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The article presents the selected papers from the Council for Exceptional Children International Convention in April 1970. These documents are available through the ERIC Document Reproduction Service. The papers can be reproduced hardcopy and pamphlet forms. The documents have been organized by the ten topic areas including "Workshop: The Team Approach to the Use of Educational Media," by Dolph C. Welch, "Evaluation Theory and Caseload Selection: Diagnosis and Disposition," by Lear Ashmore and "Use of Motor and Language Development Schemes," by Joann Fokes.

The article presents various activities used to develop the art skills of exceptional children. The art activities include the use of crayons, cutting with the use of scissors, pasting, folding, tracing, painting, and cleaning up. The artcraft with crepe paper was also introduced to children in which they were able to know the usage of crepe paper. It is advisable to use the Dennison Crepe Paper for it is more stronger and can be stretched more successfully. Children can make mats, hot dish pads, napkin rings, sewing baskets, fruit baskets, and waste baskets out of crepe paper raffia.

The article provides information on the materials needed to make various types of teaching materials. Cottage cheese cartons are considered to be durable, large, easily handled and stored materials to make counting discs. In making a tapeline, two one-inch strips from chart paper are needed. The materials needed in making a clock are the following: 12 14-inch in diameter circles of heavy white paper; ink; celotex; colored paper; and small nails. Large round grapefruit is needed as the main component to make a globe to be used for social studies classes.

The article presents a classroom activity involving the creation of various Christmas decorations. Tissue and tonal papers can be transformed into gift wrapping papers after designing it with a vegetable stamp-felt stamp, stencil, free brush lines, crayon or chalk detail. Kite papers can be made into costumes for a choir group, carol singers or the miniature figures in a creche scene. Several ornaments can also be designed from aluminum foil plates including angels, stars, bells and other symbolic shapes.

The article presents the criticism of the author against the article "Special Education for the Mentally Handicapped: A Paradox," by Orville Johnson. He points out several aspects of the article, including the approach to special education proposed by Johnson which involves increasing the motivational level of the learner by increasing the difficulty of the tasks being learned by the children. He comments that some of Johnson's exposition regarding the issue overlooks a major portion of the literature on the effects of motivational level upon learning and performance. Furthermore, the author stresses out that Johnson did not discuss the entirety of any of the additional experimental literature which suggests that heightened drive intervenes with learning and performance under certain conditions.

The article announces the incoming Christmas Holiday meetings of Section Q of the American Association for the Advancement of Science wherein the International Council for Exceptional Children is invited to participate. It likewise invites readers to contribute their suggestions, opinions or comments.

The article invites readers to contribute their papers, suggestions or opinions for the incoming international convention of the International Council for Exceptional Children which will be held in Kansas City, Missouri. Such papers or suggestions may be submitted to the committee chairman assigned.

The article presents several books including "A Psychiatrist Works With Blindness: Selected Papers," by Louis S. Cholden, "Simplified Neurological Review for Students and Therapists,' by Josephine C. Moore, "Cerebral Palsy in Childhood," by Grace E. Woods, "Psychological and Cultural Problems in Mental Subnormality: A Review of Research," by Seymour B. Sarason and Thomas Gladwin and "A Primer of Cerebral Palsy," by Joseph D. Russ and Hyman R. Soboloff.

The article presents an invitation to those who have a well controlled study or observation program that could be reported at the Council for Exceptional Children meeting in Atlantic City, New Jersey in April 1959. Those who have a positive response are encouraged to contact Ivan K. Garrison, the program chairman. His contact information is included in the article.

The article "The Preschool Blind Child Project of the University of Chicago Medical Clinics," published in the March 1953 issue of the journal "Exceptional Children" is presented.

The article presents new books on special education which includes "Disturbed Children: Papers on Residential Work," edited by Robert Todd, "A Guide for Programs in Physical Education and Recreation for the Mentally Retarded," "The Health and Education of the Economically Deprived Child," by Sol Adler, "Mental Retardation: A Basic Guide," edited by Harold D. Love, "The Most Important Thing in the World: An Introduction to the Professional Career Opportunities in Rehabilitation."

The article focuses on the educational program designed to provide blind college bound students with advance instruction in English composition, typing, mathematics and mobility in New Jersey. The typing program was concerned with familiarizing the students with the forms of papers likely to be required in college. In the investigation, students were encouraged to make a connection between written language and the more familiar oral speech. The researchers concluded that the advanced training is essential to accustom the child to producing the level of work expected of him in college.

The article comments on the study conducted by Paul Weener on the validity and reliability of the Illinois test of psycholinguistic abilities (ITPA). The author stated that the critique is of little use to those who are familiar with the ITPA and is misleading to those who are not. The paper failed to account the many independent studies featuring ITPA. According to one independent study on preschoolers, ITPA subscale reliability is low over 12 to 21 month test retest intervals. The author mentions the reason behind the low magnitude of correlations in the ITPA's technical manuals as found in the study.

The article presents a bibliography of publications on early childhood education in the U.S. including a collection of papers entitled "AAIB National Conference on Preschool Services for Visually Handicapped Children and Their Families," "Language and Learning Disorders of Pre-Academic Child: With Curriculum Guide," by Tina E. Bangs, "Temporal Learning: Dimensions in Early Learning Series," by Barbara D. Bateman, "An Outline of Piaget's Developmental Psychology for Students and Teachers," by Ruth M. Beard and "How to Raise a Brighter Child: The Case for Early Learning," by Joan Beck.

A sample of 107 subjects consisting of 29 blind and 78 sighted elementary and junior high school students in 2 local public schools and 2 residential schools for blind were tested for the effect of coarse and fine texture on their ability to judge the lengths of abrasive paper presented individually. It was predicted that the children would underestimate the coarse textures and overestimate the fine textures when stimuli were presented successively for tactual exploration. The results did not support the predicted bias in judgment of length; however, analysis of the errors to criterion in training supported the idea that texture consistently facilitated or interfered with making judgments of length. Implications for tactile displays in classrooms for blind are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article announces the availability of the copies of the "Exceptional Child Educational Abstracts," a product of The Council for Exceptional Children Information Center. It is scheduled as a quarterly publication and will contain the abstracts stored on the computer file at the center. The indexes to these documents include an author index and a special general classification index. It also provides basic bibliographies on almost twenty-five special education topics. The periodical also includes data on how to obtain microfiche through reproduction service.

This article focuses on regular arts and crafts activities for handicapped children involving the use of their toes. The art education students at Louisiana College in Pineville, Louisiana have noted that toe painting is a suitable project for handicapped children. The activity is manipulated by the feet, toes and the balls of the feet. The art education students have assured that special education students need very little extra assistance in toe painting. The steps for toe painting are presented.

The article presents an author's comment to the review of their book entitled "Psychology and Education of the Gifted." Problems arise as papers appear in an entirely different context from which they were originally intended. The reviewer evaluated the various individual papers in the book as though carrying the authors beyond what is considered an appropriate behavior for an editor. Although, the author was grateful to the editor for the selection of such a careful and considerate reviewer and for the opportunity to append these afterthoughts.

The article presents an alternative approach for teaching writing to mentally retarded children. The author asserted that the approach have been proven effective by most special education teachers. The only thing a teacher must prepare are sample handwritings. However, the author clarified that teaching handwriting for the retarded would be a tedious task. The instructional pace must be then slower. Participation from all pupils is encouraged. A simplified print alphabet would be a good starting model. The print alphabet must be easy to learn, closely related to reading charts, books, and similar materials, and closely related to the cursive style.

Because of the apparently high incidence of hearing impairment and difficult to test subjects among the retarded, there is a need to continually strengthen our audiologic assessment armamentarium. This paper (a) discusses the instrumental (or operant) conditioning audiometric technique called the peep show, (b) presents the slide show as an inexpensive means of using this operant technique, (c) considers the use of the slide show technique with mentally retarded children, and (d) compares the slide show to previously reported operant conditioning techniques of this type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes several educational games for teaching elementary arithmetic. The blackboard lotto game involves recognition and matching and can be played by three or more children. The circle game involves recognition, writing, and addition. In the said game, the children must stand behind a line drawn on the floor and take turns trying to throw bean bags into the circle. The bean bag game involves score keeping and adding. The lollipop game involves addition, subtraction, or multiplication combinations. In the said game, lollipops are cut out of red construction paper and pasted to cardboard handles.

The article presents several books on education including "The Child's Conception of Time," by Jean Piaget, "Community Preparedness for Retardates," by Ralph M. Scheer, Sharryl Hawke, and Norman G. Rice, "Journal of Education," and "Methods for Learning Disorders," by Particia I. Myers and Donald D. Hammill.

The article presents the book "Educational Reading Guide for Partially Seeing Children," by Lorraine Galisdorfer. The book lists numerous large-type books in all areas published from 1953 to 1955. It is the only complete reading guide of books, printed in large type, purposely designed for readers with limited vision. The compilation of a complete biography compiled by the author may be obtained from Henry Stewart Inc., publisher of the book, in Buffalo, New York.

The article gives instructions on how to create a device for reading called Wordscope. The device is aimed at exceptional children. Materials include a medium-sized substantial box, paints, and a heavy white roll of paper.

The article discusses the techniques involving the tactile-kinesthetic approaches for teaching reading to slow learning children. One of the classic pattern for tactile-kinesthetic techniques is the Fernald method of remedial reading, in which the child selects his own vocabulary. Other tactile-kinesthetic approaches include arranging letters of various materials into words and sentences, writing with one finger or two fingers in a box of dry salt, cutting and pasting traced letters into words or designs, and using of blocks with different words written on the six sides.

The article recommends devices as well as ideas for teaching secondary students who are homebound or hospitalized. The resourceful utilization of clipboards, aluminum cookbook holders, plastic crayon holders, electric typewriters, clip-on reading lamps, sheets of newsprint paper attached to inclined board, caves and crayons, anagram kits, racks, and Golden stamp books are discussed. A wheel game is appropriate for a child with muscle trouble which prevents writing or lack of speech for spelling and simple arithmetic. The author likewise offers the book "Diversions for the Sick," as a good reading material while in bed.

The article discusses the use of social drama for building courage and bridging the initial lag for retarded adolescents in the U.S. The project was first adopted by an FM radio station in Indianapolis, Indiana which allows disturbed and delinquent adolescents to act. It has made the participants handle conflicts such as aggression toward persons. One example of such play is the "Causes of Juvenile Delinquency. " The play was written by a teenager who himself had been in recent difficulty. The program allowed him to express what he has undergone making psychologist analyze his behavior easily. Indeed, drama and role have proved to be effective therapy for the affected group. Furthermore, the social drama helped adolescents in working out their relationships with peers, siblings, parents, and teachers.

In the present article, the authors challenge the notion that punishment has either no lasting effect on behavior or detrimental effects. In so doing, the limitations of extinction and counterconditioning are discussed along with situations in which punishment is the better alternative for eliminating particular behaviors. In the last half of the paper, variables are explored which are suggested to alter the effectiveness of punishment, including timing, consistency, intensity, adaptation to punishment, alternative means of obtaining a goal, relationship between punishing agent and recipient, and cognitive variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Policy Statements approved by the Delegate Assembly in the U.S. The Organization and Administration for Special Education policy statement is prepared by the CEC Policies Commission and is originally derived from a paper by Ernest Willenberg. Such statements suggest some of the major principles on which a special education administrative organization should be based. Special education shares with regular education the basic responsibility of public educational systems to fulfill their right to education for every child.

The article reports on the third annual Student Literary Award competition in the U.S. The award was sponsored by the Council for Exceptional Children Division for Children with Communication Disorders. It is open to undergraduate and graduate students majoring in audiology education of the learning impaired, psychology, speech pathology, or special education. The participants must prepare a paper which is concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, education, and/or treatment of communications disorders in children. It will be evaluated on the basis of accuracy, use of relevant references, significance of content, originality, clarity, and organization. The paper may be of a review, discussion, or research report format. The entries must not exceed 3,000 words. There will be three copies to be submitted, it must be type written, double spaces on eight and one-half by eleven inches of paper. The first place winner will receive 50 dollars and second place winner will receive 25 dollars.

The article focuses on the proposed policy statements by the Council for Exceptional Children on the organization and administration of special education in the U.S. It informs that the statements were developed from a paper by Ernest Willenberg, in collaboration with Evelyn Deno, Paul Voelker, Paul Mckinnon and Willard Abraham. The statements were first published in the February 1971 issue of "Exceptional Children." The article outlines the major policies on which a special education administrative organization should be based.

This paper reviews several programs for children with special needs, from historical perspectives, current involvements, and one particular orientation, called the ‘child development model.’ With respect to programs based on the child development model, it is recommended that each state consider planning toward the eventual organization of a child development agency, responsible for all children with special needs, irrespective of their characteristics, educational attainments, and prognoses. Further, it is recommended that, to the degree programs encourage and support the maintenance of children in community environments, they should be rewarded in both specific and general ways; and for purposes of better guaranteeing human rights and due process, citizen advisory and other advocacy groups should be organized throughout a state and given such support as would be needed to make these groups active and responsive grass roots partners in policy and decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on hyperkinesis contains considerable disagreement regarding the disorder's terminology, etiology, behavioral correlates, and treatment techniques. This paper explores the possibility that two distinct patterns of hyperkinesis exist and that the failure to delineate these has resulted in the conflicting reports evidenced throughout the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper advocates an educationally focused definition of problems and procedures in educating handicapped children, with particular emphasis on the aptitude by treatment interaction model as a useful guide for both instructional and research activities. Specialized instructional systems based on decision variables are proposed as an alternative to simple categorization and placement of children based on source variables. A brief review of aptitude by treatment interaction research with handicapped children is followed by implications for the organization of schooling, diagnostic and instructional procedures, and preparation of teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the text of the position paper entitled "Basic Commitments and Responsibilities to Exceptional Children," a statement prepared by the Council for Exceptional Children Policies Commission and approved by the 1971 Delegate Assembly in the U.S. The contents of the statement include: the goal and commitment of special education; implementation of universal education; special education within the schools; the school and the family; the responsibility of higher education; and the levels of government responsibility for the support of special education.

This paper reviews the literature dealing with the importance of reading to educable mentally handicapped (EMH) children, the characteristics of EMH children which influence the acquisition of reading skills, and current approaches to teaching reading to the mentally handicapped. The implications of this research to the teaching of reading are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the education and special needs of blind-deaf children. There are several communication systems to be used in communicating with the blind-deaf which include speech and vibration, finger spelling, gestures, sign language and with the use of a machine. It is required to use real things and situations when building language and experience for the blind-deaf child. Like, in teaching the child about the mail, it is appropriate to have him buy paper, envelopes and stamps and instruct him to write a letter. Before educating a blind-deaf child, it is necessary to ensure that his needs have been properly evaluated.

This paper presents the first year results of a study designed to evaluate through a battery of standardized tests the effectiveness of two preschool programs upon the long range school performance of comparable groups of children. One intervention program provided a traditional nursery school experience (N = 30) which worked in conventional ways to improve the personal, social, and motor development of the children; the experimental intervention provided a highly structured program (N = 30) which focused on specific learning tasks chosen from school related curricula, especially tasks designed to enhance language development and cognitive skills. The experimental program proved to be significantly more effective in promoting intellectual functioning, language abilities, perceptual development, and school readiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to a brief report on benefits to handicapped children under Title 1 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, this paper raises two major questions: (a) How will special education relate itself to new and diversified programs emerging in general education, such as Compensatory Education? and (b) Are substantial numbers of children not truly handicapped in capacity, but simply functioning as handicapped due to environmental deprivation? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thesis of this paper is that instrumental, nonverbal behavior can be modified by a deliberate, repetitive, and systematic conditioning of verbal behavior according to experimentally established principles of learning. Verbal aggression or obnoxiousness, .when extinguished during therapy, will lead to the extinction of overt, motor aggression, since what a person does is reinforcing what he says. Two therapy cases are presented in support of this thesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]