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Current limitations in mechanical performance and foreign body reactions (FBR) often lead to implant failure, restricting the application of bioceramic scaffolds. This study presents a novel 3D-printed scaffold that combines the release of anti-inflammatory drugs with osteogenic stimulation. Initially, the inorganic and organic phases were integrated to ensure the scaffold's mechanical integrity through catechol chemistry and the electrostatic interactions between tannic acid and quaternary ammonium chitosan. Subsequently, layers of polydopamine-encapsulated puerarin-loaded zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) were self-assembled onto the stent's surface, creating the drug-loaded scaffold that improved drug release without altering the scaffold's structure. Compared with unloaded scaffolds, the puerarin-loaded scaffold demonstrated excellent osteogenic differentiation properties along with superior anti-inflammatory and osteogenic effects in a range of in vitro and in vivo studies. RNA sequencing clarified the role of the TNF and NF/κB signaling pathways in these effects, further supporting the scaffold's osteogenic potential. This study introduces a novel approach for creating drug-loaded scaffolds, providing a unique method for treating cancellous bone defects. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes-related skin ulcers are of significant clinical concern. Although conventional dressings have been developed, their outcomes have not been adequate, indicating the need to investigate functional dressings for the treatment of diabetic ulcers. Copper selenide nanoparticles (Cu 2 Se NPs) demonstrate outstanding photoresponsiveness, which is critical to the healing process. However, their limited solubility in water restricts their application. To synthesize the ODT-PMMA@Cu 2 Se NP-doped decellularized periosteum‑sodium alginate functional dressing-ODT-PMMA@Cu 2 Se/ECM-S (OP@Cu 2 Se/ECM-S), Cu 2 Se NPs were modified by n-octadecanethiol (ODT) end-functionalized poly (methacrylic acid) (PMAA) ligands homogeneously dispersed in a decellularized periosteum/sodium alginate matrix. This process improved the water solubility and stability. Moreover, under near-infrared irradiation (NIR), ODT-PMMA@Cu 2 Se demonstrated robust photo-responsiveness along with photothermal and photodynamic effects, leading to rapid heating and stimulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. These two processes work in concert to exhibit excellent antibacterial ability; at 20 μg/mL concentration of Cu 2 Se NPs, the bacterial activities of S. aureus and E. coli were 5.40 % and 0.96 %, respectively. Without the NIR laser irradiation, OP@Cu 2 Se/ECM-S rapidly increased the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, triggered the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway, affected the expression of bFGF and CD31, and promoted neovascularization, proliferation, and cell migration. In a diabetic mouse wound model, OP@Cu 2 Se/ECM-S exhibited good biocompatibility and promoted epidermal regeneration, collagen deposition, and neovascularization. In a mouse model of subcutaneous abscesses, OP@Cu 2 Se/ECM-S also showed excellent antibacterial activity, in vivo experiments confirmed a decrease in bacterial activity to 1.97 %. Thus, OP@Cu 2 Se/ECM-S is a potentially useful approach for healing diabetic wounds. • Its strong biological activity and superior antibacterial properties are crucial for the healing of diabetic wounds. • The misuse of antibiotics combined with the drawbacks of nanoparticles causes a rise in both cytotoxicity and cell resistance. • A multifunctional dressing that is photoresponsive and free of antibiotics was prepared in this research. Its superior antibacterial and healing properties in vitro and investigated the underlying mechanisms. • Cu 2 Se NPs were functionalized with ODT-PMMA ligands for the first time, distributing them uniformly in the decellularized periosteum/sodium alginate, and exhibiting full healing of diabetic wounds and hair follicle regeneration without the need for near-infrared light. • Moreover, OP@Cu 2 Se/ECM-S has powerful antibacterial properties in the presence of NIR, virtually eliminating microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrophobic cellulose laurate (CL) with high degree of substitution has been successfully synthesized. The mechanical property, water-resistance, antimicrobial activity, barrier properties and food decontamination of cellulose-laurate-curcumin films (CL-Cu x , x = 0.1, 0.5, and 1) were investigated. The results showed that the mechanical properties of CL-Cu x hardly change after soaking in water for 24 h, probably due to the strong hydrophobicity of cellulose laurate. CL-Cu 1 represented a good photoinduced antibacterial effect against S. aureus. After irradiation of white light at 60 mW·cm−2 for 20 min, the inhibition efficiency reached to 95 ± 2.02%, probably owing to the generated active 1O 2. In comparison with CL-Cu 1 stored in natural light, the bacteriostatic effect of CL-Cu 1 in dark storage was better, and the inhibition rate of CL-Cu 1 remained 80 ± 1.22 at 60th day. The stabler excited state of curcumin in hydrophobic cellulose laurate was probably assigned to inhibition of tautomerism or conformational transition, which was beneficial to the generation of singlet oxygen. CL-Cu 1 can significantly inhibit the growth of TVBN and TVC values of chilled meat upon white light irradiation, indicating the potential application of cellulose-laurate-curcumin films in food decontamination. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of different charge-carrying amino acids (lysine, aspartic acid, and tyrosine) on the long-term retrogradation properties of normal corn starch (NCS) gel were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffractometry, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, and dynamic rheological tests. The results suggested that these amino acids could inhibit the long-term retrogradation of NCS gels, among which the positively charge-carrying amino acid (lysine) showed the most significant inhibitory effect and the zero net charged amino acid (tyrosine) exhibited the worst inhibitory effect. These amino acids significantly decreased the retrogradation enthalpy, hardness, and R 1047/1022 value of NCS gels, as well as inhibited the recrystallization of NCS. The results of retrogradation kinetics suggested that the recrystallization of NCS with amino acids followed the instantaneous nucleation and the crystallization rate constant k of recrystallization was reduced by these amino acids. The amino acids could interact with starch molecules to form hydrogen bonds and steric hindrance during the recrystallization process, which prevented the formation of double helix structures, as well as reduced the water diffusion and exudation from NCS. Therefore, the lysine could be used as a good retrogradation inhibitor for starch in food industry. [Display omitted] • The selected amino acids could inhibit the long-term retrogradation of corn starch. • Positively charge-carrying lysine showed the most significant inhibitory effect. • Zero net charge-carrying tyrosine showed the worst inhibitory effect. • Relative crystallinity of starch decreased with the addition of amino acids. • Amino acids decreased the hardness of corn starch gels at the same storage time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high mortality rate of lung cancer is largely attributed to metastasis. Lung cancer stem cells (CSC) are conducive to cancer heterogeneity. Long noncoding RNAs are known to participate in various biological processes regulating the development of lung cancer. However, characterization of the role and mechanisms of lncRNA in lung cancer metastasis remains a challenge. We demonstrate that ROLLCSC, a highly expressed lncRNA in LLC-SDs, promotes the metastasis of the low metastatic LLCs both in vitro and in vivo. ROLLCSC can be transferred from LLC-SD to LLC through encapsulation in extracellular vesicles (EVs), ultimately leading to the enhancement of the metastatic phenotype of LLCs. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the pro-metastatic activity of ROLLCSC is achieved through its function as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) of miR-5623-3p and miR-217-5p to stimulate lipid metabolism. In this study, we have characterized ROLLCSC, a novel lncRNA, as a pivotal regulator in the metastasis of lung cancer, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target. Specifically, we show that ROLLCSC is encapsulated by the EVs of LLC-SDs and transmitted to the LLCs, where it acts as a ceRNA of miR-5623-3p and miR-217-5p to stimulate lipid metabolism and ultimately augments metastatic colonization of LLCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high mortality rate of lung cancer is largely attributed to metastasis. Lung cancer stem cells (CSC) are conducive to cancer heterogeneity. Long noncoding RNAs are known to participate in various biological processes regulating the development of lung cancer. However, characterization of the role and mechanisms of lncRNA in lung cancer metastasis remains a challenge. We demonstrate that ROLLCSC, a highly expressed lncRNA in LLC-SDs, promotes the metastasis of the low metastatic LLCs both in vitro and in vivo. ROLLCSC can be transferred from LLC-SD to LLC through encapsulation in extracellular vesicles (EVs), ultimately leading to the enhancement of the metastatic phenotype of LLCs. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the pro-metastatic activity of ROLLCSC is achieved through its function as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) of miR-5623-3p and miR-217-5p to stimulate lipid metabolism. In this study, we have characterized ROLLCSC, a novel lncRNA, as a pivotal regulator in the metastasis of lung cancer, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target. Specifically, we show that ROLLCSC is encapsulated by the EVs of LLC-SDs and transmitted to the LLCs, where it acts as a ceRNA of miR-5623-3p and miR-217-5p to stimulate lipid metabolism and ultimately augments metastatic colonization of LLCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to develop starch hemostatic materials with excellent hemostatic properties, the preparation of crosslinked porous starch (SPS) with sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) as cross-linking agent was studied in this paper. When the solid-liquid ratio of porous starch (PS) was 30%, the mass ratio of cross-linking agent to starch was 0.04–1, and the SPS was crosslinked at pH 10.0, 55 °C for 50–60 min, the water absorption ratio and swelling ratio of SPS reach up to 160.5% and 239.1%, respectively. The characterization by infrared spectra, scanning electron microscopy and X-Ray diffraction spectra confirmed that the structure of SPS is similar to that of PS. The degradation experiment in vitro indicated that the degradation effect of PS was better than that of SPS. The whole blood coagulation kinetics experiment showed that SPS could promote the formation of blood clot, and the adsorption experiment of red blood cells in vitro showed that SPS could adsorb red blood cells. The average hemostasis time of SPS in tail amputation 1 cm and liver laceration were 181.03 s and 179.30 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated effects of mango peel powder on starch digestion properties and quality characteristics of bread, and discussed underneath mechanisms. Starch digestion rate and extent of bread were evaluated in vitro, and bread quality characteristics, including moisture content, volume, color and texture, were evaluated. The results showed that adding mango peel powder could significantly reduce starch digestion rate and digestion extent in bread, and the reduction degree was positively related to the amount of mango peel powder applied. Bread moisture content was improved by mango peel powder, while bread volume was reduced. Bread color was also impacted, showing increased L*, a* and b* values. And incorporation of mango peel powder apparently affected bread texture, resulting in increased hardness and chewiness, as well as decreased cohesiveness. These influences were generally proportional to the amount of mango peel powder applied. When <5% of mango peel powder was incorporated, bread quality was not dramatically changed, although starch digestibility was significantly inhibited. More mango peel powder could further reduce starch digestion; however, bread quality might be deteriorated. These results would provide guidelines for the development of low glycemic index foods, and be beneficial in facilitating comprehensive application of mango peel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Novel kojic acid derivatives (KADs) with the potential ability to inhibit tyrosinase were synthesized and were further identified by Q-Exactive, IR and NMR. Among these compounds, KAD2 showed the best inhibitory effects on diphenolase activity and monophenolase activity, with IC 50 of 7.50 μM and 20.51 μM, respectively. The anti-melanogenic activity of KAD2 was further confirmed by assessing the inhibition of melanin content and intracellular tyrosinase activity in B16F10 cells and zebrafish model. It demonstrated that KAD2 suppressed the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase related protein-1 and 2 (TRP-1 and TRP-2) in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, KAD2 dose-dependently suppressed the expression of the phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA) and cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and rescued the phosphorylation of Akt. Additionally, KAD2 could inhibit body pigmentation in zebrafish. Taken together, our findings elucidated that KAD2 has significant anti-melanogenic activity via CREB and Akt pathway-mediated suppression the expression of MITF and TYR family proteins in B16F10 cells. It could provide new insight into the development of novel anti-melanogenic agents to apply in the fields of food sciences, agriculture, cosmetics and medicine. Highlights • Novel kojic acid derivatives containing pyrone and schiff base were synthesized as antityrosinase agent. • KAD2 exhibits remarkable effect on mushroom tyrosinase with the IC 50 values of 7.50 μM for diphenolase activity. • KAD2 suppressed melanogenesis in B16F10 cells by down-regulation of MITF and TYR Family via CREB and Akt signaling pathway. • In vivo , KAD2 could effectively inhibit pigementation in zebrafish by suppressing the expression levels of MITF and TYR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutritional benefits of soluble dietary fiber were mainly attributed to its viscosity and hydration capacity. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of the interaction between konjac glucomannan (KGM) and dihydromyricetin (DMY) on the viscosity and hydration capacity of KGM and the thermal stability of DMY. In contrary to most reports, the addition of DMY to KGM resulted in an increase of viscosity and hydration capacity determined via rheology and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy characterization. Meanwhile the prototype retention of DMY in the presence of heating condition at 60 °C and 100 °C were improved. The radical scavenging capacity of DMY under heating condition was improved at 100 °C via the quantification of ABTS+ and DPPH. KGM-DMY complex was a non-covalent compound connected by hydrogen bonds which was characterized with particle size analyses, zeta potential analyses, transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and isothermal titration calorimetry. This study was beneficial to the development of polyphenol-enriched nutrition based on KGM, especially in the aspects of satiety, appetite regulation and glucose regulation. [Display omitted] • The viscosity of konjac glucomannan (KGM) was increased in the presence of DMY. • The hydration capacity of KGM was improved in the presence of DMY. • The thermal stability of DMY was improved in the complex of KGM-DMY. • The complex of KGM-DMY was formed through the hydrogen bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein crystallization is sensitive to the environment, while audible sound, as a physical and environmental factor during the entire process, is always ignored. We have previously reported that protein crystallization can be affected by a computer-generated monotonous sound with fixed frequency and amplitude. However, real-world sounds are not so simple but are complicated by parameters (frequency, amplitude, timbre, etc.) that vary over time. In this work, from three sound categories (music, speech, and environmental sound), we selected 26 different sounds and evaluated their effects on protein crystallization. The correlation between the sound parameters and the crystallization success rate was studied mathematically. The results showed that the real-world sounds, similar to the artificial monotonous sounds, could not only affect protein crystallization, but also improve crystal quality. Crystallization was dependent not only on the frequency, amplitude, volume, irradiation time, and overall energy of the sounds but also on their spectral characteristics. Based on these results, we suggest that intentionally applying environmental sound may be a simple and useful tool to promote protein crystallization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Polysaccharides extracted from mushrooms have shown a variety of medical activities, such as antitumor, immunostimulatory and hypoglycemic activity. In this study, characteristics and the antitumor activities of Sarcodon aspratus polysaccharides were investigated for the possibility of application of S. aspratus in health care and medicine. Two polysaccharide fractions (PSAN and PSAA) were extracted and isolated from the mycelium of S. aspratus. The average molecular weight of PSAN and PSAA were approximately 5.6×104 Da and 3.83×105 Da, respectively. PSAN was composed of l-rhamnose, d-xylose and d-mannose, with molar ratios of 1:10:21; PSAA consisted of l-rhamnose, d-xylose, d-mannose, d-glucose and d-galactose, with molar ratios of 1:39:76:10:21. Both PSAN and PSAA presented high antitumor activity against Hela cells in vitro. At a concentration of 400mg/L and an exposure time of 24h, the inhibition rates for PSAN and PSAA were 65% and 80%, respectively. PSAN and PSAA exhibited significantly lower cytotoxicity against human normal liver cell line L-02 than Hela tumor cells in comparison with 5-Fu. Polysaccharide extracted from an edible mushroom S. aspratus may be a potential candidate for developing a novel low toxicity antitumor agent. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A polysaccharide fraction was isolated from fresh Aloe barbadensis Miller leaves, which can promote the wound healing of the superficial II scald model mice. The monosaccharide composition and linkage determination were investigated by methylation and GC–MS, acetylation and GC, 13C NMR and DEPT. The results show that its glycosyl components contain d-glucose, d-galactose, d-xylose in a molar ratio of 5:5:1, and the API consists of a backbone of →2)-α-d-Galp-(1→2)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, having a branch of α-d-xylofuranosyl residue that is (1→3) linkage at O-3 of α-d-galactopyranosyl residue. It was found that the API could enhance proliferation of the human fibroblasts in vitro. The mechanisms of promotion proliferation were studied preliminarily. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study, the effects of wheat protein (WP) on the hot-extrusion 3D-printing (HE-3DP) performance of wheat starch (WS) gels, as well as effects of such gels on the encapsulation of caffeic acid, were investigated for the first time. The HE-3DP results show that the addition of WP can reduce print-line width and improve printing accuracy and fidelity, and the best printing results were achieved when using gels with 10 % WP. The rheological results show that WP reduced the gels' linear viscoelastic region (LVR), yield stress (τ y), flow stress (τ f) and consistency factor (K) but increased their structural recovery rate, which facilitated smooth extrusion during 3D printing and, thus, improved printing accuracy. The analysis of X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering indicates that adding WP to WS could increase the mass fractal dimension and lead to denser gel network structures. The results regarding release kinetics demonstrate that the maximum release of caffeic acid from gels decreased by 28 % with the addition of WP, indicating slow-release behaviour. This study provided valuable information about processing wheat products via 3D printing. [Display omitted] • The addition of WP could significantly improve WS's printing accuracy and fidelity. • WP increased WS's structural recovery rate and smooth extrusion during HE-3DP. • The addition of WP led to denser gel-network structures between WS and WP. • CA's release behaviours were in accordance with the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model. • The addition of WP slowed down the release rate of CA from WS-Px gels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prototypical calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channel, composed of STIM1 and Orai1, is a sought-after drug target for treating autoimmune disorders. Herein, we identified two novel and selective CRAC channel inhibitors, the indole-like compound C63368 and pyrazole core-containing compound C79413, potently and reversibly inhibiting the CRAC channel with low micromolar IC 50 s and sparing various off-target ion channels. These two compounds did not inhibit STIM1 activation or its coupling with Orai1, nor did they affect the channel's calcium-dependent fast inactivation. Instead, they directly acted on the Orai1 protein, with the channel's pore geometry profoundly affecting their potencies. In vitro, C63368 and C79413 effectively inhibited Jurkat cell proliferation and cytokines production in human T lymphocytes. Intragastric administration of C63368 and C79413 to mice yielded great therapeutic benefits in psoriasis and colitis animal models of autoimmune disorders, reducing serum cytokines production and significantly relieving pathological symptoms. It's worth noting, that this study provided the first insight into the characterization and mechanistic investigation of an indole-like CRAC channel antagonist. Altogether, the identification of these two highly selective CRAC channel antagonists, coupled with the elucidation of their action mechanisms, not only provides valuable template molecules but also offers profound insights for drug development targeting the CRAC channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silk fibroin (SF) has good biocompatibility, degradability and mechanical properties. In this study, SF-based microneedle (MN) patches were fabricated as stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) carriers that may be used for adipose stem cell (ASC) recruitment. Therefore, SF was chosen as the main MN material to achieve sustained drug release. In addition, the variations in SF-based MN crystallinity after water annealing treatment were also determined. The results indicated that SF-based MN patches were successfully fabricated with a 3M™ commercial template and Polydimethylsiloxane mold. Through optical coherence tomography, it was found that all of the SF-based MN patches prepared in this study had sufficient strength to penetrate the skin to a depth of approximately 400 μm. Sustained release of the model drug-dextran from the SF-based MNs was demonstrated. Although SF-based MNs release SDF-1 in a sustained manner, the quantity released can be regulated and improved. Subsequently, dual-layer SDF-1-loaded MNs fabricated with a gelatin tip and SF body were prepared to enhance SDF-1 release for ASC recruitment. SF-based MNs can show good penetration ability and provide good sustained release while dual-layer MNs can regulate the amount of drug released, which could present an alternative for stem cell therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intestinal dysbiosis is one of the major causes of the occurrence of metabolic syndromes, such as obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular diseases. Polysaccharide-based microbial therapeutic strategies have excellent potential in the treatment of metabolic syndromes, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. Identification of the internal regulatory mechanism of the gut microbiome and the interaction mechanisms involving bacteria and the host are essential to achieve precise control of the gut microbiome and obtain valuable clinical data. Polysaccharides cannot be directly digested; the behavior in the intestinal tract is considered a "bridge" between microbiota and host communication. To provide a relatively comprehensive reference for researchers in the field, we will discuss the polysaccharide extraction and purification processes and chemical and structural characteristics, focusing on the polysaccharides in gut microbiota through the immune system, gut-liver axis, gut-brain axis, energy axis interactions, and potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new polysaccharide fraction HLP-1 (2.55 × 105 Da) was obtained from the fruiting bodies of Helvella leucopus. Structural characterization of HLP-1 was elucidated by infrared spectroscopy, monosaccharide composition analysis, methylation analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Congo red assay. HLP-1 was a mannan with a backbone of →6)- α -D-Man p (1 → 4)- α -D-Man p (1 →6)- α -D-Man p (1 → 3)- α -D-Man p (1 → 4)- α -D-Man p (1 → 3)- α -D-Man p (1→, which branched at the O-6 position and terminated with T- β -D-Man p. Moreover, HLP-1 could significantly improve the proliferation and neutral red phagocytosis of RAW264.7. Besides, HLP-1 could stimulate the production of nitric oxide (NO), ROS, tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). HLP-1 induced macrophage activation via NF-κB signal pathway. These findings indicated that HLP-1 was a potential immune enhancement agent applied in functional foods. • A new mannan HLP-1 was obtained from the fruiting bodies of Helvella leucopus. • Structural characterization of HLP-1 was analyzed. • HLP-1 possessed significantly immunostimulatory activity in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell cultured meat (CCM) production is an innovative technology that does not depend on livestock farming practices to produce meat. The construction of structured CCM requires a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold to mimic the extracellular matrix to provide mechanical support for the cells. Furthermore, the 3D scaffolds should be edible and have good biocompatibility and tissue-like texture. Here, we demonstrated a 3D edible chitosan‑sodium alginate-collagen/gelatin (CS-SA-Col/Gel) scaffold that can support the adhesion and proliferation of porcine skeletal muscle satellite cells, culminating in the construction of a structured CCM model. The 3D edible scaffolds were prepared by freeze-drying using electrostatic interactions between chitosan and sodium alginate. Initially, the physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of different scaffolds were explored, and the biocompatibility of the scaffolds was evaluated using the C2C12 cell model. The results showed that the 2-CS-SA-Col 1 -Gel scaffold provided stable mechanical support and abundant adhesion sites for the cells. Subsequently, we inoculated porcine skeletal muscle satellite cells on the 2-CS-SA-Col 1 -Gel scaffold and induced differentiation for a total of 14 days. Immunofluorescence staining results showed cytoskeleton formation, and Western blotting (WB) and qPCR results showed upregulation of skeletal proteins and myogenic genes. Ultimately, the structured CCM model has similar textural properties (chewiness, springiness and resilience) and appearance to those of fresh pork. In conclusion, the method of constructing 3D edible scaffolds to prepare structured CCM models exhibits the potential to produce cell cultured meat. • Construction of edible scaffolds with good biocompatibility through electrostatic interactions. • Constructing cell culture meat models based on 3D scaffolds. • Scaffolds provide mechanical support for structured culture meat models • Obtain porcine-derived CCM with similar texture to real meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were (1) to prepare Armillariella tabescens mycelia polysaccharides (PAT) with remarkably growth inhibitory effect on typical food-borne pathogenic bacteria using a green and efficient polyamide method and (2) to explore the antibacterial mechanism of PAT for use as a natural antibacterial agent. The sugar and uronic acid contents of PAT were 93.41% and 12.24%, respectively. PAT could inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli , Proteus vulgaris , Bacillus subtilis , and Staphylococcus aureus cells, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 4.0, and 4.0 mg/mL, respectively. Ultra-high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed cell wall and membrane rupture of E. coli treated with PAT. Further, 0.5–4.0 mg/mL PAT was found to significantly (P < 0.01) and concentration-dependently increase the conductivity of the broth, exudation of the intracellular protein, and alkaline phosphatase and β-galactosidase activities. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed morphological changes in E. coli DNA after PAT treatment and intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation; flow cytometry revealed E. coli cell apoptosis. Our findings provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the development of PAT as a natural antibacterial product. • Preparation of antibacterial polysaccharides (PAT) using the polyamide method • PAT damaged E. coli cell wall and cell membrane. • PAT induced DNA morphological changes in E. coli. • PAT caused intracellular ROS accumulation in E. coli. • Multi-targeting ability of PAT, inducing drug resistance was difficult for E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucus penetration is one of the physiologic barriers of inhalation and nanocarriers can effectively facilitate the permeation of drugs. The interactions between the nanocarriers and mucin are crucial for penetration across the mucus layer on the respiratory tract. In this study, we proposed a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method for the screening of polysaccharides that acted as the surface modification materials for inhalable nano-preparations to facilitate mucus penetration. MD revealed all-atom interactions between the monomers of polysaccharides, including dextran (DEX)/hyaluronic acid (HA)/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and the human mucin protein MUC5AC (hMUC5AC). The obtained data showed that DEX formed stronger non-covalent bonds with hMUC5AC compared to HA and CMCS, which suggested that HA and CMCS had better mucus permeability than DEX. For the in vitro verification, HA/CMCS-coated liposomes and DEX/PEG-inserted liposomes were prepared. The results of mucin interactions and mucus penetration studies confirmed that HA and CMCS possessed the weakest interactions with mucin and facilitated the mucus penetration, which was in consistent with the data from MD simulation. This work may shed light on the MD simulation-based screening of surface modification materials for inhalable nano-preparations to facilitate mucus penetration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemotherapy, the most common class of anticancer drugs, is considerably limited owing to its adverse side effects. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the protective effect and mechanism of action of large-leaf yellow tea polysaccharides (ULYTP-1, 1.29 × 104 Da) against chemotherapeutic 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu). Structural characterisation revealed that ULYTP-1 was a β-galactopyranouronic acid. Furthermore, ULYTP-1 promoted autolysosome formation, activating autophagy and reducing the oxidative stress and inflammation caused by 5-Fu. Our in vivo study of 4 T1 tumour-bearing mice revealed that ULYTP-1 also attenuated 5-Fu toxicity through modulation of the gut microbiota. Moreover, ULYTP-1 effectively protected immune organs and the liver from 5-Fu toxicity, while promoting its tumour-inhibitory properties. The current findings provide a new strategy for optimising chemotherapy regimens in the clinic. [Display omitted] • Polysaccharide ULYTP-1 was extracted from large-leaf yellow tea. • ULYTP-1 is a β-galactopyranouronic acid with a spongy steric configuration. • ULYTP-1 activates autophagy to alleviate 5-fluorouracil-induced liver injury. • ULYTP-1 alleviated gut dysbiosis in 4 T1 tumour-bearing mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), as the precursor of serotonin and melatonin in animals, can regulate mood, sleep, and behavior, which is widely used in pharmaceutical and health products industry. The enzymatic production of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) from L-tryptophan (L-Trp) using tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) show huge potential in application due to its advantages, such as mild reaction conditions, avoidance of protection/deprotection processes, excellent regioselectivity and considerable catalytic efficiency, compared with chemical synthesis and natural extraction. However, the low thermostability of TPH restricted its hydroxylation efficiency toward L-Trp. In this study, we aimed to improve the thermostability of TPH via semi-rational design guided by (folding free energy) ΔΔG fold calculation. After two rounds of evolution, two beneficial mutants M1 (S422V) and M30 (V275L/I412K) were obtained. Thermostability evaluation showed that M1 and M30 possessed 5.66-fold and 6.32-fold half-lives (t 1/2) at 37 °C, and 4.2 °C and 6.0 °C higher melting temperature (T m) than the WT, respectively. The mechanism behind thermostability improvement was elucidated with molecular dynamics simulation. Furthermore, biotransformation of 5-HTP from L-Trp was performed, M1 and M30 displayed 1.80-fold and 2.30-fold than that of WT, respectively. This work provides important insights into the thermostability enhancement of TPH and generate key mutants that could be robust candidates for practical production of 5-HTP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasticizers like Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) are commonly used to enhance plastic properties but pose environmental and health risks. This study successfully derived plasticizers X and Y from rice straws, demonstrating efficacy in chitosan polymer coatings. Chitosan-based polymers exhibit exceptional hardness, with a value of 300 MPa, due to their enriched structure and robust chitosan bonding. This surpasses the hardness of DEHP. Zebrafish exposure over 5 days revealed that X and Y had no significant behavioral impact, while DEHP caused noticeable toxic effects. Maternal DEHP exposure reduced placental cell growth, unlike X and Y, which had no adverse effects on uterine differentiation or placenta formation, suggesting their safety in human pregnancy. The successful development of X and Y represents a crucial step towards greener plasticizers, addressing environmental concerns and promoting safer alternatives in various industries. • Plasticizers bolster polymers' performance but can damage ecosystems upon leaching. • DEHP, but not substances X and Y, affected melanocyte formation. • Short-term treatment with DEHP, substance X, or Y did not influence locomotion in zebrafish embryos. • DEHP inhibited trophoblast growth; however, X or Y did not affect this event. • DEHP, but not X or Y, reduced trophoblast cell migration and invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We identified Armillariella tabescens polysaccharide (PAT-W), a compound isolated from a Chinese medicinal mushroom, as a potential novel oral ulcer (OU) drug. In treating OU rats with PAT-W, especially in the high-dose group, oral mucous tissue TNF- α , IL-1 β , and IL-6 levels were markedly reduced, and pathological morphology and oxidative stress were effectively improved. Western blot analysis showed that the PAT-W channel ameliorated OU mucous tissue damage, which depends on the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant signaling pathway. Furthermore, high-throughput sequencing results showed that PAT-W regulated the maladjustment of the oral microbiota caused by OU. Therefore, based on the new viewpoint of activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and regulating oral microbiota, PAT-W is expected to become a new natural drug for treating oral ulcers and improving patients' quality of life. [Display omitted] • Preparation of anti-ulcer polysaccharide (PAT-W) by ultrafiltration technology. • PAT-W alleviated the mucosal damage of oral ulcers. • PAT-W inhibited ulcer tissue inflammatory response • PAT-W alleviated oxidative stress injury. • PAT-W regulated the maladjustment of oral microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphate transporters (PHTs) mediate the uptake and translocation of phosphate in plants. A comprehensive analysis of the PHT family in aquatic plant is still lacking. In this study, we identified 73 PHT members of six major PHT families from four duckweed species. The phylogenetic analysis, gene structure and protein characteristics analysis revealed that PHT genes are highly conserved among duckweeds. Interaction network and miRNA target prediction showed that SpPHTs could interact with the important components of the nitrate/phosphate signaling pathway, and spo-miR399 might be a central regulator that mediates phosphate signal network in giant duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza). The modeled 3D structure of SpPHT proteins shared a high level of homology with template structures, which provide information to understand their functions at proteomic level. The expression profiles derived from transcriptome data and quantitative real-time PCR revealed that SpPHT genes are respond to exogenous stimuli and remarkably induced by phosphate starvation, phosphate is absorbed from aquatic environment by the whole duckweed plant. This study lays the foundation for further functional studies on PHT genes for genetic improvement and the promotion of phosphate uptake efficiency in duckweeds. • A total of 73 PHT genes were identified in four duckweeds. • The 3D structures of 17 SpPHT proteins were predicted using homology modeling method. • The heatmap of 19 SpPHT genes in different tissues and stresses was established. • The expression profile of SpPHTs explain the efficient Pi uptake through fronds and roots in giant duckweed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile and environmentally-friendly strategy for increasing antioxidant activity is a crucial issue for value-added lignin and lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) as alternative antioxidants. However, the antioxidant activities of lignin and LCC by the traditional solid-liquid extraction (SLE) methods were restricted by the relatively lower solubility induced from high molecular weight (Mw), and the less functional groups including, phenolic hydroxyl and carboxyl. To improve the antioxidantion of lignin and LCC, lithium chloride/dimethyl sulfoxide (LiCl/DMSO) solvent fractionation (LDSF) was conducted to increase the functional groups and reduce Mw, in which LiCl/DMSO acted triple roles as solvent, acid, and metal chloride catalyst for the depolymerization reaction synchronously. The β-O-4′ linkages were cleaved to release the phenolic hydroxyl, resulting in decreasing Mw; the hydroxyl of the side-chain of lignin was oxidized into carboxyl. Thus, the lignin (LD-RL) and LCC (LD-LCC) samples from LDSF had a higher syringyl (S)/guaiacyl (G) ratio, phenolic hydroxyl, and carboxyl contents, but less Mw than control groups from SLE. Consequently, they presented more excellent scavenging rates toward DPPH and ABTS radicals, up to 90%. This work provided panoramic perspectives and basics of the green and convenient approach to isolate and modify lignin and LCC for great antioxidantion with LDSF. • The lignin and LCC with high yield and antioxidantion were isolated from LDSF. • LiCl/DMSO acted triple roles as solvent, acid, and metal chloride catalyst. • Depolymerization induced by LiCl increased the functional groups and reduced Mw. • The higher S/G ratio, phenolic OH and COOH contents improved the antioxidantoin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polysaccharide, CSL-0.1, was isolated from the medicinal lichen, Usnea longissima. CSL-0.1 was a neutral rhamnose-containing glucogalactomannan with a molecular weight of 7.86 × 104 Da. The polysaccharide had a core mannan structure with (1 → 6)-α- d -Man p units as the main chain and was substituted at the O -2 positions with side chains containing (1 → 2)-α- d -Man p residue, [3)-α-Glc p (1 → 4)-α-Glc p (1→] and 6- O -substituted β- d -Gal f units. 2- O - and 2,3-di- O -substituted Rha p units. The effects of CSL-0.1 on intestinal immunity and antioxidant activity were evaluated. CSL-0.1 increased the spleen and thymus indices in a dose-dependent manner and conferred immunomodulation on reversing the Th1/Th2-related cytokine imbalance in cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced immunosuppressed mice. CSL-0.1 could also enhance the levels of secretory immunoglobulin A in CP-injected mice. Additionally, the antioxidant levels in the liver and intestine of the mice were increased 20%–50% after intragastric injection by CSL-0.1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Two sulfated polysaccharide fractions (S1 and S2) were successfully isolated from seaweed Undaia pinnitafida and the chemical characteristics were determined. Antioxidant activities of the polysaccharide fractions were evaluated by assays of various antioxidants in vitro systems, including superoxide anion, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity and metal chelating ability. The results showed that the two sulfated polysaccharides contained rhamnose as the major neutral sugar and present high sulfate content (33.99–34.29%). Antioxidant assays suggested that the two sulfated polysaccharide fractions (S1 and S2) possessed good antioxidant properties and had stronger antioxidant abilities than de-sulfated polysaccharides (DS-1 and DS-2). Available data obtained by in vitro models suggested that the correlation between the sulfate content and antioxidant activity was positive. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

M1 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is a promising approach to breaking through therapeutic barriers imposed by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). As a clinically-used immunopotentiator for cancer patients after chemotherapies; however, the immunomodulatory mechanism and potential of polyporus polysaccharide (PPS) remains unclear. Here, we present mannose-decorated PPS-loaded superparamagnetic iron-based nanocomposites (Man/PPS-SPIONs) for synergistic M1 polarization of TAMs and consequent combinational anti-breast cancer therapy. Once internalized by M2-like TAMs, PPS released from Man/PPS-SPIONs induces the M1 polarization via IFN-γ secretion and downstream NF-κB pathway activating. The SPIONs within the nanocomposites mediate a Fenton reaction, producing OH· and activating the subsequent NF-κB/MAPK pathway, further facilitating the M1 polarization. The Man/PPS-SPIONs thereby establish a positive feedback loop of M1 polarization driven by the "IFN-γ-Fenton-NF-κB/MAPK" multi-pathway, leading to a series of anti-tumoral immunologic responses in the TME and holding promising potential in combinational anticancer therapies. Our study offers a new strategy to amplify TME engineering by combinational natural carbohydrate polymers and iron-based materials. [Display omitted] • Man/PPS-SPIONs exhibit tumor accumulation facilitated by an external magnetic field. • PPS and iron-based nanocarriers synergistically induce M1 polarization of TAMs. • The "IFN-γ-Fenton-NF-κB/MAPK" multi-pathway works for M1 polarization of TAMs. • Man/PPS-SPIONs created a favorable condition for celastrol-based therapy. • Man/PPS-SPIONs overcomes the limitations of celastrol in anti-tumor therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcodon aspratus , a popular edible fungus for its tasty flavour and can be used as a dietary supplement for its functional substances. Our study is conducted to evaluate the protective effect of Sarcodon aspratus polysaccharides (SAFP) on oxidative stress damage and pulmonary fibrosis (PF), and further explore the signaling pathways in vitro and in vivo. Results indicated that SAFP could enhance the A549 cells viability, prevent cell apoptosis and inhibit H 2 O 2 induced oxidative damage via attenuation of MDA and ROS levels. SAFP could also activate Nrf2 by inducing the translocation of Nrf2 from cytoplasm to nucleus as well as the level of HO-1. Pretreatment with SAFP could reduce bleomycin-induced pathological changes and collagen deposition in mice. Furthermore, SAFP could significantly upregulate antioxidase activities and downregulate fibrosis-associated indices including marker proteins, proinflammatory cytokines and profibrogenic cytokines. These findings indicated that SAFP could effectively attenuate H 2 O 2 -induced cellular oxidative stress through Nrf2/MAPK signaling pathway and delay progression of PF by reducing oxidative damage and inflammation through NF-κB/TGF-β1/MAPK pathway. Therefore, SAFP could be explored as a natural potential candidate drug for pulmonary fibrosis and other fibrosis-related diseases. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) is an effective anticarcinogenic agent, however, continuous use of 5-Fu may cause severe side effects. The goal of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Sarcodon aspratus polysaccharides (SATP) in alleviating 5-Fu-induced toxicity in Lewis tumor-bearing mice. Lewis tumor-bearing mice were treated with saline, SATP, 5-Fu or 5-Fu + SATP. The results indicated that compared to the 5-Fu group, the 5-Fu + SATP group showed effective amelioration of the liver, kidney and small intestine injury caused by 5-Fu and decreases in the levels of related biochemical indicators, such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and urea nitrogen (BUN). Additionally, the combination therapy enhanced the quality of life and immune organ indexes of mice. Further mechanistic studies indicated that the 5-Fu + SATP group showed a decrease in hepatotoxicity caused by 5-Fu via a reduction in the levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), an increase in the expression of Bcl-2 and decreases in the expression of p-p38, p-JNK and Bax. Collectively, the results indicated that SATP could significantly alleviate the toxicity of 5-Fu in Lewis tumor-bearing mice and showed the hepatoprotective capability of SATP via its effect on the expression levels of inflammatory factors and components of the MAPK/P38/JNK pathway, which shows that it may be a potential adjuvant for the chemotherapeutic drug 5-Fu in cancer treatment. • SATP could alleviate the toxicity of 5-Fu on tumor bearing mice organs. • SATP could enhance the immune functions during the tumor inhibition process of 5-Fu. • SATP has shown hepatoprotective ability by affecting MAPK/P38/JNK pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a complication of diabetes mellitus, has been the leading cause of death in people with chronic kidney disease. This study was conducted to examine the potential health benefits of Cordyceps cicadae polysaccharides (CCP) on kidney injury and renal interstitial fibrosis that occur in DN rats. First, a DN model was established using SD rats fed with a high-fat diet for 8 weeks, then injected with STZ (35 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. The rats were then supplemented with CCP (75, 150 and 300 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. The results indicated that CCP improve insulin resistance and glucose tolerance in DN rats. Furthermore, CCP intervention significantly suppressed the inflammation, renal pathological changes and renal dysfunction, slowing down the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis. Moreover, high-throughput pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA suggested that CCP modulated the dysbiosis of gut microbiota by enhancing the relative abundance and proliferation capacity of probiotics. In vitro, CCP can markedly decrease LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine levels and TGF-β1-induced fibroblast activation. In summary, the results provided evidence that CCP exerted a beneficial effect on tubulointerstitial fibrosis in DN rats by possibly suppressing the inflammatory response and modulating gut microbiota dysbiosis, via blocking the TLR4/NF-κB and TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), accompanied by chronic low-grade inflammation, is one of the most common complications of diabetes. Armillariella tabescens has potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of polysaccharides from Armillariella tabescens mycelia (AT) on the kidney in type 2 diabetic mice and explore the underlying mechanism. The mice were randomized into 4 groups: normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC), DC + 200 mg/kg AT (LAT), and DC + 400 mg/kg AT (HAT). The results showed that compared with the NC group, the levels of fasting blood glucose, renal function-related indices, and serum pro-inflammatory mediators including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-18 were elevated; the renal morphopathological alterations, oxidative stress, and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation and renal fibrosis were aggravated; the intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and colonic inflammation and barrier dysfunction were deteriorated in the DC group. After supplementation with AT, the aforementioned indices were ameliorated in the AT treatment groups, especially in the HAT group. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that modulating the intestinal microbiota and inflammatory reaction was implicated in the effects of AT against DKD in mice. Unlabelled Image • AT alleviated renal damage by modulating the intestinal microbiota in T2DM mice. • AT alleviated renal inflammation by inhibiting LPS-triggered NLRP3 inflammasome. • AT enhanced the intestinal barrier function in T2DM mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural polymers like polysaccharides, polypeptides and their derivatives are broadly applied in drug delivery due to excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this study, the dissolving tablets, formed with carboxymethylcellulose/poly- l -lysine/tripolyphosphate (CMC/PLL/TPP) complex, were prepared using metformin hydrochloride (MetHCl) as model drug. Confocal laser scanning microscopy observation manifested that FITC-labeled PLL interacted with CMC and formed a uniform interior microstructure. Scanning electron microscope images showed the drug-loaded tablets had well-formed shapes with smooth surfaces. MetHCl embedded interior the microstructures of the tablets and represented in a crystal form. Thermo-gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry indicated that the drug-loaded tablets had stable thermal properties with less moisture content (3.52%). Fourier transform infrared spectrometer confirmed that the CMC/PLL/TPP complex was fabricated via the electrostatic interactions between -NH 3 +, -COO− and -[P 2 O 5 4-]− groups. The drug-loaded tablets had a high drug loading efficiency of 85.76% and drug encapsulation efficiency of 81.47%, and a shorter wetting time of 2.16 min in SSF (pH 6.8) and lower swelling ratio of 233.34%. The drug loaded in the samples could be released completely within 10 min in simulated saliva fluid (SSF pH 6.8), indicating a rapid drug release and dissolving profile in the environment, which could be developed for dissolving tablets. • Novel carboxymethylcellulose/poly- l -lysine/tripolyphosphate tablets were prepared. • FITC-labeled PLL interacted with CMC and formed a uniform interior microstructure. • The drug-loaded tablets had a higher drug loading efficiency of 85.76%. • The drug released completely within 10 min in simulated saliva fluid (SSF pH 6.8). • CMC/PLL/TPP complex could be used to develop dissolving tablets as drug vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) is a bioactive macromolecule, which has been used to alleviate the development of Parkinson's disease (PD), while its mechanism is still unresolved. As is generally accepted that autophagy has an important link with PD, thus it is reasonable to hypothesize that APS was involved in autophagy pathway for the presence of anti-PD. To verify this hypothesis, PD model was induced by 100 μM 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HODA) in PC12 cells and then treated with different concentration of APS. Results showed that APS could increase cell viability and the level of autophagy, improve the formation of autophagosome, promote the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, showing APS could improve autophagy level. Moreover, APS could down-regulate the expression of pAKT and pmTOR, and up-regulate the expression of PTEN. While these proteins are involved in PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, we then knocked down (KD) endogenous PI3K protein (the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway receptor protein) in PC12 cells. Results showed that these events regulated by APS were reversed in PI3K KD cells, shown that APS activated autophagy through PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway for treating PD. Altogether, APS has the role of increasing autophagy, and this event was responsible for inhibiting PI3K protein to activate PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Unlabelled Image • Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) as a bioactive macromolecule exerts anti-Parkinson activity. • APS increases cell viability in 6-HODA-induced nerve injury model. • APS promotes autophagy level in PC12 model cells induced by 6-HODA. • APS activates autophagy through PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway for treating PD in PC12 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biosorbents have been a promising adsorbent to remove uranium while their poor mechanical properties prevent them from being widely used in practice. In this study, carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan (CMKGM) was incorporated to gellan gum to form a double-network gel micro spheres (CMKGM/GG-Al) for uranium removal with its mechanical strength fairly being reinforced. The compressive strength of the CMKGM/GG-Al microspheres was about 6 times than that of GG-Ca microspheres we prepared before while the adsorption capacity still be at a better value with the fitting maximum adsorption capacity being of 97.94 mg/g. Its uranium adsorption properties were investigated by considering the influence of pH, the adsorbent dosage, temperature, initial uranium concentration, time and coexisting ions. The adsorption mechanism was also investigated according to the SEM, EDX, FT-IR and XPS data analysis. The isotherm equilibrium data which were best fitted with Langmuir model and the kinetics data which were best fitted with pseudo-second-order model. It was inferred that the adsorption process was mainly the ion-exchange and the coordination with hydroxyl groups on the adsorbent surface and the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. The CMKGM/GG-Al microspheres prepared in this study would be more conducive to practical application for uranium removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gracilaria is a genus of red algae widely cultivated in Asia and is notable for its economic importance as food ingredients. Neoagaro oligosaccharides (NAOSs) are products of Gracilaria that have excellent water solubility, antioxidant activity and prebiotic effect. In this study, Gracilaria crude polysaccharide was treated with agarase and hydrolyzed into NAOSs with different degrees of polymerization (DP). The compositions of the hydrolyzed NAOSs were analyzed by electrospray ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry and thin layer chromatography. The antioxidant capacity and prebiotic effects of NAOSs with different DPs were investigated and the results showed that DP could affect the antioxidant capacity of NAOSs. The prebiotic effects of NAOSs with different DP were evaluated based on the influence on the growth of four intestinal bacteria. NAOSs promoted the growth of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Sterptococcus thermophilus. The protective effect of Gracilaria NAOSs in simulated gastrointestinal juice was also studied. Finally, NAOSs with best prebiotic effects were used in Procambarus feeding experiment and exhibited promotion effect on Procambarus growth. The present study showed that Gracilaria NAOSs can be utilized as antioxidant and prebiotic additive, which had a considerable potential in food and feed industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-standing administration of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs confirms their clinical value for managing rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Nevertheless, there are emergent worries over unwanted adverse risks of systemic drug administration. Hence, a novel strategy that can be used in a drug-free manner while diminishing side effects is immediately needed, but challenges persist in the therapy for RA. To this end, herein we conjugated tyramine (TYR) with alginate (ALG) to form ALG-TYR and then treated it for 5 min with oxygen plasma (ALG-TYR + P/5 min). It was shown that the ALG-TYR + P/5 min hydrogel exhibited favorable viscoelastic, morphological, mechanical, biocompatible, and cellular heat-shock protein amplification behaviors. A thorough physical and structural analysis was conducted on the ALG-TYR + P/5 min hydrogel, revealing favorable physical characteristics and uniform porous structural features within the hydrogel. Moreover, ALG-TYR + P/5 min not only effectively inhibited inflammation of RA but also potentially regulated lesion immunity. Once ALG-TYR + P/5 min was intra-articularly administered to joints of rats with zymosan-induced arthritis, we observed that ALG-TYR + P/5 min could ameliorate syndromes of RA joint. This bioinspired and self-restorable ALG-TYR + P/5 min hydrogel can thus serve as a promising system to provide prospective outcomes to potentiate RA therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The injury of vascular endothelial cells caused by high glucose (HG) is one of the driving factors of vascular complications of diabetes. Oral administration is the most common route of administration for the treatment of diabetes and its vascular complications. Essential oil extracts from Chinese medicine possess potential therapeutic effects on vascular endothelial injury. However, low solubility and volatility of essential oils generally result in poor oral absorption. Development of nanocarriers for essential oils is a promising strategy to overcome the physiological barriers of oral absorption. In this study, a nanoemulsion composed of bovine serum albumin (BSA)-dextran sulfate (DS) conjugate and sodium deoxycholate (SD) was constructed. The nanoemulsions were verified with promoted oral absorption and prolonged circulation time. After the primary evaluation of the nanoemulsion, essential oil from Alpinia zerumbet Fructus (EOFAZ)-loaded nanoemulsion (denoted as EOFAZ@BD 5 /S) was prepared and characterized. Compared to the free EOFAZ, EOFAZ@BD 5 /S increased the protective effects on HG-induced HUVEC injury in vitro and ameliorative effects on the vascular endothelium disorder and tunica media fibroelastosis in a T 2 DM mouse model. Collectively, this study provides a nanoemulsion for the oral delivery of essential oils, which holds strong promise in the treatment of diabetes-induced vascular endothelial injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch-based composite nanofibrous films loaded with tea polyphenols (TP) were successfully fabricated through electrospinning high amylose corn starch (HACS) with aid of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), referred as HACS/PVA@TP. With the addition of 15 % TP, HACS/PVA@TP nanofibrous films exhibited enhanced mechanical properties and water vapor barrier capability, and their hydrogen bonding interactions were further evidenced. TP was slowly released from the nanofibrous film and followed Fickian diffusion mechanism, which achieved the controlled sustained release of TP. Interesting, HACS/PVA@TP nanofibrous films effectively improved antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and prolonged the shelf life of strawberry. HACS/PVA@TP nanofibrous films showed superior antibacterial function by by destroying cell wall and cytomembrane, and degrading existing DNA fragments, stimulating excessive intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Our study demonstrated that the functional electrospun Starch-based nanofibrous films with enhanced mechanical properties and superior antimicrobial activities were potential for the application in active food packaging and relative areas. • Electrospun HACS/PVA@TP nanofibrous film was fabricated. • HACS/PVA@TP nanofibrous film exhibited enhanced mechanical properties. • HACS/PVA@TP nanofibrous film achieved the controlled sustained release of TP. • HACS/PVA@TP nanofibrous film improved antimicrobial activities against S. aureus. • HACS/PVA@TP nanofibrous film prolonged the shelf life of strawberry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) exposure could cause many acute and chronic respiratory diseases. In this study the protective effects of polysaccharide from Morchella esculenta (FMP-1) and its derivatives against PM 2.5 -induced inflammation were evaluated. By flow cytometry and ELISA analysis, sulfated polysaccharide SFMP-1 showed the best protective effect in reducing PM 2.5 -induced cell death, cell apoptosis and production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), which was accompanied by a diminished level in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation caused by PM 2.5 in rat alveolar macrophage NR8383 cells. Furthermore, the mechanism was studied by immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR and western blotting. SFMP-1 could down-regulate the expression of inducible NO synthesis (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at both mRNA and protein levels in PM 2.5 -treated cells. The PM 2.5 -induced phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was also reduced through suppressing nuclear translation of the NF-κB and inhibiting the degradation and phosphorylation of IκBα. These results indicated that SFMP-1 could protect NR8383 cells from PM 2.5 -induced inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB activation. Highlights • Polysaccharide from Morchella esculenta (FMP-1) was chemically modified to obtain sulfated and carboxymethylated derivatives. • Protection of FMP-1 and its derivatives against PM 2.5 -induced inflammation were comparatively investigated. • Sulfated polysaccharide SFMP-1 showed the best protective effect in PM 2.5 -treated alveolar macrophage NR8383 cells. • SFMP-1 could protect NR8383 cells from PM 2.5 -induced inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The mushroom polysaccharides are important substances with variety of functions, especially to the human body's immunomodulation effects. In this work, a polysaccharide fraction (LDP-1) was extracted and purified from the fruiting bodies of a rare wild Lactarius deliciosus. LDP-1 with molecular weight of 9.8 × 105 Da showed an obvious immunological activity to the RAW 264.7 cells. It had no significant suppressive but promotive effects on proliferation of the macrophages. The production of nitric oxide (NO) presented a concentration-dependent manner after treated with the LDP-1, and the maximum yield of NO was 39.15 μM. LDP-1 could promote the phagocytic uptake ability of the RAW 264.7 cells significantly, and many of the antennas produced around the cells correspondingly. The cytokines of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were secreted increasingly in a concentration-dependent manner, which were 4.83, 17.8 and 11 times than that of the control, respectively. Western blotting analysis confirmed that NF-κB levels in the nucleus were increased while cytoplasmic inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB-α) degraded after treated with the LDP-1, indicating the RAW 264.7 cells probably be stimulated by LDP-1 through activating the IκB-α-NF-κB pathway. These results demonstrated that LDP-1 could be used as a kind of immunomodulatory agent for healthcare potentially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Widespread concern had been given raise to the pollution of antibiotics including tetracyclines in water environment in recent years. A novel Cu-immobilized alginate adsorbent had been synthesized successfully through a facile fabrication way called sol-gel method, and its adsorption performance had been investigated for the tetracycline removal at various conditions, including the pH, temperature, the dosage of adsorbent, concentration and contact time. The adsorbent was characterized with SEM, EDX, FT-IR and XPS analyses to confirm its properties before and after adsorption. The equilibrium data was fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm model and the maximum adsorption capacity for tetracycline was 53.26 mg·g−1 at pH 3, 318.15 K, and 90 mg·L−1 tetracycline solution. The pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models combining with the correlative analysis implied that the tetracycline adsorption onto the Cu-immobilized alginate adsorbent was administrated by the n-π electron-donor-acceptor interaction (n-π EDA interaction), hydrogen bond and the cation bonding bridge. Moreover, thermodynamic study demonstrated that the nature of tetracycline adsorption was endothermic, feasible and spontaneous. Compared with the other adsorbents, the as-prepared adsorbent had an excellent tetracycline adsorption capacity, and was expected to be widely applied in the adsorption treatment of tetracycline wastewater. Highlights • A novel Cu-immobilized alginate adsorbent was successfully prepared for effective tetracycline removal. • Facile, environmental-friendly preparation method of Cu-immobilized alginate adsorbent. • The possible adsorption mechanisms of tetracycline were explained by FT-IR, XPS analyses and kinetic and isotherm studies. • The Cu-immobilized alginate adsorbent exhibits high adsorption capacity for tetracycline. • The Cu-immobilized alginate adsorbent was of great significance for the treatment of tetracycline-contaminated wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Our previous report showed that the novel polysaccharide SAP isolated from the fruiting bodies of Sarcodon aspratus induced Hela cells apoptosis via mitochondrial dysfunction. In this study we found that SAP enhanced immunostimulatory activities of RAW264.7 cells, which was characterized by increased the production of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytokines and phagocytic. However, SAP-induced macrophage activation was abolished when Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling was blocked by anti-TLR4 antibodies. Moreover, according to the Western blot analysis and use of specific inhibitors against the MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) and NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB), we speculated that SAP activated RAW264.7 cells through TLR4-mediated activation of NF-κB and MAPKs pathways. Thus, Sarcodon aspratus is a potential immunomodulator that can be used as healthcare food. Highlights • A polysaccharide isolated from the Sarcodon aspratus enhanced immunostimulatory activities of RAW264.7 cells. • SAP induced macrophage activation via TLR4/ROS activated MAPK and NF-κB pathway. • SAP has potential as a dietary supplement for immunomodulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Oxidative stress is considered to involve cell death in severe pulmonary diseases like idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Polysaccharide FMP-1 from Morchella esculenta can exert significant antioxidant activity. However, its effects on alveolar epithelial cells remain unperceived. Herein, the effects of FMP-1 against H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative damage in human alveolar epithelial A549 cells were investigated. FMP-1 could inhibit H 2 O 2 -induced cytochrome C and Caspase-3 release to prevent cell apoptosis via attenuation of MDA and ROS levels, and enhancement the enzymatic activities of SOD and T-AOC. Furthermore, the underlying molecular mechanisms were clarified. The phosphorylation of AKT and the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 were observed to be promoted by FMP-1 as well as the level of HO-1. These findings suggested that FMP-1 attenuate cellular oxidative stress through PI3K/AKT pathway, and FMP-1 could be explored as natural potential antioxidants to lower oxidative stress relevant to the progression of IPF. Highlights • Polysaccharide FMP-1 from Morchella esculenta could inhibit H 2 O 2 -induced cell apoptosis. • FMP-1 alleviated H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress in alveolar epithelial A549 cells. • FMP-1 exerted excellent protective effects through PI3K/AKT/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Phosphorus removal was an important measure in the control of eutrophication of water environment. In this study, a novel phosphorus removal adsorbent of lanthanum-loaded carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan microspheres (CMKGM-La) was successfully prepared by the method of electrostatic spraying and sol-gel, and was characterized by SEM, XPS and EDX. Batch experiments were performed to evaluate the adsorption capacity at different conditions: pH, temperature, initial concentration, adsorbent dosage and contact time. The results showed that the adsorption kinetics data correlated well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the adsorption isotherm was well described by the Langmuir isotherm model with the maximum capacity of 16.06 mg·g−1 for CMKGM-La microspheres at pH of 4 and 318.15 K. The adsorption of phosphorus was a spontaneous, entropy-increasing and endothermic process. The possible adsorption mechanism of phosphorus on the CMKGM-La microspheres consisted of the coordination reaction of La (III) with phosphorus and electrostatic attraction between protonated hydroxyl and phosphorus. The presence of co-existing ions (such as NH 4 +, Cl−, SO 4 2−, SiO 3 2− and CO 3 2−) had no significant effect on phosphorus removal. These results suggested that the adsorbent of CMKGM-La microspheres was a promising adsorbent for the removal of phosphorus from slaughterhouse wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new polysaccharide fraction (CCPP-1) was obtained from Craterellus cornucopioides . CCPP-1 had an average molecular weight of 9.2 × 10 5  Da, which was mainly composed of mannose, glucose, xylose, arabinose, fructose in molar ratio of 0.7:0.05:0.18:1:0.05. Results of structural characterization revealed that the dominant linkage types of CCPP-1 were →3, 6)-Man p (1→, T-Ara f , →4, 6)-Man p (1→, →5)-Ara f (1→ and →3)-Ara f (1→. Interesting, in vitro antioxidant activities assays showed that CCPP-1 possessed strong scavenging abilities on DPPH and ABTS radicals. The oxidative hemolysis induced by AAPH in mice erythrocytes was effectively reversed by incubation with CCPP-1. CCPP-1 significantly prevented AAPH-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Moreover, CCPP-1 could significantly restore AAPH-induced increase of intracellular antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities to normal level, as well as inhibit intracellular malondialdehyde (MDA) formation. Therefore, CCPP-1 could protect against AAPH-induced oxidative-stress in erythrocytes, which would be explored as naturally potential antioxidant agent applied in food and cosmetic fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regimens on colorectal cancer (CRC) are clinically limited due to the ignorance of tumor-supportive microenvironments. To combine the therapeutic effects on both tumor cells growth and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments (TME), we propose the artesunate (AS) and chloroquine (CQ) combination and develop a poly (d , l -lactide- co -glycolide) (PLGA)-based biomimetic nanoparticle for dual-targeting delivery of the drug combination. Hydroxymethyl phenylboronic acid conjugated PLGA (HPA) is synthesized to form a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive core of biomimetic nanoparticles. A mannose-modified erythrocyte membrane (Man-EM) obtained by a novel surface modification method is cloaked on the AS and CQ-loaded HPA core to receive a biomimetic nanoparticle-HPA/AS/CQ@Man-EM. It holds a strong promise in inhibiting the proliferation of CRC tumor cells and reversing the phenotypes of TAMs via targeting both tumor cells and M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Verifying in an orthotopic CRC mouse model, the biomimetic nanoparticles showed improved accumulation at tumor tissues and effectively suppressed the tumor growth via both inhibition of tumor cell growth and repolarization of TAMs. Notably, unbalanced distribution to the tumor cells and TAMs is the key to realize the remarkable anti-tumor effects. This work proposed an effective biomimetic nanocarrier for the CRC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, lycopene-loaded nanofibers were successfully fabricated by electrospinning of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions stabilized by whey protein isolate-polysaccharide TLH-3 (WPI–TLH-3) complexes. The lycopene encapsulated in the emulsion-based nanofibers exhibited enhanced photostability and thermostability, and achieved improved targeted small intestine-specific release. The release of lycopene from the nanofibers followed Fickian diffusion mechanism in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and first-order model in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) with the enhanced release rates. The bioaccessibility and cellular uptake efficiency of lycopene in micelles by Caco-2 cells after in vitro digestion were significantly improved. The intestinal membrane permeability and transmembrane transport efficiency of lycopene in micelles across Caco-2 cells monolayer were greatly elevated, thus promoting the effective absorption and intracellular antioxidant activity of lycopene. This work opens a potential approach for electrospinning of emulsions stabilized by protein–polysaccharide complexes as a novel delivery system for liposoluble nutrients with enhanced bioavailability in functional food industries. • Fabrication of lycopene-loaded nanofibers by electrospinning of O/W emulsions • Lycopene encapsulated exhibited enhanced photostability and thermostability. • The targeted small intestine-specific release of lycopene was achieved. • The bioaccessibility and cellular uptake efficiency of lycopene were improved. • The transport efficiency of lycopene across Caco-2 cells monolayer was elevated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]