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It has been. As an automated validation method recommended by the IEEE Standard 1597.1/2, the FSV method has gained broad attention in the practice of computational electromagnetics modeling and simulations. This paper reviews the motivation, evolution, enhancements, and criticisms of the method over this time. The aims of this paper are to give a detailed contextualization of the development of the FSV method itself and to discuss the open questions and possible strategies of the next generation of automated validation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Partial Element Equivalent Circuit (PEEC) method is promising numerical technique for three-dimension electromagnetic modeling across various application fields. In the framework of the PEEC method, the partial elements modeling the magnetic and electric field coupling between elementary volumes and surfaces are computed by double-folded volume and surface integrals. Assuming the quasi-static hypothesis and an orthogonal mesh, the integrals have been computed by the analytical formulas derived in literature, which significantly reduces the computational time in comparison to the numerical integration. However, the existing analytical formulas are affected by significant numerical errors for certain PEEC structural mesh necessary to model the skin and proximity effects with a higher accuracy. To utilize the full potential of the PEEC method, the calculation of partial elements has to be carefully addressed, which has not been investigated in a comprehensive way so far. Accordingly, this paper presents a systematic accuracy analysis of the existing closed-form analytical formulas and methods for calculating the self and mutual inductances between two rectangular conductors. Additionally, a new strategy to select a proper analytical formula depending on the dimensions and positions of two conductors is proposed, which allows the mutual inductance extraction with a relative error of less than 0.1 $\%$. The new method is systematically validated on examples of 3-D dense PEEC systems using the quadruple precision arithmetic as reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a general formulation of the generalized multiconductor transmission line (GMTL) method to model a parallel cable harness including straight and bent wires. The parallel cable harness here indicates the uniform cross-sectional wire distribution. The GMTL equations are solved recursively based on the perturbation theory. This GMTL method facilitates an accurate evaluation of the current distributed on a cable harness. On top of that, the current obtained in a radiation problem is decomposed into two traveling currents, i.e., the positive-going and the negative-going currents, based on the least-squares method. With the decomposed currents, the steepest descent method is further adopted to achieve a fast approximation of the total radiated power. Finally, the capability and the limitations of the GMTL method in terms of the electrical wire separation and length are investigated. The necessity of the recursive corrections is also studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite materials reinforced with woven conductive fibers can be good candidates for electromagnetic shielding applications. Their light weight provides an important advantage over metallic alloys classically used in the automotive and aircraft industries. However, numerical modeling of composite-based large-scale structures, such as shielding enclosures, is rendered almost impossible by the heterogeneities at the microscopic scale. This problem is commonly addressed using electromagnetic homogenization methods. In this paper, we propose a homogenization technique based on finite element computations and inverse problem solving for estimating the effective properties of woven composites. The effect of electrical contacts between the fibers is also studied and its influence on the global behavior of the material is analyzed. The results are then shown to diverge from those obtained using analytical mixing rules over the frequency range of 1–40 GHz. Thus the suitability of these homogenization methods is discussed with respect to the studied frequency range and the nature of the microstructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, the development of valid and globally universally accepted recognized methods for the accurate exposure assessment of wireless power transfer (WPT) technologies is lagging behind the rapid emergence of high power systems in the energy and automotive sectors. WPT systems based on inductive and magnetic resonance technologies generate strong but rapidly decaying magnetic fields, which often exceed reference levels (RL) in the immediate vicinity of the WPT coils by up to a factor of $>$ 100. Compliance testing of WPT systems with limits derived for homogeneous exposure can lead to estimations of exposure that exceed by up to 40 dB assessments of the fields induced in the human body, i.e., the basic restrictions (BR) defined by the international safety guidelines. Testing compliance with the BR is impractical for regulatory purposes due to the high costs of resources of determining the maximum exposure conditions. This paper presents a novel compliance testing method that mitigates the overestimation of the exposure while maintaining the simplicity of the testing procedure. This is achieved by using coupling transformation functions to correlate not only the amplitude and frequency but also the gradient of the incident field with the BR. These novel conservative coupling functions have been determined by means of a large scale numerical study in the frequency range 3 kHz–10 MHz supported by a physics-based approximation. The here proposed compliance testing method is still conservative in comparison to the compliance toward BR of localized sources. However, in comparison to today's practice of applying RL directly, the overestimation is strongly reduced for high gradient fields ($G_n$ $>$ 50 T/m/T), e.g., by more than 3000 times for field gradients of about 200 T/m/T. We have validated the method by numerical analysis of human exposure to actual WPT sources. The adoption of the new method will help to accelerate the introduction of high-power wireless charging devices in the global market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, transmission-line (TL) theory is applied to formulate a worst-case analysis for the assessment of wideband intentional electromagnetic interference radiated onto a cable harness (with terminal units) above ground. Given the bandwidth and the energy density of the high-power electromagnetic pulse impinging on the cable, the pulse spectrum maximizing the peak value of the common-mode voltage waveform induced at a cable end is obtained. Unlike in a full-wave solution to the problem, the proposed TL model allows for, first, deriving closed-form expressions in the special case of a cable terminated in a matched load at the opposite end; second, computationally efficient evaluation of the spectrum for any other loading conditions. The obtained results clearly unveil the impact of the system parameters (cable length, height, terminal loads, and pulse bandwidth) on the statistics of the worst-case voltage peak for the random direction of incidence and polarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study on strategies of searching for the worst case configuration of a multi-configuration implantable system under magnetic resonance imaging, which induces the highest radio frequency energy exposure among all possible configurations. The strategies are usually based on parameter search to avoid brutal study of a huge number of possible configurations. Comparison studies of four different searching strategies, i.e., single sequential search, sequential search with the second worst case validations, hotspots-based sequential search, and multi-iteration sequential search, are evaluated. It is found that the initial configuration and sequence of parameter search can significantly affect the searched worst case configuration. For the multi-configuration system considered in this investigation, the simple sequential search strategy leads to a high probability of search failure, which means that the worst case configuration may be easily missed. Single sequential search with the second worst case validations and multi-iteration sequential search can significantly reduce the probability of search failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromagnetic (EM) fields triggered by lightning strikes are likely to display non-negligible variability in practice, with an apparent effect on various quantities of interest, such as induced voltages on transmission lines. This paper investigates the stochastic properties of lightning-generated fields, when the latter are affected by random ground parameters and/or nondeterministic lightning base current. In essence, the EM components are represented herein by truncated series of orthogonal polynomials, according to the generalized polynomial-chaos theory, and their expansion coefficients are computed via a regression approach. The necessary samplings of the random spaces are constructed with either tensor-based or sparse grids, and their performance is validated and compared. It is shown that reliable calculations of the expectation can be conducted with low-order polynomial approximations, while at least third-order expansions are required for the standard deviation. In addition, we conclude that nontrivial variability is induced in lightning-produced pulses, when variations of the considered stochastic parameters are taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the impulse analysis of horizontal ground electrode buried in uniform and two-layer soils, describing applications of a recently developed model based on transmission line approach for the analysis of high frequency and transient behavior of grounding systems. Simulations were carried out to compute the ground electrode’ potential and the impulse impedance. A practical method to estimate the effective length of horizontal ground electrodes is presented. The results have been successfully compared with those computed using formulas reported in the literature and only developed for uniform soils. The proposed method is intended for estimation of the effective length of horizontal electrodes buried in soils having a two-layer stratification, which has not yet been considered so far. Based on this method, parametric analysis carried out has shown that the parameters influencing the effective length are mainly the soil resistivity and the rise time of the injected current for uniform soils or associated with the upper layer depth and the refection factor for two-layer soils. Using a genetic algorithm, mathematical expressions for the effective length of horizontal ground electrodes are proposed in terms of these parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates an original multiphysics KB modeling of the electrothermomechanical (ETM) phenomena in a multi-layer printed circuit board (PCB) under heat cycle aggression. The coupled thermal and intrinsic mechanical interactions with the PCB electrical response are analyzed. The via-interconnect line (IL) junction fatigue caused by the mechanical tensions is explained with tensorial equations. The ETM effects transduced between the PCB components are modeled with equivalent graphs. The multiphysics problem general tensorial relation is formulated. To validate the Kron–Branin model, the numerical application of three-layer PCB proof-of-concept under thermal cycle aggression with 0-to-70 °C variation is introduced. The tensile stresses induced by the thermal effect on the vias and ILs are calculated. The via cracking fatigue model is approximated. The PCB voltage transfer function and input impedance in the function of the thermal aggression are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this second part of two papers, the framework presented in Part I is extended with optimized routines that enable one to evaluate interactions between several devices under test (DUTs) through free space inside a circuit simulator environment, aimed at efficient system-level electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) analysis. Using a generalized scattering matrix formulation and an extensive understanding of the underlying theory of spherical wave expansions (SWEs), it is shown that the presented routines only add negligible computational cost to traditional scattering parameter simulations. The latter is obtained on the one hand by optimally truncating SWE based macromodels as described in Part I and on the other hand by observing that both near- and far-field interactions are only determined by a subset of parameters in the models. Therefore, this paper derives guidelines on the number of parameters needed to assure accurate simulations and validates them using two applications: 1) computing the radiated coupling between two DUTs; and 2) extending the first example in order to simulate efficiently a cylindrical scan of a DUT by an arbitrary measurement antenna. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we are interested in the study of electromagnetic (EM) field waveforms generated by a lightning strike to a tower located on a trapezoidal mountain. The latter has a height of 500 m and a steepness angle of slope of 45°. The EM field components are calculated at six points and in three directions from the tower. Among these six points, four of them are placed on a flat ground and located at close distances from the mountain bottom while the other two points are located on the mountain at close distances from the tower. Also, because of the three-dimensional (3-D) geometry of the problem being treated, the computation is performed in three dimensions by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. In this computation, the lightning channel is represented by the transmission line model extended to include a tall strike object. To evaluate the influence of the presence of mountain on the EM field waveforms, a comparison between the results obtained in the presence and absence of the mountain has been done. On the other hand, the ground conductivity effect on the EM field components has been also studied. At the end of this study, we show that the trapezoidal mountain shadowing effect causes a reduction of the vertical electric field calculated on a flat ground at close distances from the mountain bottom, while the field is enhanced on the top of the mountain. The same conclusion is drawn for the azimuthal magnetic field. Furthermore, the initial peaks of the vertical electric field and the azimuthal magnetic field, above the ground, have been attenuated because of the finite conductivity of ground. The horizontal electric fields above the ground are characterized by oscillations due to the presence of tower and mountain. The underground horizontal electric field and azimuthal magnetic field have the same waveforms as those obtained above the ground but with smaller magnitudes. Thus, the underground vertical electric is initially bipolar and then essentially zero. Finally, the 3-D-FDTD developed program was validated (see the Appendix). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present an analysis of the propagation effect along a lossy ground on the characteristics of lightning-generated electric fields, using simultaneous observations of lightning currents and radiated fields measured at nine different distances associated with rocket-triggered lightning. The triggered-lightning site is located in Conghua (Guangdong, China). The electric field waveforms were measured using the sensors belonging to the Foshan three-dimensional lightning location system that are located at distances from the triggered-lightning site ranging from 69 to 126 km. The propagation path was over land and mainly over flat ground. The field sensors used had an overall bandwidth from 160 Hz to 1 MHz. It is shown that even though the early response of the field can be reproduced reasonably well by adjusting the ground electrical conductivity, the subsidiary peaks, and the late-time response of the fields cannot be satisfactorily reproduced assuming a homogeneous ground model. However, a two-layer soil model allows obtaining very good agreement between computed and measured waveforms for all the considered distances and events. Compared to the homogeneous ground case, the computed early-, intermediate-, and late-time response follows to a much better extent the experimental waveforms. We also provide a discussion on the influence of the computational model and parameters on the simulated results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid increase in operating frequencies and power density necessitate the importance of examining electromagnetic compatibility/electromagnetic emissions (EMEs) from high-frequency and high-power integrated circuits (ICs). In this paper, a simulation method is demonstrated to study the EME using gallium nitride high electron mobility transistor power amplifier IC chip as a device under test. Simulation model is developed by collaborating a high-frequency structure simulator with a Keysight Advance Design System for simulation of three-dimensional layout of IC. The simulated EME results are verified with experimental measurement results; the hotspots obtained with higher EME as identified by a near-field scanner and simulation results are identical. With this simulation method, optimization is done using a response surface methodology to reduce the EME for the IC chip. It is found that small changes in the IC layout can make a significant difference in the EME. Simulation model developed with RSM optimization technique opens a gateway for the IC industry to investigate EME of their chip design without going through a costly and time-consuming process of fabrication for testing its EME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the plane-pair partial element equivalent circuit method coupled with the field equivalence principle is developed and applied to calculate the radiated fields of multilayer power planes. The proposed method can be used to solve near-field and far-field radiation problems for multilayer parallel-plane structures with decoupling capacitors. The proposed method is validated by full-wave simulation and experiment. In addition, the proposed method achieves ten times higher computational efficiency than the full-wave simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an efficient method for extracting the coupling capacitance between through-silicon via (TSV) and the adjacent redistribution layer (RDL) interconnections based on the scalar potential integral equation and cylindrical accumulation mode basis functions. As the numerical integration of capacitance is very complicated, we employed an approximation based on the use of double-exponent transformation and the segmentation method to improve the calculation efficiency. The maximum deviation is less than 5%. The scalability of the proposed model is verified by performing parametric studies on different physical design parameters; the results show good agreement between the proposed model and the numerical simulation. Additionally, we studied several different structures of TSVs with and without RDLs to explain the influence of the coupling capacitance between TSVs and RDLs on crosstalk noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lot of work has been done for the effects evaluation of electronic equipment due to high-power electromagnetic environments. The focus of the evaluation usually stays on whether the effects occur or not (“1” or “0”) during tests. However, in addition to such kind of either-or effects, multilevel effects happen in many practical cases as well. In this paper, we propose a kind of statistical approach for the evaluation of multilevel effects. By means of multinomial regression, the occurrence probabilities of each level of effects can be estimated simultaneously. Through maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), both the Softmax model and the mutually independent normal distribution assumption model are built and solved in a numerical way. We also talk about how the data affect the goodness of the regression. As a consequence, the Monte Carlo simulation gives a quasi-function relationship about model stability and estimation error. A case study on computer communication system has been conducted in the laboratory to assess the validity and applicability of the proposed models. The result is satisfactory for the three-level cases and gives all the probability prediction of the malfunction occurrences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present paper is to develop methods that would be able to predict transient voltage distribution along the insulated-multiconductor windings of electric equipment fed by frequency converters. Several electromagnetic (EM) challenges are presented with this desire. First, the resistance (R) and self-/mutual inductances (L,M) frequency-dependent parameters are accurately computed using the enforced electric total current process based on the finite-element (FE) formulation of the strongly coupled time-harmonic magnetic field and total current density equations model including skin and proximity effects. Second, the coupling capacitances (C) are computed from the FE electrostatic analysis using the floating electric scalar potential process. Finally, a realistic high-frequency electric circuit of the distributed (R, L, M, C) EM parameter matrices is formed in order to predict the turn-to-ground and turn-to-turn voltage transients. The numerical results obtained from the proposed models implemented under the MATLAB code are successfully verified by the corresponding laboratory test measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the radio frequency (RF)-induced heating for helical stents under 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) birdcage RF coil electromagnetic emission.The effects of design parameters, such as pitch, gap, winding pattern, overall length, and diameter, on RF-induced heating are investigated. It is found that these parameters can have different levels of impacts on the overall heating of tissue near the stents. The peak 1 g averaged specific absorption rate (SAR), a parameter that is closely related to the RF-induced heating, is strongly influenced by the stent length and the worst-case peak 1 g averaged SAR often occurs when the stent length is around the half-wavelength of the incident electric field. The increasing diameter reduces the SAR values. At the same stent length and diameter, a higher RF-induced heating occurs for the stent with a larger pitch and a smaller gap. In addition, stents that have longer equivalent electrical lengths could reduce the heating. The SAR and current distributions are also extracted from simulation results to demonstrate the heating mechanism. Experimental measurements are performed to validate the results from simulation investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we thoroughly review all analytical solutions (both exact and approximate) presented to date in the literature for evaluation of voltages induced on a lossless horizontal conductor, placed over an infinite-conductivity ground, and excited by an external field produced by either a step function or a linearly rising current, moving unattenuated and undistorted along a vertical lightning channel. We also obtain the exact analytical solution for the step-function current case in the time domain via development in the s-domain. To date, there had been three attempts to obtain such solution, all of which yielding incorrect results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wideband equivalent-circuit model of coaxial-annular through-silicon vias (TSVs) for three-dimensional (3-D) integrated circuits is proposed in this paper. Rigorous closed-form formulas for the resistance and inductance of coaxial-annular TSVs are derived by computing the longitudinal electrical field in Cu and the longitudinal magnetic vector potentials in ${\rm{SiO}}_{2}$ and Si substrate with Bessel functions. The equivalent-circuit model can appropriately capture the skin effect in Cu as well as eddy-current effect in Si substrate. The proposed model is verified using 3-D full-wave field solver high frequency simulator structure, showing that it can yields highly accurate results up to 100 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with electromagnetic compatibility simulations at early design stage of equipment or systems development. In this context, expensive simulations based on rigorous modeling are performed, including numerous uncertain variables. The most important configurations are those associated to extreme values of the observed quantity. In this paper, we introduce a variance reduction technique to accelerate the estimation of an extreme quantile of the output probability distribution. The approach is based on using a simple model (at a low computational cost) to identify relevant realizations of uncertain variables in strata partitioning the output space of the model. Application of the method is detailed on a rather simple cable system in order to estimate an extreme quantile level of an interfering current. We show that the extreme current values are obtained at a reduced computational cost compared to a standard empirical quantile estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper proposes a blanker with a threshold value that is adaptively updated based on average signal power in an impulsive noise environment. For conventional receivers, using a blanker as a preprocessor improves the bit error performance in an impulsive noise environment by removing received signal samples with large amplitudes in order to reduce the effect of impulsive noise. However, the conventional blanker shows a poor bit error performance in case of high signal-to-noise ratio (or large signal power) due to a fixed threshold. Therefore, the proposed blanker, called adaptive threshold blanker, overcomes this problem by adaptively updating the threshold and achieves an excellent bit error performance. In addition, this paper also introduces a simple method for calculating the quasi-optimal threshold value for the proposed blanker. This simple method allows an easy calculation of the threshold in practical systems. In order to evaluate the bit error performance of the proposed blanker, an approximated probability density function (PDF) using a sum of weighted Gaussian PDFs with different variances is also discussed. It is observed that simulation results agree well with the performance analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on rigorous validation, verification, and testing methodologies applied to a commercial electromagnetic software package to ensure that as accurate as possible results are given dependent on the accuracy of the solution method, for instance, whether a full-wave or approximate numerical method is used. In this paper, the general availability of reliable benchmark results such as analytical solutions, measurements, results from other codes and other numerical methods, and general benchmarking activities will be presented. The cross-validation aspects, once the benchmark results are available, will be discussed with respect to amongst other sequential runs compared with parallel multcore/cluster runs or, with and without, GPU acceleration. Internal consistency checks (which are a required but not necessary condition when assessing the accuracy) such as power budget, mesh size convergence, or boundary condition error estimates are also covered. Special emphasis is put on the validation of the actual computational model that is used as input to simulations. This is necessary, for example, because incomplete representation of real geometry might ignore small details that are needed for the specific quantity that is analyzed. Also, uncertainties with regards to material parameters or transition impedances could lead to discrepancies between the computed results and reality that are not to be attributed to the electromagnetic solution as such, but rather the model generation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper proposes an improved CIGRE grounding electrode resistance model by integrating the energy balance of soil ionization. The main contribution of the improved CIGRE model is its accuracy to compute the time-dependent grounding electrode resistance under impulse condition. In addition, it can obtain correct resistance–current relation (hysteresis characteristic) of the grounding electrode. The accuracy of the improved CIGRE model is achieved by taking into account the effect of the arc resistance in soil, considering the energy balance of the soil ionization. The improved CIGRE model was validated for low resistivity soils ranging from 40 to 370 Ω·m. The comparison of the computed grounding electrode resistance obtained from the improved CIGRE model and experiment confirms the increase in the accuracy of the resistance and voltage response of the grounding electrode. The grounding electrode resistances obtained from the improved CIGRE model and experiments at current peak and current half value at decaying period (tail) have shown maximum differences of 3.5 and 2%, respectively. Moreover, precise voltage responses of grounding electrodes compared with the experimental results were obtained under different impulse currents. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents a comprehensive and modular modeling framework for stochastic signal integrity analysis of complex high-speed links. Such systems are typically composed of passive linear networks and nonlinear, usually active, devices. The key idea of the proposed contribution is to express the signals at the ports of each of such system elements or subnetworks as a polynomial chaos expansion. This allows one to compute, for each block, equivalent deterministic models describing the stochastic variations of the network voltages and currents. Such models are synthesized into SPICE-compatible circuit equivalents, which are readily connected together and simulated in standard circuit simulators. Only a single circuit simulation of such an equivalent network is required to compute the pertinent statistical information of the entire system, without the need of running a large number of time-consuming electromagnetic circuit cosimulations. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed approach, which is applicable to a large class of complex circuits, are verified by performing signal integrity investigations of two interconnect examples. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The ball grid array (BGA) structure is the interconnection between package to printed circuit board and the discontinuity from BGA affects the performance for the whole link path in the high-speed digital system. So, it is important to accurately model the BGA structures. In current methods, the current distribution of conductors is treated as isotropic. However, the pitch size of solder balls is comparable to the diameter. The current is no longer uniformly distributed. In this paper, a fast modal-based approach is developed to accurately and efficiently capture the proximity effect. Image theory is also applied in the proposed approach to reduce the computational domain from 3-D structure to 2-D. The matrix reduction approach is applied to obtain the physical loop inductance. The lumped capacitance is obtained in [1]. A $\pi $ topology equivalent circuit model for the BGA structure is built. Good agreement between the equivalent circuit model and full-wave simulation can be achieved up to 40 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we adopt the so-called sparse polynomial chaos metamodel for the uncertainty quantification in the framework of high-dimensional problems. This metamodel is used to model a realistic electronic bus structure with a large number of uncertain input parameters such as those related to microstrip line geometries. It aims at estimating quantities of interest, such as statistical moments, probability density functions, and provides sensitivity analysis of a response. It drastically reduces the model computational cost with regard to brute force Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. The method presents a good performance and is validated in comparison with MC simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes the method of using bias-free vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) for in-circuit monitoring and effects-diagnosis of digital electronic equipment undertaking HPEM susceptibility test. A circuit level model for typical single mode VCSEL and standard I/O buffer information specification model for I/O ports of digital ICs are built to simulate VCSEL's load effects to the digital IC from specific logic families, as well as VCSEL's light output. Simulation results show that VCSELs connected in parallel to IC's I/O ports can be lighted up and its light output can achieve remote status-monitoring of I/O ports’ states in real time, while its load effects to the I/O ports are light enough not to deteriorate its signal integrity or disturb the circuit's normal operation. An experiment is performed on commercial mini sized drone to validate this study and demonstrate this method's feasibility and advantages in equipment level HPEM susceptibility test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the compromising video emanations from a desktop computer with a liquid-crystal display (LCD). Near-field tests are performed in a common unshielded office environment to investigate the video information leakage, and the tests show that the video graphics adapter (VGA) connector is a leaking source. To illustrate the mechanism of the video leakage, a wire antenna model is developed according to the physical dimensions of the connector. The radiated fields of the connector are calculated in the time domain from this model, the results are verified by the tests. Combining the expressions of the radiated fields and the transfer function of the test probe, the function relationship between the original red/green/blue signal and the intercepted signal is established. Finally, a readable text is reconstructed from the intercepted signal when a Chinese document is displayed on the LCD. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Conventional methods for signaling analysis are based on linear time invariant (LTI) assumptions. In this paper, we develop a method for efficient and accurate signaling analysis of nonlinear circuits. This method retains the nonlinear simulation as it is instead of linearizing the original nonlinear problem or adopting a simplified nonlinear model, thereby ensuring accuracy. Meanwhile, it does not suffer from the drawbacks of the brute-force nonlinear simulation in computational efficiency. Being a generic method for signaling analysis, the method is applicable to all kinds of nonlinearities as well as the LTI systems. Simulations of realistic industry nonlinear circuits have demonstrated the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the combined theoretical assessment of shielding effectiveness, optical transmission, and sheet resistance of conductors in a thin-film technology. The synthesized model is based on the well-known transmission line approach to describe the wave propagation through multilayer structures consisting in thin films deposited on dielectric substrates. In this study, a complete model synthesis is presented, combining the estimation of the above parameters simultaneously. This model includes corrections of a few errors and inaccuracies regarding the computation of thin-film impedances, thereby clarifying the current literature survey. Additionally achieving the best tradeoff between shielding effectiveness and optical transmission is facilitated with the proposed model. Experimental results from continuous and mesh conducting films deposited on glass substrates have been compared with the theoretical ones, thereby validating the present model. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents an efficient hybrid method consisting of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, transmission line (TL) equations, and a novel time-domain S-parameter cascade (TD-SC) technique, which can be directly applied in time domain for the EMI analysis of transmission line network (TLN) in shielded electronic device excited by ambient electromagnetic wave. The FDTD method combined with an auto mesh generator is utilized to model the shielded structure of an arbitrary electronic device rapidly, and obtain the excitation fields of the TLN exactly. Then, the TD-SC technique based on TL equations, FDTD method, and S parameter of circuits is proposed for the further EMI analysis of the TLN consisting of multistage TLs and circuits. It has the advantage of without modeling the fine structures of TLs and circuits directly. Numerous examinations exhibit that this hybrid method is an efficient method for the EMI analysis of TLN by comparing with a three-dimensional FDTD method. The computation time and memory cost by this hybrid method is much less than that of the FDTD method, because the hybrid method provides a fast way to compute the transient responses on TLN in which the TLs and circuits do not need to be meshed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of a correct modeling of the electromagnetic field distribution in the near field region is one of the most challenging and interesting due to its direct implication in the engineering evaluation of the shielding effectiveness of materials and structures in close proximity of radiating sources. This paper deals with a detailed analysis on the applicability of the Schelkunoff theory of transmission lines for shielding assessment in near field. The contribution is divided in two Parts. The present Part I analyzes the characteristics of two principal closed form set of equations for the quick evaluation of the near field from an electric dipole. It discusses their assumptions and compares the values of electric (E) and magnetic (H) fields, and their statistics, with those coming from accurate three-dimensional full waves simulations considered as reference. The computed E and H are the input for Part II where the wave impedance and the reflection, transmission, and shielding effectiveness coefficients are computed and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The model order reduction techniques based on the multipoint projection Krylov methods have become the methods of choice to generate large macromodels of multiport RLC circuits. A well-known difficulty with such methods lies in the need for clever point selection to attain model compactness and accuracy. In this paper, we present an automatic methodology for optimizing sample point selection. This method is general, suitable for circuits obtained by the partial element equivalent circuit method coupled with an adaptive multilevel fast multipole method. Our algorithm has been validated on an industrial example to demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the approach. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we present an efficient modeling of sources of electromagnetic disturbance using the measurement, in near-field, of the magnetic field radiated from power electronic equipment. A model based on elemental magnetic dipoles is developed for the prediction of the radiated magnetic field. This model is obtained from measurements in the near field. For the determination of the parameters of the model, an optimization procedure is combined with a matrix inversion. Unlike standard approaches, this new technique allows us to find equivalent sources with a small number of dipoles in a reduced computing time. To check the efficiency of the proposed method, we perform a comparison between a classical optimization method and the new procedure. To validate this method experimentally, near field magnetic measurements are performed to find the equivalent model in case of a mono turn coil, a toroidal coil, and a dc/dc converter. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Field uniformity is a highly important factor in guaranteeing the validity of test results for electromagnetic field facilities. In this paper, an alternative method is presented to calibrate field uniformity for eliminating the measurement error due to the variability of pulser outputs. By numerical computation and practical measurement, it is found that the method is beneficial to calibrate field uniformity of transient electromagnetic field faster and more accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The signal distribution interconnect network modeling plays an important role during the digital/mixed printed circuit board (PCB) design. With the increase of the design complexity, the PCB interconnect modeling becomes a challenging task. This paper proposes an innovative circuit theory of the PCB electrical interconnects modeling based on the tensorial analysis of network (TAN). The model under study, fundamentally built with the Kron–Branin formalism, is applied to the asymmetrical 1:3 Y-Y-tree interconnects. This Kron–Branin method enables to establish quickly the tree interconnects equivalent model for the signal integrity (SI) analysis. An asymmetrical microstrip circuit was designed and fabricated to validate the developed TAN concept. The modeled, simulated, and measured S-parameters are in good agreement in the broad frequency band 0.1 MHz to 8 GHz. The electrical power budget distributed through the Y-Y-tree prototype in dc and in the considered entire frequency band was analyzed. Furthermore, the Kron–Branin model was also validated in the time domain with 1-Gb/s-rate 8-bits serial data and eye diagram analyses. This innovative formalism presents a considerably high computation speed and is beneficial for the SI analyses thanks to its adaptability to the complex system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on parameter uncertainty quantification (UQ) in specific absorption rate (SAR) calculation using a computer-aided design mobile phone model. The uncertainty in SAR calculation is quantified by three nonintrusive UQ methods: unscented transformation, stochastic collocation, and nonintrusive polynomial chaos. Their performances for the cases of one and two random variables are analyzed. To simplify the UQ procedure for the case of multiple uncertain inputs, it is demonstrated that uncertainties can be combined to evaluate the parameter uncertainty of the output. To quantify the relative importance of each uncertain input parameter with respect to the uncertainty of the output, the polynomial chaos based Sobol’ indices method is used in SAR calculation for sensitivity analysis. The results of the investigations are presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Automatic methods to evaluate the validity of computational electromagnetics computer modeling and simulations have widespread applications. The feature selective validation (FSV) method is a heuristic technique which has been shown to give a broad agreement with a visual assessment for one-dimensional data. As a heuristic technique, extending the dimensionality is an important target for the improvement and development of FSV. One of the major challenges in the development of n-dimensional (n-D) FSV is the difficulty of obtaining visual assessment results, since, the visual comparison of three- and higher dimensional data is difficult or even impossible. This paper formulates the comparison of 3-D data based on an established generalized n -D-FSV approach. The performance of the approach is investigated by means of the Laboratory for Image and Video Engineering Video Quality Database which provides subjective scores of 150 distorted videos. A statistical evaluation of the relative performance of FSV and other publicly available full-reference video quality assessment algorithms is presented. Further, parameter tuning is performed to improve the agreement of 3-D FSV results and subjective scores. The proposed approach is finally applied to the self-referenced validation of an electromagnetic simulation model to identify and locate the continuous variation of electric field within a region of space. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The validity of the Rusck coupling model and its equivalence to the model by Agrawal, Price and Gurbaxani have already been demonstrated for the case of a perfectly conducting ground and a vertical stroke channel. However, in spite of its popularity, the restriction of an infinite soil conductivity imposes a strong limitation on the use of the model for the analysis of realistic situations. In this paper, a procedure is proposed to extend the Rusck's model to the case of a finite ground conductivity so as to enable the calculation of lightning-induced transients on overhead lines taking into account the soil electrical parameters. The validity of the model is demonstrated through comparisons of simulation results with measured lightning-induced voltages and currents obtained from scale model and rocket-triggered lightning experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we discuss how to replace a time-demanding computer code having both quantitative and qualitative variables with a surrogate model based on Kriging technique. The recourse to a predictive model is motivated by a challenging electromagnetic compatibility problem of maximum lightning-induced current in electronic equipment connected to a large industrial site. The technical aspects of the incorporation of qualitative variables via specific correlation functions are detailed. The accuracy of the built surrogate model is statistically validated. The application of the resulting metamodel to the uncertainty analysis of induced currents will be also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, a novel analytical solution was presented for estimating the maximum differential-mode (DM) radiated emission from electrically long PCB traces using transmission-line theory, travelling wave antenna, and far-field magnetic vector potential. The analytical solution was simplified for matched load in which only forward travelling wave was considered. Additionally, a simple expression for predicting maximum DM-RE from electrically short traces was obtained using proper simplifications. The results from the proposed analytical model were then compared to the results obtained from 3-D HFSS full-wave simulation and the measurement performed in a semianechoic chamber. Good agreements within ±3 dB were obtained over a wide range of frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This work presents a general framework that enables one to compute near- and far-field interactions inside a circuit simulator environment, aimed at efficient system-level electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) analysis. For readability, the paper is subdivided in two parts. Part I focuses on deriving (high-order) spherical wave based macromodels in optimal time and describes two truncation criteria which define the maximum complexity of the models. The latter is generally a compromise between the accuracy of reconstructed near-fields and the computation time for evaluating interactions between these models, and is therefore a crucial parameter when such models are to be applied in fast circuit solvers. Existing guidelines on truncating spherical wave expansions are held against the newly derived criteria. In part II, the framework is extended with optimized routines that enable one to compute efficiently near- and far-field interactions between the macromodels discussed in part I. It will be shown that by extensive understanding of spherical wave expansions, the underlying computations only add negligible computational cost compared to traditional S-parameter simulations, partially contributed to correctly chosen truncations of the applied models. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A novel method to accurately and efficiently model the interaction between radiating devices is proposed. Whereas previous work of the authors dealt with singleport devices (antennas), this paper constitutes an important extension to actual multiport devices, as such paving the way for electromagnetic interference assessment of real-life (sub)systems early in their design cycle. The method solely relies on the knowledge of the radiation patterns of the different ports of the devices, which can either be measured or simulated using a solver of choice. These patterns are then used to compute the electromagnetic interaction between the devices that may be positioned in each other's radiative near-field (Fresnel region) or far-field (Fraunhofer region). Furthermore, in the model, their relative positions and orientations can be altered at a very low computational cost. The technique is thoroughly validated and illustrated, demonstrating its appositeness to study the electromagnetic compatibility behavior of the multiport devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel time domain hybrid method consisting of finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method, transmission line (TL) equations, and circuit-based method, which can be directly applied in time domain for the electromagnetic interference (EMI) analysis of the lumped circuits in a shielded device excited by ambient electromagnetic wave. The FDTD method coupled with the TL equations is utilized to model the electromagnetic properties of arbitrary structures containing transmission lines and shielded enclosure of the electronic device with any ambient excitation. With numerical simulation, an equivalent circuit model considering the external EMI effects is extracted as an excitation source for the internal lumped circuit according to Thevenin's theorem. Then, the state variable approach is used for the further EMI analysis of the internal lumped circuit in time domain. Two cases, in which a transmission line and/or a transmission line network are connected to a lumped circuit within a shielded enclosure excited by an intense electromagnetic pulse, are computed with the proposed method. The numerical results are compared with those obtained by using the FDTD method, and they are almost in perfect agreements. Meanwhile, at last, an example of this method applied for the EMI protection of an electronic device is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with a new method of metamodel construction for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) simulation of power electronic converters. The proposed method uses a compressed wavelet coefficients vector of a time-domain signal and a learning method [support vector regression (SVR)]. This can be applied for a black box approach of modeling of complex systems such as power converters. This allows the study of EMC behavior, the impact of the uncertainties and their propagations inside the model or the design of EMC filters. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In practice, the detailed geometry information of an off-the-shelf antenna is unavailable. To achieve the estimation of radio frequency interference to an airborne patch antenna with available information, this paper proposes to utilize an equivalent model of the patch antenna. The equivalent model is derived based on the patch antenna's radiation pattern. It shows the same radiating and scattering performances as the original patch antenna. Since, no effective port or phase information is provided by the equivalent model, the reaction theorem was employed to calculate the interference without such information. Simulation and measurement results show that the proposed method can effectively estimate the interference to patch antennas with limited information. Furthermore, it avoids direct modeling of the complex structure of patch antennas and reuses the radiating fields of equivalent models which significantly reduces the computation time and memory cost. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, reliability analysis is applied to assess electromagnetic risk due to external electromagnetic waves in a coaxial shielded cable. Generally, the classical sampling method—Monte Carlo (MC)—is used to conduct thousands or millions of runs of the numerical model. As this latter is time-demanding, the computational cost becomes prohibitive. As an alternative, an advanced metamodeling method based on Kriging is proposed for efficiently assessing small failure probabilities. This method is called AK-MCS. It consists in an active learning reliability method combining Kriging and MC simulation. Metamodeling reduces the computational run time by replacing the true numerical model by an inexpensive surrogate model. The interpolated surrogate model presents the advantage to be rapidly handled by MC simulations to calculate the failure probability. AK-MCS method is based on an adaptive strategy to enrich the design of experiments (DOE) with significant sampling points near the failure region, and hence, Kriging model is ameliorated and so is the assessment of failure probability. Three numerical examples of radiated susceptibility in a shielded cable are conducted to demonstrate the efficiency of the underlined Kriging approach. Reliable metamodels can be obtained through a small number of runs of the true numerical model, and it is found that the computed failure probabilities are very accurate compared to crude MC simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces physics-based stripline ports for a segmented optimization of component footprints on printed circuit boards (PCBs). A segmentation is used for dividing a digital communication system into well-defined parts that are considered to be mostly independent. This technique is widely used in conjunction with generic 3-D electromagnetic field solvers, but it is new to physics-based models that until now only allow for ports at the upper and lower via ends, i.e., on PCB surfaces. Evidence of feasibility is provided by means of correlation with measurements and full-wave simulations up to 40 GHz. Since physics-based models can efficiently capture and simulate even systems of thousands of elements within acceptable computation time, the results of a segmented simulation can easily be compared to the full-board environment. The corresponding results are correlated to investigate limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]