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Arachis hypogaea, L. is an oil seed crop with a worldwide importance and the seeds are eaten at one of several stages from immature to fully ripe, raw, or cooked. The aim of the study was to analyze specific iPBS fingerprints of twenty-one accessions of peanut that were collected in the places of their natural occurrence in Bolivia and describe the existing genetic polymorphism. For genomic imprinting, three different iPBS markers were chosen - 1882, 2079, 2274 and a PCR reactions were performed. Obtained iPBS fingerprints were evaluated for the presence/absence of individual amplified loci and scored in 1/0 matrices. A Jaccard coefficient of genetic similarity was applied in UPGMA analysis for dendrogram construction. Polymorphism level was achieved in the range from 48% up to the 75% per primer. None of the iPBS markers used in the study was considered to distinguish all of the analyzed peanut accessions, but combining them in the final analysis, the level of genomic polymorphism was sufficient to clear separating of iPBS fingerprints of the collected accessions and unique iPBS loci were recorded in genomes of some of them. We found that, by selecting the appropriate iPBS markers, it is possible to characterize the peanut genome in the individual level with a specific fingerprint.

Soluble oxalate with potentially dietary injurious implications for human health were determined in amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) gamma-irradiation induced mutant lines by capillary isotachophoresis and compared to their non-irradiated reference samples 'Ficha' (Amaranthus cruentus L.) and interspecific hybrid 'K-433' (Amaranthus hypochondriacus × Amaranthus hybridus) during the cultivation period 2011–2014. The canonical discriminant analysis demonstrated significant differences among mutants and their reference counterparts during multiyear evaluation. Two-way ANOVA approach identified the mutant line D282 as variant with the significantly and long-term lowest soluble oxalate concentration in comparison to respective reference samples as well as other mutant lines. Decrease in a content of this antinutritional factor could be a possible effect of radiation-induced mutation event(s) in the D282 line genome. Therefore, this mutant line might be a good matrix in the further breeding programme of this naturally gluten-free pseudocereal.

Environment around Chernobyl recoveres from nuclear accident in 1986 and provides a base for plant adaptation research. Here, the initial platform was established for molecular screening of flax genome affected by radioactive contamination. Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivated in the radio-contaminated, and remediated experimental field near Chernobyl was investigated. Specifically, two gene isoforms of FAD3 gene, FAD3A and FAD3B, were evaluated using the restriction analysis, and direct sequencing. The aim of the presented study was to identify mutations, and single nucleotide polymorphisms within the FAD3A and FAD3B genes. The investigation was performed more than 25 years after Chernobyl accident. Therefore, the effect of chronic low dose rate irradiation on flax plants was considered.

The aim of research was the identification of cow milk allergen in grapes, must, federweisser and wine by immunochemical method ELISA. Milk allergens (casein) are mostly used together with egg proteins during wine clarification. The results show that quality of calibration curves has significant importance for objective evaluation of quality detection. The degree of the variability calibration samples expressed R2 was not less than 0.9 in both calibration curves (0.9485 and 0.9659). In grape samples, concentrations of cow's milk casein below the detection limit were determined, that is recommended by the ELISA kit manufacturer. All grape samples showed casein concentration less than the value corresponding to 0 ppm standard (from 0.039 to 0.127 mg/kg). Low concentrations were recorded in three samples of must (from 0.056 to 0.077 mg/kg) as well. In case of the federweisser, the casein concentration ranged from 0.367 to 1.301 mg/kg, which is still less than 1.5 ppm standard (1.373 mg/kg). Most of the wines were found to be in the ELISA detection range. The exceptions were samples no. 3 and 9, whose absorbance was above the highest standard (45 mg/kg). These samples were then reconsidered after the first dilution, the resulting cow milk casein concentration was 67.22 mg/kg and 48.66 mg/L. Higher concentrations of this protein contained white wines (from 21.473 to 67.22 mg/L). In red wines, the milk protein concentrations ranged from 1.634 to 16.715 mg/L.

Even though Guatemala is considered one of the three domestication centres of the avocado (Persea americana Mill), little is known about the genetic diversity of its native populations. This is the first study to explore avocado genetic diversity and population structure in native dispersal areas using microsatellite markers. We sampled 189 avocado trees grown from seeds in eight geographical populations, and 12 microsatellite loci were tested for diversity. There were a total of 289 alleles found throughout the 12 loci, with an average of 23.83 alleles per locus. The average observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.53 and 0.83, respectively. The analysis of molecular variance revealed that the eight populations comprised around 2% of the variation. Five of the 28 G'ST(Nei) pairwise comparisons indicated no genetic difference. We discovered a mixture of avocado trees from various populations using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) hierarchical cluster analysis. The sampled individuals were classified into three main genetic clusters by the model-based STRUCTURE and discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC). The weak genetic structure exhibited by mixing avocado trees from different populations could be mainly attributed to high human-mediated gene flow (Nm = 12.25) due to avocado's importance in food, culture, and Guatemala's religion. The high genetic diversity found in the avocado germplasm suggests that it might be a valuable source of variable alleles that could be used in breeding programs for this crop in Guatemala.

A collection of Amaranthus cruentus accessions was analysed to compare the characteristics of different dinucleotide core sequences of microsatellites repeats. ISSR analysis was performed to obtain corresponding genetic fingerprints and based on them, to construct dendrograms for every individual primer used in the study. A total of eighteen accesions were analysed. Dinucleotide sequence of (CA)6 repetition anchored by GG bases resulted in a total of 65 DNA fragments and 100-percent polymorphism. This marker has differ completely only 10 from all of the analysed genotypes. Dinucleotide sequence of (CT)8 repetition anchored by AC bases has resulted in the amplification of totally 97 fragments and 84.62 % of polymorphism. Only seven accesions were different among themselves when regarding this microsatellite core sequence. Dinucleotide sequence of (GA)6 repetition anchored by CC bases has resulted in the amplification of totally 171 DNA fragments and 100 % polymorphism. Not all the genotypes were separated based on this marker, two of them - Ames 5638 RRC 1139 and Ames 5648 RRC 1148 - possess the same profile of amplified ISSR fragments. The most distant genotype separated by all of the used primers was a landrace PI 511876 Huatle originated in Mexico.

Wheat is considered to be the world oldest and most widely grown plant. Current genetic and genomic information about wheat is extensive and contains partial knowledge of various types of markers up to the genomic sequence data. Up to date, several different types of DNA markers have been used in the mapping of the wheat genome, that were used to describe the whole genome polymorphism of various wheat varieties. In study, CDDP markers were used to analyse the length polymorphism in the genome of two drought tolerant wheat varieties and two drought susceptible wheat varieties. Polymorphism has not been obtained in relation to the type of drought resistance in the analyzed wheat varieties in the summary of the CDDP profiles. The primer combination WRKY-F and WRKY-R1 has one fragment with a constant amplicon length of 129 bp in all the analyzed varieties. For the combination of WRKY-F and WRKY-R2, the length of the amplicon shifted to 129-130 bp and to the 130-132 bp by F/R3 combination. The combinations of WRKY-F and WRKY-R2b and WRKY-F and WRKY-R3b with the exception of the Dagmar variety (WRKY-F and WRKY-2b) did not amplify amplicons of the given size. For the F/R1 primer combination, the fragments 301-304 bp, 138-140 bp and 187-192 bp were also typical. The second primer combination (WRKY-F and WRKY-R2) has generated fragments of the length of 156-158 bp and 181-186 bp in addition to the 129-130 bp fragment in all varieties. All are nonspecific. The marker system provides monomorphic profiles in all analyzed varieties and the total number of detected fragments was 81.

Apples are the most consumed fruit in the European Union with the exception of citrus fruits and apple consumption is part of a healthy and balanced diet. Although apples are recommended to consume each day, they are one of the fruits that can trigger an allergic reaction. The most important apple allergen in Central and Northern Europe is Mald 1. The aim of the study was to analyse natural restriction pattern variability of the part of Ypr 10 gene promotor in four apple varieties. All the analysed varieties resulted in different cleavage profiles for Ase I and Spe I when compared to the virtual cleavage profile of the genomic sequence stored in the public nucleotide database.

Nowadays, various approaches for the precise DNA methylation analysis are known. This study applied an advanced MethyLight approach for precise detection of cytosine methylation. Chernobyl area is still contaminated by long-lived radioisotopes thus the potential risk of DNA damage by radiation remains relatively high. Plants as sessile organisms are directly affected by irradiation. For the analysis presented herein, flax seeds grown on the experimental fields near Chernobyl have been used. Cytosine methylation was quantified in the specific coding region of Fatty acid desaturase 3A gene which has an important function in fatty acid biosynthesis. Quantitative real-time MethyLight revealed fully methylated sequence in the targeted gene.

Apples are one of the oldest, most desirable and most consumed fruit in the world and in our agroclimatic conditions apples are the fruit that are also in the winter mostly consumed fresh. As apples are available all the year, they are a very important source of secondary plant metabolites. On the other hand, apples do not provide only benefits and belong to the fruit that cause an allergic reaction in a sensitized the population. Mal d 1 protein, one of the apple allergens, belongs to the PR proteins and is encoded by multiple isoforms in the genome of Malus domestica Borkh. The aim of the study was to compare the level of expression of Mal d 1.03A isoform in the pulps of apple varieties Golden and Spartan during the ripening. Expression analysis of Mal d 1.03A allergen were performed in pulps from a total of six ripening stages ranged from the early up to the physiological maturity at approximately monthly intervals. Assessment of the level of amplification of transcripts of Mal d 1.03A allergen was performed by software comparing them to a well-defined value of 1000 ng × μl-1. In the comparing analysis, the levels of amplified transcripts of Mal d 1.03A were more balanced in the first stages of ripening in the variety Spartan. A high increasing of the amount of transcripts were obtained in the first stages of ripening in the variety Golden. In Continual increasing of Mal d 1.03A transcripts was observed the middle ripening stage for both varieties. At the end of the ripening a different situation was observed in analysed apple varieties. The expression of Mal d 1.03A allergen was balanced for the variety Golden but a high increase was observed at the end of the ripening for the variety Spartan.

Hedera helix is a plant that is valued for its medicinal properties and on the other hand criticized for its invading potential. Beside its medicinal use, a wide utilization as decorative plant is typical for this specie. Up-to date only a few molecular data are available for Hedera helix genome, thus the aim of the study was to evaluate the utilization of different DNA markers for the its further population studies purposes. In total, eight different DNA marker techniques were used for the PCR analysis – iPBS, BARE1 IRAP, Cassandra IRAP, Tst1 IRAP, HACRE 1 IRAP, RAPD, ISSR and miRNA. In total, 38 different iPBS primers were tested with the best results for primers 2152, 2270, 2079, 1899 and 2033. In the case of RAPD primers, all of them worked in the PCR excellent. For ISSR, only a 42 % of the used primers provided results that vere evaluated as very good or excellent ISSR profile. The most successful results were obtained by microsatelite repetitions (GA)8T, (CTG)3GC and (TG)10. A novel type of DNA markers – miRNA provided results that are promising for Hedera helix, L. population studies for their further utilization.

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is one of the oldest domesticated plants — it was cultivated as early as in ancient Egypt and Samaria 10,000 years ago to serve as a source of fiber and oil, whence it later spread around the world. Compared with other plants, the flax genome consists of a high number of repetitive sequences, middle repetitive sequences and small repetitive sequences of nucleotides. The aim of the study was to analyze the stability of the existing trinucleotides motifs of microsatellite DNA of the flax genome (genotype Kyivskyi), growing in the Chernobyl conditions. The Chernobyl area is the most extensive “natural” laboratory suitable for the study of radiation effects. Over the last 20 years, the researches collected important knowledge about the effects of low and high radiation doses on the DNA isolated from the plant material growing on the remediated fields near Chernobyl and the plant material from fields contaminated by radioactive cesium 137Cs and strontium 90Sr. Using eight pairs of microsatellite primers, we successfully amplified the samples from the remediated fields. For each primer in the control samples and remediated samples, we detected 1 to 3 fragments per locus, each in size up to 120 to 250 base pairs. The applied microsatellite primers confirmed the monomorphic condition of microsatellite loci.

Two yacon varieties PER05 and ECU45 were used for iPBS method developing for yacon - Smallanthus sonchifolius, (Poepp. et Endl.) germplasm evaluation. Because of high level of polyphenols in yacon, four DNA extraction methods were tested for the best results in the iPBS method. Using a set of universal primers that anneal to the conserved regions of retrotransposons, polymorphism of amplified fragments of DNA was analysed and for the development of iPBS protocol primers that produce PCR fragments within the whole possible range of PCR were chosen. Selected primers were subsequently used in a set of gradient PCR for finding of optimal annealing temperatures for each of them and three groups of primers according to the optimal annealing temperature were found - primers with a optimum at 53°C (1845, 1875 and 1886), at 56°C (1846) and 61 °C (1880 and 2078).

Twelve sunflower lines used in breeding programmes were tested for IRAP polymorphism of HACRE1 retrotransposon. Using a single primer, a total of 96 bands among the accessions were scored and the number of polymorphic bands was 42. Most of the analysed accesions have the „881A or B“ line in their pedigrees, but none of them have the same IRAP profile or are showed as the same when Jaccard dissimilarity coefficient was applied. The average Jaccard’s Dissimilarity Index for the used primer range within the whole possible range and as the most distinct lines are reported 2867A and 1957A, 1831A and 1961A, 1957A and 1961A. Dendrogram of the analysed lines comprises from the three dominant branches, where the lines with the codes 1831A and 1957A are shown as the most unsimilar to the others.

The aim of the work was to analyze the changes in the epidemiology of campylobacteriosis diseases in Slovakia over the past 10 years and evaluate them in the context of epidemiological changes comparing to the EU. Campylobacteriosis (A045) belong to the diseases with the highest morbidity in Slovakia. Campylobacteriosis remained by far the most frequently reported zoonotic disease in humans in Slovakia as well as in EU. For the period of 2001-2010 was reported in Slovakia25 574 campylobacteriosis cases. Most diseases were reported in 2010 with the number 4591 (84.63 morbidity/100 000 inhabitants). Increase in morbidity is evident since 2003 with an average annual increase of 22%. We focused on more in-depth epidemiological analysis of campylobacteriosis cases in Slovak republic in relation to the infection agens and the outbreak of disease transmission mechanism, age and gender, location and seasonality of disease.