1. Columbus’ environmental impact in the New World
- Author
-
Hooghiemstra, Henry, Olijhoek, Thomas, Hoogland, Menno, Prins, Maarten, van Geel, Bas, Donders, Timme, Gosling, William, Hofman, Corinne, Palaeo-ecologie, Coastal dynamics, Fluvial systems and Global change, Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics (IBED, FNWI), Palaeo-ecologie, Coastal dynamics, Fluvial systems and Global change, and Earth and Climate
- Subjects
010506 paleontology ,Archeology ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Environmental change ,Population ,Wetland ,Context (language use) ,01 natural sciences ,Swamp ,pre-colonial period ,land-use change ,Deforestation ,Hispaniola ,livestock development ,education ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Earth-Surface Processes ,2. Zero hunger ,geography ,education.field_of_study ,Global and Planetary Change ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Ecology ,grain size distributions ,Palaeontology ,Paleontology ,Vegetation ,15. Life on land ,Research Papers ,Archaeology ,Meander ,colonial period ,charcoal - Abstract
Columbus’ arrival in the New World in AD 1492 on the northern coast of Hispaniola was followed by a suite of changes in land-use. We reconstruct environmental change from a 225-cm-long sediment core from site Los Indios from an abandoned and sediment-filled meander of the Yaque River, Cibao Valley, northeastern Dominican Republic. The sediment record starts ca. AD 195 (ca. 1755 cal. yr BP) and the history of the meander infill was monitored by changing grain size distributions, organic matter concentration and pollen from wetland plants. From ca. AD 200 to ca. AD 1525, the pollen record indicates a diverse forest assemblage; however, the presence of pollen from potential crop plants suggest nearby small-scale subsistence crop cultivation. More abundant charcoal after ca. AD 1410 shows Amerindians increasingly used fire. The record of grain size distributions shows that the meander was temporarily part of a low energetic drainage system in which bedload and suspended sediments accumulated. After European colonization of Hispaniola increasing spores of coprophilous fungi evidence that Europeans had introduced during the first decades of colonization cattle in the Cibao Valley which gradually resulted in more open forest. The charcoal record around ca. AD 1650 reflects intensive forest clearing, suggesting that small-scale Pre-Colonial practice of crop cultivation became replaced by large-scale agriculture on the moist and nutrient rich soils along the Yaque River. Further deforestation and signals of erosion suggest that the population of colonists and introduced enslaved labour force must have increased rapidly. After ca. AD 1740 charcoal influx decreased suggesting that last deforestation activities used selective cutting to produce fire wood and timber for construction, rather than burning forest in situ. Two centuries after European colonization, by the 18th century, land-use within the Cibao Valley had become a balance between substantial livestock and crop cultivation (pollen grains have evidenced cereals, maize, and potentially also sugar cane, amaranthaceous crops and tobacco). After ca. AD 1950, swamp vegetation of Typha and Cyperaceae decreased, pointing to an almost fully terrestrialized meander with only few bodies of standing water, reflecting the present-day setting. This multiproxy reconstruction of anthropogenic environmental change shows a clear differentiation between an immediate introduction of livestock and after some 150 years the development of a European style agriculture, providing a context for archaeological investigations.
- Published
- 2018