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Introduction The efficacy of olaparib for treatment‐related neuroendocrine prostate cancer is unknown. Here, we report a case of treatment‐related neuroendocrine prostate cancer with a BRCA2 mutation that was treated with olaparib with 1‐year efficacy. Case presentation A 75‐year‐old man initially diagnosed with prostate adenocarcinoma developed treatment‐related neuroendocrine prostate cancer after 10‐year androgen deprivation therapy. Despite the initial temporary effects of etoposide and carboplatin, the patient experienced prostate bed tumor recurrence 1 year after chemotherapy cessation. FoundationOne® detected a BRCA2 gene mutation, and olaparib was initiated after repeating one chemotherapy course using the same chemotherapeutic agents. The patient received olaparib with sustained tumor regression for 1 year without severe side effects. Conclusion Olaparib may be the treatment of choice for treatment‐related neuroendocrine prostate cancer in patients with BRCA mutations.

Introduction SDH Gene mutation is known to be a common cause of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma and renal cell carcinoma. Here, we report a case of succinate dehydrogenase B‐deficient paraganglioma, which has a high risk of metastasis and recurrence, complicated by succinate dehydrogenase‐deficient renal cell carcinoma, which is rare and accounts for approximately 0.1% of all renal cell carcinomas. Case presentation A 50‐year‐old man underwent en bloc resection of a retroperitoneal tumor and the right kidney for retroperitoneal paraganglioma and right renal tumor. Both tumors showed negative expressions of succinate dehydrogenase B in immunostaining. The patient was diagnosed with succinate dehydrogenase‐deficient paraganglioma and succinate dehydrogenase‐deficient renal cell carcinoma. Seventeen months later, retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy revealed lymph node metastasis of the paraganglioma. Deletion of the SDHB gene was revealed by genome sequencing of the lymph node. Conclusion This is the first reported case of synchronously diagnosed succinate dehydrogenase‐deficient paraganglioma and succinate dehydrogenase‐deficient renal cell carcinoma.

Introduction The efficacy of salvage local therapy after external beam radiotherapy has recently gained attention. However, a challenge with these therapies is the risk of significant genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicity. Focal brachytherapy may be a treatment option because of its potential to reduce side effects. Case presentation A patient with castration‐resistant prostate cancer was found to be free of metastases on whole‐body magnetic resonance imaging following external beam radiotherapy, and prostate biopsy revealed a localized recurrence in the ventral prostate. The patient underwent salvage focal brachytherapy and had a prostate‐specific antigen progression‐free survival of 23 months. No adverse effects were observed following salvage brachytherapy. Conclusion Our case suggests that salvage focal brachytherapy may be an effective local treatment option for nonmetastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer that has relapsed after external beam radiotherapy, wherein the lesion is confined to a small area within the prostate.