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The objective of this study was to develop baseline topographical data of landmarks for locating and generating sonographic calliper measurements along with dynamic parameters of caecum and colon in 50 native adult healthy unsedated Spiti horses and Himalayan Hill mules of either sex. The wall thickness, contractility, character and echo-architecture of caecum and colon were recorded. Caecum was found from 15th to 17th inter costal space (ICS). Right dorsal colon (RDC), right ventral colon (RVC), left ventral colon (LVC) and left dorsal colon (LDC) were found from 6th to 14th, 9th to 17th, 9th to 14th and 6th to 15th ICS, respectively. Descending colon was found in the left paralumbar fossa upto tuber-coxae in both horses as well as mules. The corresponding values of horses and mules for wall thickness (in mm) was 2.1±0.05 and 1.4±0.05 for the caecum, 2.16±0.05 and 1.32±0.02 for the right dorsal colon, 2.1±0.03 and 1.32 ±0.02 for the right ventral colon, 2.12±0.03 and 1.32±0.02 for the left dorsal colon, 2.1±0.03 and 1.32±0.02 for the right dorsal colon and 2.04±0.02 for the descending colon. Prominent sacculations were observed on ventral colon and absent on dorsal colon. Detailed ultrasonographic examination of caecum and colon generated baseline data, which will be useful for management of the affections of caecum and colon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was taken up to find out Beta 2 Microglobulin (β2M) gene variants and their association with IgG concentrations in colostrum of Murrah buffaloes. 40 newly parturated Murrah buffaloes dams were included in the present study. Polymerase chain reaction- single stranded conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) technique was used to explore the polymorphism in β2M gene of buffaloes. The PCR-SSCP analysis and sequencing of different patterns obtained by silver staining of fragments pertaining to exon 1 through 4 and partial introns 1 through 3, revealed 9 SNPs which were further used to prepare the haplotypes. 7 different haplotypes were observed. Indirect ELISA was done to estimate IgG concentrations in colostrum (collected 1 hour before first milking) obtained from buffaloes. IgG levels in colostrum ranged from 11.22 to 185.1 mg/ml with a mean IgG concentration of 51.71 ± 5.99 mg/ml. The effect of different haplotypes was evaluated on IgG concentrations. The least square analysis of variance could not exhibit a significant effect of buffalo dam haplotype on colostral IgG concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]