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In 2002, in Hungarian library education the area of study was renamed from library sciences to "library sciences and information technology". The author analysed the topics of the winning papers of the National Conference of Students doing Research (OTDK) in the period 1997 through 2015, whether they reflect the changes in the profession, and justify the relevance of this name change. The analysis covered essays from ten competition rounds of the bi-annual conferences. The author has been present at these conferences since 2007 both as a consultant professor and as an evaluator, so her findings are based on personal experience. The papers reviewed were classified into three thematic groups: 1) libraries and information technology; 2) traditional library activities; 3) historical papers. The titles of papers indicate a diversity and wide choice of topics. Besides traditional library themes new topics were added to the curriculum and specialized issues related to information science and technology came to the foreground. It was also found that the use of IT in libraries has become established in library education, and is in the focus of attention of students. It can be concluded that it was justified to change the speciality's name. In addition to presenting achievements, the author draws attention to some potential themes not yet covered, and offers a list of current topics waiting for research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review deals with two provocative articles (by Tom Wilson and F. J. Miller respectively) about the challenges of knowledge management. Knowledge management can be regarded on the one hand as a mania or a fashion, a notion that many people mix up and use synonymously with information management; on the other hand, it gives the impression that information processes can be managed effectively. Sceptical voices do not doubt that knowledge management experts can contribute efficiently to the management of enterprises, but they think the question should not be oversimplified. It would be more important to create the right conditions and mechanisms to support the acquirement and effective use of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The group of articles starts with a brief summary of Géza Fülöp's (1928-1998) career path. He joined the LIS School of the Eötvös Loránd University in 1961. He acted as Head of Department between 1986 and 1994. His name is associated with a renewal of the department and the modernisation of its training structure. He was very popular as a professor, researcher and public figure. The papers cover his professional activities in more detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2019 research article written by Dutch researchers entitled Digitisation of Manuscripts: Checklist answers an important question that arose in connection with the digitisation of valuable medieval manuscripts, i. e. how to digitise cultural heritage collections in a safe way, while it also examines the advantages, disadvantages, possibilities and limitations of digitisation. The research was carried out with the support of the Metamorfoze Project, the National Programme for the Preservation of Paper-based Document Heritage of the Netherlands, which resulted in a work where we can read about digitisation from a paper conservator’s point of view. Medieval manuscripts are a unique part of our cultural heritage, and it is understandable that libraries would like to make these treasures, including masterpieces, digitally accessible. However, in this process, very frequently too little attention is paid to the special properties of these objects and the risks of damage that may occur during digitisation. In the case of manuscripts, it is not only the content that is valuable, but also the material and form that the work is made of, which can be preserved by a conservator with the appropriate expertise. The compendium of the research article, written in Hungarian, does not only contain all the important theoretical and practical information found in the original work, but also provides a checklist, the result of the research, as a tool for the safe digitisation of manuscripts in memory institutions, to guide conservators, curators, librarians, collections managers and digitisation professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author, who worked at the Library of the Hungarian Parliament for 42 years and was head of the access services department for 25 years, has previously written about the activities of the institution’s directors in library journals and in a monograph as well. In this paper, he outlines the career of the deputy directors by examining two significant periods in the history of the library, which is still in operation today. The first period lasted until 1950, when the Library Committee, a permanent unit of the House of Representatives, which had played a key role in the oversight and management of the library for eight decades, was abolished. In the second era, formally from 1952 to 1991, the library remained in the building of the Parliament, but was removed from the parliamentary organisational framework and placed under the control of the Ministry of Culture, and we can follow the life of the library through the personalities of the deputy directors. (In the short transitional period from 1950 to 1952, when the oneparty dictatorship was already well established and the Presidential Council took over the majority of the powers of the Parliament as a new body, the preparation for the second era was actually taking place.) In the 110 years examined by the paper, the second men of the Library’s leadership have often played a very important role, first of all in the development of a cultural institution that provided information to the deputies and then to the public at large. Many of them also made their way to the managerial position. The negative role played by deputy directors, who had a detrimental influence on the life of the prestigious library, is also discussed. The deputy directors are introduced through brief biographical sketches and portraits of the heads of the bodies that oversaw the Library of the Hungarian Parliament (the two heads of the Library Committee in Part I were the President and the Clerk-Recorder, and in Part II the Minister was the main person in charge of the ministerial control). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Béla Hamvas Pest County Library launched the first library webshop of Hungary in November of 2021 under the name of “Books from the city of arts”. Chris Anderson’s long tail concept and Ranganathan’s five laws of librarianship served as the theoretical background of the project. The paper presents the project from the idea to realisation: the administrative issues of a library-run business, the IT development, the products to be sold, the pricing strategies, the operation and the promotion of the online bookshop. The paper concludes that after a few months of operation the webshop innovatively contributed to the accomplishment of the library’s mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author, who worked at the Library of the Hungarian Parliament for 42 years and was head of the access services department for 25 years, has previously written about the activities of the institution’s directors in library journals and in a monograph as well. In this paper, he outlines the career of the deputy directors by examining two significant periods in the history of the library, which is still in operation today. The first period lasted until 1950, when the Library Committee, a permanent unit of the House of Representatives, which had played a key role in the oversight and management of the library for eight decades, was abolished. In the second era, formally from 1952 to 1991, the library remained in the building of the Parliament, but was removed from the parliamentary organisational framework and placed under the control of the Ministry of Culture, and we can follow the life of the library through the personalities of the deputy directors. (In the short transitional period from 1950 to 1952, when the oneparty dictatorship was already well established and the Presidential Council took over the majority of the powers of the Parliament as a new body, the preparation for the second era was actually taking place.) In the 110 years examined by the paper, the second men of the Library’s leadership have often played a very important role, first of all in the development of a cultural institution that provided information to the deputies and then to the public at large. Many of them also made their way to the managerial position. The negative role played by deputy directors, who had a detrimental influence on the life of the prestigious library, is also discussed. The deputy directors are introduced through brief biographical sketches and portraits of the heads of the bodies that oversaw the Library of the Hungarian Parliament (the two heads of the Library Committee in Part I were the President and the Clerk-Recorder, and in Part II the Minister was the main person in charge of the ministerial control). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beyond being key players in the processing, preserving cultural heritage and providing related services, 21st century libraries are more and more becoming places of meeting, lifelong learning and creation. Libraries fulfil these functions through their various services, especially by organizing programmes, trainings and exhibitions. The aim of this paper is to help organize library events by synthesizing the theoretical background and practical knowledge related to the implementation of programmes. The article deals with the process of organizing events from the point of libraries, and gives an overview of the related marketing activities, new directions and trends. It also reviews the projects that took place in the past years with the topic of programme organization in Hungarian libraries, whose methods and results can help librarians in their work in organizing programmes and building communities. It also presents -- for inspiration -- web pages with programme ideas. The study is an edited text of the winning paper of the 2021 competition for the Young Librarian of the Year Award, founded by the Association of Hungarian Librarians and the Alliance of Libraries and Information Institutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preparing for the BIBFRAME workshop in 2021 it is worth reviewing what happened at the 2020 event, at which 275 participants were present from 29 countries. Papers were read by representatives of the Library of Congress, Stanford University Libraries, OCLC, Casalini Libri (Italy), @Cult and Kungliga biblioteket (Sweden), University of Alberta Library Memorial University Libraries in Newfoundland and Labrador (Canada), and the National Széchényi Library, Budapest. This annual event provides a forum for institutions and professionals wishing the renew cataloguing, experimenting with the BIBFRAME format for exchange. Last year's event was organized online because of the pandemic. It provided a wide spectrum of implementations and a proof of the performance of this new communication format elaborated to replace MARC 21 by the Library of Congress. Papers and the round-table discussion informed about other solutions based on linked data. It was a general opinion at the conference that institutions should co-operate and exchange data more extensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From January 2020, the legal framework for adult education has undergone radical changes in Hungary, and the changes have also had a major impact on the system of vocational education and training in libraries. Following a brief description of the new European Action Programme for Adult Education, the author presents the legislative background in Hungary, as in addition to the professional training in the library field, continuing education and competence development activities in libraries have also been brought within the scope of the law. In addition to organisation, the changes impose on libraries serious tasks that they have not carried out until now: knowledge of and compliance with the new body of legislation, documentation and electronic obligations. The paper goes on to describe the process of change in the training of assistant librarians, and then examines the possibilities for further training in the field of librarianship in Hungary and abroad, supplemented by tables of relevant information. It also points out that the greatest challenge to the organisation of training courses in the period under review was the pandemic of the coronavirus and its consequences, which also had a significant impact on cross-border training. It concludes with a summary of the vision for the future, the most important aspect of which is to ensure that the training offer meets the challenges of the library profession and the professional needs of librarians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a written version of the section on general web archiving problems complementing the presentation of Ádám Perger at the 2021 conference “404 Not Found – Who preserves the Internet?”, in which the authors present typical problems they have encountered frequently during the five years of operation of the Web Archive of the National Széchényi Library. Some of these can be solved by the parametrisation the archiving tool or using alternative technology, while others require the involvement of the content provider. The aim of the paper is to raise awareness on how to make websites robotand archive-friendly, similar to the way optimisation is done for accessibility. The article is based partly on the experiences of the Web Archive of the Nation al Széchényi Library and the MIA Wiki knowledge base, and partly on examples collected in the course material for the accredited course of the Library Institute entitled “Internet archiving as a public library task”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the effects of the first wave of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic and infodemic on the library field, based on library literature and news published during the pandemic. In addition to describing the outbreak and spread of the epidemic and its direct library-related impact in detail, the paper presents the information activities of the Hungarian Library Institute, and the trends of library services during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the basic tasks of reopening libraries. Government measures are summarized, so as to comprehensively understand and analyze the impact of these completely unexpected tasks incumbent on libraries. Digital library services, built over the years, have recently undergone a major ordeal, with most events being organized in cyberspace. Long before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, addressing the challenges of fake news was already considered a global task by libraries. Their tools include user training, objective information, and the publication of credible sources. The effects of the economic crisis caused by the epidemic are also detrimental to libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is the published version of a presentation at the online conference and workshop “404 Not Found – Who preserves the Internet?” on 23-24. November 2021. It describes the co-operation initiative between the Web Archive of the National Széchényi Library (NSZL) and some main county libraries, and briefly outlines its process and content elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hungarian-speaking professional acting celebrated the centenary of its birth in 1890. The National Hungarian Actors’ Association and Retirement Institute, the professional organisation of rural theatres, intended to commemorate the anniversary with a series of celebrations. The highlight of the jubilee events was the first national theatrical exhibition, which opened on 15 August 1890 in the Kunsthalle of the National General Exhibition of 1885, in the City Park. For rural theatre, which represented the majority of Hungarian-language theatre, the jubilee was an excellent opportunity to present its past and present – to present itself outside the stage and the theatre as well. The research paper seeks to answer how this was done, and with what results. In addition to the catalogue of the first Hungarian theatrical exhibition, the drawings of Tivadar Dörre and the photographs of Sándor Halácsy have been preserved – and there’s more: many of the exhibited objects have been preserved by the actors’ association. These were the first items of the association’s collection of theatre history, which was later transferred to the Theatre History Collection of the National Széchényi Library in 1950 (since 2020 it is called Theatre History and Music Collection). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper summarizes the activities of the Web Archiving Department of the National Széchényi Library in 2021 in four main fields: archive expansion and enrichment, technological development, knowledge dissemination and cooperation. The author describes the growth of the collection in terms of quantity, topic and genre; briefly presents the archiving and displaying software tested in the past year; lists the various forms of knowledge transfer related to preserving online content; and gives a progress report on the state of cooperation with domestic and foreign institutions and organisations, including the contract signed with the Internet Archive at the end of the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2021, the standard ISO 26000 -- Guide to Corporate Social Responsibility was renewed, and its translation into Hungarian was completed. When making an overview of the topics and issues of corporate social responsibility, it can be seen that there are hardly any of them unrelated to libraries as organizations. The renewal of the standard, originally published in 2011, and the feedback from libraries on how difficult it is to interpret the criterion of social responsibility in the Quality Performance Evaluation System of Libraries (KMÉR), inspired the author to write this study. The paper deals with a part of the standard that presents the link between the organisation and the social responsibility. It is a resume for professionals, that can be a significant guide and a starting point for the implementation of certain important aspects of the standard in the organization's regulations and basic documents. In addition to the interpretation of the concepts, the related topics and issues as well as the principles that form the backbone of social responsibility are presented. Besides describing the standard, the study also contains important supplementary notes by the author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2020, the ELTE University Library Service (ULS) became the first library in Hungary which was awarded the EFQM "Commitment to Excellence" certificate. This paper briefly describes the organization of EFQM, the quality assessment model and the recognition system developed. The authors present the application of ULS, describe the issues and results of self-assessment, and summarize the objectives and findings of the three development projects implemented under the application. The article briefly describes the most important changes to the EFQM Model 2020, which was introduced from 2021 and was significantly revised in terms of both content and design. With the introduction of the new model, the recognition system has also been renewed, which has had an impact on the development of the National Excellence Award and the National Excellence Recognition Scheme, which was relaunched in 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Libraries cannot confine their activities to merely preserving and providing documents; the wide range of their functions flexibly responds to the rapidly changing needs of society. Besides library services becoming more complex, over the past three decades, since the change of the political system, Hungarian libraries have also adapted to operating within a market economy framework. From public institutions operating under a lot of pressure among their competitors this requires a major shift in perspective, still ongoing today. To remain competitive, five criteria need to be met: (1) Leaders of libraries shall have adequate financial knowledge and management skills. (2) Libraries are required to continuously prove their social utility to their maintainers. (3) There is an increasing focus on effectiveness in the operation of libraries. (4) Embedded participation, in line with each library's type both in nature and intensity, is expected in (regional) economic development. (5) The boundary between traditional and atypical services of libraries is beginning to blur; educational and social engagement needs to be increased. This study examines, both from a theoretical and a practical perspective, the international library innovations connected to the development of (1) digital literacy, (2) financial literacy, and (3) business, integrated into the current global and local, mostly education-oriented set of instruments related to sustainability. The paper also addresses the connections between library financing and economic value creation, and the possible returns on tax money spent on the library system. The analysis is concluded by posing topical questions on cultural economics requiring further research, from the field of library and information science, raised by rapidly changing circumstances (e.g., Covid-19). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the latest developments of the web archiving project launched in 2017 in the National Széchényi Library (NSZL) and the organizational, legal and infrastructural changes affecting the project. It also covers the results achieved in preserving different types of websites, archiving problems, and the software used. It summarizes the efforts to promote the topic, presents the international contact points, and finally lists the goals set for 2021 by the staff of the newly established Web Archiving Department in the NSZL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the digital evolution of the Dutch National Library (Koninklijke Bibliotheek, KB). The library has always been at the forefront of technical development: it opened its first digital storage in 1997, developed a system of long-term preservation of digital content in co-operation with IBM in 2003, and launched national digitization programmes as early as in the 2000s (Memory of the Netherlands, Dutch Parliamentary Papers, Dutch Newspapers Online). The paper describes the start of the Memory of the Netherlands programme, its content, as well as issues of public access and copyright. In 2013, the Delpher Platform was launched, providing access to more than one million books and newspapers. ResearchLab is a platform for linking researchers to the National Library, which supports processing protected content in the KB, and information exchange between researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Library of the Central Statistical Office (KSH) celebrates its 150th anniversary this year. During its past history the library fulfilled diverse roles in Hungarian librarianship. At the start, it operated as a departmental library closed for the public; from 1929 it became the second library of the nation; and since 1955, it has been working as a traditional research library. Nowadays, the organization's public library functions are on the rise. The organizational structure of the library has changed as a result of the emergence of new roles. The five major organizational units of the library were reduced to three departments: Collection Development, Reader Services, and Research Support/Statistical History. The papers covers in detail the evolution of the departments of collection development, reader services and public relations, historical statistics research, and the new databases. Most innovations took place in the fields of research and digitization. The library provides personalized services to KSH staff, handles the data related to publications, supports professional training, strengthens inter-institutional relationships, and takes an increasingly active part in professional programmes . Beside traditional library tasks, current services include research and publishing as well. To sum up, the paper presents a multifunctional library, with its activities equally acknowledged locally, nationally, and internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper begins with a brief description of the changes that our views on the nature of data and information have gone through. It is stated that the main stakeholders of data quality are researchers, but it is also important for funding organizations and scholarly publishers, as well as libraries. The management of research data aims to provide high-quality, accessible, and reusable data. Ensuring data quality is also part of data literacy which is closely linked to information literacy. The study describes the nature of trust which is one of the most important quality characteristics. There are several other attributes of data quality that can be grouped differently. There may be external characteristics, such as its fitness for purpose. Nonetheless, digitized objects also have intrinsic values, including accuracy, objectivity, and credibility. Among the contextual quality characteristics we find relevance, added value, and completeness. Timeliness and volatility (rapid obsolescence) also can be related to temporality. Mention may also be made of completeness, comparability and originality, as well as a number of other features that can be grouped in varied ways. Approaching big data can be done similarly to the ways how we treat data in general. However, their incomplete and often uncertain nature negatively affect quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper summarizes the achievements and lessons of the My library programme implemented within the Museum and library developments for all project, supported by the European Union, and carried out in the period February 1, 2017 through January 31, 2020. The author – professional leader of the project – describes the objectives related to the development of library services supporting learning, the main activities and their results. He presents the wide-ranging cooperation of the actors of the library system to achieve project goals, partnership levels, provides a detailed overview of how the 40-member national library consulting network was established, and describes its activities. The study provides an insight into the work of professional workshops operated in the framework of methodological developments; into the national, representative research initiatives on reading and library use in various phases of the project; and into other professional surveys conducted using the DigComp framework. Within the project, 90 model programmes supporting learning were also prepared for libraries. The author presents the methods used during the design of the model programmes, related professional trainings, events, and methodological publications. The study places special emphasis on the presentation of monitoring activity to follow up, among others, on the implementation of model programmes. The review of this unprecedented national project in the Hungarian library system ends with a description of communication activity and the promotion campaign of libraries and reading which was an important part of the programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recently finished EU project "COST Action EREAD" (2014-2018), a team of international experts worked on the complex interpretation of reading, with special attention to e-reading. Their findings were published, among others, in the thematic issue (October 2018) of the online journal, First Monday. The paper describes the relevant findings based on the studies in this issue, complemented by the author's reflections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On April 11, 2015, the Hungarian Reading Association (www.hunra.hu) organised a conference on the theoretical and practical aspects of talent management, in co-operation with the Faculty and Doctoral School of Adult Education of the Debrecen University, and the Debrecen School of Music. At the plenary session papers were read by famous specialists: László Balogh (Critical points of talent management), Emőke Bagdy (Unfolding talent), Márta Fülöp (Threat or challenge?). Speakers included Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences József Hámori and Pianist Mihály Duffek. The conference continued in four sections where 34 papers were read on major issues of theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

István Nemecskay (1792-1884) was a provost of Nagyszombat, a linguist and book collector. Researchers have previously identified two books of his collection. Recently, as third one, a copy of a rare prayer book (Clavis [Clavis, per quam reserantur coeli:...]) has been discovered, which was published by Count Ferenc Széchényi's grandfather, and also belonged to the collection of Nemecskay. There are three more copies of this title in the Hungarian National Library, and another one in the Austrian National Library. The items belong to two, unseparated variants in the retrospective Hungarian national bibliography. There are, however, significant differences between the copies, because each were made unique by their owners. The paper publishes a detailed analysis of the Nemecskay copy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

E-learning has spread in Hungary mainly in a higher education environment. It had predecessors in the libraries, but has not yet become widely popular there. However, librarians were compelled to face the paradigm shift. The paper presents factors to be considered when introducing e-learning (psychological aspects, social and environmental factors, the role of human resources, the impact of technological and financial conditions); and lists the different forms of adult learning behaviour in the electronic environment, from the perspectives of both students and teachers, and characterizes the required skills. Due to the lack of space and time constraints of online learning, student and teacher roles are quite different from the traditional ones and curriculum is also structured differently, factors to be considered for curriculum development in an e-learning environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author has recently published a selection of his collection of literary quotations related to the homeland. (The title was reviewed in Könyvtári Figyelő/ Library Review, 1/2007, pp. 103-104.) In the current paper he covers various interpretations of the notion of locality, with an emphasis on the relationship between locality and the global world, as well as the role of locality in library work (in local knowledge and local history). Locality refers to the historical past and present of a given place, and deals with the information preserved in oral tradition or in documents related to this place, as collected and transmitted by libraries, archives and museums. Libraries' local history services have been recently expanded with the opportunities offered by digitization. Through digitization, local knowledge and local history activities no longer exist in local isolation and may join the universal information flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Content analysis, including text analysis, is not a new research method. Systematic analysis of texts already started as early as the 17th century, and since the 20th century, the term content analysis has been used consciously. Later, due to the development of computerization, content analysis as a potential opened up to new areas of application. Automation expedited the methods of content analysis and led to their radical transformation. Through the automated content analysis of articles published by three Hungarian news portals in a given period, the paper presents what automated content analysis can offer and how it can be used in a library environment, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A government decree in 2016 granted funds (cca. 10 billion HUF) from the state budget for the Hungarian National Library's IT development. Most of this support is intended for the purchase of hardware, software, and services, and is managed in partnership with the Governmental Information Technology Development Agency. The project is called National Library System (OKR); it consists of several components: infrastructure development, implementation of the library system, creation of a high-capacity digitizing workshop, content development, as well as development of the organization and its services. The National Library Platform (OKP) - as core of the OKR project - is a computerised system supporting library workflows in the national library. In addition, it enables services for the entire library system, and, among others, it operates central databases. The paper summarizes the basic requirements against OKP, presents its modules, and shows how OKP is going to serve a co-operative of Hungarian libraries. It summarizes the expected project results, i.e., renewal in three fundamental areas: the integrated system of the Hungarian National Library, the shared catalogues, and the system of the Hungarian National Bibliography). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the emergence and development of intellectual property from ancient times to the digital age of the 21st century. Manual replication has played an important role in the preservation of human knowledge and scientific achievements. Scriptors created legal copies of original works. Later, when Gutenberg invented the printing press, the concept of intellectual property started to take shape. The digital creation of original works made their reproduction, reuse and citation easier than ever before. Digital rights management (DRM) solutions aim at protecting new media, but their application can cause many difficulties in practice. Plagiarism can be defined simply as „using external sources without proper citation“. The availability of computer processing has made cheating both easier and harder to find. This paper reviews the recently used text matching and plagiarism search algorithms. The SZTAKI-KOPI plagiarism search engine, being developed in Hungary within a research programme, offers the opportunity to innovatively integrate results from sister projects like the SZTAKI-Szótár online dictionary and other smaller, linguistic pilot systems. Turnitin.com - which is also shortly presented - is one of the largest international plagiarism checkers with a huge comparison database providing statistics on originality and online grading. The study provides an overall insight into the technologies designed to protect digital materials meant for public disclosure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the summer of 1972, Budapest hosted the 38th IFLA Conference. The head of the Department of Library Science at the Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, M&t6 Kovacs was one of the organisers, and he was to read a paper at the meeting of the training committee. But, unfortunately, he unexpectedly passed away on the second day of the conference. The synopsis of his scheduled lecture, a typewritten draft, was recently published (in the journal Könyv, Könyvtar, KSnyvtaros no. 11/2012). The full text has since then been found by chance and is published here for the first time with comments from Professor Miklós Bényei. In his paper Mate Kovacs drew a comprehensive picture of the beginnings of library education in Hungary and described in detail the state of the art of the different training levels in the seventies, their curriculum, the programme of subjects and practices as well as the exam schedule. He also discussed the organisation of extension training and further tasks, in particular the importance of approximating the goal of training, curriculum, content, and methods to practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to consider the use of technologies including GPS, QR codes and RFID tags to personalise the learning environments in academic libraries. It reports on the use of QR codes at the University of Huddersfield, UK, including information on how the QR codes have been received by users. It also outlines other technologies used elsewhere and reported in the LIS literature. The paper finds that, although location-aware technologies are being used, for most libraries they are impractical. Instead, one could use QR codes (which have significant barriers to their use) or preferably RFID tags (already widely used for other purposes) to create smarter libraries. Libraries are increasingly using RFID tags in their holdings, occasionally as part of library or campus smart cards as well. When considering how to use, or justify the cost of, RFID tags in libraries, one should also consider the potential additional benefits outlined in this article. While most of the technologies described have been used in experimental ways within libraries, no one has yet used RFID tags for much more than circulation and control. This is the first article to suggest using them to access the wealth of data in order to personalise the learning environments of our libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present the Danish inter-library lending (ILL) environment with the focus on its current status, the level of automation and future development. The paper describes Danish ILL cooperation, and finds that focusing on standards and automation delivers a better service. Danish ILL has a high level of automation. The combination of standards, interaction between systems and dedicated functions in the national system delivers an effective handling of ILL and document delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an overview of the lectures at the conference "V4 libraries in the decoy of digital age", held in Brno in May 2016. The author, who read a paper at the conference himself (on the activities of the Committee on Standardization at the National Széchényi Library), reviews primarily those important developments and examples that may be transferable into Hungarian practice. The chapters follow the themes of sections: strategic issues, opportunities for co-operation (with examples from the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia); copyright aspects of digitization (with examples from Sweden, the Czech Republic and Poland); centralized virtual tools/portals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of 2006 the Standing Conference of German Cultural Ministers tasked its Scientific Council (Wissenschaftsrat) with evaluating the German library networks. Work began in mid-2009. The cloing report "Recommendations on the future of library network systems in Germany" was published on January 28, 2011. The experts have explored the regional networks not only on their own, but also as a comprehensive system, at the national level. In the meantime also the Committee for Research Libraries and Information Systems of the German Research Alliance (DFG) dealt with the theme, and published on February 2, 2011 a Position paper to develop library networks as part of a national information infrastructure". These two papers differ only in nuances, but have the same key tone. The two bodies in question published a three page common statement as well, under the title "The future of the library network system". Their overall assessment was extremely critical. In her article professor Heidrun Wiesenmuller of the College for Media, Stuttgart delivers her detailed opinion on these papers and provides recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author as the head of the Hungarian library standardization committee, introduces two studies targeted for the participants of this forum, in order to explain the regulation KSZ/5 "Geographical names as access points to retrieving records" issued in July 2005. Then she reports on the new model of the IFLA UBCIM Working Group on Functional Requirements and Numbering of Authority Records (FRANAR), the draft paper called "Functional Requirements for Authority Records." This draft paper analyses the the entities of authority records, their qualities and relations. Furthermore it lists the qualities related to access points too. Another important chapter deals with the relations between authority data. The FRAR (earlier FRANAR) draft paper is still being fine-tuned, but apparently, it does not deal with subject authority data, e.g. geographical names, in connection with which Hungary was the first country to introduce a regulation. In order to enhance searching, the producers of the Hungarian regulation have also integrated the achievements of the use of national and international thesaurus standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The online catalogue of the Central Library of the Corvinus University of Budapest has been built since 1989. The retrospective cataloguing of the part of the collection acquired before 1989 also started. From the end of the 1990s, documents in electronic format (on CD-ROM, floppy disc, and finally online) were also incorporated in the collection and thus in the online catalogue. The cataloguing of e-documents is carried out in compliance with the relevant national regulation (KSZ/2 2000, Bibliographical description, Electronic documents). The metadata standard issued in 2004 (MSZ ISO 15836, Information and documentation, The Dublin Core metadata element set) makes it possible to use optional data elements that can be viewed in both html and xml formats. The library receives the PhD dissertations on floppy and after the dissertation is defended, the electronic format is attached to the bibliographical records of the work received in paper format. Other publications of the teaching staff as well as conference papers are usually received as e-documents. The processing of e-documents not stored on the local server is only a long-term plan, as the library has not elaborated yet its policy regarding the acquisition and cataloguing of these documents. The Library has joined the new project of the Hungarian National Shared Catalogue dealing with documents published before 1850 (MOKKA-R). 13 historical core economic books were scanned in the Digital Archive of the Library with additional state funding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the development of socially inclusive library services in the London Borough of Croydon. Croydon Council is committed to ensuring that all citizens are able to take advantage of the library service and for those with particular needs, special provision is made to help them to develop their skills. The range of these services will be reviewed in this paper and examples described the techniques and the impact of social inclusion work within Croydon libraries. The three case studies are delivering library services to pre-school children, black and minority ethnic housebound people and to adults with low literacy levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the reading culture of the inhabitants of the Czech Republic (aged 15 years and over) against the background of three readership surveys (in 2007, 2010 and 2013 resp.). The deep interviews conducted focused on three areas: reading (books and journals), book purchase and library visits, and also dealt with digital reading, media use, leisure activities, and the mutual impact of reading and professional work. With regard to the entire period, reading can be considered as stable. The number of frequent readers has decreased, and there was a decrease in the purchase of books and library visits as well. Overall, it can be stated that the Czech population has a strong affinity for books: 82 % of the population read at least one book in the previous year. Frequent readers are also Internet users. Women read more, but in the age group of 25- to 44-year-olds, a decrease is experienced in the number of readers, book buyers, and the number of library visits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As mediator and co-ordinator, the National Széchényi Library (OSZK) plays a unique role in the Hungarian inter-library loan (ILL) system. Possessing the most extensive background (including a union card catalogue that covers holdings of books published in Hungary before 1952 and abroad after 1800), it is a reference and service centre for the whole country. Via konkoz@oszk.hu anybody is able to send a request to the National Széchényi Library's ILL department, which fulils loan requests of international customers through ODR (the National Document Supply System) and copy requests from its own holdings. The main sources of OSZK's ILL service are European academic libraries for loans and OCLC member libraries for copies. In addition, one of its important duties is to supply Hungarians living in the neighbouring countries and all over the world with Hungarian publications. While the number of requests has been recently decreasing, this group demands more intensive and time-consuming input from the staff. Patrons increasingly need digital reproductions instead of paper copies. ELDORADO (the National Electronic Document Delivery System, Database and Repository), to be launched at the end of 2014, will provide a fundamentally new framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review article deals with school librarianship, the position and problems of school libraries in Great Britain, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Sweden and Germany, based on abstracts from the period 2006 through 2013 published in the From foreign library and information science journals (Abstracts) section of Könyvtári Figyelő. (The paper was originally read at the 2013 Autumn Conference of Librarian-Teachers; this is an edited version complemented with cited and recommended literature.) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attitudes and managerial behaviour of library leaders in the changing world of information society is a major point in adapting and developing user satisfaction and better library services. Norway has high quality library services and Romania is developing the libraries within this aspect. This paper looks at attitudes about leadership and decision making among leaders in academic libraries in Norway and Romania. Two different surveys were conducted containing similar questions, and the results are compared. The surveys uncovered demographics -„who are the leaders?“ as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper gives an overview of new developments in library evaluation, focusing on those methods that have been defined in international standards. Based on current changes in the tasks and activities of libraries, library statistics have to admit new definitions and data collection methods. The same happens in performance or quality measurement, where the indicators have to be adapted to new developments in libraries and in the information world. Statistics show the quantity of input and output in libraries; performance measures assess the library's products and services in terms of user-orientation, speed, accuracy, reliability, or efficiency. But today there is a general demand on public institutions to prove their value for society. For libraries this means providing evidence that people benefit when using a library. Impact or outcome assessment tries to identify the effect of library services on users and on society. Methods for such assessment will be described in a new ISO standard. (Original abstract) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New research environments, which are a result of technological innovations initiated by the Web 2.0, have the potential to change the very principles of science and research. These principles are charac- terized by new patterns of generating, managing and using scholarly information, necessitating complementary changes in information literacy (IL) as well. The author analyzes shifting aspects of IL training for researchers who operate in research environments pervaded by Web 2.0 tools and social media. Although the use of new tools and media generate a range of issues in all areas of human endeavour, domains like research and scholarship encounter specific challenges resulting from the use of Web 2.0 tools and services. Based on literature review and analysis of issues caused by "Research 2.0 trends", the paper highlights main features of shifts in con- ceptualizing IL training for researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses mobile library services in Hungary based on statistical data, a questionnaire survey and interviews with library managers maintaining such services. The staff of the Hungarian Library Institute investigated during the related research a) the utilisation of the four existing mobile library services (supplying 87 communities), b) the demographics of users, c) whether the service brings economic return, d) the forms how these services are utilised. Utilisation was understood not only in terms of financial returns, but also as indirect benefits underlying service provision. In some places, the services represented a value for the entire municipality. Utilisation can be measured in many ways and by several methods, however, results can never be exact. It also had to be considered during the relevant survey that the mobile libraries (the buses) have a different technological infrastructure, and as a result, can offer different services. During the analysis every service factor was investigated, and the conclusions were drawn from combined results. The mobile libraries operating in the towns Encs, Szendrő, Pécs and Cegléd are definitely serving the most deprived and disadvantaged population whose social development and integration to work constitute an important economic issue. In an economic sense, different findings were achieved depending on the principle of measurement, but, as regards the utilisation of services, 97% of the interviewees considered that mobile libraries have improved the quality of library supply in the relevant municipality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second part of the study offers methodological know-how for coping with the challenges mentioned earlier, brought about by technological change and the Zeitgeist. Acknowledging that the range of devices to manage library collections and to organise knowledge is almost infinite, the author illustrates, through some examples taken from the practice of special libraries; that also with the re-formed user preferences and expectations, the library does hold an added value for the field of scientific research. The practical ideas discussed in this paper help readers find their book, as envisaged by Ranganathan. Promoting Open Science, digitising library collections, contributing to shared catalogues relying on unified principles at the national as well as international levels, and exploiting the potential of web 2.0, all provide an exceptional opportunity for future librarians to re-define their role in the digital age. As a result, they are gradually moving away from the passive attitude of the "keepers of knowledge" and are more likely to become encouraging-supporting research co-ordinators. To achieve this, however, they not only need new skills and abilities but the library as a physical space should also be re-invented, since the transforming patterns of scientific thinking and research may soon change the library into a primary centre of trans-disciplinary academic life and scientific debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The HUMAN US database (of essays and articles in the humanities) is responsible for registering articles in a nationally coordinated manner in certain subject fields (literary science, linguistics, history, military science, political science, library science, book history, philosophy, religion, theology, art, education, folklore, local history) in order to avoid parallel efforts. (The list of participating institutions is not yet complete, there are some fields waiting for a contributing library as a co-operating partner.) The database relies on the Bodza software framework which has been developed for the very purpose of processing parts of documents. Co-operation is implemented within the framework of a consortium, with the Humanities Bibliography Department of the National Szechenyi Library as the co-ordinator. The author outlined the advantages of co-operation between the National Széchényi Library and external bibliographical centres as the working method, and illustrated the levels of co-operation and processing with examples from the HUMANUS homepage (www.oszk.hu/humanus). The first step in co-operation is to co-ordinate journal processing, the next one is to plan the coordinated processing of collections of essays. The paper is illustrated by a step-by-step guide to the analytical processing of a multi-volume work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first annual conference of the Association of Hungarian Librarians took place in Tata, Komárom county, in 1969. Since then this event has been organised each year in summer in a different city. The author - who took part at almost each meeting in the past 40 years either presenting a paper, or as an official of the association - draws a balance of the annual conferences, characterising them by location, organisers, themes, speakers and invited guests. In the first 20 years, till the change of the political system, the organisers, as a rule, chose neutral themes, oriented toward library policy and general political expectations respectively (such themes were e.g. the movement "For a reading nation", preparations for the third and fourth national conferences on librarianship, the 500th anniversary of book printing, the state of education for librarianship, library ethics, central services, co-operation, issues of special literature supply etc.). From the late 1980s the themes have increasingly focused on current issues and developments, the importance of co-operation, economy and effectiveness (e.g. preparations for the new library law, interests and controversies in Hungarian librarianship, issues of services, fees and sponsoring etc.). The institutions in charge - county, city and academic libraries - have always done their best to organise these events. The invited guests were mostly prominent persons of cultural and political life. As regards the professional community, all the leading figures were present as speakers. Annual conferences have become traditional events of professional public life: they contribute to strengthening professional self-conscience, foster innovation and increase the prestige of the library profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]