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3D nanohybrid structures with few-layered MoS2 nanosheets uniformly incorporated in the carbon substrate are prepared via using the rapid and homogeneous microwave-hydrothermal method, in which the size of the basic unit structure of MoS2/C was small. The samples were systematically investigated by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy for structure and composition test. The electrochemical performances of the composites are evaluated by cyclic voltammogram, galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochemical measurements reveal that the maximum-specific capacitance of the MoS2/C electrodes reaches up to 1003 mAh g-1 at a discharge current density 100 mA g-1. The MoS2/C hybrid composite remains 755 mAh g-1 after 50 cycles at the current of 200 mA g-1, much higher than that of the pure MoS2. The superior electrochemical performances of MoS2/C composites as Li-ion battery anodes are attributed to their enhanced available active sites for charges, decreased transmission resistance between interlayers, improved electronic conductivity as well as good mechanical stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]