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Background: The term seizure is used to describe abnormal, uncontrolled paroxysmal electrical activity of brain, literature suggests that about 8 -10% of population may experience at least one episode of seizure. Neuroimaging studies like CT scan brain is recommended in adult patients with new onset seizures to determine the underlying cause, structural abnormality, and the possibility of recurrence. Because of its capacity to quickly rule out an intracranial haemorrhage or a tumour requiring immediate neurosurgical intervention, CT scan remains the first -line imaging technology in most acute care settings. Aims and Objectives: To Evaluate the CT scan study in new onset seizure and to identify a lesion in CT scan that can explain the seizure. Materials and methods: Eighty-five patients (age 18 and above) were studied in the outpatient and inpatient department of medicine of a tertiary care centre of central India from 1st July 2019 to 30th June 2021. All patients fulfilling inclusion criteria were subjected to detailed clinical history, examination including neurological examination, and aetiology and characteristics of seizure were co related with CT scan findings. Results: The majority of patients were presented with focal seizures 55 (55%) and with generalised seizures 45(45%). Seizures are more prevalent in age 18 to 40. the prevalence of seizures was higher in males 60% than in females 40%. The abnormal CT scan findings were found in 50.6% cases where seizure were secondary to CVA infarct in 16.5%cases, whereas CVA IP bleed was noted in 10.6% ICSOL was noted in 16.6% cases, with tuberculoma and neurocysticercosis in 5.9% and 4.7% cases respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Thyroid hormones have a very crucial role in the regulation of metabolism, proteins synthesis and influencing functions of various other hormones in the human body. While both kidneys play an essential role in the metabolism of thyroid hormone by conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3). In patients with chronic kidney diseases, frequent abnormal thyroid functions are observed. Aim:To study the pattern of thyroid dysfunction in chronic kidney disease population and to evaluate the correlation existing in between severity of kidney failure and thyroid dysfunction Methods:This cross sectional observational study was conducted in the department of internal medicine in a tertiary care hospital, central India. 100 chronic kidney disease patients were included in the study. Diagnosis of chronic kidney failure was performed as per criteria laid down by Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative. Blood was drawn for estimation of serum creatinine, GFR and thyroid profile. Results: Among 100 CKD patients, most of them (64%) were male with age ranging from 18 to 80 years with mean age of 57.08±10.35 years. Of the total patients, 6%, 12%, 29%, 26% & 27% patients belonged to CKD Stages 1,2,3,4 & 5 respectively. Low T3 is the most common thyroid dysfunction & the earliest abnormality noticed in CKD patients. The prevalence of low T3 syndrome in this study was 48%. Increasing trend for Low T3 prevalence with increasing severity of CKD was noticed in this study and was statistically significant (P

Background: Appropriate management of ophthalmoplegia demands good anatomy knowledge of cranial nerves involved i.e., III, IV and VI. Where these nerves originate and where they end, clinical features associated with paralysis of each nerve all this knowledge help in proper management of cases. Objective: To study clinical and etiological factors associated with the ophthalmoplegia. Methods: Prospective, Hospital based observational study was carried out among 50 cases of ophthalmoplegia. Detailed history was recorded. Thorough clinical examination including examination of both the eyes was carried out in terms of laterality, pupils affected or not, Central nervous system involvement, cranial nerves III, IV and VI etc. Papilledema, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar were investigated for each case. Results: Most common age group affected was >50 years in 50%. Males were slightly more affected than females. Majority (72%) cases were bilateral. Only nine cases had affected pupils. In ten cases, central nervous system was affected. Hypertension was seen in 32% and diabetes in 44%. 14% had history of trauma. Inflammation, tumor and vascular affection was seen in three cases each. Four cases had viral infection. Among all factors, diabetes was significantly associated with III cranial nerve involvement (p<0.05). Hypertension was significantly associated with IV cranial nerve involvement (p<0.05). But no factor was significantly associated with VI cranial nerve involvement (p>0.05). Conclusion: We conclude that ophthalmoplegia mainly affects elderly and males. It is usually bilateral and sometimes pupils and CNS are affected. Hypertensives and diabetics are at an increased risk of ophthalmoplegia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Easily available tests like PEFR can provide a better understanding of the changes in the lung function for monitoring purpose and as a diagnostic aid. The PEFR has been defined by the European Respiratory Society as the maximal flow which is achieved during the expiration which is delivered with maximal force, starting from the level of maximal lung inflation, following the maximal inspiration which was expressed in liters/min. Aim: 1. We aimed to determine Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) finding in adult population in tertiary Centre of central India. 2. To establish the correlation between BMI and PEFR in adult population. 3. To compare the PEFR in male and female. Methods: 76patientsof adult age (>18yrs) who were admittedin our tertiarycentrewere retrospectively included in this study.PEFR of selected patients are obtained in standing position using Mini-Wright standard peak flow meter. The data wassummarized and analyzed. Results: In male subjects, the mean PEFR of underweight, normal and overweight subjects were 401.81±24.42L/min, 450±28.75 L/min, and 372.35±45.76L/min, respectively. In female subjects, the mean PEFR of underweight, normal and overweight subjects were 330±32.86 L/min, 351.53±21.92L/min, and 310±14.14 L/min, respectively. Mean PEFR in male was 418.36±47.82 L/min and female was 334.76±33.56 L/min. Conclusion: This study showed the Effect of body weight/BMI of the individual on PEFR. Based on the results of this study, negative relationship is observed between BMI and PEFR. PEFR values in overweight individual was found significantly lower than person of normal weight and persons ofunderweight.The mean PEFR of Female is lower than male. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The term seizure is used to describe abnormal, uncontrolled paroxysmal electrical activity of brain, literature suggests that about 8 -10% of population may experience at least one episode of seizure. In adult patients with new onset seizures, neuroimaging studies like MRI brain are advised to find out the underlying cause, structural abnormality, and the likelihood of recurrence. For neuroimaging, CT scan and MRI both can be done but for detection of cerebral lesions, imaging with MRI is considered superior to CT scan. MRI becomes essential, because of its superior depiction of brain anatomy and tissue composition. Aims and Objectives: To Evaluate the MRI brain study in new onset seizure and to identify a lesion in MRI brain that can explain the seizure. Materials and methods: sixty-nine patients (age 18 and above with new onset seizures) were studied in the out-patient and in-patient department of medicine of a tertiary care centre of central India from 1st July 2019 to 30th June 2021. All patients fulfilling inclusion criteria were subjected to detailed clinical history, examination including neurological examination, and etiology and characteristics of seizure were co related with MRI brain findings. Results: The majority of patients were presented with focal seizures 38(55%)and with generalized seizure 31(45%). Seizures are more prevalent in age 18 to 40 years. The prevalence of seizures was higher in males (60%) than in females (40%). MRI brain revealed abnormal findings on 68.1% cases with new onset seizures. MRI revealed CVA in 17.3% cases (infarct in 13% and bleed in 4.3%), tuberculoma in 7.2% and neurocysticercosis in 5.8% cases, viral and tubercular meningitis in 4.3% cases each, Cortical Venous Thrombosis was noted in 8.7% cases, AV Malformations, Mesial temporal lobe sclerosis, Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) and Dyke Davidoff Masson Syndrome were noted in 2.9% cases each. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Several studies have shown comparable visual outcomes of SICS and phacoemulsification. Phacoemulsification is the standard surgical procedure for cataract in developed countries whereas the technique of cataract extraction varies in developing countries. Since the last decade small incision cataract surgery (SICS) has become a popular technique of cataract surgery in India and other developing countries. Anecdotally, it is believed that SICS is the appropriate technique for mature cataracts and phacoemulsification emulsification is more suitable for immature cataracts. Several comparable studies have shown similar visual outcome of the two surgical techniques but none of those previous studies had compared the surgical procedures on phacoemulsification suitable immature cataracts. Objective: To compare the safety and efficacy of different types of surgical procedures (phacoemulsification versus SICS) for cataract surgery in immature cataract. Material and methods: A prospective randomized controlled trial was carried out involving 339 and 394 patients with immature senile cataract selected for phacoemulsification and SICS, respectively. Statistics: Mean values with standard deviations were calculated. P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: There was no difference between the groups in terms of gender, age, and pre-operative visual acuity (p = 0.227). In group A, and in group B nearly 24.7% and 22.4% respectively of patients had good visual outcome (6/6-6/18). Poor outcome (unaided visual acuity <6/18) was noticed in 75.3% patients from group A and in 77.6% patients from group B. Statistics: Data were computed and analyzed using the SPSS software program vs 23. The p value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in visual outcome on first post-operative day in between phacoemulsification and SICS technique. However, performing SICS was significantly faster. Small incision cataract surgery with implantation of rigid PMMA lens is a suitable surgical technique to treat immature cataract in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]