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The development of facile, low-cost reliable, and precise onsite assays for the bioactive component hypoxanthine (Hx) in meat products is significant for safeguarding food safety and public health. Herein, we proposed a smartphone-assissted aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorogen tetraphenylethene (TPE)-incorporated amorphous Fe-doped phosphotungstates (Fe-Phos@TPE) nanozyme-based ratiometric fluorescence-colorimetric dual-mode biosensor for achieving the onsite visual detection of Hx. When the Hx existed, xanthine oxidase (XOD) catalyzed Hx into H 2 O 2 to be further catalyzed into •OH by the prominent peroxidase activity of Fe-Phos@TPE at pH = 6.5, resulting in the oxidization of nonfluorescent o -phenylenediamine (OPD, naked-eye colorless) to be yellow fluorescent emissive 2,3-diaminophenazine (DAP, naked-eye dark yellow) at 550 nm as well as the intrinsic blue fluorescence of Fe-Phos@TPE at 440 nm to be decreased via inner-filter effect (IFE) action, thereby realizing a multi-enzyme cascade catalytic reaction at near-neutral pH to overcome the traditional acidity dependence-induced time-consuming and low sensitivity troublesome. • Synthesis of AIE fluorescent nanozyme Fe-Phos@TPE with high peroxidase-like activity at neutral pH. • Ratiometric fluorescence-colorimetric dual-mode analysis of bioactive component hypoxanthine. • The smartphone-based biosensor possessed a high sensitivity and fast kinetics. • The biosensor has been applied to the detection of hypoxanthine in meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel mass spectrometry method is developed for metabolomic analysis of rice. • Qiutianxiaoting and 93-11 rice seedlings are distinguished by multivariate analysis. • Key metabolites are identified and quantified for the two rice accessions. • GC–MS validation confirms the reliability of the novel method. Low temperatures significantly impact on rice (Oryza sativa) yield and quality. Traditional metabolomic techniques, often involving time-consuming chromatography-mass spectrometry procedures, are currently in use. This study investigated metabolomic responses of rice seedlings under low-temperature stress using nanoliter electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (nanoESI-MS) in combination with multivariate analysis. Results revealed distinct metabolic profiles in 'Qiutianxiaoting' (japonica) and '93-11′ (indica) rice seedlings. Among the 36 identified compounds in rice, seven key metabolites, comprising l -glutamic acid, asparagine, tryptophan, citric acid, α-linolenic acid, malic acid, and inositol, were identified as responsive to cold stress. Notably, malic acid content reached 1332.40 μg/g dry weight in Qiutianxiaoting and 1444.13 μg/g in 93-11. Both the qualitative and quantitative results of nanoESI-MS were further confirmed through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry validation. The findings highlight the potential of nanoESI-MS for rapidly characterizing crucial metabolites across diverse plant species under exposure to stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of ultrasonic intensity (28.14, 70.35, and 112.56 W/cm2) on Lignosus rhinocerotis polysaccharide (LRP) degraded by ultrasound assisted H 2 O 2 /Vc system (U-H/V) was investigated. U-H/V broke the molecular chain of LRP and improved the conformational flexibility, decreasing the molecular weight, intrinsic viscosity ([ η ]) and particle size. The functional groups and hyperbranched structure of LRP were almost stable after U-H/V treatment, however, the triple helix structure of LRP was partially disrupted. With increasing ultrasonic intensity, the critical aggregation concentration increased from 0.59 mg/mL to 1.57 mg/mL, and the hydrophobic microdomains reduced. Furthermore, the LRP treated with U-H/V significantly inhibited HepG2 cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis. The increase in antitumor activity of LRP was closely associated with the reduction of molecular weight, [ η ], particle size and hydrophobic microdomains. These results revealed that U-H/V treatment facilitates the degradation of LRP and provides a better insight into the structure-antitumor activity relationship of LRP. [Display omitted] • Ultrasound-assisted H 2 O 2 /Vc system (U-H/V) exhibited favorable degradation on LRP. • U-H/V broke the molecular chain of LRP and improved the conformational flexibility. • U-H/V disrupted part of the helical structure of LRP. • Hydrophobic microdomains of LRP decreased with increasing ultrasonic intensity. • The antitumor activity of LRP was improved after U-H/V treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food freshness monitoring is an important component in ensuring food safety for consumers and the food industry. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a portable, low-cost, and efficient detection method to determine the freshness. In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used as polymer carrier to prepare electrospinning film containing curcumin (Cur) and gardenia blue (GB) as intelligent indicator label on food packaging for real-time nondestructive detection of freshness of shrimp. The detection limit of ammonia response is less than or equal to 20 ppm, and the detection time is about 1 min, indicating that it has a sensitive response effect. At the same time, a smartphone application that can identify amines in response to color changes has been developed, and consumers can understand freshness by scanning the label. This study demonstrates the huge potential of smart indicator labels for food freshness monitoring. • Preparation of intelligent label using natural pigments curcumin and gardenia blue. • PVA has low cost, easy degradation, and is environmentally friendly. • The stability of smart tags is increased through chemical crosslinking using glutaraldehyde. • Mobile phone applets to achieve real-time and accurate detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Polygonatum sibiricum saponins (PSS) have prebiotic potential. • Lactic acid bacteria can modify the types and content of PSS in the culture medium. • PSS in combination with probiotics had more excellent hypoglycemic activity. • Co-microencapsulated system have more excellent resistance in gastrointestine. This study aimed to investigate the interaction between L.casei and L.bulgaricus with Polygonatum sibiricum saponins (PSS) and to explore the co-microencapsulation to reduce their loss rate during storage and consumption. 1% PSS was added to the culture broth, and it was found that the growth and metabolism of the strains were accelerated, especially in the compound probiotic group, indicating that PSS has potential for prebiotics. LC-MS observed significant differences in the composition and content of saponins in PSS. The metabolomics results suggest that the addition of PSS resulted in significant changes in the metabolites of probiotics. In addition, it was found that the combination of probiotics and PSS may have stronger hypoglycemic ability (ɑ-glucosidase, HepG2). Finally, a co-microencapsulated delivery system was constructed using zein and isomaltooligosaccharide. This system can achieve more excellent resistance of probiotics and PSS in gastrointestinal fluids, effectively transporting both to the small intestine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, different NaCl content was added to wheat starch and then subjected to X-ray irradiation to investigate the effect of salt on starch modification by irradiation. The results showed that the degradation of wheat starch intensified with the increase in irradiation dose. When irradiated at the same dose, wheat starch with sodium chloride produced shorter chains, lower molecular weight and amylose content, and higher crystallinity, solubility, and resistant starch than wheat starch without sodium chloride. The energy generated by X-rays dissociating sodium chloride caused damage to the glycoside bonds of the starch molecule. With a further increase in the mass fraction of NaCl, the hydrogen bonds of the starch molecules were broken, and the double helix structure was depolymerized, which exacerbated the extent of irradiation-modified wheat starch. At the same time, starch molecules will be rearranged to form a more stable structure. [Display omitted] • X-ray irradiation did not change the growth rings or the crystal type of the starch. • X-ray irradiation causes starch chain breaks and lower molecular weights. • At the same dose, adding sodium chloride provided better improvement. • High contents of NaCl promoted X-ray degradation of wheat starch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-time optical sensing of mercury has been developed rapidly in recent years but remains challenging such as bearing background interference. Herein, a Hg2+ and base dual-activatable ultrasensitive chemiluminescent probe CL-Hg based on benzothiazole-phenoxyl-dioxetane with profits of excitation light-free and minimal interference is presented. The photophysical properties study and sensing performance verified CL-Hg is coupled with unique advantages of long-term detection (more than 400 min), ultrahigh sensitivity (LOD = 0.52 nM), and high specificity to Hg2+, and visualization detection by the paper-based test strips. More importantly, CL-Hg showed the qualitative and quantitative detection capability for Hg2+ with great recyclability in real samples of water, seafood, and beverages, holding great potential for on-site monitoring of Hg2+ levels in the actual samples. To our knowledge, this is the first work achieving the detection of Hg2+ by chemiluminescence. Overall, the Hg2+-activated visualization platform offers a practical method for detecting Hg2+ in various application scenarios. [Display omitted] • CL-Hg was designed to detect Hg2+ based on chemiluminescence. • CL-Hg showed an ultralong luminescence lifetime for Hg2+ more than 400 min. • CL-Hg was ultrasensitive for Hg2+ with a detection limit of 0.52 nM. • CL-Hg can be applied for the quantitative detection of Hg2+ in complex samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scheme 1. Schematic illustration showcases a fish oil nanoemulsion delivery system with a dense interfacial layer coated by HA-PG10-C18, highlighting enhanced gastrointestinal stability and extended shelf-life of droplets. [Display omitted] • HA-PG10-C18 is a promising candidate emulsifier for nanoemulsion delivery system. • Surface density for HA-PG10-C18@NE is 60% greater than for PG10-C18@NE. • HA-PG10-C18@NE possesses outstanding freeze-thaw and freeze-drying stability. This study aimed to synthesize a novel emulsifier, hyaluronic acid-poly(glyceryl)10-stearate (HA-PG10-C18), and employ it for the fabrication of nanoemulsions incorporating deep-sea fish oil to improve their apparent solubility and physicochemical stability. 1H NMR and FT-IR analyses indicated successful synthesis of HA-PG10-C18. Nanoemulsions of deep-sea fish oil loaded with HA-PG10-C18 (HA-PG10-C18@NE) were successfully fabricated by ultrasonic emulsification. The fixed aqueous layer thickness (FALT) of PG10-C18@NE and HA-PG10-C18@NE was determined and the FALT of both nanoemulsions was similar, while the surface density of HA-PG10-C18@NE (4.92 × 10−12 ng/nm2) is 60 % higher than that of PG10-C18@NE (3.07 × 10−12 ng/nm2). Notably, HA-PG10-C18@NE demonstrated an exceptional physicochemical stability when exposed to various stressed environmental conditions, especially its freeze-thaw stability. Moreover, after simulated in vitro digestion, the HA-PG10-C18@NE exhibited a comparatively greater liberation of free fatty acids (94.0 ± 1.7 %) when compared to the release observed in PG10-C18@NE (85.5 ± 2.2 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Liquid nitrogen spray freezing altered the odor characteristics of surimi gels. • LN-80 °C was more conducive to maintaining the original flavor profile of surimi gels. • The intensified oxidation caused by freezing has important effects on odor variation. • Hydrophobic interactions were significantly correlated with most of the key VOCs. This study revealed the variations in odor characteristics and underlying mechanisms of different cross-linked surimi gels under liquid nitrogen (LN) spray freezing. The results demonstrated that LN spray freezing had an essential effect on the gels′ odor. The odor changes in the −80 °C LN spray freezing group were closer to the control group, while −35 °C LN spray freezing treatment had the greatest impact on the aroma quality of gels. Freezing reduced gels′ texture properties, intensified lipid and protein oxidation, altered protein conformation, increased surface hydrophobicity and hydrophobic interactions. These changes affected the gels' odor characteristics, leading to a reduction in fish aroma and an increase in fishy and oil odors after freezing. These tendencies were more pronounced at −35 °C LN spray freezing with lower cross-linking degrees, and reducing the freezing temperature to −80 °C and increasing the cross-linking degree to 62.99% mitigated the extent of deterioration in gel flavor quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Chlorogenic acid treatment reduced the allergenicity of crayfish tropomyosin. • Chlorogenic acid altered structure and masked allergenic epitopes of tropomyosin. • Chlorogenic acid reduced allergic response by up-regulating toll-like receptor 8. • Toll-like receptor 8 agonist suppressed Th2 response and allergy symptoms. Studies have shown that high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing and chlorogenic acid (CA) treatment can effectively reduce food allergenicity. We hypothesize that these novel processing techniques can help tackle crayfish allergy and examined the impact and mechanism of HHP (300 MPa, 15 min) and CA (CA:tropomyosin = 1:4000, 15 min) on the allergenicity of crayfish tropomyosin. Our results revealed that CA, rather than HHP, effectively reduced tropomyosin's allergenicity, as evident in the alleviation of allergic symptoms in a food allergy mouse model. Spectroscopy and molecular docking analyses demonstrated that CA could reduce the allergenicity of tropomyosin by covalent or non-covalent binding, altering its secondary structure (2.1 % decrease in α-helix; 1.9 % increase in β-fold) and masking tropomyosin's linear epitopes. Moreover, CA-treated tropomyosin potentially induced milder allergic reactions by up-regulating TLR8. While our results supported the efficacy of CA in alleviating crayfish allergy, further exploration is needed to determine clinical effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Major tuber storage protein Patatin17 formed homodimer via hydrogen bonds. • Introduction of designed disulfide bonds enabled Patatin17 polymers formation. • Potato dough viscosity and nutrient were enhanced by adding Patatin17 polymers. • Deep learning-based protein design strategies are efficient to characterize and to create novel proteins for future food sources. Potato is one of the most important crops worldwide, to feed a fast-growing population. In addition to providing energy, fiber, vitamins, and minerals, potato storage proteins are considered as one of the most valuable sources of non-animal proteins due to their high essential amino acid (EAA) index. However, low tuber protein content and limited knowledge about potato storage proteins restrict their widespread utilization in the food industry. Here, we report a proof-of-concept study, using deep learning-based protein design tools, to characterize the biological and chemical characteristics of patatins, the major potato storage proteins. This knowledge was then employed to design multiple cysteines on the patatin surface to build polymers linked by disulfide bonds, which significantly improved viscidity and nutrient of potato flour dough. Our study shows that deep learning-based protein design strategies are efficient to characterize and to create novel proteins for future food sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Garlic Se absorption and transportation were largely affected by Se speciation. • Organic Se was superior to inorganic Se in enriching Se and antagonizing Cd. • Bulb Se content treated with organic Se was about twice (or more) than inorganic Se. • Organic Se was significantly more effective in reducing Cd content than inorganic Se. • Se was mainly enriched in bulb, Cd was enriched in root under organic Se application. Currently, planting selenium-rich crops using inorganic selenium such as selenate and selenite is used to address human selenium deficiency problems. In this paper, besides the above two traditional inorganic selenium speciation, we chose a new organic selenium speciation of potassium selenocyanoacetate to investigate the different effects of selenium speciation on selenium absorption, selenium transformation and cadmium antagonism via foliar application. Planting experiments showed that the selenium content of garlic bulbs treated with organic selenium was 1.8–3.9 times higher than that of inorganic selenium. Additionally, the absorption and transformation efficiency of organic selenium in garlic was also the highest, reaching over 95 %. Importantly, it was noteworthy that the cadmium content in bulbs treated with organic selenium was significantly lower than the Chinese food safety standard (0.2 mg/kg). Hence, this study provides an efficient organic selenium speciation which is beneficial to meet human selenium requirements and ensure safe utilization of cadmium-contaminated soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A new multi-template molecularly imprinted polymer was synthesized. • The adsorption capacity of the polymer for saponins was up to 74.825 mg/g. • Polymers are substantially more saponin-selective than homologues. • The polymer successfully extracted high-purity saponins from purple yam. • The polymer has a high extraction rate and a low extraction cost. Saponin is an essential natural compound in purple yams with high nutritional and medicinal value. In this work, a multitemplate molecule-imprinted polymer (MMIP) was synthesized with dioscin, protodioscin, and diosgenin templates. The MMIPs were characterized with scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) adsorption, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The efficacy of the MMIPs was assessed with static, dynamic, selective adsorption, desorption, and reusability experiments. The three saponins were selectively extracted and determined by MMIP-high-performance liquid chromatography. The polymer morphology was regular and spherical. The amount of the MMIP adsorbed was 74.825 mg/g, and the imprinting factor was 2.1. The MMIP adsorbed the three saponins from purple yam extract, with recovery rates of 95.5–103.43 % and desorption rates of 85 %–98 %. In addition, the MMIPs were reused at least six times. These results demonstrated that the MMIPs efficiently and selectively extracted dioscin, protodioscin, and diosgenin from food matrices at high rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a common heavy metal contaminant, Cd2+ has adverse effects on food safety and consumer health. It is very important for human health to realize highly sensitive Cd2+ detection methods. The self-powered sensing system based on enzyme biofuel cells (EBFCs) does not need an external power supply, which can simplify the experimental equipment and has great application value in portable detection. Thus, the biosensor is innovatively integrated into the screen-printed electrode to construct a new type of portable sensor suitable for on-site and real-time Cd2+ detection. Hybridization chain reaction (HCR) combined with the Cd2+-dependent deoxyribose (DNAzyme) signal amplification strategy is used to enhance the detection sensitivity while specifically recognizing the Cd2+. Moreover, the self-powered sensor combines with smartphones to realize quantitative Cd2+ detection without other instruments and has the characteristic of Effectively improving the hazard detection technology is essential to ensure food safety. Portability, simplicity, and speed are suitable for real-time Cd2+ detection in the field. The dual mechanism and three quantitative modes combining colorimetric and two electrical signals output modes are adopted to realize the visualization and accurate detection. A series of research results confirm that this strategy is of great significance to strengthen the development of intelligent Cd2+ technology, expand the application of self-powered sensing technology, and improve the safety detection system. • Plug and play self-powered chip facilitates precision heavy metal detection. • Dual mechanism and three quantitative mode for quantitative analysis. • High sensitive detection chip can be used for Cd detection in tea samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice, a primary staple food, may be improved in value via fermentation. Here, ten medicinal basidiomycetous fungi were separately applied for rice fermentation. After preliminary screening, Ganoderma boninense , Phylloporia pulla , Sanghuangporus sanghuang and Sanghuangporus weigelae were selected for further LC-MS based determination of the changes in metabolic profile after their fermentation with rice, and a total of 261, 296, 312, and 355 differential compounds were identified, respectively. Most of these compounds were up-regulated and involved in the metabolic pathways of amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and the biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. Sanghuangporus weigelae endowed the rice with the highest nutritional and bioactive values. The metabolic network of the identified differential compounds in rice fermented by S. weigelae illustrated their close relationships. In summary, this study provides insights into the preparation and application of potential functional food via the fermentation of rice with medicinal fungi. • Rice was separately fermented with ten medicinal basidiomycetous fungi. • Four main groups of differential compounds were identified after fermentation by LC-MS. • They are amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates and secondary metabolites. • S. weigelae endowed rice with the highest nutritional and bioactive values. • Providing insights into the preparation of functional food by rice fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the proteomics of beef patties under high‑oxygen modified atmosphere packaging (HiOx-MAP) and vacuum packaging (VP) during heating. The color and oxidation stability of fresh patties, and myoglobin denaturation of cooked patties were also measured. The results suggested that HiOx-MAP patties contained more oxymyoglobin in fresh meat and had higher myoglobin denaturation during heating than VP patties, resulting in premature browning (PMB) during cooking. Proteomic analysis found that the overabundance of proteasome subunit beta type-2 (PSMB2) and peroxiredoxin-2 (PRDX2) in HiOx-55 °C, which can remove the damaged proteins and inhibit oxidation respectively, are of benefit to meat color stability during storage, however, this was still insufficient to inhibit the occurrence of PMB during cooking. The high abundance of lamin B1 (LMNB1) in VP-55 °C can maintain the stability of meat color. This research provides greater understanding, based on proteomic perspectives, of the molecular mechanism of PMB. • Myoglobin forms alter denaturation during heating, impacting cooked meat color. • HiOx packaged beef patties were more prone to premature browning than VP patties. • The overabundance of PSMB2 and PRDX2 in HiOx-55 °C was insufficient to inhibit PMB. • The high abundance of LMNB1 in VP-55 °C helped maintain the stability of meat color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch retrogradation is of great importance to the quality of starch-based food. This study investigated the effect of partial gelatinization (PG) synergizing with polyphenol (epicatechin, EC; epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG) on the multi-scale structure and short/long-term retrogradation of corn starch (CS). The PG synergizing with EC/EGCG substantially suppressed the short/long-term retrogradation properties of CS. These could be confirmed by the decreased storage modulus and viscosity, the relative crystallinity (1.54%, 3.56%), and the retrogradation degree (9.99%, 20.18%) of CS during storage for 1, 14 days after PG synergizing with EGCG and EC, respectively. This is because PG treatment promoted the hydrogen bond interaction between disordered starch molecules and EC/EGCG. These were proven by the larger aggregation, more and brighter fluorescents, and the reduced long/short-range order structures in CS after PG synergizing with EC/EGCG. This study is helpful for the development of foods with enhanced nutrition and low-retrogradation. [Display omitted] • PG (partial gelatinization) synergizing with polyphenol effectively delays retrogradation of corn starch. • The synergistic effects of epicatechin and epigallocatechin gallate with PG on starch retrogradation is different. • PG treatment promotes the hydrogen bond interaction between starch and polyphenol. • PG synergizing with polyphenol decreases the formation of crystalline structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • PFP-T and PFP-UM were slightly degraded after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. • PFP-T and PFP-UM were obviously degraded and utilized by intestinal microorganisms. • PFP-T and PFP-UM effectively stimulated the proliferation of beneficial bacteria. • PFP-T yielded higher SCFAs content and had better prebiotic potential than PFP-UM. In this study, two pectic polysaccharides (PFP-T and PFP-UM) were extracted from fresh passion fruit peels using three-phase partitioning (TPP) and sequential ultrasound-microwave-assisted TPP methods, respectively, and their effects on the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and fecal fermentation characteristics were examined. The results indicate that gastrointestinal digestion has a minimal effect on the physicochemical and structural characteristics of PFP-T and PFP-UM. However, during in vitro fecal fermentation, both undigested PFP-T and PFP-UM are significantly degraded and utilized by intestinal microorganisms, showing increased the total relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidota in the intestinal flora. Notably, compared with PFP-UM, PFP-T better promoted the reproduction of beneficial bacteria such as Prevotella , Megasphaera and Dialister , while suppressed the growth of harmful genera including Escherichia-Shigella , producing higher content of short-chain fatty acids. Therefore, our findings suggest that PFP-T derived from passion fruit peel has potential as a dietary supplement for promoting intestinal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Roasting pretreatment at 160 °C effectively improved pumpkin seed milk (PSM) stability. • PSM prepared of pumpkin seeds roasting at 160 °C exhibited minimal nutrient loss and optimal digestibility. • Thermal pretreatment increased β-sheet and decreased α-helix of pumpkin seed protein. Pumpkin seeds represent a valuable source of plant protein and can be utilized in the production of plant-based milks. This study aims to investigate the effects of different pretreatment techniques on the stability of Pumpkin Seed Milk (PSM) and explore potential mechanisms. Raw pumpkin seeds underwent pretreatment through roasting, microwaving, and steaming to prepare PSM. Physiochemical attributes such as composition, storage stability, and particle size of PSM were evaluated. Results indicate that stability significantly improved at roasting temperatures of 160 °C, with the smallest particle size (305 ± 40 nm) and highest stability coefficient (0.710 ± 0.002) observed. Nutrient content in PSM remained largely unaffected at 160 °C. Protein oxidation levels, infrared, and fluorescence spectra analysis revealed that higher temperatures exacerbated the oxidation of pumpkin seed emulsion. Overall, roasting raw pumpkin seeds at 160 °C is suggested to enhance PSM quality while preserving nutrient content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tannic acid could inhibit the α-amylase activity secreted from gut microbiota and regulate the microbial composition. As a result, tannic acid could delay the metabolism of resistant starch, thereby probably delivering resistant starch to the distal colon. [Display omitted] • Tannic acid could delay the metabolism of resistant starch. • Tannic acid inhibited the activity of α-amylase secreted by gut microbiota. • Tannic acid delayed the enrichment of starch-degrading bacteria. • Tannic acid improved the prebiotic activity of resistant starch. This work investigated the effect of tannic acid on the fermentation rate of resistant starch. It was found that 1.0 and 1.5 μmol/L tannic acid decreased the rate of producing gas and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from fermentation of resistant starch, and 1.5 μmol/mL tannic acid had a more profound effect, which confirmed that tannic acid delayed the metabolism of resistant starch. Moreover, tannic acid significantly inhibited the α-amylase activity during fermentation. On the other hand, tannic acid delayed the enrichment of some starch-degrading bacteria. Besides, fermentation of the resistant starch/tannic acid mixtures resulted in more SCFAs, particularly butyrate, and higher abundance of beneficial bacteria, including Bifidobacterium , Faecalibacterium , Blautia and Dorea, than fermentation of resistant starch after 48 h. Thus, it was inferred that tannic acid could delay the metabolism of resistant starch, which was due to its inhibitory effect on the α-amylase activity and regulatory effect on gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A 3 pile-yellowing and drying process for manufacturing large-leaf yellow tea (LYT). • Quality components are identified by HPLC, LC-MS, GC–MS, GC-O-MS, etc. • Dynamic changes of quality components during LYT processing are explored. • 1st pile-yellowing and over-fired drying are the key to LYT quality formation. • 2,3-diethyl-5-methyl-pyrazine, linalool, etc. may contribute to LYT aroma quality. This study used samples processed with an innovative manufacturing process to explore the dynamic changes of large-leaf yellow tea (LYT) in color, aroma, and taste substances, and the quality components were most significantly affected in the stages of first pile-yellowing (FP) and over-fired drying (TD). In this process, the moisture and temperature conditions caused chlorophyll degradation, Maillard reactions, caramelization reactions, and isomerization of phenolic substances, forming the quality of LYT. Specifically, chlorophyll degradation favored the formation of color quality; the taste quality was determined by the content of soluble sugars, amino acids, catechins, etc.; the aroma quality was dependent on the content changes of alcohols and aldehydes, as well as the increase of sweet and roasting aroma substances in the third drying stage. Additionally, twelve key aroma components, including linalool, (E)- β -ionone, 2,3-diethyl-5-methyl-pyrazine, etc., were identified as contributors to revealing LYT rice crust-like and sweet aroma formation mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Degradation mechanisms of xanthohumol in Humulus lupulus L. revealed. • Explored xanthohumol's instability under different storage conditions. • Differentiated xanthohumol, isoxanthohumol, and related products. • Established kinetic model aids xanthohumol degradation insights. Xanthohumol (XN), possessing potent physiological activity, is exclusively derived from hops (Humulus lupulus L.) and exhibits high instability. However, its inherent instability often results in degradation during storage, leading to a decline in its activity due to the formation of various products. This study aimed to explore the stability of XN in beer under different storage conditions, establish or clarify degradation kinetic models, and understand the degradation mechanism. Our findings revealed that XN would degrade rapidly when exposed to high temperature and light. Its degradation followed a first-order kinetic model, involving reactions such as isomerization, hydration and ortho-position cyclization, resulting in the formation of five products. These insights shed light on the factors and mechanisms underlying the instability and degradability of XN, serving as a foundation for the development of a stable beer product enriched with functional XN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • WP-CMC improved the resistance of HIPEs to the environmental changes. • WP-CMC increased storage stability of pine nut oil and β-carotene in HIPEs. • WP-CMC enhanced the bioaccessibility of pine nut oil and β-carotene in HIPEs. • The HIPE stabilized by WP-CMC could be a delivery system for liposoluble ingredients. In this work, the effects of whey protein-carboxymethyl cellulose (WP-CMC) conjugates on the environmental stability, in vitro digestion stability, storage stability and bioaccessibility of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) were investigated. Compared to the HIPEs stabilized by the mixture of WP and CMC, the HIPEs stabilized by WP-CMC were less sensitive to environmental changes by particle size and zeta-potential, and showed better stability and bioavailability of pine nut oil as well as β-carotene during simulated gastrointestinal digestion. In addition, the inclusion function and pine nut oil oxidative stability of the HIPEs stabilized by WP-CMC were better during 16 days of storage than those of the pine nut oil and HIPEs stabilized by the mixture of WP and CMC, and also expressed higher storage stability of β-carotene. These results suggested that the conjugate-stabilized emulsions developed in this study have potential applications as protectors and carriers of liposoluble active ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Red Sour Soup (RSS) post-fermentation increased flavor substances by over 25 % total amount. • L. acetotolerans induced over 50 % lactic acid increase and formed lactic acid-dominate sour taste. • Alcohols and short-chain acids increased in early- and middle-stage and then decreased. • Butyric acid was the maximum odor contributor, followed by esters. • Acid-resistant fungi induced rapid increase of esters in late-stage with low pH values. Flavor and chemical changes with microbial succession during Red-Sour-Soup (RSS) post-fermentation were urgent to be revealed for quality control. RSS post-fermentation could be divided into three stages according to acidity, nutrients exhausting and total colony counts, without coliform bacteria growth nor nitrite peak was observed. Lactobacillus acetotolerans induced over 50 % increase of lactic acid, finally conducing to the lactic acid-dominated sour taste of RSS. The volatile compounds totally increased by 25.70 % in chili sauce and 32.58 % in tomato sauce (p < 0.05). In early-/middle-stage (pH > 3.5), alcohols and short-chain fatty acids increased, and butyric acid with unpleasant odor became the maximum flavor contributor. Nevertheless, in late-stage (pH < 3.5), with the reduction of alcohols and fatty acids, esters, 2-nonanone and terpenoids with pleasant flavors increased by Clavispora lusitaniae , Pichia , Cladosporium delicatulum and Rozellomycota sp.. In conclusion, the post-fermentation, especially L. acetotolerans metabolism and aciduric fungal esterification were essential for RSS characteristic flavor formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Spatial metabolomics reveal microregions of Panax quinquefolius roots. • Combining UPLC-Q-TOF/MS and DESI-MSI for metabolomics research. • Different chemical components showed different distributions in P. quinquefolius. • Unknown chemical composition could be visualized by DESI-MSI. Panax quinquefolius is a natural homology medicine and food that is rich in bioactive ingredients, such as ginsenosides and polysaccharides. The combination of ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole/time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) and desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) was used for the first time in a spatial metabolomics analysis to comprehensively evaluate the differential components in different microregions of P. quinquefolius. UPLC-Q-TOF/MS and DESI-MSI combined with principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis were used to screen differential metabolites. UPLC-Q-TOF/MS and DESI-MSI screened 27 and 23 differential metabolites, respectively, among which 15 differential metabolites were identified by both methods. It was found that some components, such as ginsenoside Rg1 and malonyl-ginsenoside Rc, were mainly distributed in P of the transverse slice of P. quinquefolius roots, while ginsenoside Ro and malonyl-ginsenoside Rd were mainly distributed in C. The methods and results of this study could be used to understand the precise localization, biosynthesis, and biological functions of special metabolites in P. quinquefolius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A long-lived room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) carbon quantum dots (P-CDs) with ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) light photoresponsive oxidase-like nanozyme were synthesized to achieve higher photosensitive oxygen activation. Then the P-CDs were made into P-CDs/PVA films, which effectively prolonged the preservation period of fruits under photodynamic antibacterial action. [Display omitted] • One-step hydrothermal synthesis of long-lived room-temperature phosphorescent P-CDs. • The ultraviolet/visible light photoresponsive oxidase-like nanozyme activity. • P-CDs generate singlet oxygen through energy transfer under illumination. • The excellent photodynamic antibacterial property of P-CDs. • P-CDs/PVA films remarkably extend the shelf life of fruits under photosensitization. In this study, a novel long-lived room-temperature phosphorescent (RTP) carbon dots (P-CDs) with the properties of ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) light photoresponsive oxidase-like nanozyme were synthesized from diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and through a one-step hydrothermal method. P-CDs were used as a light-driven oxidative-like enzyme for antimicrobial studies. The results showed that under UV/Vis light irradiation, P-CDs could efficiently convert O 2 into 1O 2 , and the strong oxidizing property of 1O 2 greatly enhanced the growth inhibition of P-CDs on Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli). Meanwhile, P-CDs exhibited good photodynamic antifungal properties against Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea). Then the P-CDs were made into P-CDs/PVA films, which effectively prolonged the preservation period of fruits under photodynamic antibacterial action. The good biocompatibility and efficient photosensitive oxygen activation can make P-CDs a more practically useful oxidase-like nanozyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Lycopene-soy yogurt was assembled by dual fermentations of B. subtilis with LABs. • Soy yogurt with lycopene from B. subtilis offered fine-tuned antioxidant activity. • Lycopene and isoflavone concurrently enabled desirable nutrition for soy yogurt. • Lycopene-soy yogurt presented attractive organoleptic acceptability. Well-defined compositional assemblies of plant-based yogurt are of fast-growing awareness for world population concerning environmental sustainability, economic burdens and health risks. Soybean is an attractive candidate for plant yogurt, suffering from poor flavor, limited nutrition, and undesired allergens to offer healthy-functional segments. Herein, we deciphered a novel lycopene-soy yogurt by efficient two-stage fermentation of engineered B. subtilis and LAB. The fortified sogurt was ensured with redundant lycopene of 22.67 ± 2.95 mg/g DCW by engineered B. subtilis and enriched soy isoflavone from synergistic effects of engineered B. subtilis and LAB, possessing strong antioxidant capacity for upgrading functionality. Moreover, the desired pH, accelerated protein hydrolysis, enhanced amino acid availability, and expected sensory attributes cooperatively conferred lycopene-soy yogurt as healthy functional food. High potential is firstly ascribed to sequential dual culture of engineered B. subtilis and LAB in lycopene-soy yogurt, in which flavorful, hypoallergenic and antioxidative ingredients enabled functionalities for plant-based yogurt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A surface multiple imprinting layers membrane (SMILM) with high affinity was developed. • The imprinting layers are based on dopamine polymerization and boronate affinity. • SMILM possesses multiple recognition sites to adsorb chlorogenic acid(CGA). • The SMILM is an efficient strategy to separate CGA in F. carica fruits, peels and leaves. • The recognition mechanism of SMILM was explored by molecular simulations and NMR. Chlorogenic acid (CGA), known as an important natural antioxidative compound in Ficus carica L, has valuable application prospects on health food, functional food, nutrition and dietary formulations. In this study, a surface multiple imprinting layers membrane (SMILM) was developed and applied to separate CGA from F. carica. Two different imprinting layers were integrated onto the membrane surface in sequence. The first imprinting layer was formed by dopamine polymerization and the second imprinting layer was fabricated by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and boronate affinity. The prepared SMILM with well-oriented multiple recognition sites exhibited high adsorption capacity (52.08 mg·g−1 in 60 min) for CGA and specific selectivity with imprinting factor (IF) of 3.06. Furthermore, the recognition mechanism of SMILM was clarified by molecular simulation and NMR. The SMILM was successfully applied to separate CGA from the fruits, peels and leaves of F. carica with recoveries of 90.22, 83.31 and 84.95 %, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Liquid nitrogen immersion freezing minimized structural harm than air freezing. • Liquid nitrogen immersion freezing contributed to maintaining the gels' original odor. • Advisable increasing cross-linking degree reduced frozen gels′ quality deterioration. This work investigated the effects of liquid nitrogen immersion freezing (LNF), −35 °C air freezing (AF-35℃) and −18 °C air freezing (AF-18℃) on the physical and chemical characteristics and flavor quality of surimi gels with different cross-linking degrees. Compared to AF-35 °C and AF-18 °C, LNF was shown to considerably delay the texture deterioration and water migration of frozen gels, as well as the accumulation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance values and carbonyl contents. Additionally, an appropriate increase of cross-linking degree (45.83 to 62.99%) was found able to improve gel properties and inhibit quality deterioration during freezing. Moreover, LNF-treated gels were closer to fresh gels in the amount of volatile compounds, in contrast to most significant negative aroma changes in AF-18℃-treated gels. Furthermore, 29, 29 and 31 key differential volatile compounds were screened for gels with a cross-linking degree of 29.66, 45.83 and 62.99%, respectively, mainly including aldehydes, alcohols and esters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Adding NaCl or CaCl 2 eliminated the type-B binding. • The presence of NaCl enhanced the type-A synergistic binding. • Type-A binding was improved by low concentration of CaCl 2. • Addition of excessive CaCl 2 reduced the type-A binding. Synergistic interaction gels could be formed by synergistic type-A and type-B bindings between konjac glucomannan (KGM) and xanthan during cooling. Adding salt ions significantly altered those bindings and thus the gel-related properties. The results showed that adding NaCl or CaCl 2 eliminated type-B binding due to an electrostatic shielding effect. Adding NaCl or CaCl 2 (3 and 6 mM) enhanced type-A binding by neutralizing the negative charge of COOH and reducing the electrostatic repulsion among xanthan chains, as evidenced by an increase in the onset temperature of exotherm peak, the formation of more parallel multiple filaments, and an increase in aggregation structures (>1.0 nm) and gel hardness. When CaCl 2 concentration was higher, Ca2+ bridged side-chain clusters into more complex structures, which would hardly participate in the formation of helical structures and weaken type-A binding. The results obtained are beneficial for the rational design and preparation of KGM/xanthan gels with synergistic interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Molecular-level light-emitting origins were strategically imparted to paper. • The morphology of AIE self-assembly can be adjusted on demand. • AFP-FP exhibited high selectivity, sensitivity and repeatable recognition of NH 3. • AFP-FP integrated with smartphone realized the visual food spoilage monitoring. Biogenic amines containing NH 3 are important indicators for conducting full-scale appraisal of food spoilage and disease diagnosis. However, the currently-used detection methods of NH 3 have several limitations such as time-consuming high cost, and inability to provide visual real-time monitoring. Therefore, researchers have attempted to explore strategies for quantitative real-time monitoring of NH 3 for food spoilage has attracted widespread attentions. Herein, we developed sustainable, fast response, hypersensitized, user-friendly and molecular-level light-emitting biomass-based materials (AFP-FP) containing on-demand nanostructured brain-cells-inspired aggregation-induced-emission (AIE) self-assembles for real-time visual monitoring of seafood spoilage. The 2-hydroxy-5-methyl-isophthalaldehyde-based AIE probe (AFP) was synthesized using a simple "one-step" route. AFP-FP exhibited high selectivity, sensitivity, repeatable and quantitative recognition (y = 7.292×103x + 7.621×104, R = 0.990) of NH 3 with a low detection limit (246 ppb) and fast response (<1 s). Furthermore, we integrated AFP-FP into a user-friendly smartphone color recognition app, enabling its practical application in visual, real-time daylight monitoring of food spoilage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PFMM-MIPs were prepared, and RTP and RF double-channel specific analysis of double targets was achieved. [Display omitted] • Phosphorescent/fluorescent dual-channel molecularly imprinted polymers were prepared. • Malachite green was determined by room temperature phosphorescence. • Tartrazine was determined by ratiometric fluorescence. • It exhibits excellent sensitivity, selectivity, and recovery. The photoluminescent properties of Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots were fully exploited, and room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP)-ratiometric fluorescence (RF) magnetic mesoporous molecularly imprinted polymers (PFMM-MIPs) were prepared by integrating molecular imprinting technology. RTP was used to detect malachite green (MG). The fluorescence at 420 nm and the peak at 590 nm in the fluorescence mode were used as the response reference signals respectively to detect tartrazine (TZ). The linear responsive range and detection limit of MG were 0.01–150 μM and 4.3 nM, and these of TZ were 0.05–80 μM and 23.7 nM. RTP, which can avoid the interference of background fluorescence, and RF with self-calibration ability can both largely weaken the matrix effect. This work enables single-probe-type MIPs to achieve dual-target analysis via RTP and RF. This method provides excellent sensitivity, specificity, recovery and recyclability, and is expected to be prospectively applied in the fields of food, environment and biological analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Analytical strategies for quinolone residues analysis in milk were reviewed (2012–2022). • Current sample preparation methods of LLE, SPE, and QuEChERs are discussed. • Instrument-based, immune-based, and microbial detection methods are discussed. • Method's principles, characteristics, advantages/disadvantages are reviewed. • Future perspectives for quinolone residues determination in milk are provided. Quinolones are potent antibacterial drugs extensively utilized for treating bacterial infections in poultry. However, the presence of quinolone antibiotic residues in milk is a matter of concern due to potential health risks and adverse effects on milk quality. This review provides an overview of current analytical strategies for the determination of quinolone residues in milk. Various sample preparation techniques, such as liquid-phase extraction, solid-phase extraction and QuEChERS, are discussed, along with detection methods including instrument-based detection, immune-based detection, and microbial detection. The advantages and limitations of each method are highlighted, as well as their applicability in different stages of milk production. Additionally, recent advancements in sample preparation and detection methods are presented. This comprehensive review aims to contribute to the development of accurate and reliable methods for the detection of quinolone residues in milk, ensuring the safety and quality of dairy products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• AgPd/C nanoflowers was synthesized using Ag/C as template and C-dots as reductant. • AgPd/C nanoflowers have good AAO activity and can accelerate the oxidation of AA. • In situ formation fluorescent species provides an effective strategy for analysis. • The amount of AA was determined by the fluorescent protectant of DFQ. • ALP and OPPs were successfully determined via the tandem catalytic reaction. Sensitive detection strategies for enzymes and their inhibitors not only have critical significance in clinical diagnosis but can be extended to food and environment analysis. Here, bimetallic AgPd alloy nanoflowers were synthesized using carbon dots as the reductant via a two-step reduction method. The AgPd bimetallic nanoflowers exhibit ascorbate oxidase mimetic activity, which can rapidly catalyze the oxidization of ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid (DHA). The DHA can then react with o-phenylenediamine (OPD) to produce 3-(1, 2-dihydroxyethyl)furo[3,4-b] quinoxalin-1(3H)-one (DFQ), accompanying with the characteristic fluorescence peak at 440 nm for DFQ. Alkaline phosphatase catalyzes l -ascorbyl-2-phosphate to generate AA, while organic phosphorus pesticides (OPPs) such as chlorpyrifos can inhibit the activity of alkaline phosphatase. By utilizing the enzyme-nanozyme tandem catalytic reaction, the fluorescence of the system varies in the presence of different concentrations of ALP or OPPs, which can be used to detect ALP in serum and OPPs in vegetables and fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Probiotic lycopene-soy milk was developed using genome edited B. subtilis. • Lycopene-soy milk with B. subtilis displayed high nutritional quality. • Lycopene and B. subtilis concurrently improved antioxidant capacity for soy milk. • Probiotic lycopene-soy milk achieved desirable isoflavone bioavailability. • Probiotic lycopene-soy milk presented excellent sensory acceptability. Nutritional and functional soy-based milk gains growing attention globally in food industry. However, its poor sensorial attributes, single flavor, and limited substance variety become critical issues in displaying balanced nutrition and multifunction for health. Herein, a novel probiotic lycopene-soy milk was developed by genome edited Bacillus subtilis harboring lycopene biosynthesis cassette with efficient lycopene production of 25.73 ± 1.57 mg/g DCW. Further investigation displayed desirable pH, reducing sugar, protein, total phenolic content and isoflavone for achieved milk than conventional soy milk, implying it with well-balanced nutritional quality. Notably, achieved milk exhibited stronger antioxidant capacity and higher isoflavone bioavailability for functionality. Moreover, it possessed significantly high scores for taste, appearance, and overall acceptability, suggesting its excellent sensorial attributes. To our delight, it is the first time to fortify soy-milk with probiotic and lycopene by genome edited B. subtilis to explore additive effect on improving nutritional value and functionality for food application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Au-Ag OHCs-based SERS sensor coupled with CNN to detect pesticides has proposed. • Au-Ag OHCs served as the substrate with EF = 4.837 × 106 were synthesized. • Automatic updating of learning rate makes CNN model converge to local optimum. • A robust SERS sensor were developed with a LOD of 0.286 and 29 ppb. • Nonlinear correlation between pesticides and SERS data was diagnosed by APaRPs method. Pesticide residue detection in food has become increasingly important. Herein, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) coupled with an intelligent algorithm was developed for the rapid and sensitive detection of pesticide residues in tea. By employing octahedral Cu 2 O templates, Au-Ag octahedral hollow cages (Au-Ag OHCs) were developed, which improved the surface plasma effect via rough edges and hollow inner structure, amplifying the Raman signals of pesticide molecules. Afterward, convolutional neural network (CNN), partial least squares (PLS), and extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithms were applied for the quantitative prediction of thiram and pymetrozine. CNN algorithms performed optimally for thiram and pymetrozine, with correlation values of 0.995 and 0.977 and detection limits (LOD) of 0.286 and 29 ppb, respectively. Accordingly, no significant difference (P greater than 0.05) was observed between the developed approach and HPLC in detecting tea samples. Hence, the proposed Au-Ag OHCs-based SERS technique could be utilized for quantifying thiram and pymetrozine in tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• PEF and enzymatic hydrolysis treatment improve starch's oil absorption. • PEF increases the pore volume and pore size values of the CPS. • PEF alters the crystalline nature, short-range ordering of CPS. • Cross-linking of CPS-PEF improves the thermal stability of CPS. In this study, corn porous starch (CPS) was firstly prepared using enzymatic hydrolysis, followed by pore formation enhancement using the treatment of a pulsed electric field (PEF). Subsequently, the PEF treated porous starch (CPS-PEF) was cross-linked with sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) to investigate its structural and functional properties. The results showed PEF treatment increased the oil absorption of CPS by 26.92% and improved its specific surface area, total pore volume value, solubility and swelling power. After cross-linking of the CPS-PEF, C-O-P covalent bonds were formed between CPS-PEF molecules, resulting in a further increase in oil absorption and specific surface area properties. Moreover, the covalent bonds enhanced the intermolecular forces, resulting in increased thermal stability of the cross-linked porous starch (ScPS). The double modification resulted in significantly improved adsorption properties and better thermal stability of the ScPS, indicating that the double modification is an effective method for the preparation of porous starches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ultrasonic treatment was used to regulate the digestion of retrograded starch. • Molecule rearrangement occurred with the formation of newly starch orders. • Part of rapidly digestible starch transformed into slowly digestible and/or resistant fractions. • Relationships among the ultrasonic power–molecular structure–RS3 digestibility were revealed. In this study, ultrasound was used to modulate the molecular structure of retrograded starch (RS3) responsible for the digestion properties, and the relationships among the ultrasonic power, molecular structure, and RS3 digestibility were revealed. Results revealed that the morphological characteristics of RS3 changed after ultrasonic treatment, and high power resulted in more compact block-shape structure. The results of particle size analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction showed that ultrasound decreased the long-range orders but increased the median particle size, short-range orders, and V-type polymorph of ultrasound-treated RS3. A decreased (double helix of amylopectin) and an increased (single helix of V-amylose) enthalpy change were observed by differential scanning calorimeter. Digestion profiles showed that some fractions of rapidly-digestible starch were converted into slowly-digestible starch and/or resistant starch. This study provides a potential approach to regulate the digestion of starch-rich foods with desired digestibility through ultrasonic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Wheat bread (WB) containing quinoa flour (QF) exhibited slower aging rate. • With increasing QF addition, WB showed increased antioxidant activity. • With increasing QF addition, WB demonstrated lower estimated glycemic index. • QF could disrupt gluten network, causing discontinuous or even fibrous gluten network. • QF changed gluten secondary structure, causing more random coil and inelastic β-sheet. Quinoa flour (QF) was added in wheat flour to make nutritionally fortified wheat bread (WB). Effects of QF on baking performance, antioxidant activity and digestibility of WB were studied. The results indicated that with an addition of a small amount of QF (5%) would not affect the baking performance of WB, while higher amounts of QF (10% and 15%) resulted in smaller specific volume, increased hardness and coarse porosity, since QF changed gluten secondary structure and disrupted gluten network. However, sensory evaluation showed that the flavor of WB enhanced significantly with increasing QF addition. More importantly, WB containing QF exhibited improved antioxidant activity and reduced in vitro digestibility with lower estimated glycemic index (eGI) and higher content of slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS). Our findings indicate that QF-fortified bread is promising to be developed as a functional food with relatively lower eGI and more effective antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Exogenous ATP treatment retards mushroom cap browning. • Exogenous ATP treatment triggers signaling H 2 O 2 accumulation by promoting NADPH oxidase activity. • Promoting endogenous melatonin accumulation may be crucial for keeping membrane integrity. • Higher phenols accumulation may arise from higher PAL/PPO enzymes activity. • Triggering AOX gene expression may be crucial for retarding mushroom cap browning. Exogenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP) treatment at 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 µM retarded cap browning in mushrooms by 0, 34, 26, 51 and 32 %, respectively, during storage at 4 °C for 18 days. Triggering signaling H 2 O 2 accumulation arising from elevating NADPH oxidase enzyme activity during 6 days of storage at 4 °C may be pivotal for promoting shikimate dehydrogenase enzyme activity in mushrooms treated with ATP during 18 days of storage at 4 °C. Promoting melatonin accumulation (390 µg kg−1 FW vs. 160 µg kg−1 FW) in mushrooms treated with ATP during cold storage may attribute to signaling H 2 O 2 accumulation. Higher DPPH scavenging capacity (72 % vs. 65 %) in mushrooms treated with ATP may attribute to higher phenols accumulation arising from higher phenylalanine ammonialyase/polyphenol oxidase enzymes activity concomitant with higher alternative oxidase gene expression during 18 days of storage at 4 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel self-enhanced ECL Ru(II)-complex was firstly synthesized. • Luminophor (NH 2 -Ru@SiO 2) and co-reactant (NGQDs) existed in the same nanoparticle. • An effective monitoring method for ZEN was developed by the developed aptasensor. • ZEN produced during the mildew process of corn flour was monitored. • Results exhibited superior determination and potential application in real samples. Accurate and early diagnosis of mycotoxin is particularly significant to the food and agricultural product safety. In the present work, a sensitive and effective monitoring method for zearalenone (ZEN) was exploited based on a novel self-enhanced electrochemiluminescence (ECL) aptasensor. The self-enhanced lumonophore was compounded by electrostatically combining amine-functionalized Ru(bpy) 3 2+-doped silica nanoparticles (NH 2 -Ru@SiO 2 NPs) and nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) together. Since the emitter and co-reactant simultaneously existed in the same nanoparticle, shortened electron-transfer distance and decreased energy loss was obtained. Therefore, self-enhanced ECL aptasensor based on the novel complex expressed the widest linear range of 10 fg mL−1–10 ng mL−1 and the lowest detection limit of 1 fg mL−1 for ZEN detection. More importantly, ZEN produced during the mildew process of corn flour was monitored by the developed aptasensor, which exhibited superior determination and potential application in real samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Nutritional profiles and compositions differ between breast milk and other mammalian milk. • Composition and content of bioactive compounds affect digestion, absorption, and physiological functions. • The physiological functions of the key nutritional components of nutrition in breast milk are reviewed. • Efforts for humanization of infant formulas with bioactive compounds are presented. • The limitations and future perspectives of infant formulas research are outlined. Breastfeeding is the most effective strategy for meeting the nutritional demands of infants, whilst infant formulae are manufactured foods that mimic human milk and can be safely used to replace breastfeeding. In this paper, the compositional differences between human milk and other mammalian milk are reviewed, and thus nutritional profiles and compositions of standard bovine milk-based formulae as well as special formulae are discussed. Differences between breast milk and other mammalian milk in composition and content affect their digestion and absorption in infants. Characteristics and mimicking of breast milk have been intensively studied with the objective of narrowing the gap between human milk and infant formulae. The functions of the key nutritional components in infant formulae are examined. This review detailed recent developments in the formulation of different types of special infant formulae and efforts for their humanization, and summarized safety and quality control of infant formulae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Multi-strategy method improved nattokinase thermal stability and enzymatic activity. • A mechanism termed flexible region shifting in robust mutant was revealed. • Robust mutant showed reshaped dynamical networks compared to wild-type enzyme. The widespread trade-off between stability and activity severely limits enzyme evolution. Although some progresses have been made to overcome this limitation, the counteraction mechanism for enzyme stability-activity trade-off remains obscure. Here, we clarified the counteraction mechanism of the Nattokinase stability-activity trade-off. A combinatorial mutant M4 was obtained by multi-strategy engineering, exhibiting a 20.7-fold improved half-life; meanwhile, the catalytic efficiency was doubled. Molecular dynamics simulation revealed that an obvious flexible region shifting in the structure of mutant M4 was occurred. The flexible region shifting which contributed to maintain the global structural flexibility, was considered to be the key factor for counteracting the stability-activity trade-off. Further analysis illustrated that the flexible region shifting was driven by region dynamical networks reshaping. This work provided deep insight into the counteraction mechanism of enzyme stability-activity trade-off, suggesting that flexible region shifting would be an effective strategy for enzyme evolution through computational protein engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Application of molecular dynamics simulation in heat-induced gel was constructed. • Mechanism of the amelioration of ovalbumin gel properties by EGCG was investigated. • EGCG binds to ovalbumin through multiple hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces. • Ser103, Glu123, Arg126, etc. were the main binding sites for ovalbumin and EGCG. • EGCG could promote ovalbumin to form a more compact, stable, and dense gel. The mechanism of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)-modified ovalbumin gel (EMOG) was investigated. Results indicated that, with the increase of EGCG concentration from 0% to 0.05%, the opacity, hardness, and cohesiveness of EMOG increased significantly from 0.058 to 0.133, 321.0 g to 377.6 g, and 0.879 to 0.951, respectively, while the soluble protein, surface hydrophobicity, and free sulfhydryl decreased significantly by 41.74%, 28.26%, and 39.36%, respectively. Moreover, EGCG promoted the formation of dense and stable microstructures of EMOG, changed the expansion rate, and improved the stability of EMOG. Moreover, the results of silico simulation showed that EGCG would insert into ovalbumin and interact with the amino acids through van der Waals force and hydrogen bonds, leading to a compact and stable protein structure. In this paper, the mechanism of modification of ovalbumin by EGCG was elucidated at the macro and micro levels, providing insights into the action of polyphenols and proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel polysaccharide of raspberry fruits (pRCP) was extracted and characterized. • pRCP increased the gut microbial diversity in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. • pRCP reduced the relative abundances of harmful bacteria in HFD-fed mice. • pRCP alleviated HFD-induced colonic inflammation and oxidative stress. • pRCP improved intestinal health by modulating the gut microbiota. Raspberry is used as a medicine food homology species and its polysaccharides are worthy being investigated and developed. In the present study, a novel polysaccharide of unripe raspberry fruits (pRCP) was extracted and characterized. The results show that pRCP was an acidic heteropolysaccharide and its Mw value was 74.86 kDa with a high homogeneity. The main chain of pRCP consisted of → 3,6)- β -Gal p (1 → and → 5)- α -Ara f (1→, and its side chain was composed of α -Ara f (1 → linked to the C3 position of → 3,6)- β -Gal p (1 →. In addition, pRCP supplementation increased the gut microbial diversity and reduced harmful bacteria including Erysipelatoclostridium and Negativibacillus in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Treatment with pRCP also alleviated HFD-induced colonic inflammation and oxidative stress in mice. These beneficial effects can be transferred to recipient mice by faecal microbiota transplantation from pRCP-treated mice. Therefore, our study suggests that pRCP could be used as a potential prebiotics to improve intestinal health by modulating the gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Recrystallization kinetics of type 3 resistant starch (RS3) can be modulated by amino acids. • Asp and Glu were most effective to change the aggregation behavior and morphology of RS3. • Charge characteristics of amino acid predetermine physical properties of RS3. • The digestibility of RS3 was also affected by the amino acids having charged side chains. The effect of eight different l -amino acids (L-AA) on type-3 resistant starch particles (rSPs) derived from short chain glucan (SCG) was investigated. The L-AA were categorized based on their charge and polarity. The results reveal that positively charged L-AA, such as lysine and arginine, decreased the nucleation and growth rate of rSPs, while non-charged L-AA have negligible effects. Negatively charged L-AA, such as glutamic acid and aspartic acid, had a significant impact on the morphology and crystallinity of the rSPs, resulting in particle size of around 3 μm and crystallinity of around 35%. This implies that charged L-AA influence the arrangement of SCG double helices in the particles. Furthermore, the complexation of SCG with charged L-AA reduced the level of RS in rSPs, indicating that L-AA could be useful in modulating the physical properties and digestibility of rSPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Anticaking agents can effectively reduce the moisture adsorption capacity of SPPP. • Anticaking agents can remarkably increase the flowability of SPPP. • Silicon dioxide was the most effective anticaking agent for SPPP. • LF NMR revealed the water distributions of SPPP with anticaking agents. This study aimed to explore the impacts of different anticaking agents on the moisture adsorption, caking, and flowability of silkworm pupae peptide powders (SPPP). The characteristics of water distributions in SPPP with anticaking agents were investigated by LF NMR. The morphological observation of powders was analyzed by scanning electron microscope. Moisture sorption curves and moisture sorption isotherm curves indicated that calcium stearate, silicon dioxide and calcium silicate of 20 % reduced hygroscopicity and increased critical relative humidity. The angle of repose analysis revealed that anticaking agents could also increase flowability (45°–49°). LF NMR analysis indicated that anticaking agents reduced the moisture adsorption ability of SPPP. Scanning electron microscope observations demonstrated different shapes and surface morphology of SPPP using different anticaking agents. Notably, silicon dioxide served as the most effective anticaking agent by forming a physical barrier. Overall, anticaking agents can effectively delay moisture adsorption and deliquescence of SPPP by different anticaking fashions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Monoclonal antibody specific for tyramine was prepared based on a new hapten design. • Alkaline phosphatase enabled the growth of gold nanostars for multicolor generation. • A multicolor colorimetric immunoassay for tyramine was developed. • Smartphone was used for quantitative detection of tyramine. In this work, a specific monoclonal antibody against tyramine was produced based on a new hapten design. Then, we developed a high-resolution multicolor colorimetric immunoassay for tyramine based on this antibody by integrating enzyme-induced multicolor generation with smartphone-assistant signal readout. The multicolor generation is due to the shift of the local surface plasmon resonance band of gold nanostructure controlled by alkaline phosphatase-induced the growth of gold nanostars. Quantitative detection of tyramine was achieved via analyzing the red/blue channel values of assay solution's image taken by a smartphone with the support of a color recognizer application. The limit of detection of this immunoassay for tyramine detection in beef, pork and yoghurt was 19.7 mg/kg or L. The average recoveries were between 83 % and 103 %., and the results were validated by high performance liquid chromatography to be reliable. Overall, this developed immunoassay provides a promising platform for on-site detection of tyramine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • MIP sensor was fabricated for selective detection of TBHQ in food samples. • An in situ electrochemical assembly was successfully used to fabricate MIP sensor. • The sensor allows sensitive detection of TBHQ with excellent analytical performance. • The detection results obtained by this method showed good consistency with HPLC. Abstract Developing selective and sensitive methods for tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) detection is of great significance to ensure the quality and safety of food. Herein, an electrochemical sensor was designed for selective and sensitive detection of TBHQ by integrating molecularly imprinted polymer, noble metal nanoparticles and carbon materials. The electrochemical sensor exhibited excellent performance for sensitive determination of TBHQ. The linear range was 0.5–60 μg mL−1 with a low detection limit of 0.046 μg mL−1. In addition, the results obtained by electrochemical method were well agreement with the detection results obtained by HPLC with good recoveries ranging from 99.4 to 108.5% in spiked edible oil samples. The present study not only has theoretical value to establish new methods for rapid detection of food additives but also has potential application values for monitoring the overuse of TBHQ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Surface abrasion technology was firstly applied to develop buckwheat protein. • Polyphenol-enriched buckwheat protein was successful produced. • Hydrothermal treatment enhanced bioaccessibility of buckwheat polyphenols. • Enhanced buckwheat flavor by hydrothermal treatment. Abstract Buckwheat constitutes a good source of bioactive components. A dry fractionation of surface abrasion for polyphenol-enriched protein combined with hydrothermal treatment was evaluated as an alternative to conventional wet extraction from tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). The protein contents and the total polyphenol contents of both free and bound polyphenol gradually decreased in the order from the outer to the inner fractions. Polyphenol-enriched buckwheat protein flour was successfully enrichment with a maximum polyphenol content of 55 mg/g. Moreover, starch digestibility and polyphenols bioaccessibility of the buckwheat protein were increased with hydrothermal treatment time, while protein digestibility decreased slightly. Besides, most of the aroma compounds increased during the hydrothermal treatment. The assessment results demonstrate that the sustainability dry surface abrasion process in combination with hydrothermal treatment should be encouraged in processing functional protein fractions and improving both qualities of end use products and health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]