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Neutron depolarization experiments have shown that the intragranular magnetic domain structure of polycrystalline ferrites exhibits a marked grain size dependence. Below a grain size of around $3~\mu \text{m}$ , the magnetic domain structure changes from the two-domain to the mono-domain state. Ferrites composed of mono-domain grains exhibit low dissipation at megahertz frequencies. This is attributed to the absence of intragranular domain wall movement, i.e., a microscopic origin for dissipation in ferrites has been identified. The implications of this clear observation and evidence for a transition from the mono- to two-domain state in ferrites for micromagnetic theory when a single particle becomes monodomain, as well as for the initial permeability mechanisms in polycrystalline ferrites, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposed a simulation method for the charge transport in single-layer oil-paper insulation. The method of transient upstream finite-element method (FEM) is derived in order to calculate the time variation of charge densities in medium. The numerical simulation of charge transport in the single-layer oil-paper insulation is realized by applying the transient upstream FEM to the transport equations of bipolar charges. With reasonable microparameter, the charge transport in an experimental object is simulated. The simulation results are consistent with the experimental data. A bent model of oil-paper insulation is analyzed to study the charge distribution under the actual condition. This paper provides an exploratory research to the simulation of charge phenomenon in oil-paper, and has guiding significance to the design of oil-paper insulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the pursuit of point-of-care systems that present high sensitivity and fast turnaround time, lateral flow is considered a remarkable promising class of in vitro diagnostics, and popularized by the pregnancy tests. A variety of lateral flow tests have emerged able to provide cardiac panels in emergency conditions, infectious disease screening, drug abuse, among others. However, most commercial tests only provide qualitative results, limiting their applicability for quantification thresholds of most biomarkers. In this paper, we propose a novel detection architecture for quantification of biomolecules labeled with magnetic nanoparticles employing two spin valve sensors. The main goal of this paper is to demonstrate that this architecture can detect and monitor MNPs flowing in a LFT strip for detection and quantification of different solutions varying in MNP concentration. In addition, we present preliminary analytical results that support our strategy for achieving biomolecular quantification using the proposed solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the estimation of moisture content of the inverted-type oil-immersed current transformer (IOCT) insulation system, the interfacial polarization between oil-immersed insulation paper and semi-conductive paper should be considered. The classical model functions of frequency-domain dielectric spectroscopy (FDS) are no longer applicable. Therefore, the planar layered two-phase system model is applied in this paper. First, the FDS of oil-immersed paper and semi-conductive paper with certain moisture content is measured using Alpha-A broadband dielectric spectrometer. Then, the FDS of oil-immersed insulation paper is explained using the Havriliak–Negami (H–N) model function and the amendatory H–N model function considering that the dc conductance is used to explain the FDS of semi-conductive paper. The two functions are substituted into the planar layered two-phase system model. The model parameters are fit by means of least-squares technique. Finally, the numerical relationship between the chosen characteristic parameter and the moisture content of the IOCT insulation system is obtained by least-squares technique. In engineering, one can use the results considering the influence of interfacial polarization to estimate the moisture content of the IOCT insulation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comment concerns some doubtful results included in the above paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the design of a synchronous reluctance motor designed to replace a 5.5 kW industrial induction motor. End plates are axially placed at both ends of an industrial motor to fix the lamination of the rotor. It is manufactured from magnetic materials to ensure manufacturing convenience and price advantage. With its construction from magnetic materials, a lower output of the motor due to axial flux leakage is observed. This paper analyzed the drop in output caused by the axial flux leakage in the end plate constructed of magnetic material and methods to compensate for the said output drop. The first method to improve the output degradation problem was to fabricate the end plate as a non-magnetic material. This, however, was found to be inefficient due to the need for different mass production apparatus for the new material. A new method proposed in this paper involved using the end plate constructed of magnetic material but incorporating a new shape to the end plate with the saliency ratio to resolve the decreased output problem. This method converts the magnetic flux leaked in the axial direction into reluctance torque. The 3-D FEA was performed for the validity of the method, and reliability was verified through the production and testing of the actual models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nonlinear ac–dc composite electric field in the winding area of the converter transformer was studied by considering the frequency and temperature dependence of the insulation materials in this paper. First, the relative permittivity and conductivity of vegetable oils, mineral oils, and insulation papers were measured at different frequencies and temperatures. Then, the oil-paper insulation structure model of one 500 kV converter transformer valve-side winding was established. The nonlinear composite electric field of the converter transformer insulation with vegetable oils and mineral oils was analyzed. The maximum voltage of the converter transformer with mineral oils is 524.9 kV, at −20 °C and that with vegetable oils is 497.1 kV. The results show that the calculation method proposed in this paper is more accurate than the traditional superposition method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents new results on a novel coupled-physics modality called magneto-acousto-electrical tomography (MAET). With static magnetic field, a beam of ultrasound is applied to the sample to be imaged; the ultrasonic vibration can lead to the separation of the charges due to the Lorentz force and produces the current distributed in the object. In this paper, simulations were conducted on biological tissue model, and the electrical properties were reconstructed, which could reflect the state of physiological or pathological. We also conducted experiments to detect the voltage signal of microvolt level by the electrodes placed around the sample. The series of experiments were conducted on low-conductivity (0.2 S/m) animal gelatin phantom and real biological tissue, successively placed in a 260 mT magnetic field and sonicated with a plane ultrasonic transducer of central frequency 2.25 MHz. In this paper, we obtained axis resolution of 1 mm, much more significant improvement than the previous reports. More importantly, the experimental result does also demonstrate the feasibility of MAET to image the electrical properties of biological tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a design process for a plasmonic grating structure to induce the resonance at a target wavelength. In a specific condition, surface gratings may induce the surface plasmon propagation due to the diffraction and the resonance wavelength of the surface plasmon propagation is dependent on the grating shape. The grating configuration was designed by the topology optimization scheme based on the reaction-diffusion equation. To shift the resonance wavelength to the target wavelength, this paper maps the frequency response function to a probability distribution function (PDF). The mean value from the PDF becomes a part of the objective function and the design objective is set to minimize the distance between the present resonance wavelength and the target wavelength while keeping the energy intensity. The process of simulation and optimization was performed using the commercial package COMSOL combined with MATLAB programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing need for fast and reliable models has led to a continuous development of Fourier-based (FB) analytical modeling. This paper presents an overview of the techniques that are currently available in FB modeling for electric machines. By coupling that overview to the most relevant literature related to the subject, an interesting starting point is provided for anyone who wants to use or improve FB models. The following seven aspects of FB models are discussed in detail: 1) the magnetic potential (scalar or vector potential); 2) the coordinate system and the solution of the partial-differential equations for each magnetic potential and for each coordinate system; 3) the way in which time dependence is accounted for; 4) the implementation of the source terms; 5) the possibilities to account for slotted structures; 6) the modeling of eccentricity; and 7) the post-processing computation of physical quantities, such as flux density, electromotive force, torque, losses, and eddy currents in conductive objects. Furthermore, this paper gives the closed form solution of the Laplace, Poisson, and Helmholtz equations in each coordinate system. In addition, this paper tackles other important features of FB models such as computational time reduction and coupling the machine model to an electric circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new hybrid stator fabrication with 2-D steel sheets lamination and 3-D end cap structure for high-speed motor application is provided. With the additional overhead end cap design, the new motor not only features lower iron losses in high frequency and reduces copper losses like traditional soft magnetic composite (SMC) motor but also achieves higher permeability and lower production cost at the same time. In this paper, the motor characteristics, i.e., back electromotive force and efficiency between the traditional lamination, SMC, and the new hybrid design are investigated by 3-D FEA simulation. Moreover, a prototype is fabricated by 3-D printing for the verification of the analytical and simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces an alternative pathway to designing an efficient interior permanent magnet machine (IPMM) for direct–drive (D-D) wind energy applications. It analyzes the design optimization methodology in great detail, employing multiple experimental verifications to acutely pinpoint the most desirable and feasible format. The focal objectives of minimizing cogging torque, torque ripple, and maximizing efficiency were among the priority design goals and obtained through design optimization. It is demonstrated in the process that both the torque ripple and the cogging torque can be reduced to less than 5% by adjusting the slot and pole dimensions, without any other alterations in rotor pole shaping or skewing. This paper leads the way, pioneering experimental substantiation of theory, by varying existing geometrical parameters, winding, and pole design of a basic IPMM to come up with a highly efficient wind turbine generator with negligible cogging torque and torque ripple. The electromagnetic is at the heart of this paper’s design goals, as parameter optimization is essential for a wind turbine application. The winding layout is brought under scrutiny and both the distributed and concentrated wound IPMMs are compared to further adopt the design optimization. The superiority of the concentrated-wound design is demonstrated, and consequently a prototype machine is constructed based on the proposed design for experimental verification. The results from the experiment verify the feasibility of the proposed design for D-D wind turbine applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on analytical methods of a finite-element method (FEM)-based edge heating system. The edge heating system plays a role in maintaining the temperature in the hot rolling process of carbon steel. Carbon steel moves along the production line and maintains the temperature by the edge heating system in the process. Power-of-the-edge heating system is transmitted to carbon steel during the process. Eddy currents are generated in carbon steel by Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, and eddy current loss serves as a heat source to increase the temperature. Thus, there is a need for accurate electromagnetic-field analysis and thermal analysis because the eddy current path generated in carbon steel greatly affects the heat distribution in carbon steel. This multiphysics analysis requires high reliability. Accordingly, this paper presents a coupling analysis method using an FEM-based coordinate mapping method as a more accurate analytical method. This paper also established an analytical approach to the edge heating system using the ductility analytical method of this coordinate mapping method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents study of design characteristics with wide constant power speed range (CPSR) for electric vehicle Propulsion. Through analysis of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) control logic, design characteristic of extending CPSR is proposed. To achieve wide CPSR, center of voltage limit ellipse should be placed at cross point of current limit circle and d -axis. To analyze characteristic of voltage ellipse, four types of representative IPMSM rotor topologies are selected. Through rotor topology analysis, tendency of \phi _{f} and L_{\mathrm{ ds}} $ parameters which decide center of voltage limit ellipse is analyzed. This paper also considers shifting of voltage limit ellipse center according to change in motor speed. Reflecting the result, this paper focuses on center of voltage limit ellipse position at maximum speed, because central coordinates of high-speed range determine characteristics of CPSR. Through the analysis result, this paper suggests direction of IPMSM design for wide CPSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new finite element Gaussian belief propagation (FGaBP) method is presented for time-domain applications. The unconditionally stable Newmark time-stepping scheme is combined with FGaBP for this purpose. As shown empirically, the method converges for increasing time step sizes without losing stability. The combined FGaBP-time stepping is able to retain the parallel scalability from FGaBP as in previous work. In addition, this paper also shows that lossy material properties can be easily supported by the method with minimal changes to its formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs an overhang structure for axial flux permanent magnet motor to enhance the torque density. However, the overhang structure requires a computationally expensive 3-D finite-element method (FEM) for analysis, because a quasi-3-D FEM cannot be applied to such a geometry. Thus, in order to reduce the computational cost of above-mentioned topology, this paper adopts a field reconstruction method (FRM). The conventional FRM is applicable only in the case, where the slot pitch to teeth length ratio is the same along radial direction. To address this problem, we introduce a virtual air gap concept so that it can take into account parallel slot effect as well as overhang effect. In this paper, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the 3-D FEM and experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analytical calculation of magnetic forces is currently an interesting alternative to the time-consuming 3-D finite-element method due to their high accuracy and low computational cost. In this paper, a new semi-analytical solution for determining the levitation force of the repulsive magnetic guidance that has a significant role for controlling and developing high precision magnetic levitation positioning system is presented. An important result is that this new expression, compared with other known equations in the literature, considers the position dependence of the magnetic levitation force over the whole travel range. In order to derive this force, the magnetic field of the permanent magnet is first calculated by introducing and solving the magnetic scalar potential. Taking Lorentz force law into consideration, the proposed equation is finally derived. This semi-analytical equation is suitable for designing and optimizing the magnetic guidance. Furthermore, it can also be used for developing other ironless actuators. The calculated levitation force from the derived equation and the verification by measurements are likewise presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a possible mechanism to explain the changes in neurons following extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs). The model in this paper contains two parts: the physical part and the bio-trigger part. The first part is an electric current equation, which is a generalization of the Nernst–Plank equation with the exposure of ELF-MF, and the second bio-part is a phenomenological model, which is a simple two-state channel with two steady state open (O) state and closed state (C). The two parts are complementary. The first part is utilized to explain changes about synaptic plasticity following ELF-MF exposure at embryonic and postnatal age. The second part is used to simulate the process of three different types of neurons reported by previous papers. According to the results, the present model is feasible for the simulation process. The concept of ion mobility or permeability is emphasized in this paper in part I, and channel state transition probabilities are paid much attention to in part II. In this paper, the ion mobility or permeability is supposed to have close relationships with ion channel transition probabilities, which connects the two parts of the model together. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper focuses on the light interference in biogenic guanine crystals that have interesting optical properties such as high reflectivity and optical biaxiality. In this paper, we find that a Moiré effect pattern is generated on a single guanine crystal of goldfish combining with the mirror surface substrate. An observation system, in this paper, is consisted with telecentric lens and coaxial vertical illumination using blue LED light source. It is clearly seen that homogeneous light and shade stripe patterns are observed on the broadest surface of the single guanine crystal plate floating in water. By contrast, when the guanine crystals are set on the substrates having the diffused reflection surface, this light and shade stripe pattern is not observed on the single guanine crystal but observed on two cross-stacked crystals as reported before. These results show that the light and shade stripe pattern on the single guanine crystal is produced by the optical interference, so-called Moiré effect, between guanine crystal and the mirror substrate surface. The angle dependence of reflection brightness and the magnetic orientation of guanine crystal are investigated by using Moiré patterns. Furthermore, we demonstrate that small curvatures and steps can be optically detected and estimated by the pattern change of Moiré stripes. It is confirmed that the direction of curvature is detected by controlling the guanine crystal orientation with magnetic fields and the curvature shape is reproduced from the Moiré pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As CMOS technology scales down to the nanoscale, high leakage power consumption becomes one of the major concerns in the design of electronic circuits. To overcome this challenge, nano-emerging technologies and logic-in-memory (LIM) structures are being studied. Magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) is an emerging spin-based device, which consumes very minimal leakage power in conjunction with CMOS transistors. In this paper, we propose a novel MTJ/CMOS design, which consumes low power and has lower delay than the existing LIM-based MTJ/CMOS designs. The proposed MTJ/CMOS designs have lower power and lower delay by charge sharing the output nodes during the pre-charge phase. The designs are simulated using 45 nm CMOS technology with perpendicular anistropy CoFeB/MgO MTJ model using a Cadence Spectre simulator. From the simulation results, we can see that the proposed MTJ/CMOS OR, AND, XOR, MUX, and full adder designs have 31.35%, 40.15%, 49.17%, 35.86%, and 42.62% lower power-delay-product, respectively, compared with the existing MTJ/CMOS designs. Furthermore, in this paper, we have also studied the usage of integrating nano-electronic devices, such as a carbon nanotube field-effect transistor and a Fin field-effect transistor, in the proposed circuits along with the MTJ devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topology and breakpoints of the grounding grid will directly affect its working performance. This paper proposed a resistivity reconstruction method based on magnetic detection electrical impedance tomography (MDEIT) to measure the topology and breakpoints of the grounding grid. First, this paper describes the forward problem of grounding grid detection in MDEIT, and calculates the magnetic-field distribution above the grounding grid. Then, the resistivity reconstruction method based on the least squares method is proposed. Finally, this paper verifies the feasibility of the proposed method by a numerical example, which shows that the proposed method can be applied to measure the topology and breakpoints of the grounding grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a research work on the electromagnetic loss modeling and demagnetization analysis for a high-speed permanent magnet machine (HSPMM). The iron loss is estimated by improved modeling considering harmonics and rotational magnetic field effects to achieve high precision; rotor eddy current loss is researched and comprehensively investigated using finite-element method (FEM). The auxiliary slot and PM beveling are also proposed to reduce the rotor eddy current loss for machine at high-speed operation. Temperature-dependent PM demagnetization modeling is utilized in HSPMM FEM analysis to investigate machine performance due to temperature variation, while optimized rotor structures are proposed and comparatively researched by FEM to improve the machine anti-demagnetization capability in harsh conditions. The HSPMM temperature is estimated based on the calculated loss results and machine computational fluid dynamic modeling. Experimental measurements on the prototype machine verify the effectiveness of the machine electromagnetic and thermal modeling in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, electric power consumption has increased rapidly owing to the development of electric devices, and thus environmental problems such as global warming have come to the fore. Therefore, developed and developing countries are preparing various measures to prevent global warming. Minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) are one of the representative measures. MEPS is an efficiency regulation for induction motors that limits the minimum efficiency with regard to the power of the induction motors, in order to save energy. Studies have been conducted on induction motors to improve the efficiency and to satisfy MEPS. However, It is very difficult to satisfy the efficiency of induction motor for MEPS. Therefore, synchronous reluctance motors (SynRMs) are actively being studied to replace induction motors. In this paper, a SynRM is designed using a Kw-map. Moreover, to improve the output characteristics, the rib thickness of the SynRM is optimized using the response surface method. Finally, the validity of the design method, proposed in this paper is verified with a real test using the prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improvised asymptotic boundary conditions are a sparse but approximate method of solving open boundary problems. Since this method approximates unbounded space as series of isotropic shells, it can be readily implemented in virtually any finite element solver without the need for additional code. A previous paper addressed application of this technique to magnetic problems described with a vector potential formulation. This paper extends the method to electrostatics and related scalar potential formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an electromagnetic field computation method using an interpolation method with sigmoid functions. This method is useful for approximating and developing a 3-D electromagnetic field model. Particularly, the authors have been researching a spherical motor for a robotic eye. The spherical motor has a spherical air-gap unlike the radial air-gap motor or the axial air-gap motor. The spherical motor proposed in this paper realizes three degrees-of-freedom movements with only one motor. As the spherical motor has a complicated coil structure, the 3-D FEM would be essential for calculating torque while the rotor is tilted. However, 3-D FEM requires much computation time and a huge memory capacity to store the results. The electromagnetic field is rapidly calculated using an interpolation torque function proposed in this paper. The improvement of the spherical motor due to our method is verified through experiment, the results of which are compared with simulation data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a previous paper, we introduced a modified Steinmetz equation to account for dc-bias field effects, which requires only a simple dc permeability measurement to predict total power loss. In this paper, we expanded our investigation to include Finemet nanocrystalline material and found that our modified Steinmetz formalism was effective in predicting dc-bias-related losses for this system as well. In this paper, it was observed that Finemet cores exhibit lower losses than Metglas cores under identical test frequencies and bias fields. In addition, we show that a full characterization of the dc loss component necessitates the consideration of higher order ( $n>1$ ) harmonic components. In order to quantify these higher frequency loss components, a dc–dc converter-based test system was built to intentionally introduce inductor current harmonics by varying the filter capacitance and parasitic inductance of the test system. Both core types were evaluated under fundamental frequencies of 20 to 150 kHz and dc-bias fields of up to 1.3 kA/m, with the inclusion of distorted waveforms obtained by varying filter capacitance. At higher frequencies, the Metglas cores were found to exhibit greater loss fractions associated with the higher order harmonic components. A detailed summary of the measured core loss characteristics for both core types is included and discussed. This paper includes the details of the measurements, the modified Steinmetz relation, and the loss extraction algorithm used for analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Ferrite isolators are attractive due to their excellent isolation, low loss, good linearity, and high-power performance. However, these devices usually operate over a single-frequency band. Multiband applications are possible if the isolation bandwidth of an isolator can be tuned. This paper presents a tunable waveguide-based full-mode ferrite isolator as well as a more compact half-mode tunable isolator, both fabricated on yttrium-iron-garnet substrates. For the first time, theory and design guidelines for the center frequency, bandwidth, and tuning of the ferrite isolators’ unidirectional magnetostatic surface wave (MSW) mode are presented. The proposed theoretical model reveals that the isolation bandwidth can exceed 100% if the magnetization-to-bias field ratio is higher than 8. Although the full-mode design is fabricated using a conventional subtractive technique, the half-mode design is implemented using inkjet printing technology. The full-mode isolator provides a maximum bandwidth of 45% and a peak isolator figure of merit (IFM) of over 65 dB at 7 GHz, whereas the half-mode design has a maximum bandwidth of 59% and a peak IFM of 76.7 dB at 7.5 GHz. The tuning of the center frequency is from 7 to 10.7 GHz for the full-mode and from 4.4 to 9.9 GHz for the half-mode design using magnetic field strengths up to 2500 and 2400 Oe, respectively. This paper demonstrates the versatility of ferrite isolators as tunable microwave devices for reconfigurable RF applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantitative analysis of the iron loss taking magnetic hysteresis behavior into account is essential for the development of high-efficiency electric machines. In a previous paper, a novel magnetic circuit model incorporating a play model, which is one of the phenomenological models of magnetic hysteresis, was proposed. It was clear that the proposed model can calculate the hysteresis loop of a ring core with high speed and high accuracy. However, this method was applied only for the objects with simple shapes. Thus, it is necessary to extend the applicable range for the objects with more complicated shapes. This paper presents a novel reluctance network analysis (RNA) model incorporating the play model and indicates the validity of the proposed RNA model by using a three-phase-laminated-core variable inductor as an object of discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wirelessly transferred power as well as charging efficiency will significantly drop due to the large misalignment between the transmitting coil and receiving coil for roadway electric vehicles (EVs). A low-cost and reliable misalignment-tolerant wireless charging technique is indispensable for the rapid commercialization of wireless EV charging. This paper presents a technique to achieve the misalignment-tolerant wireless charging for the dynamic wireless charging (DWC) system by means of a tunneling magnetoresistive (TMR) sensor array as well as the easy-to-fabricate receiving coils. The TMR sensor array provides the coil-misalignment position by measuring the magnetic field component generated from the transmitting coil. The corresponding receiving coils are selected to be in resonance according to the measured coil-misalignment positions. In this paper, a sensor array composed of 29 uniaxial TMR sensors was utilized to measure the magnetic field component. This effectiveness of the proposed technique has been validated by both the finite-element method (FEM) simulations and laboratory experiments. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed misalignment-tolerant wireless charging system can operate in a relatively wide misalignment range of ±120 mm with charging efficiency higher than 76.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel switched reluctance motor with two magnetically dependent stator and rotor sets (TMDSRM) is proposed and tested. The novelty of the TMDSRM is that there is an assistant exciting winding (short for exciting winding), which is placed between the two-stator sets and can be energized by controllable dc current to boost the air-gap flux density and to improve the output torque and torque density. What deserves to be mentioned the most is that the air-gap flux density is compensated when armature winding is in commutation because of the exciting winding carrying dc current and being permanently energized, and thus, the torque ripple is reduced. This paper describes the magnetic structure and the principle of the proposed motor in detail. Moreover, finite-element analysis has been carried out to investigate the influence of exciting field on electromagnetic torque of the motor. A prototype TMDSRM is manufactured, and the experimental results are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a novel modular relieving-dc-saturation Vernier reluctance machine for electric vehicle application, which integrates the merits of a robust structure, controllable excitation field, strong fault-tolerant capacity, and enhanced torque density, benefiting from its special relieving-dc-saturation design. In the proposed machine, zero-sequence current establishes a modular magnetic path and functions as the dominant excitation source for the torque generation. Especially, slot permanent magnets are introduced into each module, which mitigates the saturation effect in stator core caused by dc-biased flux with the zero-sequence current source. Therefore, the proposed machine can achieve enhanced torque density with relatively high current density. In this paper, the machine structure and operation principle are illustrated in detail, with its electromagnetic performance evaluated by time-stepping finite-element analysis. It is revealed that, due to its relieving-dc-saturation ability, torque density of the proposed machine is enhanced by about 20% with high current density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an investigation into the combined effects of magnetoconvection and an externally applied magnetic field on the thermal performance of vegetable oil-based magnetic nanofluids with different volume fractions of magnetic nanoparticles. The mineral-based oil has conventionally been used in power transformers because it has high dielectric strength and good cooling performance under normal operating conditions. Because of the environmental impact, eco-friendly vegetable-based transformer oils have been substituted for mineral-based insulating oils. To date, related studies have only reported on the characteristics of dielectric breakdown in vegetable oil-based magnetic nanofluids without any real electromagnetic systems. Furthermore, the thermal characteristics of vegetable oil-based magnetic nanofluids have not yet been fully investigated. Thus, the aim of this paper was to examine the cooling performance by adding magnetic nanoparticles to the vegetable-based transformer oil. To quantitatively analyze this effect, a multi-physics technique that incorporates magnetic-thermal-fluidic fields was developed as based on quasi-static magnetic field approximation and conjugate heat transfer. To validate the numerical results, corresponding experiments were successfully carried out via application in a simple electromagnetic system with varying insulating liquids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a flux-intensifying permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor (FI-PMa-SynRM) using surface-inset permanent magnet (PM) instead of embedded PM in the rotor. The proposed FI-PMa-SynRM employs a small amount of PM that is inset on the rotor surface facing $d$ -axis instead of facing $q$ -axis as in common PMa-SynRMs. It also differs from conventional flux-intensifying interior PM motor, where the PM is embedded inside the rotor. The proposed motor enables making use of the arrangements of two types of flux barriers (FBs): the cutoff FB and the magnet FB, collectively referred to the outer FBs, to enhance the torque output and reduce the torque ripple. The first objective in this paper is to explain the principles of the proposed FI-PMa-SynRM, and the second is to analyze the proposed technique for enhancement of the torque output with small PM volume while keeping the lowest possible torque ripple. The finite-element analysis is employed to validate the proposed motor and analyses, and the results demonstrate their advantages and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new cableless transportation system that associates a magnetic actuator with the piping system in which it travels. To achieve high-speed transport within the pipe, the proposed actuator must show excellent movement characteristics. An aluminum pipe was cut in half longitudinally, and an alternating current was passed through the cut piping. The proposed cableless actuator powered by an electric current supplied by an electric brush was demonstrated to be capable of high-speed movement in a curved pipe. A scheme of attaching a cargo container to a nodal point of the actuator using a flexible rod was also proposed. The experimental results show that the actuator can be driven through the pipe even when the curved pipe is nearly U-shaped. Furthermore, the cableless actuator transporting a cargo mass of 30 g can be driven at a speed of 87.9 cm/s in a curved aluminum pipe with a curvature angle of 22.5°. The method established in this paper is considered to be applicable to the high-speed transport of lightweight reagents, bacteria, and microfluidic chips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the shingled magnetic recording (SMR) as the recording system for further high-density hard disk drives. Previously, we applied a log-likelihood ratio (LLR) modulator to the low-density parity check coding and iterative decoding system in SMR to improve the decoding performance. In this paper, we propose a new LLR modulator using neural network. Furthermore, we clarify that the proposed LLR modulator using neural network realizes effective iterative decoding in a read/write channel with pattern-dependent medium noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new Vernier reluctance machine (VRM) drive for electric vehicle. The key is to incorporate both stator-slot permanent magnets (PMs) and zero-sequence current as the excitation source to establish a parallel magnetic field and interact with armature winding. In this way, two different machines, namely, slot-PM-excited VRM and dc-excited doubly salient machine, are artificially integrated into a single structure, which contributes to enhance the torque density. Moreover, flexible flux control can be realized by regulating zero-sequence current. In this paper, the machine structure and operation principle are introduced, with its feasibility verified by both finite-element analysis and prototype experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the feasibility of novel data-driven deep learning (DL) models to predict the solution of Maxwell’s equations for low-frequency electromagnetic (EM) devices. With ground truth (empirical evidence) data being generated from a finite-element analysis solver, a deep convolutional neural network is trained in a supervised manner to learn a mapping for magnetic field distribution for topologies of different complexities of geometry, material, and excitation, including a simple coil, a transformer, and a permanent magnet motor. Preliminary experiments show DL model predictions in close agreement with the ground truth. A probabilistic model is introduced to improve the accuracy and to quantify the uncertainty in the prediction, based on Monte Carlo dropout. This paper establishes a basis for a fast and generalizable data-driven model used in the analysis, design, and optimization of EM devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-voltage direct current cable insulations consist of polymeric or mass-impregnated paper materials. Their electric conductivities depend on the electric field and the temperature. Losses inside the conductor and in the insulation increase the temperature, resulting in increased losses and in a possible thermal runaway process. In this paper, coupled electro-thermal field simulations including nonlinear field-dependent conductivities are carried out. With a varying applied voltage and a current in the conductor, the condition for a thermal breakdown is computed. To compute the losses inside a 1-D insulation model, the finite-difference method is used. The simulation results conform well to experimental measurements. An approximation of the condition for a thermal breakdown is developed and show equal results in comparison to the coupled electro-thermal field simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the contribution of each order inductance harmonic to the torque (both average torque and torque ripple) of multiphase doubly salient synchronous reluctance machines (DS-SRMs). Such machines are similar to switched reluctance machines but supplied with sine wave currents. The investigations in this paper are as follows. First, a general analytical torque model based on Fourier series analysis of inductances has been built for machines with different phase numbers, slot/pole number combinations, and also winding configurations. The instantaneous torque for DS-SRMs with any given phase number can then be accurately predicted. Using such model, contribution of each order inductance harmonic to torque can be investigated separately. It is found that the torque ripple frequency of the DS-SRM only depends on phase number. For example, for an m-phase machine, there will be m $\times $ kth-order torque ripple if mod(mk, 2) = 0, where m is the phase number and k is a natural number. This paper also explains why certain phase numbers inherently produce lower torque ripple than others. The findings in this paper provide a future direction for potential torque ripple reduction methods either from machine design or advanced control. The simulations have been validated by experiments using a six-phase DS-SRMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a local area influence probabilistic (LAIP) detector for estimating magnetic grain interactions with coded data bits in two-dimensional magnetic recording is combined with a 2-D Bahl–Cocke–Jelinek–Raviv (BCJR)-based detector for joint removal of intertrack interference (ITI) and intersymbol interference (ISI). The LAIP detector sends log-likelihood ratio estimates of coded bits and an estimate of the local ISI/ITI convolution mask to a BCJR-based ISI/ITI detector followed by an irregular-repeat-accumulate decoder. Simulation results on a random Voronoi grain media model with ISI and ITI show that the concatenated LAIP/BCJR system, which detects three tracks simultaneously, achieves user information bit areal densities competitive or higher than results reported in a previous paper that employed the LAIP detector alone on a Voronoi grain channel without ISI/ITI. Simulation results on a grain-flipping probability media model based on micromagnetic simulations show that the proposed detector achieves an 11.3% bit error rate reduction compared to a recently proposed system with a 2-D linear equalizer followed by a two-track BCJR detector with 2-D pattern-dependent noise prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the design of magnetostrictive MEMS devices, finite-element modeling (FEM), the determination of the magnetostrictive coefficient, and application examples were examined in this paper. The magnetostrictive coefficients are usually calculated by measuring the bending deflection of the cantilever on which magnetostrictive materials are deposited. In most of the research on the magnetostrictive deposited substrate for the derivation of structural formulas, it is commonly assumed that the flexural rigidities of magnetostrictive materials are negligible because magnetostrictive films are much thinner than substrate materials. In this paper, the effect of magnetostrictive thin film’s elastic energy on the magnetostrictive coefficient is investigated. A self-coded and developed finite-element program for magnetostrictive actuators is formulated, where magnetic properties are considered as nonlinear, and elastic properties are assumed as linear. As a result, it is potentially shown that magnetostrictive thin-film micropatterned actuators would be accommodated for targeted actuating behavior through an FEM capability for evaluation and selective micropatterning technique for fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a method for position measurement under uncertainty using magnetic sensing. The statistical transformation of magnetic field data in the presence of noise is first developed. An unscented Kalman filter is then formulated based on a stochastic dynamic model that would allow for position estimation from magnetic field sensing. Finally, applications of magnetic sensing-based positioning in robotics and vehicle guidance are provided to validate the algorithm. The methods presented in this paper extend filtering theory for extracting positioning information from magnetic fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses a motor that was designed to satisfy the size constraints of system by using ferrite magnet and has the same performance as rare-earth magnet motor. In general, the size of the motor is increased in order to meet the same performance of motor using a ferrite magnet, because of its very low energy density compared to the rare-earth magnet. In order to compensate for these drawbacks, spoke structures capable of generating maximum magnetic flux at the same rotor size have been frequently studied. However, the spoke type motor structure has a drawback that demagnetization occurs in a magnet-specific portion. However, because it affects harmonics of the airgap flux density by demagnetization, it affects mechanical torque ripple and vibration. Therefore, in this paper, the changed air-gap flux density due to the demagnetization phenomenon and the changed mechanical vibration are analyzed by the finite-element method. In addition, we proposed an optimal rotor structure that can reduce the demagnetization phenomenon of magnets in spoke interior permanent magnet synchronous motor. Experiments were performed to evaluate the reliability of the optimized design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes new two-dimensional magnetic recording (TDMR) systems using polar channel coding as practical error correction coding. It is known that the time and space complexities of the encoding/decoding algorithms based on polar channel coding are \mathcal O(N \log N) , where $N$ is the codeword (block) length. If we compare the error-correction performance of a polar code with that of a low-density parity-check (LDPC) code in the same rate, it is known that the polar code has a longer length and its decoder still has a lower implementation complexity than the LDPC decoder. Therefore, relatively low-complexity coding schemes are preferable for any TDMR systems under high rates and relatively long codeword lengths. In this paper, the proposed TDMR system serially concatenates a two-dimensional (2-D) modulation code with one-dimensional (1-D) polar codes in each down-track direction. These element polar codes are designed on the fundamentals of the channel polarization theory, which are applied for channels with memory. Actually, it evaluates the performance of the signal processing scheme with concatenated coding and generalized partial response equalization for the proposed TDMR system using bit-patterned media by computer simulations. As a result, it shows that the block error rate performance of the proposed TDMR system with the 2-D modulation and polar channel coding schemes is superior to that of the 1-D system with the conventional 1-D high rate modulation and LDPC coding schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is dedicated to study the experimental validation of a numerical model based on La-Fe-Co-Si layered operating near room temperature. For the purpose of this paper, a numerical simulation based on the transient energy equations is proposed for modeling the heat exchange between the multilayer material and the carrier fluid in the regenerator bed with an applied magnetic field of 1.5 T. The main findings of the simulation show a comparison between the numerical model and experimental setup including the magnetocaloric effect of La-Fe-Co-Si, pressure drop, and exergy and exergetic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shape of rotor bar is important in squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM) performance, such as starting torque, operating torque, and operating efficiency. Some designs of increasing starting torque of motor may decrease motor efficiency. Moreover, some designed shapes of bar are so complicated to be manufactured. In this paper, the design is focused on the simple inclination of conventional shape of bar with keeping the rotor bar area constant. The effects of rotor bar inclination on starting torque, operating torque, and operating efficiency in SCIM are analyzed. The results showed that there is optimum inclination of rotor bar to improve all the performances together. An application to the 3.4 kW SCIM showed that the starting torque is increased from 17.53 to 17.64 \text N\cdot \text m , the operating torque from 11.19 to 11.26~\text N\cdot \text m , and the operating efficiency from 94.18% to 94.81%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel hybrid-flux permanent-magnet (PM) generator, which has both axial flux and radial flux, is proposed. An axial-flux PM generator is designed by a reluctance network method and the 3-D finite element method. Using these results, this paper proposes a radial-flux and hybrid-flux machine, whose main dimensions are chosen to the same values as a commercialized one. The proposed hybrid-flux machine has the largest output power per volume. The power density of the proposed generator is 9.4 times larger than that of the commercialized one. The efficiencies of the proposed hybrid generator and a radial generator are same as each other, and are larger than those of an axial and the commercialized generators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topology optimization techniques are very promising methods, because they allow one to obtain an initial conceptual structure starting with minimal information on the design object. This paper proposes a novel topology optimization method that takes into account an asymmetrical rotor structure. The phase angle of stator current is not considered in the topology optimization process, thanks to an asymmetrical rotor. This paper designs the rotor topology of a permanent magnet synchronous generator. The obtained rotors have several topologies by considering permanent magnets with different magnetized directions, and have a better performance than that of Prius generator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When solving eddy-current problems containing topologically non-trivial conductors with formulations using the magnetic scalar potential in the insulators, cohomology generators are necessary to obtain a well-defined problem. The Dłotko–Specogna (DS) algorithm is a simple and efficient tool to compute the lazy generators of the first cohomology group of the insulator that can be used in such potential design. This paper introduces an upgrade in the DS algorithm that speeds up the execution for very complicated geometries. Moreover, this paper provides, for the first time, a detailed comparison of computational resources needed for the topological pre-processing by our toolbox and by the tool to compute a standard cohomology basis available in the mesh generator GMSH. In addition, we make our implementation of DS algorithm available for download on request for non-profit use as a Topoprocessor package. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]