97 results
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2. Ecological Cooperative Look-Ahead Control for Automated Vehicles Travelling on Freeways With Varying Slopes.
- Author
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Zhai, Chunjie, Luo, Fei, Liu, Yonggui, and Chen, Ziyang
- Subjects
AUTOMOTIVE fuel consumption standards ,EXPRESS highways ,AERODYNAMICS ,HEURISTIC algorithms ,PARTICLE swarm optimization ,GREENHOUSE gases - Abstract
Higher fuel economy standards and more stringent limitations on greenhouse gas emissions for ground vehicles have been made due to public concerns about energy crisis and environmental issues. By organizing a group of automated vehicles into a platoon at a short intervehicular distance, the overall fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of vehicle platoon can be decreased due to reduced aerodynamic drag, which is called the platooning technology. In addition, the eco-driving technology can help further increase the fuel efficiency of vehicle platoon by optimizing speed trajectories of vehicles. However, little research has been done into the combination of the eco-driving and platooning technologies. Based on distributed model predictive control (DMPC), this paper proposes an ecological cooperative look-ahead control strategy for a platoon of automated vehicles travelling on a freeway with varying slopes, where both the eco-driving and platooning technologies are used. To maximize the fuel efficiency of vehicle platoon, an ecological cooperative look-ahead control problem (Eco-CLC) is first formulated based on DMPC, where rotational inertia coefficient related to reduction ratio of gear box, aerodynamic drag related to spacing and model constraints are considered. Since the Eco-CLC problem is a nonconvex and nonlinear optimization problem with hard state constraints, it is very difficult to quickly obtain its optimal solution. To enhance real-time control performance, after the hard state constraints of the Eco-CLC problem are transformed into parts of the multi-objective function using the band-stop function, the improved ecological cooperative look-ahead control (iEco-CLC) based on DMPC is given. A particle swarm optimization algorithm with multiple dynamic populations is further presented to quickly solve the iEco-CLC problem online. Simulation results demonstrate, compared with benchmarks, the proposed strategy can save more than 21% of fuel for vehicle platoon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Compact Planar Antennas for Short-Range Wireless Automotive Communication.
- Author
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Al-Khateeb, Basim, Rabinovich, Victor, Oaldey, Barbara, and Alexandrov, Nikolai
- Subjects
ANTENNAS (Electronics) ,WIRELESS communications ,TELECOMMUNICATION systems ,TELECOMMUNICATION ,DATA transmission systems ,PRINTED circuits ,ELECTRIC circuits ,ELECTRONIC equipment ,ELECTRONIC amplifiers ,ELECTRONICS - Abstract
This paper describes several small printed circuit board planar antennas that can be integrated with amplifiers for short-range vehicle wireless communication. The antennas are designed for the 315-MHz frequency band, which is commonly used for control and security devices in the USA and Canada. Each antenna has dimensions of 50 × 70 mm (much less than the free-space wavelength λ = 0.95 m) and is implemented on FR-4 dielectric substrate. These investigated antennas were compared with respect to input impedance, radiation resistance, radiation efficiency, directivity, directionality, bandwidth, matching system complexity, and gain. This paper also includes experimental verification of the final antenna design in the vehicle. It is shown that the antenna diversity method can increase communication range for remote keyless entry systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Reducing Multicast Traffic Load for Cellular Networks Using Ad Hoc Networks.
- Author
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Li Lao and Jun-Hong Cui
- Subjects
MULTICASTING (Computer networks) ,COMPUTER networks ,QUALITY of service ,BANDWIDTHS ,LINEAR programming ,WIRELESS communications ,MOBILE communication systems ,DIGITAL communications - Abstract
There has been recent extensive research on integrating cellular networks and ad hoc networks to overcome the limitations of cellular networks. Although several schemes have been proposed to use such hybrid networks to improve the performance of individual multicast groups, they do not address quality of service (QoS) issues when multiple groups are present. This paper, on the other hand, considers an interesting scenario of hybrid networks when an ad hoc network cannot accommodate all the groups and a base station has to select a subset of groups to optimize its bandwidth savings and maximize the utilization of the ad hoc network while providing QoS support for multicast users. In this paper, a network model for multicast admission control that takes wireless interference into account is developed, the group selection problem is formulated as a multidimensional knapsack problem, and an integer linear programming (ILP) formulation and a polynomial-time dynamic algorithm are proposed. A distributed implementation of the dynamic algorithm in real systems is also examined. Simulation studies demonstrate that the dynamic algorithm is able to achieve very competitive performance under various conditions, in comparison with the optimal solution computed by the ILP approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Adoption of Powertrain Technologies in Automobiles—A System Dynamics Model of Technology Diffusion in the American Market.
- Author
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Liu, Chen, Rouse, Willian Bill, and Hanawalt, Edward S.
- Subjects
AUTOMOBILE industry ,ALTERNATIVE fuel vehicles ,AUTOMOBILE power trains ,CONSUMER preferences ,DYNAMIC models - Abstract
The American automobile industry is facing substantial environmental and energy challenges driving the pursuit of alternative powertrain technologies—“The intervening mechanism by which power is transmitted from an engine to a propeller or axle that it drives,” which nominally includes engine, transmission, drive shafts, differentials, and the final drive. Emerging alternative fuel vehicles are showing their potential to address these challenges. However, diffusion of new technologies has many complications. This paper uses system dynamics modeling to investigate the impacts of individual and organizational parameters. This model embeds two traditional modeling methods for technology adoption, the Bass diffusion model and multinomial logit regression method. Five types of powertrain systems and three major stakeholders are considered. Mathematical relationships among different variables are elaborated. The qualitative impacts of government feebate, manufacturer willingness, and consumer purchasing preferences on economic and environmental issues are addressed using scenario analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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6. Probabilistic Detection of Missing Tags for Anonymous Multicategory RFID Systems.
- Author
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Chen, Honglong, Ma, Guolei, Wang, Zhibo, Xia, Feng, and Yu, Jiguo
- Subjects
RADIO frequency identification systems ,TAGS (Metadata) ,PRIVACY ,RELIABILITY in engineering ,CAPITAL losses ,RETAIL industry - Abstract
In many radio-frequency identification (RFID) applications, one of the essential systematic functionalities is to quickly detect missing-tag event in case of misplacement or other incorrect operations. In this paper, we focus on probabilistically detecting the missing tags for the anonymous multicategory RFID systems without revealing the tag privacy. The main objective is to minimize the detection time while satisfying the required detection reliability of each category. First, we propose to use a multihash technique to sequentially detect the missing tags category-by-category, called segmented sequential detection approach, in which the frame segmentation is adopted to reduce the detection time. Then, we propose an enhanced segmented sequential detection approach to further improve the detection efficiency by deactivating the identified existing tags. We conduct extensive simulations to illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed two missing tag detection approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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7. Varying-Domain Optimal Management Strategy for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles.
- Author
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Zhang, Yi, Liu, Heping, and Guo, Qiang
- Subjects
FUZZY logic ,HYBRID electric vehicles ,AUTOMOBILE industry ,AUTOMOTIVE fuel consumption standards ,ELECTRIC motors - Abstract
In this paper, a management strategy is developed to realize the real-time optimal torque distribution between the internal combustion (IC) engine and the electric motor of parallel hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Without depending on future information, a set of instantaneous cost functions is defined as the objective of a multiobjective problem, which includes vehicle energy consumption, selected emission species, and an evaluation criterion for the battery state of charge (SOC). The varying-domain method is then utilized to introduce a flexible priority among objectives and to transform the multiobjective problem into a nonlinear programming problem, the optimal solution of which is subsequently found by a genetic algorithm, i.e., GENOCOPIII. A comparison of the simulation results demonstrates the flexibility of the proposed varying-domain optimal management strategy (VOMS) under different driving conditions. Compared with the rule-based management strategy (RBMS) and the weighted sum management strategy (WSMS), the VOMS potentially improves the fuel economy, emission reduction, and stability of the SOC. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Multiobjective Optimization of HEV Fuel Economy and Emissions Using the Self-Adaptive Differential Evolution Algorithm.
- Author
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Wu, Lianghong, Wang, Yaonan, Yuan, Xiaofang, and Chen, Zhenlong
- Subjects
ALGORITHMS ,HYBRID electric vehicles ,MULTIPLE criteria decision making ,MATHEMATICAL optimization ,PARETO analysis - Abstract
This paper describes the application of a novel multiobjective self-adaptive differential evolution (MOSADE) algorithm for the simultaneous optimization of component sizing and control strategy in parallel hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Based on an electric assist control strategy, the HEV optimal design problem is formulated as a nonlinear constrained multiobjective problem with competing and noncommensurable objectives of fuel consumption and emissions. The driving performance requirements are considered constraints. The proposed MOSADE approach adopts an external elitist archive to retain nondominated solutions that are found during the evolutionary process. To preserve the diversity of Pareto optimal solutions, a progressive comparison truncation operator based on the normalized nearest neighbor distance is proposed. Moreover, a fuzzy set theory is employed to extract the best compromise solution. Finally, the optimization is performed over the following three typical driving cycles that are currently used in the U.S. and European communities: 1) the file transfer protocol; 2) ECE +EUDC; and 3) Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule. The results demonstrate the capability of the proposed approach to generate well-distributed Pareto optimal solutions of the HEV multiobjective optimization design problem. The comparison with the reported results of genetic-algorithm-based weighting sum approaches and Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II reveals the superiority of the proposed approach and confirms its potential for optimal HEV design. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
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9. A Vehicle Roll-Stability Indicator Incorporating Roll-Center Movements.
- Author
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Jung, Jongchul, Shim, Taehyun, and Gertsch, Jamie
- Subjects
ROLLOVER vehicle accidents ,TRAFFIC accidents ,AUTOMOBILE occupants ,VEHICLES ,STABILITY of automobiles ,ROLLOVER protective structures (Machinery) ,PARAMETER estimation ,SAFETY - Abstract
In the development of active/passive roll control systems, a vehicle model that can represent realistic roll behavior is essential for predicting the impending rollover and for accurately applying the control force to avoid vehicle rollover. The vehicle roll center is a key parameter that influences the vehicle roll dynamics. Since the roll center movement becomes important as the vehicle roll angle increases, it is desirable to include this effect in the roll-control system. This paper proposes a dynamic roll stability indicator (RSI) incorporating roll-center movement that generates rollover threshold in terms of lateral acceleration. A robust parameter identification algorithm using a disturbance observer is designed to estimate the lateral and vertical roll-center movements. These estimates are later used in the RSI to update the rollover threshold. The. effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through simulations, and its performance is compared with other rollover warning algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. The 5-GHz Airport Surface Area Channel—Part II: Measurement and Modeling Results for Small Airports.
- Author
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Sen, Indranil and Matolak, David W.
- Subjects
AIRPORTS ,MEASUREMENT ,DATA transmission systems ,DIGITAL communications ,AUTOMATIC control systems - Abstract
This paper describes results from a channel measurement campaign performed at several small airports in the U.S. in the 5-GHz band. This paper is a companion to another paper, which describes channel models for large airports. We classify the small airport surface channel into three propagation regions based upon different delay dispersion conditions. The channel characteristics of these regions in the delay and frequency domains are discussed with examples. We provide empirical stochastic channel models (of different bandwidths) to accurately represent the channel on the airport surface area for all propagation regions. The models are provided in the form of tapped delay lines, and complete statistical tap descriptions are given. Several key observations, including the presence of severe amplitude fading, some correlated scattering, and statistically nonstationary behavior, are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
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11. Random Number Generation for Excess Life of Mobile User Residence Time.
- Author
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Hui-Nien Hung, Pei-Chun Lee, and Yi-Bing Lin
- Subjects
RANDOM numbers ,MOBILE communication systems ,MOBILE radio stations ,TELECOMMUNICATION systems ,SIMULATION methods & models ,DIGITAL communications ,WIRELESS communications ,TELECOMMUNICATION - Abstract
In a mobile telecommunications network, the period when a mobile station (MS) resides in a cell (the radio coverage of a base station) is called the cell residence time of that MS. The period between when a call arrives at the MS and when the MS moves out the cell is called the excess life of the cell residence time for that MS. In performance evaluation of a mobile telecommunications network, it is important to derive the excess life distribution from the cell residence times. This distribution determines if a connected call will be handed over to a new cell, and therefore significantly affects the call dropping probability of the network. In mobile-telecommunications-network simulation, generating the excess-life random numbers is not a trivial task, which has not been addressed in the literature. This paper shows how to generate the random numbers from the excess life distribution, and develop the excess-life random number generation procedures for cell residence times with gamma, Pareto, lognormal, and Weibull distributions. This paper indicates that the generated random numbers closely match the true excess-life distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Performance Evaluation of CDMA Reverse Links With Imperfect Beamforming in a Multicell Environment Using a Simplified Beamforming Model.
- Author
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Jin Yu, Yu-Dong Yao, Molisch, Andreas F., and Jinyun Zhang
- Subjects
CODE division multiple access ,ESTIMATION theory ,ALGORITHMS ,SPREAD spectrum communications ,SIGNAL-to-noise ratio ,DIGITAL communications ,WIRELESS communications ,TELECOMMUNICATION systems - Abstract
Reverse link capacity of a direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) system in a multicell environment has been studied recently, and significant capacity improvements due to the use of beamforming have been observed. However, system performance with beamforming will be affected by several impairments, such as direction of arrival estimation errors, array perturbations, mutual coupling, and signal spatial spreads. In this paper, reverse link performance of CDMA systems with beamforming under these impairments (imperfect beamforming) is investigated. A simplified beamforming model is developed to evaluate the system performance in terms of user capacity, bit-error rates (BER), and outage probabilities. Both signal-to-interference-ratio-based power control and strength-based power control are considered in this paper. The capacity and BER degradations due to different impairments are shown, and outage probabilities under different power control schemes are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. On the Variable Capacity Property of CC/DS-CDMA Systems.
- Author
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Li-Peng Wang, Yang Yang, Hsiao-Hwa Chen, and Yong-Hua Song
- Subjects
CODE division multiple access ,WIRELESS communications ,MOBILE communication systems ,RESOURCE allocation ,SPREAD spectrum communications ,DIGITAL communications ,DATA transmission systems ,ELECTRONIC systems - Abstract
A complete complementary code based direct sequence code division multiple access (CC/DS-CDMA) system has been proposed recently as a potential candidate for beyond third generation (B3G) wireless communications. This paper addresses the issues that design of efficient code assignment schemes should be based on a flexible physical layer support, which is extremely important for emerging cross-layer designs in future wireless applications. The study in this paper considers a CC/DS-CDMA system with multiple time slots, three traffic classes and two dynamic code-flock assignment schemes, namely random assignment (RA) and compact assignment (CA). Simulation results show that the CC/DS-CDMA system has variable capacity property (VCP), which is sensitively affected by different code-flock assignment schemes. In general, CA can offer lower blocking probability, whereas RA can offer a larger mean system capacity and higher throughput when offered traffic is heavy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Analysis and Simulation of Interference to Vehicle-Equipped Digital Receivers From Cellular Mobile Terminals Operating in Adjacent Frequencies.
- Author
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Rappaport, Theodore (Ted) S., DiPierro, Stefano, and Akturan, Riza
- Subjects
WIRELESS communications ,CELL phones ,MOBILE communication systems ,LINE receivers (Integrated circuits) - Abstract
This paper provides novel analysis methods and detailed simulations for determining the impact of out-of-band emissions (OOBE) of adjacent band wireless services on mobile receive-only wireless services. Using the interference from the adjacent cellular bands on an operational digital wireless receive-only system as an example, we demonstrate the impact of the interference from adjacent cellular band transmitters and determine the performance impact such as outage on satellite receivers in realistic roadway conditions. This paper presents new methods for determining appropriate OOBE spectral masks for use by new cellular subscriber transmitters. This paper considers realistic propagation and traffic conditions in five cities throughout the United States and offers approaches that the engineering community may use to determine interference conditions between new cellular and fixed broadband mobile services in adjacent spectrum bands to existing receive-only mobile receiver systems, such as satellite radio. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
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15. Charge-Depleting Control Strategies and Fuel Optimization of Blended-Mode Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles.
- Author
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Bingzhan Zhang, Chunting Mi, Chris, and Mengyang Zhang
- Subjects
ENERGY consumption ,PLUG-in hybrid electric vehicles ,MOTOR vehicle fuel consumption ,ELECTRIC vehicles ,ELECTRONIC circuit design - Abstract
This paper investigates the fuel consumption minimization problem of a blended-mode plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). A simplified mathematical model of the PHEV was constructed to obtain optimal solutions for depleting the battery to a given final state of charge (SOC) under constant vehicle speed. An optimal power strategy was constructed from theoretical analysis and simulation for constant speed cases and then applied to typical drive-cycle simulations for a middle-size plug-in sport utility vehicle in the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency US06 (Supplemental Federal Test Procedure), and the CR-City drive cycles. Simulation results indicate that the proposed control strategy is more efficient than other strategies of interest. Only the electric system loss characteristics, vehicle power demand, total battery energy, and trip distance are needed to implement the proposed control strategy in a PHEV. It does not rely on the detailed trip information other than the total trip distance. Therefore, it is possible to implement the control strategy in real time if the total trip distance is known before the trip. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication: Fair Transmit Power Control for Safety-Critical Information.
- Author
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Torrent-Moreno, Marc, Mittag, Jens, Santi, Paolo, and Hartenstein, Hannes
- Subjects
COMMUNICATIONS industries ,TRAFFIC safety ,ORTHOGONAL frequency division multiplexing ,VEHICULAR ad hoc networks ,GLOBAL Positioning System ,IEEE 802.11 (Standard) ,RADIO beacons ,CITATION networks ,SECURITY systems - Abstract
Direct radio-based vehicle-to-vehicle communication can help prevent accidents by providing accurate and up-to-date local status and hazard information to the driver. In this paper, we assume that two types of messages are used for traffic safety-related communication: 1) Periodic messages ("beacons") that are sent by all vehicles to inform their neighbors about their current status (i.e., position) and 2) event-driven messages that are sent whenever a hazard has been detected. In IEEE 802.11 distributed-coordination-function-based vehicular networks, interferences and packet collisions can lead to the failure of the reception of safety-critical information, in particular when the beaconing load leads to an almost-saturated channel, as it could easily happen in many critical vehicular traffic conditions. In this paper, we demonstrate the importance of transmit power control to avoid saturated channel conditions and ensure the best use of the channel for safety-related purposes. We propose a distributed transmit power control method based on a strict fairness criterion, i.e., distributed fair power adjustment for vehicular environments (D-FPAV), to control the load of periodic messages on the channel. The benefits are twofold: 1) The bandwidth is made available for higher priority data like dissemination of warnings, and 2) beacons from different vehicles are treated with "equal rights," and therefore, the best possible reception under the available bandwidth constraints is ensured. We formally prove the fairness of the proposed approach. Then, we make use of the ns-2 simulator that was significantly enhanced by realistic highway mobility patterns, improved radio propagation, receiver models, and the IEEE 802.11p specifications to show the beneficial impact of D-FPAV for safety-related communications. We finally put forward a method, i.e., emergency message dissemination for vehicular environments (EMDV), for fast and effective multihop information dissemination of event-driven messages and show that EMDV benefits of the beaconing load control provided by D-FPAV with respect to both probability of reception and latency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Capacity of the Nationwide VHF Air/Ground Radio System for Air Traffic Services.
- Author
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Box, Frank, Long, Philip I., and Snow, Richard E.
- Subjects
RADIO frequency ,AIR traffic control ,TIME division multiple access ,COMMUNICATION ,AERONAUTICS ,AERONAUTICAL instruments ,SPECTRUM analysis ,RADIO circuits - Abstract
Increasing the capacity of the very high frequency air/ground (A/G) radio system that supports United States air traffic control is a major reason for upgrading the system to a four-slot time-division multiple-access (TDMA) architecture. Since aviation safety requires a dedicated, immediately accessible AJG circuit for each controller, the thousands of circuits in the nationwide system must have compatible frequency/slot assignments that will allow them all to operate simultaneously if necessary. System capacity may be defined as the size to which the system can grow before it will no longer be feasible to find a compatible assignment for every required new circuit. This paper describes a strategy for combining MG circuits into multislot TDMA ‘bundles’ in a way that will enhance capacity by efficiently using available frequencies and slots. To quantify the resultant capacity gain, the authors have applied the strategy in a series of nationwide system growth simulations, noting the numbers of hypothetical future circuit requirements that were met before frequency denials started to become necessary in some cases. Their results indicate that the capacity of the TDMA version of the system would be 2.8-3.7 times that of the present-day AM analog version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. In-Vehicle Secure Wireless Personal Area Network (SWPAN).
- Author
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Mahmud, Syed Masud and Shanker, Shobhit
- Subjects
BLUETOOTH technology ,POCKET computers ,IEEE 802.11 (Standard) ,COMPUTER networks ,DIGITAL communications ,WIRELESS communications ,TELECOMMUNICATION - Abstract
During the last several years, the interest in wireless networking has grown significantly due to the availability of many wireless products, such as cell phones, wireless enabled mice, keyboards, modems, and many other products. Bluetooth-enabled cell phones, personal digital assistance (PDAs), and laptops are becoming common. Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) products are growing at a rapid rate. Several companies have already started developing WiMax products. The reason for the rapid growth of wireless technology is that it provides the users with additional convenience over the wired technology. General Motors Corporation introduced a Bluetooth network in its 2003 Saab 9–3 model car. Having a wireless personal area network (WPAN) in a vehicle will allow the driver to control the various operations within the vehicle without taking his hands off the steering wheel. For example, the driver will be able to make a phone call through a Bluetooth-enabled headset and a Bluetooth-enabled cell phone using voice-activated dialing features. If the Bluetooth network is connected to the vehicle's wired network through an appropriate gateway device, then the driver will be able to control the lights, windshield wipers, air flow, heat, and various other features of the vehicle through a Bluetooth-enabled headset and voice-activated features. An in-vehicle WPAN will also allow the users to use their PDAs as electronic car keys. Though an in-vehicle WPAN can provide the users with many convenient features, it can also make the vehicle system vulnerable to many types of security attacks unless it is properly designed. In this paper, the authors present a technique for building an in-vehicle secure WPAN (SWPAN). The technique is user friendly and easy to use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Applying Pseudonimity for Anonymous Data Delivery in Location-Aware Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.
- Author
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Xiaoxin Wu
- Subjects
ROUTING (Computer network management) ,ANONYMITY ,ALGORITHMS ,DATA packeting ,COMPUTER networks ,SIMULATION methods & models ,DIGITAL communications ,TELECOMMUNICATION - Abstract
Privacy is becoming a major issue in ad hoc networks. In this paper, using pseudonimity for achieving communication anonymity in networks that apply geographic-routing algorithms is explored. An Anonymous Receiver-Contention POsitioning (ARCPO) routing algorithm is proposed. Node identities (IDs) are kept anonymous. Pseudonyms, i.e., the positions of destinations, are used for data-packet delivery. The anonymity for a destination relies on the difficulty of matching its position to its ID by any observer. Position servers that provide node position information act as trusted third parties and handle identity management. Node mobility makes the use of the pseudonym momentary, and therefore can further improve privacy. The anonymity for the source and intermediate nodes in the path is also achieved because they are not required to reveal any identity information. A receiver-contention mechanism is proposed so that a next hop can be generated without local position information exchange, which otherwise may lead to severe privacy degradation. Analysis and simulation show that while ARCPO guarantees anonymous communication in ad hoc networks, its routing performance degrades moderately compared with other position routing algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Performance of Turbo Coding With Improved Interference Estimation on the CDMA Space Time Transmit Diversity Forward Link.
- Author
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Messier, Geoffrey G. and Krzymień, Witold A.
- Subjects
CODE division multiple access ,ANTENNAS (Electronics) ,SPACE-time codes ,ALGORITHMS ,ESTIMATION theory ,ELECTRIC interference ,DIGITAL communications ,ELECTRONICS - Abstract
This paper proposes an approach to improve turbo code performance on the space time transmit diversity (STTD) code-division multiple-access (CDMA) forward link through better estimation of the channel state information (CSI) required by the mobile turbo decoder. An improved CSI estimation scheme that accounts for the unique nature of CDMA STTD intracell interference is presented. It is compared to a standard CSI estimation scheme that assumes all STTD interference and noise can be represented as additive white Gaussian noise at the mobile receiver input. An STTD CDMA forward link simulation shows that link performance is significantly improved when the mobile turbo decoder uses the more accurate CSI provided by improved estimation. However, the degree of improvement depends on the turbo decoding algorithm, mobile velocity, and whether the base station is using STTD or single-antenna transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. On the Design and Performance Analysis of Multisymbol Encapsulated OFDM Systems.
- Author
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Xianbin Wang, Yiyan Wu, Chouinard, Jean-Yves, and Hsiao-Chun Wu
- Subjects
ORTHOGONAL frequency division multiplexing ,BANDWIDTHS ,FOURIER transforms ,FOURIER analysis ,ALGORITHMS ,DIGITAL communications ,WIRELESS communications ,BROADBAND communication systems - Abstract
A new multicarrier system, termed multisymbol encapsulated orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MSE-OFDM), is proposed, in which one cyclic prefix (CP) is used for multiple OFDM symbols. The original motivation for the MSE-OFDM proposal is to reduce the redundancy due to the CP in static-channel environments. The authors then found that an alternative implementation of the system can be used to improve the robustness to frequency offset and reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). Equalization and demodulation algorithms for the MSE-OFDM system are proposed. A new preamble and the corresponding frequency-offset and channel estimation techniques are studied for the MSE-OFDM system. Using the proposed MSE-OFDM preamble, the joint maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of the frequency offset and the channel impulse response (CIR) is investigated in this paper. Possible ways to reduce the joint estimation complexity, including exploitation of the preamble structure, approximation of the joint ML estimator, and fast Fourier transform (FFT) pruning, are discussed. The performance of the proposed MSE-OFDM systems and channel estimators are analyzed and verified through numerical simulations. An analysis on the bandwidth efficiency, the performance with frequency offset, and the PAPR of the MSE-OFDM system are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. The Use of Delay-Locked Loop Signals in DS/CDMA Receiver for Multiple-Access Interference Reduction.
- Author
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Thayaparan, Subramaniam, Tung-Sang Ng, and Jiangzhou Wang
- Subjects
CODE division multiple access ,ELECTRIC interference ,SPREAD spectrum communications ,SYNCHRONIZATION ,SIGNAL-to-noise ratio ,DIGITAL communications ,WIRELESS communications ,ELECTRICITY - Abstract
This paper presents a coherent demodulation scheme that reduces the multiple-access interference (MAI) considerably in a band-limited direct-sequence code-division multiple-access system. The despreading signal is obtained from a combination of the conventional despreading signal and its weighted early and late versions that are used in the delay-locked loop (DLL). It is shown that with appropriate choice of the weighting parameter of the early-late signals of the DLL, the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio of the decision variable is increased, which leads to improvement in the bit-error performance and hence the potential increase in the system capacity by about 25%. The analyses are performed in the frequency domain. The effect of imperfect synchronization on the system performance is also analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. In-Network Performance of Handheld Mobile Terminals.
- Author
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Nielsen, Jesper Ødum and Pedersen, Gert Frølund
- Subjects
NETWORK performance ,GSM communications ,MOBILE communication systems ,ANTENNA radiation patterns ,CELL phones ,CELL phone systems ,WIRELESS communications ,DIGITAL communications - Abstract
This paper considers a realistic evaluation of the power mobile handsets are able to transmit and receive. It has been suggested to use the so-called total radiated power (TRP) and the total isotropic sensitivity (TIS) for the uplink and downlink, respectively, which may be seen as special cases of the general mean-effective-gain (MEG) measure. These measures are computed from the spherical radiation pattern of the handset and the different measures are obtained by using different models of the mobile propagation environment. In this paper, the results obtained via the spherical radiation patterns are compared with the equivalent performance obtained in a live Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network using data from the Abis network interface. This method does not require altering of the handsets and the testing uses normal calls in the network. The investigation is based on measurements with four different commercially available handsets carried out in two different indoor environments and involving 22 test users. In addition, a series of measurements were also made with a phantom simulating the handset user, allowing a test of how well the phantom represents the average user. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Position Sensing in Brake-By-Wire Callipers Using Resolvers.
- Author
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Hoseinnezhad, Reza
- Subjects
POSITION sensitive particle detectors ,NONLINEAR theories ,ACTUATORS ,AUTOMATIC control systems ,ESTIMATION theory ,LINEAR time invariant systems ,ELECTRONIC equipment ,ELECTROMECHANICAL devices - Abstract
Recent designs for brake-by-wire systems use ‘resolvers’ to provide accurate and continuous measurements for the absolute position and speed of the rotor of the electric actuators in brake callipers (permanent magnet DC motors). Resolvers are absolute-angle transducers that are integrated with estimator modules called ‘angle tracking observer’ and together they provide position and speed measurements. Current designs for angle-tracking observers are unstable in applications with high acceleration and/or speed. In this paper, we introduce a new angle-tracking observer in which a closed-loop linear time-invariant (LTI) observer is integrated with a quadrature encoder. Finite-gain stability of the proposed design and its robustness to three different kinds of parameter variations are proven based on theorems of input-output stability in nonlinear control theory. In our experiments, we examined the performance of our observer and two other methods (a well-known LTI observer and an extended Kalman filter) to estimate the position and speed of a brake-by-wire actuator. The results show that because of the very high speed and acceleration of the actuator in this application, the LTI observer and Kalman filter cannot track the rotor position and diverge. In contrast, with a properly designed open-loop transfer function and selecting a suitable switching threshold, our proposed angle-tracking observer is stable and highly accurate in a brake-by-wire application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Virtual MIMO-Based Cross-Layer Design for Wireless Sensor Networks.
- Author
-
Yong Yuan, Zhihai He, and Min Chen
- Subjects
MIMO systems ,ENERGY consumption ,QUALITY of service ,SENSOR networks ,WIRELESS communications ,COMPUTER network protocols ,MOBILE communication systems ,DIGITAL communications - Abstract
In this paper, a novel multihop virtual multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) communication protocol is proposed by the cross-layer design to jointly improve the energy efficiency, reliability, and end-to-end (ETE) QoS provisioning in wireless sensor network (WSN). In the protocol, the traditional low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy protocol is extended by incorporating the cooperative MIMO communication, multihop routing, and hop-by-hop recovery schemes. Based on the protocol, the overall energy consumption per packet transmission is modeled and the optimal set of transmission parameters is found. Then, the issues of ETE QoS provisioning of the protocol are considered. The ETE latency and throughput of the protocol are modeled in terms of the bit-error-rate (BER) performance of each link. Then, a nonlinear constrained programming model is developed to find the optimal BER performance of each link to meet the ETE QoS requirements with a minimum energy consumption. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is employed to solve the problem. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed protocol in energy saving and QoS provisioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Optimal Base Station Selection for Anycast Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks.
- Author
-
Hou, Y. Thomas, Yi Shi, and Sherali, Hanif D.
- Subjects
ROUTING (Computer network management) ,NETWORK routers ,COMPUTER networks ,WIRELESS communications ,SIMULATION methods & models ,ALGORITHMS ,MOBILE communication systems ,DIGITAL communications - Abstract
Energy constraints have a significant impact on the design and operation of wireless sensor networks. This paper investigates the base station (BS) selection (or anycast) problem in wireless sensor networks. A wireless sensor network having multiple BSs (data sink nodes) is considered. Each source node must send all its locally generated data to only one of the BSs. To maximize network lifetime, it is essential to optimally match each source node to a particular BS and find an optimal routing solution. A polynomial time heuristic is proposed for optimal BS selection and anycast via a sequential fixing procedure. Through extensive simulation results, it is shown that this algorithm has excellent performance behavior and provides a near-optimal solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. A Utility-Based Distributed Maximum Lifetime Routing Algorithm for Wireless Networks.
- Author
-
Yi Cui, Yuan Xue, and Nahrstedt, Klara
- Subjects
FORCE & energy ,ENERGY consumption ,WIRELESS communications ,ROUTING (Computer network management) ,NETWORK routers ,ALGORITHMS ,DIGITAL communications ,ELECTRONIC systems - Abstract
Energy-efficient routing is a critical problem in multihop wireless networks due to the severe power constraint of wireless nodes. Despite its importance and many research efforts toward it, a distributed routing algorithm that maximizes network lifetime is still missing. To address this problem, this paper proposes a novel utility-based nonlinear optimization formulation to the maximum lifetime routing problem. Based on this formulation, a fully distributed localized routing algorithm is further presented, which is proved to converge at the optimal point, where the network lifetime is maximized. Solid theoretical analysis and simulation results are presented to validate the proposed solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Improving Throughput in Multihop Wireless Networks.
- Author
-
Zongpeng Li and Baochun Li
- Subjects
COMPUTER networks ,ROUTING (Computer network management) ,TELECOMMUNICATION systems ,COMPUTER network management ,MOBILE communication systems ,DIGITAL communications ,DATA transmission systems ,ELECTRONIC systems - Abstract
One of the main characteristics of wireless ad hoc networks is their node-centric broadcast nature of communication, leading to interferences and spatial contention between adjacent wireless links. Due to such interferences, pessimistic concerns have been recently raised with respect to the decreasing network capacity in wireless ad hoc networks when the number of nodes scales to several orders of magnitude higher. Such studies assume uniformly distributed nodes in the network and randomized traffic patterns. In this paper, we argue that in all cases of end-to-end data communications—including one-to-k unicast and multicast data dissemination as well as/c-to-one data aggregation—the maximum achievable end-to-end data throughput (measured on the sources) heavily depends on the strategy of arranging the topology of transmission between sources and destinations, as well as possible per-node operations such as coding. An optimal strategy achieves better end-to-end throughput than an arbitrary one. We present theoretical studies and critical insights with respect to how these strategies may be designed so that end-to-end throughput may be increased. After all, under all circumstances—in either a lightly loaded or a congested network—increasing end-to-end throughput from its baseline is always beneficial to applications using ad hoc networks to communicate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. A Hierarchical Energy-Efficient Framework for Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks.
- Author
-
Chen, Yuanzhu Peter, Liestman, Arthur L., and Jiangchuan Liu
- Subjects
SENSOR networks ,ENERGY consumption ,WIRELESS communications ,COMPUTER networks ,ALGORITHMS ,DETECTORS ,DIGITAL communications ,ELECTRONIC systems - Abstract
A network of sensors can be used to obtain state-based data from the area in which they are deployed. To reduce costs, the data, sent via intermediate sensors to a sink, are often aggregated (or compressed). This compression is done by a subset of the sensors called ‘aggregators.’ Inasmuch as sensors are usually equipped with small and unreplenishable energy reserves, a critical issue is to strategically deploy an appropriate number of aggregators so as to minimize the amount of energy consumed by transporting and aggregating the data. In this paper, the authors first study single-level aggregation and propose an Energy-Efficient Protocol for Aggregator Selection (EPAS) protocol. Then, they generalize it to an aggregation hierarchy and extend EPAS to Hierarchical EPAS. The optimal number of aggregators with generalized compression and power-consumption models was derived, and fully distributed algorithms for aggregator selection were presented. Simulation results show that the algorithms significantly reduce the energy consumption for data collection in wireless sensor networks. Moreover, the algorithms do not rely on particular routing protocols and are thus applicable to a broad spectrum of application environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Link Scheduling With Power Control for Throughput Enhancement in Multihop Wireless Networks.
- Author
-
Jian Tang, Guoliang Xue, Chandler, Christopher, and Weiyi Zhang
- Subjects
WIRELESS communications ,ELECTRIC networks ,LINEAR programming ,BANDWIDTHS ,ALGORITHMS ,HEURISTIC programming ,DIGITAL communications ,DATA transmission systems - Abstract
Joint scheduling and power control schemes have previously been proposed to reduce power dissipation in wireless ad hoc networks. However, instead of power consumption, throughput is a more important performance concern for some emerging multihop wireless networks, such as wireless mesh networks. This paper examines joint link scheduling and power control with the objective of throughput improvement. The MAximum THroughput link Scheduling with Power Control (MATH-SPC) problem is first formulated and then a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulation is presented to provide optimal solutions. However, simply maximizing the throughput may lead to a severe bias on bandwidth allocation among links. To achieve a good tradeoff between throughput and fairness, a new parameter called the demand satisfaction factor (DSF) to characterize the fairness of bandwidth allocation and formulate the MAximum Throughput fAir link Scheduling with Power Control (MATA-SPC) problem is defined. An MILP formulation and an effective polynomial-time heuristic algorithm, namely, the serial linear programming rounding (SLPR) heuristic, to solve the MATA-SPC problem are also presented. Numerical results show that bandwidth can be fairly allocated among all links/flows by solving the MILP formulation or by using the heuristic algorithm at the cost of a minor reduction of network throughput. In addition, extensions to end-to-end throughput and fairness and multiradio wireless multihop networks are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. A Generalized Powertrain Design Optimization Methodology to Reduce Fuel Economy Variability in Hybrid Electric Vehicles.
- Author
-
Roy, Hillol K., McGordon, Andrew, and Jennings, Paul A.
- Subjects
HYBRID electric vehicle research ,TRANSPORTATION ,AUTOMOTIVE fuel consumption standards ,TRAFFIC engineering ,AUTOMOBILE driving - Abstract
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are considered to be one of the energy-efficient technologies for near-term sustainability of the transportation sector. Over the years, research has focused on improving fuel economy (FE) for a given drive cycle, but FE variability over a realistic range of real-world driving patterns has been generally overlooked, and this can lead to FE benefits not being fully realized in real-world usage. No systematic methodology exists to reduce FE variability by design optimization of powertrain components. This study proposes a methodology of powertrain component optimization to reduce the FE variability due to variations in driving patterns. In the proposed methodology, powertrain components are optimum over a range of driving patterns of different traffic conditions and driving styles simultaneously. The proposed methodology demonstrates the potential to reduce FE variability by up to 34% over six driving patterns of different traffic conditions and driving styles. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Collision Control of Periodic Safety Messages With Strict Messaging Frequency Requirements.
- Author
-
Park, Yongtae and Kim, Hyogon
- Subjects
VEHICULAR ad hoc networks ,TRAFFIC safety ,AD hoc computer networks ,INTELLIGENT transportation systems ,ELECTRONICS in transportation - Abstract
For safety messages in a vehicular networking environment, strict messaging frequency requirements exist. For instance, six out of eight cooperative vehicular safety applications, as chosen by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Crash Avoidance Metrics Partnership, require a minimum of 10 Hz, whereas the precrash sensing application requires an even higher frequency of 50 Hz, for messages that convey the positions of vehicles. Currently, the collisions of periodic safety message broadcasts for the IEEE Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE) system are left to the IEEE 802.11p medium access control (MAC) to resolve. With small contention window sizes stipulated in the 802.11p amendment, however, the MAC offers only limited relief to the collision problem, particularly toward the beginning of the control channel (CCH) interval. In this paper, we show that application-level control of the message transmission phase is desirable, when the frequency adaptation is not allowed due to the application requirement. We demonstrate through simulation and analysis that the proposed technique achieves up to 50% higher message reception probability compared with that relying only on the 802.11p MAC. The proposed method works in the safety applications themselves; therefore, the existing standards need not be modified. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Performance Analysis of Multiuser Selection Diversity.
- Author
-
Lin Yang and Alouini, Mohamed-Slim
- Subjects
- *
RADIO transmitters & transmission , *MULTIUSER computer systems , *ALGORITHMS , *TCP/IP , *SIGNAL-to-noise ratio , *RADIOS , *DIGITAL communications , *WIRELESS communications - Abstract
In this paper, the authors study the performance of scheduling algorithms exploiting the multiuser selection diversity. Schedulers with affordable-rate transmission and adaptive transmission based on the absolute signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the normalized SNR are considered. In contrast to previous studies on the multiuser-diversity systems, the channel dynamics is taken into consideration in this paper by a novel formulation based on the level crossing analysis of stochastic processes. Then, the authors make the connection between the Doppler frequency shift, which indicates the channel temporal correlation, and the average (channel) access time, the average waiting time (AWT) between accesses, and the average access rate (AAR) of active users. These properties are important for the scheduler design, especially for applications where delay is a concern. In addition, analytical expressions for the system throughput and the degree of fairness (DOF) when users have nonidentical average channel conditions are presented. These expressions quantify the effect of disparateness in users' average channel conditions on the system performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Node-Cooperative ARQ Scheme for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks.
- Author
-
Dianati, Mehrdad, Xinhua Ling, Naik, Kshirasagar, and Xuemin Shen
- Subjects
NETWORK performance ,COMPUTER networks ,MARKOV spectrum ,MONTE Carlo method ,SIMULATION methods & models ,DIGITAL communications ,WIRELESS communications ,TELECOMMUNICATION systems - Abstract
In this paper, the authors propose a node-cooperative automatic repeat request (ARQ) scheme for wireless ad hoc networks, which is suitable for mobile wireless channels with high and correlated frame-error profile. An analytical model based on a two-state Markovian process is proposed to describe the behavior of the proposed retransmission scheme and to obtain its throughput, average delay, and delay jitter. The results of Monte Carlo simulations are included to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed scheme and to verify the accuracy of the analytical models. Results show that a cooperation among a small number of nodes can significantly improve the performance of the retransmission process in terms of throughput, average delay, and delay jitter by reducing the average duration of retransmission trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Channel Acquisition and Tracking for MC-CDMA Uplink Transmissions.
- Author
-
Sanguinetti, Luca and Morelli, Michele
- Subjects
CODE division multiple access ,BANDWIDTHS ,STATISTICAL correlation ,ELECTRONICS ,TELECOMMUNICATION systems ,DATA transmission systems ,DIGITAL communications ,WIRELESS communications - Abstract
This paper deals with channel acquisition and tracking in the uplink of a multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) system. The transmission medium is characterized by multipath propagation, and the goal is to estimate the channel frequency response and the noise-power of each active user. Channel acquisition is performed jointly with the noise-power estimation following two different approaches. The first assumes independently faded subcarriers, while the second exploits the fading correlation across the signal bandwidth to improve the system performance. Both schemes are based on the maximum likelihood (ML) criterion and exploit some training blocks carrying known symbols. Channel tracking is pursued through least mean square (LMS) techniques using data decisions provided by a partial parallel interference cancellation (PPIC) receiver. Numerical results are given to highlight the effectiveness of the proposed methods and to present comparisons with other existing solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. A Cross-Layer Multihop Data Delivery Protocol With Fairness Guarantees for Vehicular Networks.
- Author
-
Korkmaz, Gökhan, Ekici, Eylem, and Özgüner, Füsun
- Subjects
COMPUTER networks ,INTERNET ,COMPUTER network protocols ,WIRELESS LANs ,WIRELESS communications ,BANDWIDTHS ,MOBILE communication systems ,DIGITAL communications - Abstract
In this paper, a new cross-layer communication protocol for vehicular Internet access along highways is introduced. The objective of the new Controlled Vehicular Internet Access (CVIA) protocol is to increase the end-to-end throughput while achieving fairness in bandwidth usage between road segments. To achieve this goal, the CVIA protocol eliminates contention in relaying packets over long distances. CVIA creates single-hop vehicle clusters and mitigates the hidden node problem by dividing the road into segments and controlling the active time of each segment. Using an analytical throughput estimation model, the protocol parameters are flue-tuned to provide fairness among road segments. Simulation results confirm that the proposed CVIA protocol provides higher throughput and better fairness in multihop data delivery in vehicular networks when compared with purely IEEE 802.11-based protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. A Heuristic Multicast Algorithm to Support QoS Group Communications in Heterogeneous Network.
- Author
-
Hui Cheng, Jiannong Cao, and Xingwei Wang
- Subjects
MULTICASTING (Computer networks) ,QUALITY of service ,HEURISTIC programming ,COMPUTER networks ,ALGORITHMS ,WIRELESS communications ,MOBILE communication systems ,DIGITAL communications - Abstract
This paper examines the problem of quality-of-service group communications in a heterogeneous network, which consists of multiple mobile ad hoc networks attached to the backbone Internet. A heuristic multicast algorithm named delay and delay variation multicast algorithm (DDVMA) is proposed. DDVMA is designed for solving the delay- and delay-variation-bounded multicast tree problem, which has been proved to be NP-complete. It can find a multicast tree satisfying the multicast end-to-end delay constraint and minimizing the multicast delay variation. Two concepts, which can help the DDVMA achieve better performance in terms of multicast delay variation than the delay and delay variation constraint algorithm that is known to be the most efficient so far, are proposed, namely, 1) the proprietary second shortest path and 2) the partially proprietary second shortest path. An analysis is given to show the correctness of DDVMA, and simulations are conducted to demonstrate the performance improvement of DDVMA in terms of multicast delay variation. It is also shown that the strategy employed by DDVMA is also applicable to handling the mobility of mobile hosts in a heterogeneous network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Analysis of Hyperbolic and Circular Positioning Algorithms Using Stationary Signal-Strength-Difference Measurements in Wireless Communications.
- Author
-
Bo-Chieh Liu, Ken-Huang Lin, and Jieh-Chian Wu
- Subjects
WIRELESS communications ,GAUSSIAN processes ,RADIO transmitter-receivers ,TELECOMMUNICATION systems ,ELECTRONIC equipment ,BROADBAND communication systems ,SYSTEMS engineering ,ENGINEERING - Abstract
Referring received signal strength (RSS) to a signal propagation model to find user location is one of the most promising strategies in wireless communications. This paper develops a simple method based on relative signal-strength measurements, that is, the differences in stationary signal strength measured at the user location from multiple base transceiver stations (BTSs). The stationary signal strength is the averaged RSS and also is a stationary Gaussian process. In using this method, it is vitally important to confirm that some uncertain propagation parameters can be canceled out while a signal propagation model is merged into our method for locating users. In this way, the differences in stationary signal strength lead to two solutions: One is the distance difference between pairs of BTSs, and the other is the distances from the user location to the multiple BTSs. Consequently, the hyperbolic positioning algorithm due to the distance-difference solution and the circular positioning algorithm due to the distances solution can be presented, respectively. Afterward, some experimental results were drawn from a field trial in a real propagation environment. Results show that the hyperbolic and circular positioning algorithms can locate the user to within about 350 and 300 m in 67 percentile, respectively. Compared with the numerical result reported in the literature on existing methods based on RSS only, our method is superior. Despite the result not meeting Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirements, this method proved to be sufficiently simple and efficient in terms of the computation at burden and network signaling load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. A Single-Base-Station Localization Approach Using a Statistical Model of the NLOS Propagation Conditions in Urban Terrain.
- Author
-
Tsalolikhin, Evgeny, Bilik, Igal, and Blaunstein, Nathan
- Subjects
LOCATION-based services ,MOBILE radio stations ,STOCHASTIC processes ,GLOBAL Positioning System - Abstract
Implementation of the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) E-911 Phase-2 requirements and commercial location-based services in urban environments requires mobile station (MS) localization capabilities in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation conditions. This work addresses the problem of MS localization in urban environments characterized by the NLOS propagation conditions and limited Global Positioning System (GPS) services. We propose a single-base-station-based localization approach that uses a statistical model of urban propagation conditions in the framework of target classification. The proposed localization approach involves no data collection during the training process, requires no modifications of the MS hardware, is not location specific, and requires no identification and mitigation of the NLOS conditions. The performance of the proposed localization approach was evaluated using collected and ray-traced measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Load-Balancing Routing in Multichannel Hybrid Wireless Networks With Single Network Interface.
- Author
-
Jungmin So and Vaidya, Nitin H.
- Subjects
WORKLOAD of computer networks ,ROUTING (Computer network management) ,NETWORK routers ,MULTICHANNEL communication ,COMPUTER network protocols ,WIRELESS communications ,MOBILE communication systems ,DIGITAL communications - Abstract
A hybrid wireless network is an extension of an infrastructure network, where a mobile host may connect to an access point (AP) using multihop wireless routes, via other mobile hosts. The APs are configured to operate on one of multiple available channels. Mobile hosts and wireless routers can select its operating channel dynamically through channel switching. In this environment, a routing protocol that finds routes to balance load among channels while maintaining connectivity was proposed. The protocol works with nodes equipped with a single network interface, which distinguishes the work with other multichannel routing protocols that require multiple interfaces per node. The protocol discovers multiple routes to multiple APs, possibly operating on different channels. Based on a traffic load information, each node selects the ‘best’ route to an AP and synchronizes its channel with the AP. With this behavior, the channel load is balanced, removing hot spots and improving channel utilization. The protocol assures every node has at least one route to an AP, where all intermediate nodes are operating on the same channel. The simulation results show that the proposed protocol successfully adapts to changing traffic conditions and improves performance over a single-channel protocol and a multichannel protocol with no load balancing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. A Cross-Layer Scheduling Algorithm With QoS Support in Wireless Networks.
- Author
-
Qingwen Liu, Xin Wang, and Giannakis, Georgios B.
- Subjects
COMPUTER networks ,QUALITY of service ,WIRELESS communications ,ALGORITHMS ,IEEE 802.16 (Standard) ,MULTIMEDIA systems ,MOBILE communication systems ,DIGITAL communications - Abstract
Scheduling plays an important role in providing quality of service (QoS) support to multimedia communications in various kinds of wireless networks, including cellular networks, mobile ad hoc networks, and wireless sensor networks. The authors propose a scheduling algorithm at the medium access control (MAC) layer for multiple connections with diverse QoS requirements, where each connection employs adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) scheme at the physical (PHY) layer over wireless fading channels. Each connection is assigned a priority, which is updated dynamically based on its channel and service status; the connection with the highest priority is scheduled each time. The authors' scheduler provides diverse QoS guarantees, uses the wireless bandwidth efficiently, and enjoys flexibility, scalability, and low implementation complexity. Its performance is evaluated via simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Design and Analysis of a Denial-of-Service-Resistant Quality-of-Service Signaling Protocol for MANETs.
- Author
-
Hejmo, Marek, Mark, Brian L., Zouridaki, Charikleia, and Thomas, Roshan K.
- Subjects
COMPUTER network protocols ,COMPUTER networks ,NETWORK performance ,QUALITY of service ,SIMULATION methods & models ,MOBILE communication systems ,DIGITAL communications ,DATA transmission systems - Abstract
Quality-of-service (QoS) signaling protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are highly vulnerable to attacks. In particular, a class of denial-of-service (DOS) attacks can severely cripple network performance with relatively little effort expended by the attacker. A distributed QoS signaling protocol that is resistant to a class of DoS attacks on signaling is proposed. The signaling protocol provides QoS for real-time traffic and employs mechanisms at the medium access control (MAC) layer, which serve to avoid potential attacks on network resource usage. The key MAC layer mechanisms that provide support for the QoS signaling scheme include sensing of available bandwidth, traffic policing, and rate monitoring, all of which are performed in a distributed manner by the mobile nodes. The proposed signaling scheme achieves a compromise between signaling protocols that require the maintenance of per-flow state and those that are completely stateless. The signaling scheme scales gracefully in terms of the number of nodes and/or traffic flows in the MANET. The authors analyze the security properties of the protocol and present simulation results to demonstrate its resistance to DoS attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. A Matlab-Based Modeling and Simulation Package for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Design.
- Author
-
Butler, Karen L. and Ehsani, Mehrdad
- Subjects
ELECTRIC vehicles ,HYBRID electric vehicles - Abstract
Presents a study which discussed a simulation and modeling package developed at Texas A&M University which facilitates analysis of electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid EV. Methodology; Design of vehicle drive trains; Conclusion.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. SPATH: Finding the Safest Walking Path in Smart Cities.
- Author
-
Pang, Yawei, Zhang, Lan, Ding, Haichuan, Fang, Yuguang, and Chen, Shigang
- Subjects
SMART cities ,TRAILS ,VIDEO surveillance ,PUBLIC safety ,WALKING ,QUALITY of service - Abstract
Given the fact that more than 1 million crimes happened in USA every year, public safety becomes one of the most important concerns. Although many public safety related applications have been commercialized, how to guarantee safely walking to a destination especially in an unfamiliar city is still challenging. To provide a safe walking navigation in smart cities, we design a novel application SPATH (the Safest PATH). To support this service, wireless cameras, existing cellular infrastructure, and vehicles with underutilized computing resources are utilized to process and transmit surveillance videos, which can be viewed by users to check the current safety status of walking paths. Noting the long-distance transmission of a large volume of videos may cause network congestion; video summarizing technology, which is realized by utilizing the underutilized computing capability in vehicles, is applied to extract valuable information from a video file while effectively compressing its data size. Since the quality of service for this application is strongly correlated with the latency of delivering videos, we formulate a latency minimization problem by jointly considering the computing resource allocation and computing task assignment. A fast iterative matching is proposed with low complexity to effectively solve the optimization problem. Simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness and efficiency of our solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Marine Communications Channel Modeling Using the Finite-Difference Time Domain Method.
- Author
-
Timmins, I. J. and S. O'Young
- Subjects
UNDERWATER surveillance ,REMOTELY piloted vehicles ,TELECOMMUNICATION systems ,ELECTROMAGNETIC devices ,STANDARD deviations - Abstract
Broad area maritime surveillance (BAMS) is a current interest area for the application of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Robust communications is a primary concern that impedes the general acceptance of UAVs by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), as loss of communications link is generally perceived as a loss of vehicular control. Thus, to gain an increased understanding of the communications channel UAVs' experience during low-level maritime operations, a channel-modeling effort using the finite-difference time domain method (FDTD) is conducted. The focus of this effort has been to assess the effects of sea surface shadowing conditions on the marine communications channel. A 2-D electromagnetic (EM) simulator has been developed, utilizing modified Pierson-Moskowitz (PM) spectral models to generate a random sea surface in a deep-water location from which multipath scattering is produced. Data analysis conducted on the transient EM simulation results has produced generalized path loss exponent, standard deviation, mean excess delay, and root mean square delay models as a function of frequency and observable sea surface height for fixed transmitter, and receiver locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Adaptive Carrier Interferometry MC-CDMA.
- Author
-
Sureshkumar, S., Nguyen, Ha H., and Shwedyk, Ed
- Subjects
INTERFEROMETRY ,CODE division multiple access ,ALGORITHMS ,RADIO transmitter-receivers ,AMPLITUDE modulation ,ELECTRONICS ,DIGITAL communications ,WIRELESS communications - Abstract
An adaptive carrier interferometry (CI) scheme is proposed for multicarrier code-division multiple-access (MC-CDMA) systems where it is assumed that there is a feedback channel between the receiver and the transmitter. By exploiting the additional degree of freedom in selecting the amplitudes of the subcarriers in accordance with the channel condition, the proposed scheme attains a significant performance gain over the conventional CI-MC-CDMA systems in which a constant amplitude is set for all the carriers. Two adaptation strategies, namely 1) local adaptation and 2) global adaptation, are considered for estimating the appropriate subcarrier amplitudes at the receiver in the proposed systems. Both single-user adaptation, where the other users do not adapt, and multiuser adaptation, in which all users adapt, are investigated. A further advantage of the proposed scheme is that it eliminates the peak-to-average power ratio problem present in the conventional CI-MC-CDMA systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Benefits of Superconducting Technology to Wireless CDMA Networks.
- Author
-
Salkola, M. I. and Scalapino, D. J.
- Subjects
CODE division multiple access ,SUPERCONDUCTORS ,ELECTRONIC modulation ,WIRELESS communications ,ELECTRONIC amplifiers ,ELECTRONICS ,ENGINEERING design ,ELECTRIC industries - Abstract
Compact high-temperature superconducting filters have high selectivity and sensitivity. Combined with a cryocooled low-noise amplifier, they significantly reduce the effective noise factor of a cellular base-station receiver. Their impact on wireless code-division multiple-access networks is examined using an analytical analysis and numerical simulations. Potential benefits of the superconducting technology include increased capacity utilization and coverage efficiency. Numerical simulations also address the question of how the network should be optimized to realize these benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Power Spectrum Analysis of the Cross/Intermodulation in the Nonlinear LNA.
- Author
-
Fleung-Gyoon Ryu, Heui Seop Byeon, and Jin Kwan Kim
- Subjects
NONLINEAR theories ,POWER spectra ,SPECTRUM analysis ,ELECTRONIC modulation ,CODE division multiple access ,FOURIER transform spectroscopy ,WIRELESS communications ,DIGITAL communications - Abstract
This study deals with the effects of the cross/intermodulation (CM/IM) on the communication performance when both Tx (transmit) leakage and external single tone interference pass through LNA in code division multiple access (CDMA)/frequency division duplex (FDD) transceiver. The CM/IM powers happen because of the nonlinearity of the LNA and these get work as interference to the desired signal. The CM/IM interference powers are analyzed with the frequency change of external single tone interference in Rx (receive) band. The relationship between these interference powers, input third-order intercept point (IIP
3 ), and the dependence of the allowable noise figure (NFallowable ) on the IIP3 are presented in this study. If IIP3 is large enough for CM/IM interference power spectrum slightly to overlap with the Rx band, the interference power in Rx band gets smaller but NFallowable increases as IIP3 is increased. Thus, the bit-error-rate (BER) performance is degraded. On the other hand, when the interference power spectrum largely overlaps with the Rx band, it is important to increase the IIP3 to get the better BER performance since the performance improvement by the linearity growth is larger than the performance degradation caused by the increment of NFallowable . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Evaluation of Alternative Evolutionary Programming Techniques for Optimization of an Automotive Alternator.
- Author
-
Koenig, Andreas C., Williams, Joshua M., and Pekarek, Steven D.
- Subjects
ALTERNATING current generators ,ALGORITHMS ,MAGNETIC circuits ,ELECTRIC equipment ,MATHEMATICAL optimization ,GEOMETRY ,ENGINEERING design ,ELECTRIC industries - Abstract
One of the primary design requirements of automotive generation systems is maximizing power density subject to the constraint of minimizing the overall system cost. However, with the progress made in the reduction of automotive drive train noise, the torque ripple of the generator has been found to be a dominant noise source under idle conditions at high electrical loads. Thus, an added design constraint is the minimization of the torque ripple produced by the machine. In order to evaluate alternative machine designs (and select an optimal), numerical tools are typically applied. In this research, a focus is placed on the creation of numerical tools that can be used to effectively search for an optimal design. A primary tool is an evolutionary algorithm (EA) that has been integrated within a customized magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) model of the machine. The selection of an EA that is most likely to converge to an optimal solution in the least amount of time is described along with its use in selecting an optimal rotor-pole geometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Adaptive Prediction and Cancellation Digitization Method for Wideband Multistandard Software Radio Base-Station Receivers.
- Author
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Hong Nie and Mathiopoulos, P. Takis
- Subjects
SOFTWARE radio ,ANALOG-to-digital converters ,CYCLOSTATIONARY waves ,BANDWIDTHS ,COMPUTER simulation ,DIGITIZATION ,WIRELESS communications ,DIGITAL communications - Abstract
In this study, a new method for digitizing a combination of different analog signals occupying significantly different bandwidths and having a very high dynamic range is proposed and analyzed. Since it is based upon signal-prediction/cancellation principles, it is referred to as adaptive prediction and cancellation digitization (APCD) method and is applied to various families of signals simultaneously received by a multistandard software radio (SWR) base-station receiver. It is shown theoretically and by means of computer simulations that the APCD method can effectively reduce the high dynamic range of the signals before digitization takes place. Hence, the stringent analog-to-digital-converter (ADC) resolution requirements imposed by the operation of such SWR base-station receivers can be significant relaxed. The signal dynamic-range reduction is achieved by applying appropriate signal processing techniques, e.g., autoregressive (AR) and periodic autoregressive (PAR) prediction. Such techniques allow accurate prediction and subsequent cancellation of high-power narrowband signals present among the composite received analog signal. As these signals usually have cyclostationary statistical characteristics, analysis and performance evaluation of AR and PAR predictors, when used to predict cyclostationary signals, were presented. A new adaptive algorithm for implementing the PAR predictor is also proposed, and its validity is justified by theoretical analysis as well as by various performance evaluation results obtained by means of computer simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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