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Abstract Background Schizotypy represents a cluster of personality traits consisting of magical beliefs, perceptual aberrations, disorganisation, and anhedonia. Schizotypy denotes a vulnerability for psychosis, one reason being psychosocial stress. High expressed emotion (EE), a rating of high criticism, hostility, and emotional over-involvement from a close relative, denotes psychosocial stress and vulnerability to psychosis, and is associated with schizotypy. This study aimed to decipher the relationship of schizotypy to perceived criticism and perceived praise in terms of affect and perceived EE. Methods Ninety-eight healthy participants listened to short audio-clips containing criticism, praise, and neutral comments from a stranger, and evaluated them in terms of the comments' arousal and personal relevance. Participants also answered self-report questionnaires of schizotypy, depression, mood, and perceived EE. Correlational analyses tested the relationship between schizotypy and the evaluations of criticism and praise. Mediation analyses then tested whether depression, positive mood, and perceived EE explained these relationships. Results Greater relevance of standard criticism correlated with higher positive schizotypy. This association was fully mediated by high depression and perceived irritability from a close relative. Lower relevance of standard praise correlated with higher cognitive disorganisation (another schizotypal trait). This relationship was partially mediated by low positive mood and high perceived intrusiveness from a close relative. Conclusion Greater perceived criticism and lower perceived praise predict schizotypy in the healthy population. Affect and interpersonal sensitivity towards a close relative explain these relationships, such that depression increases perceived criticism, and positive mood increases perceived praise. Perceived EE defines the interpersonal nature of schizotypy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The strcuture of personal disorders in hypertensive disease aptients remains relevant topic. Objectives: The study population included 57 hypertensive disease patients; mean age 49,1+9,6 years old (42 females and 15 males). The control group included 62 healthy individuals (49 females and 13 males); mean age 48,1+8,6 years old. Methods: Emotional condition of subjects was assessed using the Depression Scale of Zung, the Spielberger trait Anger scale and Anxiety, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and SCL - 90-R Questionnaire. Results: The study results showed that as compared to the healthy individuals, the hypertensive disease patients showed significantly higher scores of reactive anxiety (46,0+9,0 and 39,0+8,2; p<0,01), personal anxiety (50,3+9,2 and 41,03+7,9; p<0,01), depression (42,7 +7,2 and 36,59+5,95;p<0,01), alexithymia (69,4+8,8 and 59,0+9,2; p<0,01), state anger (11,8+3,6 and 10,6+1,8; p<0,01), reactive anger (9,2+2,6 and 8,1+2,4; p<0,05), personal anger (21,4+5,3 and 18,1 +4,6; p<0,01), trait anger (8,3+3,0 and 7,3+2,3; p<0,05), selfaggression (16,2+4,9 and 13,4+3,8; p<0,01), aggression towards others (15,9+3,9 and 14,7+3,4; p<0,05), somatization (1,27+0,6 and 0,5+0,4; p<0,01), hostility (1,2+0,7 and 0,5+0,4; p<0,01), obsessivecompulsive traits (1,2+0,7 p 0,6+0,4; p<0,01), psychoticism (0,7 +0,6 and 0,27+0,30; p<0,01) and paranoid traits (1,22+0,6 and 0,5 +0,4; p<0,01), phobic anxiety (0,6+0,5 and 0,2+0,2; p<0,01) and interpersonal sensitivity (1,2+0,7 and 0,7+0,5; p<0,01). Conclusions: Close interrelations between manifestations of anxiety and depression spectrum disorders and anger may be explained by internal conflict between aggressive impulses and the need for adaptive behavior in such individuals, resulting in consistent vicious vortex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Internet addiction is a newly emergent disorder. It has been found to be associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders. Information about such coexisting psychiatric disorders is essential to understand the mechanism of Internet addiction. In this review, we have recruited articles mentioning coexisting psychiatric disorders of Internet addiction from the PubMed database as at November 3, 2009. We describe the updated results for such disorders of Internet addiction, which include substance use disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, hostility, and social anxiety disorder. We also provide discussion for possible mechanisms accounting for the coexistence of psychiatric disorders and Internet addiction. The review might suggest that combined psychiatric disorders mentioned above should be evaluated and treated to prevent their deteriorating effect on the prognosis of Internet addiction. On the other hand, Internet addiction should be paid more attention to when treating people with these coexisting psychiatric disorders of Internet addiction. Additionally, we also suggest future necessary research directions that could provide further important information for the understanding of this issue. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introduction: the contribution of ecological and work conditions can be an important part of the development of depression, anxiety in the research of hard mental work in isolation from the usual relax, frequent overworkings and a decrease the numbers of days off can increase the risk of mental disorder. Objectives: the research of the dependence of the risk of depression, anxiety, level of distress on the ecological and work conditions of managers in far taiga conditions. Methods: there were researched 117 people. In order to investigate depression, anxiety we used PHQ-9, GAD-7, SCL-90-R. A visualanalogue scale was used to research the social and work indicators of life satisfaction, the level of relax. Results: a decrease in the level of relax correlated with depression and anxiety (p <0.05). An increase in the level of anxiety correlated with the level of relax, number of worked years (p <0.05). The intensity of the distress experienced correlated the number of worked years and the position (p <0.05). A low level of relax leads to an increase in the intensity of distress experienced (p <0.05). Such symptoms as somatic, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, increase with a decrease in the level of leisure (p <0.05). The same result is observed with a decrease in the level of relax, but interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility (p <0.05) are dependent factors. Conclusions: there is necessary to improve the conditions of work and relax at the enterprise, to eliminate overworking, and to maintain an appropriate psycho-hygienic management policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Existing literature supports the association between depression and self-harm, a prominent risk factor of suicide. Objectives: Analysis of psychological characteristics of women with depression and self-harming behavior and their differences from patients with depression without self-harm. Methods: The study involved 62 women with depression (age 16-23), 36 with self-harming, 26 did not have episodes of self-harm. Hamilton Scale (HDRS), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), SCL-90-R, Rosenberg self-esteem scale, Body Investment Scale (BIS) were used. Results: Computer test execution time is shorter in the selfharming group, the total time in WCST and IGT tests is significantly shorter (T Test p<0.001), «inhibition» (HDRS) in this group is significantly lower. The self-harmed group demonstrates higher feelings of guilt (2.222±1.141 versus 1.367±1.326 in the nonself-harm group, p=<0.001), suicidal ideation (2.653±1.302 versus 1.100±1.373 p<0.001), psychopathological symptoms in SCL90-R: sensitivity (1.812±0.861 versus 1.185±0.553), hostility (1.388±0.965 versus 0.729±0.700 p=0.004), GSI (1.539±0.705 versus 1.205±0.473 p=0.039), and a special attitude towards body - a decrease of somatic symptoms (HDRS), decreased parameter of "protection" of body and the «attitude to the body» in Body Investment Scale (BIS). Conclusions: The study revealed psychological characteristics that distinguish a group of depressed women with self-harming: a mismatch of the severity of the components of depressive tirade - motor and ideator inhibition was less pronounced, while the affective component was significantly more pronounced. The body investment is reduced, the need to protect one's own body is ignored. High level of guilt, and the increased sensitivity characteristic of these patients can be a vulnerability factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The problem of specificity of psychological adaptation mechanisms at the patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is extremely actual. The aim is to investigate gender psychological characteristics associated with T2DM Objectives: In the comparative study 62 patients (28 male, 34 female; mean age 56,8±2,3 and 55,4±2,7 yrs.) with T2DM (HbA1c 7,3±1,3%) and visceral obesity (Grade 2) were included. Methods: Research methods: the Depression Scale of Zung, the Spielberger trait scale anxiety, Toronto Alexithymia Scale and MMPI test. Results: T2DM-female-patients in comparison with T2DM-male showed significantly higher personal anxiety scores (51,2+7,6 and 44,1+10,6 respectively; T<0,05), depression scores (44,2+7,6 and 36,7+8,4 respectively; T<0,05), while alexithymia scores were higher at T2DM-males (68,2+9,6 and 71,7+6,4 respectively; p<0,05). In MMPI test (after correction by K-scale) 46,8% of patients demonstrated profiles with elevated scale 1 score (above 70 T-scores, but below 80 T-scores) regardless of gender differences. However, the T-scores for T2DM-male patients were on the average by 1,07 higher than for T2DM-female (58,4 vs 54,4 respectively, -0,05), that indicated more higher concern related to own physical health condition. The female T2DM-patients significantly more often demonstrated profiles with scale 6 peak (exceeding 65 T-scores): 79,4% vs. 21,4%, which indicated the more higher accentuation of personality traits (concealed hostility; protest; rigidity, desire to blame the others for one's failure, et cetera). Conclusions: The patient's gender has to be taken into consideration at development of clinical, diagnostic and prevention activities of patients with T2DM and visceral obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The concept of negative affectivity includes anxiety, depression and hostility - i.e. negative emotional disposition that may contribute to the negative I-concept development in patients under influence of stress. In this context, the hostility is considered as the complex motivational condition, and the aggression is defined as a specific behavior determined by such condition. Objectives: The study of relevant negative emotional condition in somatic patients is of high scientific significance. Methods: The study population comprised of 32 esophagitis patents (11 males and 21 females, average age 29.7±9; average duration of disease: 3,7±2,1. Psychometric studies included scale anxiety and anger Spielberger, Zung scale and TAS Results: Аnalysis results showed that in esophagitis patients, the following psychological indices were significantly higher as compared to the healthy: reactive anxiety (46,28±8,21 vs. 37,34±9,23, р≤0,01); personal anxiety: 50,42±6,12 vs. 41,23±6,73; р<0,01; alexithymia level: 70,75 vs. 59,05±9,16, р<0,01) and Zung depression score (43,53±5,26 vs. 36,29±5,95, р<0,01). The level of aggression: anger as event reaction: 12,32±2,08 vs 8,63±2,43, р<0,01; and hostility score: 0,98±0,69 vs. 0,47±0,38; р <0,001. Correlational analysis revealed that increased duration and severity of depression (r=0,743; р <0,01) was related with growing anger as event reaction (r=0,409; р <0,01) and hostility (r=0,435; р < 0,01); elevated level of personal anxiety (r=0,639; р <0,01), alexithymia score (r=0,334; р <0,01). The discovered negative emotional conditions indicated prominent interpersonal conflict in this subset of patients Conclusions: The data obtained indicate high level of aggression / hostility in this subset of patients and suggest the need for psychopharmaceutical and psychotherapeutic care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: University student became a target population for number of research studies due to increased number and types of mental and psychosocial problems that they suffer from. Objective: To examine the relationship between depression, hostility and substance use among university students in Jordan. Study design: Descriptive correlation study. Data collected on demographics, depression, hostility, and substance use from 572 university students in Jordan. Results: Almost 75% of the university students had mild to severe depression. Tobacco, pain killers, stimulants, tranquilizers, inhalants, and alcohol respectively were the most used substances. Depression was negatively correlated with hostility(r = .10, p= .04) and tobacco use (r =.19, p < .001). Depression level has positive correlation with frequency of using pain killers, inhalants, stimulants, tranquilizers, and heroine (p < .05). Male and female university students were not different in their depression scores, hostility, and frequency of substance use. Conclusions: Depression, hostility and substance use were correlated. Mental health care providers have to understand the impact of depression among university students in Jordan. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]