15 results on '"Nalliappan Ganapathy"'
Search Results
2. Basics of epigenetics and role of epigenetics in diabetic complications
- Author
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Andamuthu Yamunadevi, Ramani Pratibha, Muthusamy Rajmohan, Sengottaiyan Mahendraperumal, and Nalliappan Ganapathy
- Subjects
diabetes mellitus ,dna methylation ,epigenetics ,histone modification ,long noncoding rnas ,micrornas ,noncoding rnas ,small interfering rnas ,small nucleolar rnas ,Pharmacy and materia medica ,RS1-441 ,Analytical chemistry ,QD71-142 - Abstract
The term “Epigenetics” includes mechanisms by which genetic expression is altered without a change in the underlying DNA sequence. The changes caused by epigenetic mechanisms are inheritable and are one way in direction (irreversible) and also explains why there is differences in genetic expressions of monozygotic twins. The epigenetic mechanisms alter the genetic expressions through DNA methylation, posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of histone, and noncoding RNAs. DNA methylation and histone PTMs cause relaxation or condensation of chromatin units. The epigenetic actions of noncoding RNAs such as microRNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, small interfering RNAs, and long noncoding RNAs act by modifying transcription factors or by degrading target messenger RNAs and their translation factors. Various pathologies and environmental factors cause changes in the cellular epigenetic mechanisms and the epigenetic alterations occurring in diabetes mellitus (DM) are reviewed. DM causes hemodynamic changes and metabolic changes like hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. These changes induce oxidative stress and activate intracellular signaling and kinases in the target cells. Epigenetic alterations cause chromatin remodeling and altered gene expression leading to inflammation, proliferation, atrophy, hypertrophy, etc.; thereby, diabetic complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, vasculitis result in the corresponding target organ. When these epigenetic alterations persist for a longer period without intervention, the target cells attain “metabolic memory” meaning that these epigenetic mutations cannot be reversed even after attaining normal blood glucose levels. Thus, epigenetics, an insightful and efficient tool in genomic research, has started crawling into the research arena and needs to reach leaps and bounds for the better understanding of health and diseases.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Immunohistochemical detection of nerve growth factor (NGF) in follicular and plexiform ameloblastoma – A novel study
- Author
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Thuckanickenpalayam Ragunathan Yoithapprabhunath, Seeni Renugadevi, Nalliappan Ganapathy, Janardhanam Dineshshankar, Andamuthu Yamunadevi, and Ramadas Madhavan Nirmal
- Subjects
ameloblastoma ,immunohistochemistry ,nerve growth factor ,neurotrophin receptor ,neurotrophins ,odontogenic tumor ,Pharmacy and materia medica ,RS1-441 ,Analytical chemistry ,QD71-142 - Abstract
Background: Ameloblastoma is the second most common odontogenic tumor that holds a unique position among benign tumors due to its locally destructive and invasive nature. The differed tumor biology behind follicular and plexiform ameloblastoma is always an enigma. Nerve growth factor (NGF), a neurotrophin that plays a major role during odontogenesis, could also possibly play a role in the pathogenesis of odontogenic tumors such as ameloblastoma. With this background, the study was aimed to investigate the expression of NGF in follicular and plexiform ameloblastoma. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to analyze the immunohistochemical expression pattern of NGF in ameloblastoma and to compare the immunohistochemical expression pattern of NGF among the follicular and plexiform histological types of ameloblastoma. Materials and Methods: Forty histological sections of ameloblastomas (20 follicular and 20 plexiform) were stained immunohistochemically with anti-human NGF mouse IgG monoclonal antibody and the staining was analyzed statistically. Results: Almost all the 40 ameloblastoma samples (20 follicular and 20 plexiform) showed positive immunoreactivity to NGF. Both peripheral pre-ameloblast-like tall columnar cells and central stellate-reticulum-like cells showed positive reactivity. The pattern of staining was membranous in the immunoreactive cells. The χ2 value for the immunoexpression between follicular and plexiform ameloblastoma was statistically significant with a P value
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Molecular insight into odontogenesis in hyperglycemic environment: A systematic review
- Author
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Andamuthu Yamunadevi, Ramani Pratibha, Muthusamy Rajmohan, Nalliappan Ganapathy, Jeyachandran Porkodisudha, Dhanasing Pavithrah, and Sengottaiyan Mahendraperumal
- Subjects
diabetes mellitus ,hyperglycemia ,maternal diabetes ,odontogenesis ,tooth development ,Pharmacy and materia medica ,RS1-441 ,Analytical chemistry ,QD71-142 - Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is an endocrinal disorder affecting worldwide and the disease incidence is rising alarmingly high. The effects of diabetes on tooth development are explored by limited studies and their molecular insights are very rarely studied. This systematic review is aimed to provide the best scientific literature source on the molecular insights into odontogenesis in hyperglycemic environment caused by diabetes mellitus or by maternal diabetes on the offspring. The literature search was conducted on the databases, namely PubMed, PubMed Central, Cochrane, and Scopus. The original studies exploring the alterations in the molecular pathways of odontogenesis in diabetes mellitus were selected. Data were extracted, chosen, and evaluated by two independent researchers. At the end of thorough data search, four articles were eligible for the review. Three articles brought out the molecular pathways involved in the offspring of gestational diabetes through animal models. Fourth article was an in vitro study, which treated the stem cells in hyperglycemic environment and drafted the molecular pathway. The altered molecular pathways in dental epithelial stem cells (DESCs), dental papilla cells (DPCs), and stem cells from apical papilla were studied and empowered with statistical analysis. Thus with this systematic review, we conclude that apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease1 downregulation causing deoxyribonucleic acid hypermethylation and Oct4, Nanog gene silencing, activation of toll-like receptor-4/nuclear factor kappa B (TLR4/NF-κB) pathway are involved in suppressing cell proliferation and accelerated apoptosis in DESCs in high glucose environment. DPCs are suppressed from odonto differentiation by activation of TLR4 signaling and resulting inhibition of SMAD1/5/9 phosphorylation in diabetic condition. NF-κB pathway activation causes decreased cell proliferation and enhanced differentiation in apical papilla stem cells in hyperglycemia. Further studies targeting various stages of odontogenesis can reveal more molecular insight.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Meta-terminology of Ameloblastoma
- Author
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Thuckanickenpalayam Ragunathan Yoithapprabhunath, Ramadas Madhavan Nirmal, Nalliappan Ganapathy, Shanmugam Mohanapriya, Seeni Renugadevi, Ravi Aravindhan, and Kenniyan Kumar Srichinthu
- Subjects
Ameloblastoma ,nomenclature ,odontogenic tumor ,Pharmacy and materia medica ,RS1-441 ,Analytical chemistry ,QD71-142 - Abstract
One of the primary tasks of systematic biology is the development of our biological nomenclature and classifications. The key purpose for the development of a standard nomenclature for a disease is the need for a common language for the statement of diagnostic terms and for a means or system whereby diagnosis could be suitably recorded without chaos. Odontogenic tumor nomenclature and classification have confused physicians over the years. Ameloblastoma is one such entity among odontogenic tumors, which has continuously changed to be an evolution of the terms and taxonomy used in literature. In this review, we aim to provide a fundamental basis for the understanding of how the etymology and the position of ameloblastoma in odontogenic tumor classification have evolved over the years.
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- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Bisphosphonates: An update
- Author
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Nalliappan Ganapathy, Subramanium Gokulnathan, Nataraj Balan, Thangadurai Maheswaran, and Venkatesan
- Subjects
Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis ,osteonecrosis ,osteoporosis ,Pharmacy and materia medica ,RS1-441 ,Analytical chemistry ,QD71-142 - Abstract
Bisphosphonates are used widely for variety of bone condition, most notably IV bisphosphonates in the treatment of metastic bone lesion and oral bisphosphonates for osteoporosis. They constitute a group of drugs capable of modulating bone turnover and reducing its remodeling when an excessive resorption occurs. In the last few years, due to their extensive use, many cases of complications associated with their use have been published. This paper provides recent knowledge on general characteristics of these drugs and their mechanism of action, pathogenesis, as well as their relevance to dentist.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Molecular biology of wound healing
- Author
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Nalliappan Ganapathy, Siva Subramaniyan Venkataraman, Rajkumar Daniel, Ramraj Jayabalan Aravind, and Vilapakkam Bhikshewaran Kumarakrishnan
- Subjects
Cytokines ,growth factor ,wound healing ,Pharmacy and materia medica ,RS1-441 ,Analytical chemistry ,QD71-142 - Abstract
Wound healing is a dynamic process that involves the integrated action of a number of cell types, the extra cellular matrix, and soluble mediators termed cytokines.In recent years considerable advances have been made in the research, knowledge, and understanding of growth factors. Growth factors are, in essence, proteins that communicate activities to cells. Their function is dependent on the receptor site they attach to. Growth factors were initially named for the type of response generated by them, but newer research has shown that many of these cells may accomplish many different types of response. A growth factor′s role in wound repair is a critical component of the successful resolution of a wound. Growth factors help regulate many of the activities involved in healing. The role and function of growth factor is an evolving area of science and offers the potential for treatment alternatives in the future.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Ellis-van Creveld
- Author
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Dhandabani Jayaraj, Thangadurai Maheswaran, Ramamurthy Suresh, and Nalliappan Ganapathy
- Subjects
Abnormal frenal attachments ,chondro-ectodermal dysplasia ,Ellis-van Creveld syndrome ,mulberry molars ,polydactyly ,Pharmacy and materia medica ,RS1-441 ,Analytical chemistry ,QD71-142 - Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld (EVC) syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder that is also known as chondro-ectodermal dysplasia. The common manifestations of this syndrome are short ribs, postaxial polydactyly, growth retardation, and ectodermal and cardiac defects. The present case report is about an 8-year-old boy who had the features of bilateral hexadactyly, knocked knees, cardiac problems, congenital absence of incisors, fused upper and lower labial frenulum, and mulberry molars.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. First molars in permanent dentition and their malformations in various pathologies: A review
- Author
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Sengottaiyan Mahendraperumal, Rajamani Srivandhana, Muthusamy Rajmohan, Andamuthu Yamunadevi, Nalliappan Ganapathy, and Ramani Pratibha
- Subjects
Molar ,Enamel defects ,Permanent dentition ,syphilis ,Dentistry ,Bioengineering ,Review Article ,Oral cavity ,Mandibular first molar ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,maxillary first molar ,Pharmacy and materia medica ,stomatognathic system ,permanent first molar ,Maxillary first molar ,Medicine ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,mandibular first molar ,Permanent teeth ,QD71-142 ,business.industry ,enamel defects ,Fetal health ,RS1-441 ,stomatognathic diseases ,malformations ,moon's molar ,business ,Analytical chemistry - Abstract
Permanent maxillary and mandibular first molars are the first permanent teeth to erupt into the oral cavity along with the mandibular incisors. It serves as an excellent record of maternal and fetal health, reflecting the prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal health and diseases. This review focuses on the molar morphogenesis, molar malformations, their etiopathogenesis, and pathologies causing specific pattern of molar malformations.
- Published
- 2021
10. Immunohistochemical detection of nerve growth factor (NGF) in follicular and plexiform ameloblastoma – A novel study
- Author
-
Ramadas Madhavan Nirmal, Janardhanam Dineshshankar, Thuckanickenpalayam Ragunathan Yoithapprabhunath, Nalliappan Ganapathy, Seeni Renugadevi, and Andamuthu Yamunadevi
- Subjects
endocrine system ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,genetic structures ,lcsh:Analytical chemistry ,lcsh:RS1-441 ,Bioengineering ,neurotrophins ,nerve growth factor ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,lcsh:Pharmacy and materia medica ,Ameloblastoma ,Pathogenesis ,03 medical and health sciences ,Follicular Ameloblastoma ,0302 clinical medicine ,Follicular phase ,medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,lcsh:QD71-142 ,biology ,neurotrophin receptor ,odontogenic tumor ,Odontogenic tumor ,030206 dentistry ,medicine.disease ,Nerve growth factor ,nervous system ,immunohistochemistry ,biology.protein ,Immunohistochemistry ,Original Article ,sense organs ,Neurotrophin - Abstract
Background: Ameloblastoma is the second most common odontogenic tumor that holds a unique position among benign tumors due to its locally destructive and invasive nature. The differed tumor biology behind follicular and plexiform ameloblastoma is always an enigma. Nerve growth factor (NGF), a neurotrophin that plays a major role during odontogenesis, could also possibly play a role in the pathogenesis of odontogenic tumors such as ameloblastoma. With this background, the study was aimed to investigate the expression of NGF in follicular and plexiform ameloblastoma. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to analyze the immunohistochemical expression pattern of NGF in ameloblastoma and to compare the immunohistochemical expression pattern of NGF among the follicular and plexiform histological types of ameloblastoma. Materials and Methods: Forty histological sections of ameloblastomas (20 follicular and 20 plexiform) were stained immunohistochemically with anti-human NGF mouse IgG monoclonal antibody and the staining was analyzed statistically. Results: Almost all the 40 ameloblastoma samples (20 follicular and 20 plexiform) showed positive immunoreactivity to NGF. Both peripheral pre-ameloblast-like tall columnar cells and central stellate-reticulum-like cells showed positive reactivity. The pattern of staining was membranous in the immunoreactive cells. The χ2 value for the immunoexpression between follicular and plexiform ameloblastoma was statistically significant with a P value
- Published
- 2020
11. Molecular insight into odontogenesis in hyperglycemic environment: A systematic review
- Author
-
Sengottaiyan Mahendraperumal, Muthusamy Rajmohan, Ramani Pratibha, Andamuthu Yamunadevi, Dhanasing Pavithrah, Jeyachandran Porkodisudha, and Nalliappan Ganapathy
- Subjects
Homeobox protein NANOG ,lcsh:Analytical chemistry ,lcsh:RS1-441 ,Bioengineering ,Review Article ,Biology ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,lcsh:Pharmacy and materia medica ,03 medical and health sciences ,Diabetes mellitus ,0302 clinical medicine ,Downregulation and upregulation ,medicine ,Gene silencing ,030212 general & internal medicine ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,maternal diabetes ,Dental papilla ,lcsh:QD71-142 ,tooth development ,030206 dentistry ,medicine.disease ,Gestational diabetes ,DNA methylation ,Cancer research ,odontogenesis ,hyperglycemia ,Stem cell - Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is an endocrinal disorder affecting worldwide and the disease incidence is rising alarmingly high. The effects of diabetes on tooth development are explored by limited studies and their molecular insights are very rarely studied. This systematic review is aimed to provide the best scientific literature source on the molecular insights into odontogenesis in hyperglycemic environment caused by diabetes mellitus or by maternal diabetes on the offspring. The literature search was conducted on the databases, namely PubMed, PubMed Central, Cochrane, and Scopus. The original studies exploring the alterations in the molecular pathways of odontogenesis in diabetes mellitus were selected. Data were extracted, chosen, and evaluated by two independent researchers. At the end of thorough data search, four articles were eligible for the review. Three articles brought out the molecular pathways involved in the offspring of gestational diabetes through animal models. Fourth article was an in vitro study, which treated the stem cells in hyperglycemic environment and drafted the molecular pathway. The altered molecular pathways in dental epithelial stem cells (DESCs), dental papilla cells (DPCs), and stem cells from apical papilla were studied and empowered with statistical analysis. Thus with this systematic review, we conclude that apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease1 downregulation causing deoxyribonucleic acid hypermethylation and Oct4, Nanog gene silencing, activation of toll-like receptor-4/nuclear factor kappa B (TLR4/NF-κB) pathway are involved in suppressing cell proliferation and accelerated apoptosis in DESCs in high glucose environment. DPCs are suppressed from odonto differentiation by activation of TLR4 signaling and resulting inhibition of SMAD1/5/9 phosphorylation in diabetic condition. NF-κB pathway activation causes decreased cell proliferation and enhanced differentiation in apical papilla stem cells in hyperglycemia. Further studies targeting various stages of odontogenesis can reveal more molecular insight.
- Published
- 2020
12. Clinical evaluation of nonsyndromic dental anomalies in Dravidian population: A cluster sample analysis
- Author
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S Prabhu, Nalliappan Ganapathy, V Vinitha, Andamuthu Yamunadevi, Manickam Selvamani, M Balakrithiga, and R Srivandhana
- Subjects
Talon's cusp ,education.field_of_study ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Anomaly (natural sciences) ,Population ,Prevalence ,Dentistry ,Bioengineering ,Physical examination ,Dental anomalies ,medicine.disease ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,stomatognathic system ,Dental Science - Original Article ,Microdontia ,medicine ,Cusp (anatomy) ,Cluster sampling ,Supernumerary ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,business ,education ,Dravidian population - Abstract
Aim: To record the prevalence rate of dental anomalies in Dravidian population and analyze the percentage of individual anomalies in the population. Methodology: A cluster sample analysis was done, where 244 subjects studying in a dental institution were all included and analyzed for occurrence of dental anomalies by clinical examination, excluding third molars from analysis. Results: 31.55% of the study subjects had dental anomalies and shape anomalies were more prevalent (22.1%), followed by size (8.6%), number (3.2%) and position anomalies (0.4%). Retained deciduous was seen in 1.63%. Among the individual anomalies, Talon's cusp (TC) was seen predominantly (14.34%), followed by microdontia (6.6%) and supernumerary cusps (5.73%). Conclusion: Prevalence rate of dental anomalies in the Dravidian population is 31.55% in the present study, exclusive of third molars. Shape anomalies are more common, and TC is the most commonly noted anomaly. Varying prevalence rate is reported in different geographical regions of the world.
- Published
- 2015
13. Granularity in granular cell ameloblastoma
- Author
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Praveen S Basandi, Gs S. Madhushankari, Andamuthu Yamunadevi, Nalliappan Ganapathy, Manickam Selvamani, and Thukanayyakanpalayam Ragunathan Yoithapprabhunath
- Subjects
Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,lcsh:Analytical chemistry ,lcsh:RS1-441 ,Bioengineering ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,lcsh:Pharmacy and materia medica ,lysosomes ,immune system diseases ,Medicine ,granular cell ameloblastoma ,cardiovascular diseases ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,Ameloblastoma ,Granular Cell Ameloblastoma ,Pathological ,Electron microscopic ,lcsh:QD71-142 ,business.industry ,medicine.disease ,cardiovascular system ,Immunohistochemistry ,Dental Science - Review Article ,Granularity ,Differential diagnosis ,business ,Granular cells ,Cell signaling pathways - Abstract
Granular cell ameloblastoma (GCA) is one of the rare histological variants of ameloblastoma (1.5-3.5%), identified by Krompechner in 1918 and is diagnosed by the characteristic presence of granular cells. These granular cells are seen in several physiological and pathological conditions and the granularity in GCA is due to lysosomal aggregates. This review is about the clinical features, histopathological features and differential diagnosis of GCA and also adds the theories for occurrence of granularity, electron microscopic findings, cell signaling pathways and immunohistochemistry findings related to these granular cells in GCA.
- Published
- 2014
14. Ellis-van Creveld
- Author
-
Nalliappan Ganapathy, Dhandabani Jayaraj, Thangadurai Maheswaran, and Ramamurthy Suresh
- Subjects
Postaxial polydactyly ,medicine.medical_specialty ,lcsh:Analytical chemistry ,lcsh:RS1-441 ,Ellis van creveld ,Bioengineering ,Abnormal frenal attachments ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,lcsh:Pharmacy and materia medica ,mulberry molars ,stomatognathic system ,medicine ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,Ellis–van Creveld syndrome ,Cardiac problems ,lcsh:QD71-142 ,Polydactyly ,Ellis-van Creveld syndrome ,business.industry ,Dental Science - Case Report ,Anatomy ,polydactyly ,medicine.disease ,Surgery ,Dysplasia ,Cardiac defects ,chondro-ectodermal dysplasia ,Labial Frenulum ,business - Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld (EVC) syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder that is also known as chondro-ectodermal dysplasia. The common manifestations of this syndrome are short ribs, postaxial polydactyly, growth retardation, and ectodermal and cardiac defects. The present case report is about an 8-year-old boy who had the features of bilateral hexadactyly, knocked knees, cardiac problems, congenital absence of incisors, fused upper and lower labial frenulum, and mulberry molars.
- Published
- 2012
15. Molecular biology of wound healing
- Author
-
Vilapakkam Bhikshewaran Kumarakrishnan, Ramraj Jayabalan Aravind, Nalliappan Ganapathy, Rajkumar Daniel, and Siva Subramaniyan Venkataraman
- Subjects
Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Cell type ,lcsh:QD71-142 ,business.industry ,Dental Science - Short Communication ,Growth factor ,medicine.medical_treatment ,lcsh:Analytical chemistry ,lcsh:RS1-441 ,growth factor ,wound healing ,Bioengineering ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,lcsh:Pharmacy and materia medica ,Extracellular matrix ,medicine ,Cytokines ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,Wound healing ,business ,Neuroscience ,Function (biology) - Abstract
Wound healing is a dynamic process that involves the integrated action of a number of cell types, the extra cellular matrix, and soluble mediators termed cytokines. In recent years considerable advances have been made in the research, knowledge, and understanding of growth factors. Growth factors are, in essence, proteins that communicate activities to cells. Their function is dependent on the receptor site they attach to. Growth factors were initially named for the type of response generated by them, but newer research has shown that many of these cells may accomplish many different types of response. A growth factor's role in wound repair is a critical component of the successful resolution of a wound. Growth factors help regulate many of the activities involved in healing. The role and function of growth factor is an evolving area of science and offers the potential for treatment alternatives in the future.
- Published
- 2012
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