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The paper studies the particularities of the educational policies of the Popular Unity. To answer this question, the context has been recreated and the main issues and conflict of these policies are explored. This objective is original because most of the investigations on this regard have studied the logic of the groups that fought to govern the country, have highlighted the differences between the educational projects of past governments or have evidenced the controversies surrounding the Unified National School. To achieve this answer, the study carried out an exhaustive review of the main primary and secondary sources in this matter [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the writing of the military Francisco Isidoro Resquín, whose trajectory in the Paraguayan Army was marked by several positions. "La Guerra del Paraguay contra La Triple Alianza", the book describing his memoirs and different events in which he participated, is the object and one of the sources discussed to understand the explanatory and justifying formulation of General Resquín's action after the end of the war. Considering the specialized bibliography on the war and other sources, it is possible to perceive Resquín's role in the conflict, particularly in the organization of the punishments against war prisoners. The book aimed at safeguarding the author's image, while it tried to justify the conflict. Francisco Resquín was a complex and misallocated character among the so-called Paraguayan heroes in the War against the Triple Alliance. Thus, his oeuvre, including its internal structure, became an important record to understand the internal relations inside the Paraguayan forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper analyzes the southern frontier of the state of Pará and the northern territory of the state of Maranhão, Brazil, close to the river Turiaçu and assesses its importance for the displacement of people and goods during Portuguese colonial rule and in the post-1822 Independence years. The paper investigates the strategic and political relevance of the frontier for travel and transport, correspondence and transport of goods within the context of the Brazilian Indigenes, merchants and the Portuguese and Brazilian governments. The conflicts between inhabitants and settlers are highlighted in the essay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper investigates the narratives of second year History students at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, in 2013, with regard to the discipline Theory and Methodology of History II. The issue proposed to students was: How would you construct a research work from a theoretical Marxist point? Students produced narratives and constructed material analyzed in current paper. Foregrounded on the points proposed by Historical Education to systematize a reflection on the analysis of students´ tactic ideas on their appropriation processes of theoretical reflection, we would approach the research work that intend to explain “the construction of History´s disciplinary code” (SCHMIDT, 2010, p. 251). Although our focus is different, it is very close. We lack research on the ways one understands History in higher courses that form future historians. From the methodology of Elliot Eisner (1998), we will employ the “qualitative investigation” that understands what students do and how their groups work with things taught through observations in the classroom and the materials produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of recovering the historical memory in biographical and autobiographical writtings is no longer restricted to an exclusive field of research. Authors such as Georges Bataille, John Hersey and Beatriz Sarlo scrutinize the correlations between History and memory in the literature, evaluating ethical matters and issues of social nature. In the light of this studies, this paper comments some excerpts of Assombrações do Recife Velho (1955), work of the sociologist Gilberto Freyre and Baú de ossos (1972), first volume of Pedro Nava's memoirs. The objective is to expose how fictional and historical elements are articulated in both works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work examines the character, functioning and changes therein of the state security apparatus, the socialist "arcana imperii," in pre-1989 Bulgaria. Building on Foucault's notion of 'governance' and on his formulation of power as both productive and repressive, the paper aims to analyze the political strong arm of the regime as a knowledge management institution. The importance of surveillance for modern politics and the dynamics of secrecy are discussed as structured by technologies of exclusion, obstruction, and revelation. State security is contextualized through the perspective of the 20th century revolutionary objective to engineer the new socialist subject [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to debate the historian's problems regarding private archives and exiles. It deals with the difficulties of reconstructing the political roots of the exiles in their host countries and analyses the ways the historian must work in order to reconstruct the networks among the exiles. The article is based on research about the Portuguese Republican exiles in Spain and Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies based on the principles of Historic Education have focused their analyses on the strategies of historic learning in school context, with the assumption that the intervention in learning quality requires a systematic knowledge of historical ideas of students and teachers. In this perspective, this paper presents partial results of a survey on ideas of young High School students on the subject of History. The investigation is part of a broader research project entitled: "The historical thinking of young students from schools in the Midwest region of Parana State", developed by the Graduate Program in Education, of the state university of Midwest (UNICENTRO), Irati-PR campus. The results indicate that the ideals of young students prioritize the understanding of History as the totality of human actions in time and space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper developed an investigation about the trajectory of Portuguese merchant Antônio José de Araújo (1791-1851) in municipality of Morretes, between 1804 and 1849. In this framework, the purpose of this study is to highlight the forms of social domination exercised by Portuguese who inhabited municipalities of south coast of Province of São Paulo in the first half of nineteenth century. Thus, it is shown that the control of the credit market was crucial for traders formed a dependent entourage. Sometimes these dependents were familiar from their creditors. It was impractical to small traders achieve withdraw from these retinues [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The government of President Fernando Henrique Cardoso (FHC/1995-2002) played a significant role in the consolidation of policies directed to the countryside and the agrarian reform process in Brazil. The aim of this paper was to reflect on the profile and stresses involved in agrarian reform policy of the FHC government, and the ramifications of this policy in light of the number of settled families and areas obtained for agrarian reform in Brazil. It was used as source texts of researchers who studied the ways and waywardness of the Brazilian agrarian reform and data from the "Fight for Land Database" (DATALUTA/NERA/Unesp/Presidente Prudente). It is understood that during the FHC government, despite the number of settled families and obtained areas have considerably advanced when compared to previous governments, agrarian reform was treated marginally, and the government sometimes denied the struggles and the leadership role of social movements in the countryside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses from the theoretical point of view of the French Discourse Analysis why, in some regions of the Brazilian Northeast, some people avoid pronouncing the word macaco (monkey) and choose to use other words instead, such as de%essete (seventeen). The hypothesis put forward is that this cultural-discursive practice, understood here as a form of interdiction, occurs basically in up-country regions where the memory of cangaço (banditry) still is markedly diluted in daily life. From the analysis of discourses present on a daily basis, this paper aimed at providing a more accurate understanding of a Brazilian socio-cultural particularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the political activities of María de Molina (1265-1321), regent of the Castilian throne after the death of her husband, King Sancho IV, in 1295, during the minority of his son Ferdinand IV, from 1295 to 1301, as well as during the minority of her grandson Alfonso XI, 1212 to 1325. In these almost twenty six years conducting the reign policy, Molina de María constitutes the main bastion of resistance and negotiations about the realm matters against the major nobility faction's interests, which took advantage over the weakness of royal power to increase political relevance and dividends. No less important was his activity on foreign policy effecting various agreements with other kingdoms and with the papacy in the purpose to achieve support for sequence of his lineage to the command of the Castilian crown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the political activities of María de Molina (1265-1321), regent of the Castilian throne after the death of her husband, King Sancho IV, in 1295, during the minority of his son Ferdinand IV, from 1295 to 1301, as well as during the minority of her grandson Alfonso XI, 1212 to 1325. In these almost twenty six years conducting the reign policy, Molina de María constitutes the main bastion of resistance and negotiations about the realm matters against the major nobility faction's interests, which took advantage over the weakness of royal power to increase political relevance and dividends. No less important was his activity on foreign policy effecting various agreements with other kingdoms and with the papacy in the purpose to achieve support for sequence of his lineage to the command of the Castilian crown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper presents and discusses original ideas defended by the Brazilian and critical thinker and art Mário Pedrosa in his books Option Imperialist and the Brazilian Option, launched in 1966 during the dictatorship, about the prospects for an economic planning of the country at odds with the market economy. To this end the article recalls the criticism of development economists in the 1960s, a brief presentation of the initial theoretical debates about the deployment of a planned economy in the USSR in the 1920s and the reforms implemented in the 1960s by the Soviet planned economy. The author examined defended the concrete possibilities and characteristics common to a higher synthesis between the great Soviet trusts and the big monopolies of the US economy. Under this basis, finally, Original Ideas proposals are submitted to what the author calls "transition economy" in Brazil, which should incorporate the development of a broad democratic process of building the priorities for future planned economy in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is aim of this paper investigate and analyze the renegotiation of identification codes and religious belonging undertaken by the descendants of Orthodox Ukrainians, in southern Brazil, in the contexts of their arrival in the country in the period between 1960 and 1975, before the new proposals to live religion and culture. The aim is to understand to what extent customary cultural practices had to be retrofitted to the new scenario building and observe what strategies established to facilitate interaction with the reception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The military demobilization of allied troops stationed in Paraguay and the festivities and commemorations at the end of the War of the Triple Alliance were controversial subjects and occur in the documents produced by foreign embassies and by the press in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. The discussion formed the imagination of journalists and political disputes between liberals and conservatives in Brazil, between 1869 and 1870. Current paper simultaneously uses contemporary official documents and newspapers to demonstrate how the theme was forwarded by the government and by the press to Brazilian society. It will also be a great help for the writing of the history of the War against Paraguay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ancestors of the Xukuru of Ororubá, Fulni-ô and Wassú, and other indigenous peoples in the northeastern region of Brazil participated in the War against Paraguay. What do documents and registers inform us on the subject? What did these populations report on the War? What is the meaning of indigenous memories on the conflict? Recent studies on the "great war" bring about a novel interpretation by going beyond the traditional points of the war, by describing the battles and the biography of war heroes. Current approach tries to understand the different phases of the conflict and the different social groups involved. Current paper discusses the indigenous history and memories on the War against Paraguay within current debates on the conflict, for a better comprehension of indigenous history in contemporary Northeast of Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper analyzes the textbook called Pequena História da Educação by Sisters Francisca Peeters and Augusta de Cooman (1936), which was widely used in Training Colleges in Brazil. The concept of History, Education and Childhood in the textbook are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper analyzes criminal court suits in which individuals were accused of murder perpetuated to solve personal conflicts. The social and cultural standards in the solution of conflicts are debated, coupled to the social norms that imbued and interfered in the judgments, within the limits of current research, or rather Brazilian society in mid-20th century. The doctrine of one of the main jurists in the country, analyzing the discrepancies in the 1940 Penal Code, is investigated, or rather, crimes against life and property. Events are investigated where the legitimation of the homicidal act occurred as from social conditions of the people involved and those with psychic and moral conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper problematizes the interpretations that frazine punks of São Paulo produced at the start of the New Republic. The images of José Sarney which were constructed and represented in magazines of the mid 1980s, such as Violência Gratuita, Holocausto, Falange Anarquista, Chantagem Ocasional, Revolta do Subúrbio, N.C Punk e Pânico, are investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper attempts to establish a dialogue between Physics and History and shows that temporality and historicity provide a new aspect to reality and, consequently, on its knowledge. The idea of temporality within the perspective of the Physical and chemical scientist Ilya Prigogine is analyzed and related to the concept of historical time by the philosopher and historian Reinhart Koselleck. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper deals with the several ways in celebrating Carnival by the end of the 19th century and the start of the 20th century, analyzed from different sources such as newspapers of the period and musicals. The Carnival songs are focused, coupled to a description of the effort of educated people and authorities in attempting to regulate, discipline and homogenize the Carnival feasts in Rio de Janeiro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of the Brazilian republic triggered political agents within the religious sphere to analyze the 1891 Constitution. The Protestant political insertion increased and one may trace the catalyzing elements of its political activities, even though most segments kept aloof from politics. They merely manifested themselves when religious issues on religious freedom were involved. The 1950 political context brought to the fore new concerns on the religious polarization. Foregrounded on the conflict theory of Lewis Coser, current paper discusses the construction of these two subjects that heralded the social and religious projects of the republican period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper analyzes the life and works of the cultural agent Cornélio Pires whose activities involved the conservation of the caipira culture, disseminating it through publications, recordings, sound tracks, spectacles (scenes, music, guitar and musical groups) and propagating it on the radio. Contrastingly to the intense transformations in São Paulo, representations of plantations and life in the hinterland were emerging. They are actually different scenes in which the people of the Brazilian interior are sometimes praised and at other times criticized. Within this context, the life, works and artistic productions of Cornélia Pires are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of history education, past and present, often resembles a history of contestation, in which rival and polarized understandings of the meanings of 'history' and 'history education' vie for dominance (Nakou and Barca, 2010). A common polarity in debates on history curricula is the opposition between 'knowledge' and 'skill', an opposition that has had considerable currency in recent curriculum reform processes in England which have emphasised 'core knowledge' (DfE, 2013). Drawing on examples of classroom practice (Chapman, 2003; Woodcock, 2005; Buxton, 2003) and on systematic research and theorizing (Shemilt, 1983; Lee and Shemilt, 2009) this paper aims to destabilize such binary talk and to explore the ways in which 'first order' knowledge and understanding about the past and 'second order' or metahistorical knowledge and understanding of how the discipline of history works are both logically inter-related and inseparable in practical terms. The notion of historical 'enquiry' (Counsell, 2011) is explored as a pedagogic tool for the simultaneous development of these inter-related dimensions of historical thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to disclose part of the results of History's Field Institutional Program of Scholarship in Teaching Initiation (PIBID). The Project is being developed in four public schools from Regional Education Nucleo of Ivaiporã/PR, a town that has an State University of Maringá (UEM) campus. The study is another effort to analyze Pibid's contribution in formation of History grade's undergraduates, also brings the possibility to comprehend theoretical, politics and ideological grounding that is underlying in the legislation and in programmatic subjects in schools curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The killing of animals for human consumption in the early 19th century was done in a rudimentary form and without any government control. Concern on the rationalization and modernization of urban spaces started to take priority. A greater intervention of sanitary authorities within social dynamics implied in the revision of several aspects on the different moments of meat production, such as conditions for breeding and killing of animals in abattoirs, new requirements on the hygiene of abattoirs, the need for centralization and control by the municipal authorities for abattoirs, control of laborers in abattoirs and the gradual displacement of abattoirs far from urban space and from the sight of the population within ethical concerns on the death of animals. Current paper analyzes the initial phase of this transforming process of abattoirs taking as example the specific case of the municipal abattoir in Ponta Grossa PR Brazil in 1888. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper traces the historiographical pathway of the French philosopher Michel Foucault. The review of his main works and of the writings of his commentators shows the critique that the author makes on the writing of history: the interrogation of evidences of anthropological beliefs, the configuration of investigations that give priority to conditions of the rise of discourses and practices -- Archeology and Genealogy, refusal of the unilateral aspect and the importance of the discontinuous and unforeseeable stance of historical narrative, invisible to grand narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper investigates the symbolic representations built by Jesuit missionaries on the supposed presence of the devil in 16th century Portuguese America. The items that fore-grounded the construction of a specific infernal site are indicated through the analysis of a series of documents produced by the Jesuits, which typified the Tupinambá characteristics. Throughout the process, the transference of such harmful influence occurred towards the specific being of this social group, namely the Caraíba, the character identified by the Society of Jesus as the main enemy of the catechetical activities of the order of Ignatius of Loyola. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper examines the relationships between history and memory in the Brazilian writer Antonio Olinto's A casa da água, from the point of view of historical investigation. Diaspora memories extracted from the plot are underscored. They demonstrate the Brazil-Africa flux and re-flux within the context of the post-Abolition period in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper provides Marxist postulates (organization, conscience, experience) to analysis theories that would foreground notions of "ethnic scholar" and "ethnic agent" as alternatives for "ethnic leadership", seeking to make a connection with the terms "agent" and "mediator". It also tries to aggregate research on ethnicity-based social activity in southern Brazil. The essay triggers a discussion on ideas with regard to ethnic agent and ethnic scholar for Ethnical Studies since it collects theories on the issues under analysis through research and interpretations on ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current analysis investigates certain aspects of the daily life of different social groups in the National Territory of the Chaco, in northern Argentina, during the period in which the latter had a huge attraction power. It was a consequence of the massive economic processes especially linked to cotton culture and its industrialization. Villages and towns emerged within the Territory in a short lapse of time. They harbored heterogeneous social communities with degrees of adaptation to the new environment. The paper deals with the way they related themselves socially and with the mechanisms linking labor activities with leisure within their adopted homeland. Interviews, depositions, newspapers, memoirs and information linked to this issue foreground the documental basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper deals with the involvement of dissident military people of the Brazilian Armed Forces in guerilla movements against the military dictatorship. The militarism of organizations, as opposed to political negotiations, is investigated, based on processes filed in military courts and on interviews. Stalemates and the influence of military people with military training were the cause of tension and ruptures in armed opposition groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discourses on the defense of democracy are recurrent in texts published by the Higher School of War (ESG) after the military coup. The ESG was one of the conspiratorial nuclei that produced the 1964 coup and trained civil and military agents who served the dictatorship. Current paper discusses the relationship between the ESG intellectuals and their concept of democracy. In fact, a well-elaborated restrictive concept of democracy was imbedded within the ESG discourse. The formula contains essential presuppositions assimilated by the integrating forces of the ESG through the defense of capitalist bases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several meanings on the recent past, symbolized by the concepts ‘reconciliation’ and ‘revanchism’, were constructed during the transition period. The aim was to maintain control of the process by a sort of continuation of fear by comparing the Brazilian dictatorship to the Argentinean one which imprisoned the violators of human rights. Current paper presents some preliminary results of a still going investigation on memory and transmission of experience on the civil-military dictatorship and State terrorism in debates prior to the Amnesty Law and during the parliamentary works of the National Constitutional Assembly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper analyzes a section of the program elaborated by the Research and Social Studies Institute (IPES) that gathered a large quantity of agents against the administration of João Goulart and prepared a section of the colligation that would trigger the 1964 military coup. They also took part in the civil-military dictatorship by occupying first rank posts in the administration. From such an advantageous condition, the agents transformed structural aspects of Brazilian society since the authoritarian administration was not restricted to repression activities but had essential re-foundational aims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper analyzes some documents produced by the Higher School of War, the main leadership formation center of the Brazilian dictatorial. They consisted of handbooks, reviews, books and reports published by its students, in small formation groups. It deals with the institution´s representations on gender relationships with special emphasis on models for males and females and the importance of their mobilization for the construction of a power project for an authoritarian state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current article analyzes the judgment of crimes against popular economy during the Brazilian military dictatorship. They were actually considered crimes against the homeland and transferred to the military justice. The paper also explains the political and economical context that displaced this type of crime to the military courts and the establishment of a repression network against these crimes throughout 1966. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment and activities developed by the Social Hygiene Dispensary in Viana do Castelo, a village in northern Portugal, between 1934 and the 1960s are analyzed. Dispensaries had an essentially prophylatic function to hinder the dissemination of illnesses that would easily become epidemics. The dispensary of Viana do Castelo combated venereal diseases, especially syphilis, and rabies. Current paper details these two fields of intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current article is foregrounded on the relevant trajectory of the press as an object of historiographic reflection, with special reference to its geographical expansion in Brazil between the late 19th century and the early 20th century. It was precisely during this period that there was a displacement from the great urban centers and reached far and remote spaces. The paper deals with recent studies on the press in the Amazon underscoring the need for transpositioning of an annoying historiographic silence on the experiences within small villages and towns in the Amazon mobilized by an expanding rubber economy and based on a strong migratory movement to the region´s rubber trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although World War II triggered a brief expectation for the establishment of world peace, the fear of new conflicts hovered on the international scene at the start of the so-called Cold War. Political, economical, diplomatic and ideological rives between the United States and the Soviet Union became commonplace. The capitalist and the socialist blocks were gradually established and the start of the conflict was a high theme in Brazilian journalism. O Estado de S. Paulo, Folha da Manhã, Correio da Manhã and Jornal do Brasil exploited the theme by reports, editorials, articles, columns and charges. The analysis of this journalistic material on the initial skirmishes of the Cold War is central to this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current investigation develops an analysis on Ranke's historiographical production, with special focus on the 19th century German historian's position with regard to the issue of historiographical objectivity. The first part of the paper identifies some central traits in Ranke's historicism. The second part deals with the historian's position with regard to historiographical objectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper analyzes labor relationships in Angola around 1800, foregrounded on a set of statistical population maps produced in the first decades of the 19th century. In spite of the limitations in demographic statistics worked out within the context of 19th century colonial regime, data give a first glimpse on economical activities and labor relationships in Angola. Current article provides statistics for the demographic area and labor relationships from information given by local authorities and not merely on retrospective projections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I will present a draft of the labour relations in 1900 Portugal, discussing primarily the available sources and giving a main frame of the country situation and secondly presenting a detailed proposal about the labour relations in this period, using the sources discussed and the terminology of the project "Global Collaboratory on the History of Labour Relations 1500- 2000" and "Labour Relations in Portugal and the Lusophone World 1800-2000: continuity and change". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigrants of British stock were among the people hailing from innumerous nationalities that flocked to the southern state of Paraná, Brazil, during the mid-19th century. Although a fact hardly mentioned in modern historiography, British immigration to Brazil was unsuccessful. Current paper deals with the British enterprise in Brazil and the reasons for its failure, with special reference to the life of Caroline Tamplin. The Tamplin family arrived in the then province of Paraná in 1868 and immediately settled in the Assunguy Colony. Caroline's husband died in 1874 but she remained in the colony for the next six years. In 1880 she and her two children moved to Curitiba where she published an advertisement in the newspaper Dezenove de Dezembro of April 1880 announcing that she was giving lessons in languages, painting and piano. Current research is foregrounded on her diary written between 1880 and 1882 and the memoirs of her grandson written in the 1950s. Other sources, such as the main newspaper of the period, correspondence and official reports, were compounded to the above documents. The theoretical presuppositions of Cultural History authors make one understand how an outsider widow established herself in the province's capital city and problematizes her writing on her experience as cultural practice and a strategy for the construction of identities. Manners of representation triggered by a concern for building one's good image may be perceived in her behavior. Reading Tamplin's diary and several articles in the newspapers of the period reveals daily life, modes of thinking and living of a section of society during the 19th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common-land-system is characterized by the use of common land for animal breeding and grazing. Current paper is fine-tuned to the occurrences of grasshopper infestation and swine fever within the communal land system in the 1940s in the region of Irati PR Brazil. Investigation focuses on the practice and meanings of common land users appropriated by the above-mentioned occurrences since the latter tested the common land system and the survival and permanence of its users in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aims to explore the issue of how historians have used the concept of social movements. To reach this goal, it is necessary to provide a brief review of how this concept has been utilized and a succinct comparison of its multiple usages in the area of human sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]