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Purpose: We examined the effects of aerobic exercise and detraining on adiponectin, resistin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), white blood cell, and pubertal signs (uterine length, ovarian volume, luteinizing hormone [LH], and follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]) in girls with central precocious puberty (CPP). Methods: Thirty girls with CPP (7–9 yr old) were randomly divided into CPP and CPP + Exercise (EX) groups. Fifteen healthy age-matched girls without precocious puberty participated for comparison with CPP. Subjects in the CPP + EX group attended 12 wk of aerobic exercise protocol three sessions a week. In the baseline, after completing the exercise protocol and after 4 wk of detraining, all the parameters were measured. In the CPP and healthy groups, all the parameters were measured in all three stages. To measure adiponectin, resistin, and TNF-α, the ELISA method was used. LH and FSH were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. White blood cell counts were analyzed by an automated blood cell counter. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to analyze the results. Results: CPP girls have lower adiponectin (P = 0.01) and higher TNF-α levels (P = 0.001) than healthy girls. In the CPP + EX group, after 12 wk, body weight and fat mass decreased, and adiponectin increased significantly (P = 0.02). Resistin (P = 0.02), TNF-α (P = 0.02), neutrophils (P = 0.01), and signs of puberty significantly (P < 0.05) decreased. After detraining, no significant change was observed except TNF-α, which increased significantly (P = 0.03). In the CPP group, no significant change was observed in any of the parameters; only LH (P = 0.0001) and uterine length and ovarian volume (P = 0.003, P = 0.001) decreased after 12 and 16 wk, respectively. Conclusions: Aerobic exercise can have a positive effect on the state of inflammation and pubertal signs. Positive effects remain after 4 wk of detraining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effects of a 2-yr-long maintenance training (MT) exergaming and detraining (DT) on clinical–motor symptoms in subacute ischemic patients with stroke (PwST). The hypothesis was that MT motor rehabilitation program would further increase the effects of the initial rehabilitation. Methods: After high-intensity and high-frequency exergaming twice or once a day, 5 times per week for 5 wk (EX2: 50 sessions; EX1: 25 sessions, results reported previously), 558 PwST were randomized to EX2-MT, EX2-DT, EX1-MT, and EX1-DT. MT exergaming consisted of once a day, 3 times per week for 2 yr, and DT did not train. Outcomes were measured at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. The data were analyzed using longitudinal linear mixed-effects models and general linear hypotheses testing. Results: Modified Rankin Score (primary outcome), body mass, Mini-Mental State Examination score, Beck Depression Inventory, measures of quality of life, Berg Balance Scale, 6-min walk test, and four measures of center of pressure path tended to retain the initial rehabilitation-induced gains in the MT patients in selected outcomes (especially walking capacity). The scores tended to mildly worsen after DT, partially supporting the hypothesis. Conclusions: MT successfully maintained, but only in selected variables did it further increase the initial exergaming rehabilitation-induced robust improvements. DT modestly reduced the initial exergaming rehabilitation-induced improvements. MT programs might be needed after initial stroke rehabilitation to reduce subsequent losses of quality of life and further improve clinical–motor symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: High-intensity interval training is an effective tool to improve cardiovascular fitness and maximal anaerobic power. Different methods of high-intensity interval training have been studied but the effects of repeated maximal effort cycling with very short exercise time (i.e. 4 s) and short recovery time (15-30 s) might suit individuals with limited time to exercise. Purpose: We examined the effects of training at near maximal anaerobic power during cycling (PC) on maximal anaerobic power, peak oxygen consumption (V[spacing dot above]O2peak), and total blood volume in 11 young healthy individuals (age: 21.3 +/- 0.5 yr) (six men, five women). Methods : Participants trained three times a week for 8 wk performing a PC program consisting of 30 bouts of 4 s at an all-out intensity (i.e. 2 min of exercise per session). The cardiovascular stress progressively increased over the weeks by decreasing the recovery time between sprints (30-24 s to 15 s), and thus, total session time decreased from 17 to <10 min. Results : Power cycling elicited a 13.2% increase in V[spacing dot above]O2peak (Pre: 2.86 +/- 0.18 L[middle dot]min-1, Post: 3.24 +/- 0.21 L[middle dot]min-1; P = 0.003) and a 7.6% increase in total blood volume (Pre: 5139 +/- 199 mL, Post: 5529 +/- 342 mL; P < 0.05). Concurrently, maximal anaerobic power increased by 17.2% (Pre: 860 +/- 53 W, Post: 1,009 +/- 71 W; P < 0.001). Conclusions: A PC training program employing 30 bouts of 4 s duration for a total of 2 min of exercise, resulting in a total session time of less than 10 min in the last weeks, is effective for improving total blood volume, V[spacing dot above]O2peak and maximal anaerobic power in young healthy individuals over 8 wk. These observations require reconsideration of the minimal amount of exercise needed to significantly increase both maximal aerobic and anaerobic power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular deceases are the leading cause of death worldwide in older adults and exercise is one method that can bring benefits against their risk factors, such hypertension and high cholesterol. Exercise can be applied in older adults through different methods, like multicomponent training and can promote lifestyle changes. PURPOSE: Can multicomponent training (MT) and detraining (DT) promote different effects in blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol (TCHOL) and cardiorespiratory capacity of older women with or without hypertension and high cholesterol (HT and HCHOL)? METHODS: Sixteen older women without HT and HCHOL (CG: n = 16, 65.4 ± 1.8 years), and fifteen older women with HT and HCHOL (EG: n = 15, 67.7 ± 4.2 years) followed a six-month multicomponent exercise program before a three-month detraining period. Cardiorespiratory capacity was assessed through 6-min walk test (6MWT), Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure through a Omron Digital Blood Pressure Monitor HEM-907, and total cholesterol (TCHOL) blood sample were assessed in accordance with the procedures of Diabetes Atlas Committee. All assessments were conducted before and after the exercise program and after three months of detraining. RESULTS: MT resulted in declines in SBP (EG: -4.00%, p < 0.01; CG: -2.38%, p < 0.01), DBP (EG: -7.07%, p < 0.01; CG: -7.73%, p < 0.01), TCHOL (EG: -13,29%, p < 0.01; CG: -5.26%, p < 0.01) and improvements in 6MWT (EG: 7.49%, p < 0.01; CG: 4.49%, p < 0.01). DT led to negative effects in SBP (EG: 2.69%, p < 0.01; CG: 3.04%, p < 0.01), DBP (EG: 7,54%, p < 0.01; CG: 7.46%, p < 0.01), TCHOL (EG: 6,26%, p < 0.01; CG: -3.16%, p < 0.01) and 6MWT (EG: -8.70%, p < 0.01; CG: -3.19%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Besides the benefits of MT the DT period was enough to reverse the benefits of exercise in BP, TCHOL and cardiorespiratory fitness of booth groups. MT in older adults with hypertension and HCHOL group promoted greater improvements in HCHOL and cardiorespiratory fitness than in the CG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HISTORY: A 19 year-old female division 1 NCAA cross country athlete presented for campus pre-participation physicals during the summer of her sophomore year 2020. She reported subjective chest tightness and exercise intolerance. Patient reported symptoms consistent with a COVID-19 viral infection in February 2020 including her initial symptoms were cough, congestion, fevers, and myalgias. She subsequently developed significant dyspnea on exertion, and was unable to tolerate even minimal exertion. Patient reported initial symptoms lasted for 2 weeks, and was seen by her PCP in March 2020. She was then tested for COVID-19 IgG antibodies, which were positive. She continued to have exertional dyspnea that progressed to night time cough. Patient has a medical history of anxiety and mild intermittent asthma, requiring her albuterol inhaler once a month. At onset of symptoms, she began using her albuterol more frequently, and progressed to daily inhaled corticosteroid. Due to her continued symptoms, further medical testing was ordered. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: Patient was resting comfortably. Heart regular rate and rhythm without murmur. Lungs clear to auscultation bilaterally. Pulses 2/4 in upper and lower extremities. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: 1. Progression of mild intermittent asthma 2. Cardiomyopathy3. Deconditioning TEST AND RESULTS: EKG: - NSR at 64 BPM Chest XR: -No acute findings, mild hyperinflation Labs:-Troponin <0.01, Hgb 13.0 Pulmonary Function Testing:-Normal without signs of obstruction or restriction Transthoracic echocardiogram: - Normal atrium and ventricles. Normal left ventricular function Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing: - Low VO2 max, depressed maximum heart rate, EKG with new inferior wall changes Cardiac MRI: - Normal cardiac anatomy, normal ventricular function, no evidence of scar of infiltration. FINAL WORKING DIAGNOSIS: - Post COVID-19 syndrome TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES: 1. Received clearance for return to athletic participation after full cardiac workup. 2. Symptoms due to cardiopulmonary deconditioning secondary to viral syndrome. 3. Gradual increase in exercise as tolerated. 4. Patient's symptoms slowly improving [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]