program administered by the Department of Transportation. It also mentions categories of topics and programs covered by the law carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS).

The article focuses on China has been expanding and strengthening its diplomatic, security, commercial, and cultural ties with countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region since the late 1990s. It mentions China brokered an agreement between Iran and Saudi Arabia to reestablish diplomatic relations. It also mentions President Joe Biden referred to the China as the U.S. most serious competitor.

The article discusses developments in the energy sector in the U.S. as of March 2021. Other topics include the country's overall energy consumption, its energy sources like natural gas, renewable energy, oil, and nuclear power, the technological developments in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, and the energy policy toward energy security and energy consumption reduction.

The article discusses economic sanctions imposed by the U.S. through enacted legislation and executive action on Iran, Russia, and Venezuela which aim to pressure the ruling governments to change their behavior and policies. Topics include the impact of economic sanctions on crude oil trade including production, price, export and import of oil; Petroleum Market Assessment and Consideration and Significant Reduction Exception; decline in oil production in Venezuela following economic sanctions.

The article offers information on the U.S. energy system in the 21st century. Topics include offshore renewable energy sources, natural gas supply, consumption, and exports, and the U.S. coal-producing industry. Also provided are monthly natural gas prices from 2000-2017, renewable energy consumption in the country, and sources of crude oil from 2000-2017.

The article reports that the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has announced an agreement seeking 11 of the 13 members would cut down crude oil production for six months starting January 1, 2017. OPEC announced on December 10, 2016 that 11 non-OPEC countries, led by Russia, had pledged to further reduce oil production by 558,000 bpd. The OPEC or non-OPEC production agreement aims at reducing global supply or demand imbalances and lowering resulting global oil stocks.

The article presents a report related to an agreement between Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the U.S. for crude oil production and supply. It mentions the role of OPEC in influencing global oil prices through coordinated production decisions which impact the global oil market supply and demand balance. it also discusses the oil supply decisions by OPEC which resulted in increase in oil prices and supply shortages of gasoline.

The article focuses on the renewable electricity generation trade between the U.S., Canada and Mexico. According to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) estimates, the potential to annually generate as much as 481,800 Terawatt-hours of electricity from renewable sources is possessed by the U.S. It is noted that a potential source of renewable electricity generation is the new hydroelectric generation, especially in Canada.

The article focuses on the electricity import and export trade between Mexico, the U.S., and Canada. It is stated that while U.S. electricity exports to Canada and Mexico have decreased, imports have increased overall since 2006, over the same period. It is noted that accounting for approximately 2% of annual Mexican electricity generation, total U.S. electricity imports from Mexico were approximately 7.31 Terawatt-hours (TWh) in 2015.

The article focuses on the electricity generation profiles of Mexico, the U.S., and Canada. It is stated that with 68 Gigawatts (GW) of available generating capacity, Mexico has the smallest electricity sector while the U.S.' electricity sector is massive by comparison, with total generation capacity around 1,100 GW.

The article focuses on the state of crude oil trade between Canada, the U.S. and Mexico. It is stated that a combination of pipeline, rail and marine transportation is used to move crude oil between the three nations. It is noted that while marine vessels are the primary means of oil import from Mexico, pipelines dominate crude oil movements between Canada and the U.S.

The United States, Canada, and Mexico in many ways comprise one large, integrated market for energy commodities. Canada, for example, is the single largest foreign supplier of crude oil to the United States, and the United States is Canada's sole crude oil customer. Both Mexico and Canada are major buyers of petroleum products refined in the United States. A growing trade in natural gas produced in the United States is also increasingly important to the energy relationship among the three countries. Trade in the other energy commodities--electricity, natural gas liquids, and coal--is comparatively small, but regionally important. Altogether, the value of the energy trade between the United States and its North American neighbors exceeded $140 billion in 2015, with $100 billion in U.S. energy imports and over $40 billion in exports. The United States' energy trade relationships with Canada and Mexico are increasingly complex. They have been undergoing fundamental change in recent years--largely due to technological advancements in the petroleum and natural gas sectors creating new competition for energy supplies and new market interconnections. Consequently, while energy policies in one country have inevitably affected the others, their cross-cutting effects in the future are difficult to predict. Nonetheless, a review of the recent trade data highlights several key market developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the U.S. Energy Information Administration's (EIA) monthly data which shows that crude oil export volumes ranged from 364,000 barrels per day (bpd) to 692,000 bpd from December 2015 to October 2016 following the repeal of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016. It is noted that narrow price differentials between domestic and international crude oils is one possible reason for the limited export volume increase.

The article offers information on export of crude oil by the U.S. It mentions that according to data from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), crude oil export from the U.S. increased in April 2016. It also mentions the Consolidated Appropriations Act 2016 which prohibits export of crude oil from the U.S. It also mentions that removing crude oil export restrictions will impact the prices of crude oil.

The article provides overview of crude oil exports and retail gasoline prices in the U.S. Topics discussed include impact of increasing crude oil exports on rise in gasoline prices; relationship between U.S. crude oil export volumes and prices paid by U.S. consumers for retail gasoline; and Energy Information Administration's take on the same.

The article informs on an agreement between Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and non-OPEC countries for stabilizing declining oil prices and reducing oil production. Topics discussed include introduction of NOPEC Act bill for amending the U.S. Sherman Act; reducing oil stocks; and export and import of crude oil.

The article focuses on the future prospects for electricity import and export trade between Mexico, the U.S. and Canada. It is stated that future cross-border electricity trade will be a function of both the availability of cross-border transmission infrastructure to move electric power and the development of future generation capacity.

The article focuses on the state of natural gas trade in North America between the U.S., Canada and Mexico. It is mentioned that U.S. natural gas exports have risen and imports have declined significantly with the advent of U.S. shale gas supplies around 2006. It is noted that Mexico has had to rely ever more on imports as its natural gas production has not been able to keep pace with its demand.

The article focuses on the crude oil proved reserves in North America, whcih are dominated by Canada, with an estimated 173 billion barrels at the end of 2015. It is stated that under existing economic and operating conditions, they are both technically and economically recoverable and can increase over time because of new discoveries and technological innovation or higher prices.

A chart is presented that offers a comparative analysis of selected Clean Energy Standards (CES) proposed during the 111th session of the U.S. Congress including the CES Act of 2010, the Renewable Electricity Promotion Act of 2010, and the Practical Energy and Climate Plan Act of 2010.

The article discusses several policy considerations in assessing possible Clean Energy Standard (CES) legislation in the U.S. These include the value of alternative compliance payments associated with CES, the potential exemptions of utility companies, and the structure of the interim CES targets and goals.

The article discusses the summary and design elements (DE) of previously proposed Clean Energy Standards (CES) discussed during the 111th meeting of the U.S. Congress from January 3, 2009 to January 3, 2011. Among the CES DE considered are the base quantity of electricity, the reductions in electricity consumption at end-use consumer facilities, civil penalties and the alternative compliance payments.

The article presents the Congressional Research Service's March 2011 report to the U.S. Congress entitled "Clean Energy Standard (CES): Design Elements, State Baseline Compliance and Policy Considerations" by Phillip Brown. The report includes discussions of the design elements of previous CES proposals that were submitted during the 111th Congress. It also explains the policy considerations for evaluating a potential CES legislation.

The article discusses the response of various U.S. market sectors to the Section 1603 grant program of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009. It cites the receipt of wind projects of the most value in U.S. dollars from the grant program. It examines the upward trend in the solar electricity market since 2005. The article also explores the utilization of cellulosic biomass electricity projects and small wind facilities of the cash grant awards.

The article discusses policy options available to the Section 1603 grant program of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009. It examines the implications of allowing the grant program to expire after December 31, 2011. It notes the issues connected with the U.S. Congress extending the grant program on a temporary basis. It explores the effect of modifying existing tax incentives including making changes to the production tax credit (PTC) and investment tax credit (ITC).

The article discusses the impacts of the Section 1603 grant program of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009. It provides an evaluation of energy tax provisions based on an economic perspective. It examines the relation of the grant program to the production tax credit (PTC) and investment tax credit (ITC). It explores the difficulty in identifying job creation opportunities in the evaluation of energy incentives and programs.

The article discusses the renewable energy tax equity market in relation to the Section 1603 grant program of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009. It provides a definition of tax equity in the context of a renewable energy project. It offers a description of the qualities of renewable energy tax equity investors. It presents a table which summarizes the renewable energy tax equity marketplace based on three industry sources.

The article provides a background on the Section 1603 grants in lieu of tax credits of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009. It offers a table that outlines the available incentives by eligible technologies under the program. It notes two modifications by the ARRA for renewable energy investments including the allowance for eligible properties to choose a one-time cash grant in lieu of tax credits. It discusses the renewable energy tax incentives prior to the grant program.

The article provides a summary of issues related to Section 1603 grant program of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009. The program grants cash incentives for renewable energy projects from the U.S. Department of Treasury. Prior to the grant, these projects were federally supported through the production tax credit (PTC) or investment tax credit (ITC). The author offers an overview on the market response to the establishment of Section 1603.

A report is presented discussing the No Oil Producing and Exporting Cartels (NOPEC) Act of 2019 that was introduced during the 116th U.S. Congress. Topics discussed include the law's modification of the Sherman Antitrust Act, the countries to be affected by the law, and its impact on oil markets and prices.

The article offers information on topics related to the No Oil Producing and Exporting Cartels (NOPEC) Act of 2018 in the U.S. Topics mentioned include the effects of NOPEC on the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the goal of NOPEC in the reduction of oil prices, and the management of oil supply. Also mentioned was the advantage of NOPEC in the Department of Justice in terms of identifying violations in the oil supply.

The article assesses how each state and each utility has complied with the Clean Energy Standard (CES) legislation in the U.S. based on their existing electricity generation. The differences between generation profiles among the states are explored. A graph is presented which illustrates that some states are generating a small percentage of electricity from qualified CE sources.

An appendix containing charts that show state-level analysis of the Section 1603 grant program of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009 that relate to articles that appeared in the February 2011 issue of "Congressional Research Service" is presented.

The article focuses on the coal industry in the U.S. It is noted that there are about 255 billion tons of recoverable domestic coal reserves in the nation and the total demonstrated resource base is estimated at about 477 billion tons. It is stated that increasing regulatory cost associated with coal-fired power plants, utilities opting for low-cost natural gas and declining costs for renewable energy options have resulted in the softening of demand for coal.

The article focuses on the natural gas liquids (NGLs) trade in North America among the U.S., Mexico and Canada. It is stated that NGL production and NGL exports have increased with the U.S. natural gas production. It is noted that Canada has imported more NGLs to supply its petrochemical facilities as NGL (especially ethane) production in the U.S.has increased.

The article focuses on the transportation infrastructure of liquefied natural gas between the U.S., Canada and the U.S. It is stated that although there are some deliveries from Ontario by an Enbridge cross-border pipeline, Canada's NGL exports to the U.S. are shipped primarily by rail. It is stated that five existing pipelines between Mexico and the U.S. have capacity of between 150,000 and 175,000 barrels per day and currently ship NGLs between the two countries.

The article focuses on the natural gas liquids (NGLs) trade in North America among the U.S., Mexico and Canada. It is stated that as shale gas production has increased and natural gas prices have fallen, the trade has taken on a new prominence in the U.S. energy trade. It is mentioned that NGL production in the U.S. is projected to continue its upward trajectory and has grown rapidly since 2006.

The article focuses on the transportation of natural gas among the U.S., Canada and Mexico, which is almost entirely by pipeline. It is stated that new pipeline investments on both sides of the border would be contingent on having sufficient natural gas supply and transportation infrastructure from (or through) Texas although it has the potential to support a significant future expansion in cross-border natural gas trade.

The article focuses on the state of natural gas trade in North America between the U.S., Canada and Mexico. It is mentioned that the three nations account for just under 7% of the world's natural gas reserves and is in a state of rapid transformation and growth. It is stated that the two countries have great potential for future production based on estimates of undiscovered, technically recoverable resources despite the limited reserve estimates in Canada and Mexico.

The article focuses on the refined petroleum products trade in the U.S. It is stated that the U.S. has become a net exporter of petroleum products to the world market while it remains a net importer of crude oil. It is mentioned that U.S. imports of petroleum products from Canada have averaged about 544 mb/d between 2006 and 2015.

The article focuses on the crude oil trade between the U.S., Mexico and Canada. It is noted that imports of crude oil from Canada to the U.S. increased every year over the period 2006-2015 from 1,802 thousand barrels per day. It is stated that imports of crude oil from Mexico to the U.S. declined from 1,577 mb/d in 2006 from 2006 to 2015.

The article reports on the growth of the U.S. much faster as a larger crude oil producer in North America although Canada has, by far, the largest crude oil reserves. It is mentioned that U.S. oil production increased by over 4.3 million barrels per day (mmb/d) from 2006 to 2015 due to the rapid growth in shale oil development. A chart depicting the North American crude oil production between 2006-2015 is also given.

The article focuses on the oil trade capability between the U.S., Mexico and Canada. The trends their domestic production in excess of domestic consumption is explained. It is mentioned that U.S. and Mexican petroleum product consumption declined over the 2006 due to increased vehicle fuel efficiency, the recession of 1999 and high prices until mid-2014.

The article focuses on the energy trade of the U.S. with Canada and Mexico. It is mentioned that major buyers of petroleum products refined in the U.S. are both Mexico and Canada and the energy relationship among the three countries has developed through a growing trade in U.S.-produced natural gas. It is noted that a growing North American energy partnership has favored the judgment of Congress.

The article focuses on the future prospects for the coal trade between the U.S., Mexico and Canada. It is stated that reducing carbon emissions and pursuing low-cost alternative energy sources is the key issue regarding coal use and trade in North America. It is mentioned that decline of coal consumption is projected for Canada.

The article focuses on the state of the coal trade between the U.S., Mexico and Canada. It is stated that the share of coal exports to Canada and Mexico increased again to 8.2% and 6% of U.S. total coal exports, respectively in the first three quarters of 2016. It is mentioned that as the Canadian market has been toward Asia, the U.S. coal export market has been heavily oriented toward Europe.

The article focuses on the state of the coal trade between the U.S., Mexico and Canada.

The article focuses on the electric power generation portfolios among the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.