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In this article, we report the development and optimization of a cost-effective, biodegradable, disposable, and lightweight conductive polymer deposited on exfoliated graphite paper battery. The anode is made of aluminum foil and the cathode using electrochemically deposited anthraquinone conductive polymers on exfoliated graphite paper. Concentrated sodium chloride salt is used as the electrolyte. The battery shows a maximum capacity of 235 mA h g−1 and a superior cyclability of up to 500 cycles at 50.0 mA cm−2 current density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with hypertension are seriously affected by Parkinson's disease than patients with normal blood pressure. Thus, early detection of hypertension and Parkinson disease by monitoring subtle changes in specific biomarkers from body fluids can minimize the risk. This paper proposes a flexible, portable paper-based sensor for simultaneous electrochemical sensing of dopamine and uric acid, using differential pulse voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy on electrodeposited Prussian blue on carbon dots@graphite paper. The characteristic peaks of dopamine and uric acid in the differential pulse voltammogram are well separated. Further surface characterization of Prussian blue/carbon dots@graphite paper was carried out by Raman Spectra and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The proposed sensor promoted the fast electrochemical detection of dopamine and uric acid with the linear response for concentrations from 0.2–920.0 μM with a limit of detection 0.015 μM, respectively in an aqueous sample. Excellent flexing stability is demonstrated by the proposed sensor, which can maintain its initial current after being bent more than 300 times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a foreword for a special issue of the journal Microsystem Technologies. The special issue features selected papers from the 5th International Conference on Energy Systems, Drives and Automations (ESDA2022) held in Kolkata, India. The conference covered various interdisciplinary areas such as electrical, mechanical, computer, electronics, and medical electronics. The papers included in this special issue have undergone a rigorous review process and were selected by guest editors. The foreword expresses the hope that readers will find the papers informative. [Extracted from the article]

In this paper a three-dimensional model of a novel electronic package has been developed using Finite element analysis to evaluate the shear load, tensile, bending and thermal stresses. Simulations of a complete flexible flip chip electronic packaging method are performed to minimize stresses on the packaged electronic device to improve robustness and reliability. Three component under-fill adhesives (Loctite 4860, Loctite 480 and Loctite 4902) and three circuit substrate materials (Kapton, Mylar and PEEK) are compared and the optimal thickness of each is found by shear load, tensile load, bending test and thermal expansion simulations. A fixed die size of 3.5 mm × 8 mm × 0.53 mm has been simulated and evaluated experimentally under shear and bending load. The shear and bending experimental results show good agreement with the simulation results and verify the simulated optimal thickness of the adhesive layer. The Kapton substrate together with the Loctite 4902 adhesive were identified as the optimum in the simulation. The simulation of under-fill adhesive and substrate thickness identified an optimum configuration of a 0.045–0.052 mm thick substrate layer and a 0.042–0.045 mm thickness of the Loctite 4902 adhesive. The bending simulation has also been used to determine the neutral axis of the encapsulated electronic package in this paper, thus identifying the optimal material and thickness for the encapsulation layer of the package. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a preface for a special issue of the journal Microsystem Technologies. The issue contains selected papers from the 5th International Conference on Energy Systems, Drives and Automations (ESDA2022) held in Kolkata, India. The papers cover a range of topics including renewable energy, solar cells, electrical drives, automations, and microelectronics. The papers underwent a rigorous peer review process before being accepted for publication. The preface acknowledges the contributions of the office executives, staff, authors, guides, and reviewers in the successful completion of the special issue. [Extracted from the article]

The Distributed power flow controller can be considered as advance power flow controller which is combination of series and shunt compensator without DC link. In this paper Space vector Pulse width Modulation employs in Distributed power flow Controller for Harmonics Reduction and power quality improvement. A new technique SVPWM adopted which reduces the harmonics and the same time improves power quality and increase transient stability. In this paper a new technique of Multi objective Grey wolf algorithm used to optimize the controller parameter of DPFC. For the design of PI controller GWO algorithm can be used for better optimistic performance of DPFC. As a result of that power quality and voltage profile improves drastically and the same time harmonics also reduced remarkable level of 4.62% of Voltage THD and 1.8% of current THD. The simulation result and hardware model Prove the feasibility of proposed Configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author is a recipient of a B.S., two M.S., Ph.D., M.B.A. and five honorary doctorates, a total of 10 college degrees. He has worked both in major corporate research labs and academia. He is an Academy Professor (San Jose, CA), and has served as an Ohio Eminent Scholar and The Winbigler Professor in the College of Engineering at The Ohio State University for 29 years. In 2013–2014, he served as Science and Technology Policy Fellow on House Committee on Science, Space and Technology, United States Congress, Washington, DC. He has consulted various industries and served as an Expert Witness. He has held visiting professorships worldwide. He is a prolific author with 10 scientific books, 100 + handbook chapters, and 900 + scientific papers. He has also edited more than 60 books and holds more than 25 U.S. and foreign patents. He has given 300 + keynote/plenary addresses at major international conferences on six continents. He delivered a TEDx 2019 lecture on Lessons from Nature. His biography has been listed in over two dozen Who's Who books including Who's Who in the World. He has received more than two dozen awards from professional societies, industry, and U.S. Govt. agencies. The author brings a unique experience having born in India and been living in the US for several decades, with college degrees from India, the US and Europe, having worked in corporate research labs, academia and US Congress, and traveled and lived across the globe on business. The paper will start with introductory remarks starting with his brief introduction, followed by research strategy, execution, publications with a focus on citations and impact, presentations, job placement, and balance between work, personal life and health. His perspective on personal and professional life should be of interest in research guidance to graduate research students, postdoctoral fellows, and young faculty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 11th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Sensor Network (CCSN2022) took place in September 2022 at Utkal University in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. This special issue of Microsystem Technologies includes 18 papers that were selected from the conference. The papers cover various interdisciplinary areas such as computing, algorithms, wired and wireless communication, sensor networks, and circuit designs. The selection and review process involved the assistance of several professors and scientists from different institutions. The conference was organized by Applied Computer Technology of Kolkata, with support from the Journal's Editor-in-Chief, Prof. Bharat Bhushan. Springer Nature, the publisher, remains neutral in terms of jurisdictional claims and institutional affiliations. [Extracted from the article]

The adverse effects of leakage currents and short channel effects (SCE) on mobility degradation in CMOS technology below the 100-nanometer scale. To mitigate these effects, the paper suggests using material engineering techniques to improve the mobility of charge carriers and control SCE effects. Specifically, the switching characteristics of a dual-gate MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor) are enhanced by stacking the gate with various oxide layers including SiO2, HfO2, and TiO2. These oxide layers possess a range of permittivity capabilities from low to high. By combining different oxide layers the proposed device aims to improve its performance. To evaluate the performance of the proposed device we have employ simulation models such as CONMOB (Concentration Dependent Mobility), AUGER (Auger Recombination), and FLMOB (Field Dependent Mobility). These techniques help to obtain the accurate and reliable simulation results. We have utilized the parameters like drain current, transconductance, electric field, ION, IOFF, and ION/IOFF and simulate them using the Silvaco TCAD tool. The analysis of these parameters are discussed in the paper we have highlighted the compatibility of the proposed DGMOSFET device for low-power applications. In this paper, we have focus on the improving the switching characteristics of a dual-gate MOSFET by utilizing gate stacks with various oxide layers. The proposed device is evaluated through simulations using concentration-dependent mobility, Auger recombination, and field-dependent mobility techniques. The results indicate that the device is suitable for low-power applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To archive the papers presented in the ASME ISPS 2021, authors of recommended papers from the accepted papers of the conference were invited and encouraged to submit full papers to this special issue. It was our pleasure to host the 30th ASME annual conference on information and storage and processing systems (ASME ISPS 2021) held on line from June 2nd - 3rd, 2021, which was organized and sponsored by the ASME ISPS Division. In addition to a best conference paper award, starting from 2008 and sponsored by ASME ISPS Division, in ASME ISPS 2021, best track paper awards for outstanding papers in each technical track were presented to outstanding papers. [Extracted from the article]

The paper proposes a new multilevel inverter (MLI) topology that is designed to overcome the challenges posed by conventional MLIs, which can have high costs and complexity due to the large number of power components. The proposed MLI is designed to work with both symmetric and asymmetric DC sources, and uses fewer power semiconductor switches compared to recently propose reduced components MLIs. The paper presents the ratio of voltage levels generated per power semiconductor switch, and the gate pulses for the inverter are generated using a DSPACE1103 controller. A prototype of the 7-level inverter is developed, and experimental outcomes are provided to evaluate the simulated results. The paper highlights the importance of reducing the number of power components in MLIs to reduce costs and improve reliability. The proposed MLI offers a promising solution to this challenge, while also maintaining the advantages of MLIs such as reduced harmonic distortion and electromagnetic interference. Overall, the research offers valuable insights into the design and performance of multilevel inverters, and the proposed topology has the potential to be a useful tool for researchers and engineers working in the field of power electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capacitive and optical-based pressure sensors are considered for wide application in industries and R&D labs due to their superior performance. In general, these sensors use a diaphragm as a sensing element that needs to be designed accurately to achieve the desired level of accuracy for a higher operating range of the sensor. To design such a diaphragm, the conventional strain-based model cannot be used efficiently as the strain gradient starts dominating to introduce non-linear deformation with respect to the applied load when the diaphragm thickness reduces or the operating range increases beyond a certain value. Thus, there is a need to establish a comprehensive understanding and accurate modeling method to establish the underlying mechanism of the strain gradient. In view of this, a finite element analysis is carried out with moving-mesh to investigate the effect of the strain gradient phenomenon extensively in this paper. For the investigation, a few parameters are studied such as strain, strain gradient, bending rigidity, and deflection. It shows that the strain gradient spreads radially on the diaphragm and its zone of influence depends on the thickness as well as the applied pressure. This increases the bending rigidity significantly and the diaphragm deflection becomes non-linear as compared to the classical theory of bending. For validation of the present model, the bending rigidity and the deflection behavior are also compared with an earlier developed mathematical model as well as experimental results, and the same is discussed in this paper. The present work is useful for an accurate design and optimization of a diaphragm or a flexure for small size or/and higher operating range of pressure sensors and actuators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the design, fabrication, and characterization of an innovative silicon-based micropump with high potential for portable lab-on-chip (LoC) as well as point-of-care (PoC) applications. The actuators of the pump are electrostatic driven in-plane bending devices, which were presented earlier (Borcia et al. in Phys Rev Fluids 3(8): 084202, 2018. 10.1103/PhysRevFluids.3.084202; Uhlig et al. in Micromachines, 9(4), 2018. 10.3390/mi9040190). This paper presents the characterization results achieved with the micropump. The dielectric non-polar liquid Novec7100™ was used as a test liquid due to its adequate physical properties. When applying a periodic voltage of 130 V, a flow rate of up to 80 µL/min was detected. The counter pressure amounts up to 30 kPa and the correspondent fluidic power (volumetric flow rate times the counter pressure) was calculated to 10 µW. The pump contains passive flap valves at the inlet and outlet, which are based on a bending cantilever design. Depending on the application requirements, the micropump can be designed modularly to adjust the specific parameters by an adequate arrangement of pump base units. In this paper, the proof of principle is shown using a single base unit with different number of stacked NED-actuator beams, as well as the serial arrangement of base units. Both modular concepts target the increase of backpressure of the NED-micropump in an inherently different way compared to conventional membrane micropumps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a foreword for a special issue of the journal Microsystem Technologies. The special issue features selected papers from the 11th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Sensor Network (CCSN) held in September 2022 at Utkal University in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. The conference covered various interdisciplinary areas such as computing, communication, sensor networks, and circuit designs. The papers included in this special issue have undergone a rigorous review process and were selected for publication. The foreword expresses the hope that readers will find the papers informative. [Extracted from the article]

In this paper, the hazardous effects of various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on human health and its detection methods have been discussed. This paper also presents the comprehensive study on various VOC sensing mechanisms, their advantages, limitations and key design challenges. It is also reported that acoustic wave sensors are more suitable for VOC detection because of its various advantages as compared to other techniques such as, extended lifetime, miniaturization, high sensitivity, less/zero secondary pollution, low power consumption, lower detection limit and low-cost. The main focus of this paper is on bulk acoustic wave (BAW) devices for VOC detection. The development of film bulk acoustic wave resonators (FBARs) in various aspects such as, structural classification, operating modes, selection criteria of materials (electrode, piezoelectric and sensing layer) and their deposition methods, fabrication process flow and applications have been discussed in this detailed review. Various performance enhancement methods for efficient VOC detection using FBARs have been described in detail to design, model, analyze and optimize a FBAR sensors for the detection of various hazardous VOCs with enriched sensitivity and selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a new design of a CP JLTFET, which is a type of transistor with potential applications in various electronic devices. The proposed CP JLTFET design is aimed at improving the ON current and surface potentials of the device. These improvements are essential for enhancing the device's functionality. The source and drain regions in the intrinsic silicon material are induced using appropriate metal work functions. This design choice is made for ease of fabrication, which is a critical consideration in semiconductor device manufacturing. The cavity length is varied between 8 and 10 nm, and different dielectric constants are used in the simulation. These variations are designed to optimize the ON state performance of the device, including ON drive current, potential, and electric field. The increase in tunneling of electrons is attributed to high carrier recombination in the channel region. Carrier recombination is a key factor in device behavior and performance. The paper describes the simulation of various electrical parameters of the proposed device. This likely includes drain current, surface potentials, electric field, and energy bands. The excellent performance parameters of the proposed device, when combined with appropriate materials and the introduction of a cavity, make it suitable for sensing applications of biomolecules. The paper suggests that the excellent performance parameters of the proposed device, when combined with appropriate materials and the introduction of a cavity in the device, make it suitable for sensing applications, particularly for detecting biomolecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents a new approach to address power quality concerns in microgrids (MGs) by employing a superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) and a fuzzy-based inverter. The integration of multiple power electronics converters in a microgrid typically increases total harmonic distortion (THD), which in turn results in power quality issues. Moreover, the intrinsic variability of solar and wind power sources gives rise to fluctuations in power generation, which consequently leads to power oscillations and voltage sag within microgrids that rely on renewable energy. This research paper introduces a technical approach to achieve power balance in renewable-based microgrids (MGs) by utilizing a fuzzy logic-controlled (FLC) pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter. The Microgrid (MG) consists of a hybrid photovoltaic (PV) system and a wind energy conversion system (WECS) that utilizes a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The system employs an optimal torque-controlled maximum power point technique (MPPT) algorithm to optimize power output. The battery energy storage system (BESS) is employed to facilitate power provision during critical scenarios or to ensure a stable power output for fluctuating loads. The SFCL is utilized as a device for voltage compensation in cases of voltage sag incidents. The effectiveness of the suggested control strategy is assessed by performing a comparative analysis of total harmonic distortion (THD) in the load voltage, with and without the utilization of a SFCL. The results suggest that the incorporation of an FLC inverter-SFCL-BESS system effectively mitigates THD and voltage sag, according to the requirements set by the IEEE 519 standards. The research study is carried out by using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a Hetero-Dielectric Macaroni Channel Cylindrical Gate All Around FET (HD-MC CGAA FET) is proposed for reduced gate leakage analog application. The proffered device is also compared with a conventional Nanowire FET (NW-FET) and Dual Metal Hetero-Dielectric Cylindrical Gate All Around FET (DM-HD CGAA FET) so as to indicate the device efficiency of HD-MC CGAA FET. Both DM-HD CGAA FET and HD-MC CGAA FET have a combined vacuum dielectric at the drain with a silicon dioxide (SiO2) gate dielectric at the source. The structure has a symmetric gate oxide that is excellent for low power applications because of its considerably lower BTBT and OFF state gate leakages. GIDL of the HD-MC CGAA FET is lower, suggesting that this device has better insulation against leakages and its ION/IOFF ratio is higher making it better for digital applications. Based on the qualitatively obtained results, ION/IOFF ratio of HD-MC CGAA FET is 856 times better than NW-FET and 309 times better than DM-HD CGAA FET. GIDL current of HD-MC CGAA FET is measured to be 10–14 A as compared to 10–12 A of DM-HD CGAA FET and 10–10 A of NW-FET. It has also been entrenched that HD-MC CGAA FET has more promising IDS, gm, gd, GIDL, hole concentration, Transconduction Generation Factor and ION/IOFF ratio than the existing NW-FET and DM-HD CGAA FET making it highly applicable for low leakage and high frequency digital and analog application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile object detection and tracking is an important application of wireless sensor network. However, longevity of such application is a challenge as sensor nodes in wireless sensor network operates on battery power. Therefore, there is the requirement for increasing the lifetime of this application by optimal usage of energy while tracking. Of course, while optimizing the energy usage, tracking accuracy should not be compromised. A number of research works are carried out in the past to enhance the wireless sensor network lifetime but no work resolved the problem completely. This paper studies the issue of data routing to sink in energy constrained wireless sensor network based application where tracking information collected from different sensor nodes are processed to determine the object's presence in the monitoring area. This paper proposes an energy efficient hybrid artificial bee colony-modified Dijkstra (HABC-MD) algorithm for cluster based network for optimum usage of energy during routing of packet. The objective of this algorithm is to save the energy of the network by optimizing the number of node-to-node transmission while tracking. It uses metaheuristic approach based artificial bee colony algorithm for selection of cluster head in each round and heuristic approach-based Dijkstra algorithm for selection of optimum route between source node and sink for packet transmission. Modified Dijkstra algorithm considers both distance between source and destination and energy of the source node for determination of optimum route to sink. The performance of HABC-MD is compared with existing hybrid LEACH-Dijkstra algorithm and is found that performance of our algorithm is better in comparison to later algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to keep pace with the growing research and development on flexible and reconfigurable electronics, this research presents an inkjet printed ultra-wideband (UWB) flexible antenna on photo paper. The antenna pattern comprises a circular patch with the double stepped symmetric ground plane and is fed by a coplanar waveguide (CPW) technique on one-sided photo paper. The system is designed, simulated, fabricated, and tested experimentally. It operates over 3.2–30 GHz (161% fractional bandwidth, FBW) range with a return loss of − 10 dB or less and a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) < 2. The proposed monopole antenna is of dimensions 33.1 mm × 32.7 mm × 0.254 mm with an electrical size of 0.35 λ × 0.35 λ at 3.2 GHz frequency. This design exhibits nearly omnidirectional radiation pattern over the entire impedance bandwidth. An average gain of 4.87 and a radiation efficiency of 86.61% was observed. The miniature size, higher operating range, relatively constant radiation pattern along with higher acceptable peak gain of the antenna on a paper substrate lend itself to wearable and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Authors of selected papers from the conference were invited to submit full length papers for possible inclusion in this special issue of Microsystem Technologies (MST). Prof. Bharat Bhushan Co-Editor in Chief, Microsystem Technologies Sept. 2023 Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This special issue consists of selected papers presented at the 9th International Conference on Microelectronics, Circuits and Systems (Micro 2022) organized at University of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India in collaboration with Applied Computer Technology, Kolkata, India. [Extracted from the article]

The intelligent maintenance of rotating machinery is inseparable from the real-time condition detection and fault diagnosis system. The traditional blind source fault diagnosis method has low efficiency and high misdiagnosis rate, so this paper introduces the VS-Harmogram method with prior parameters. First, the Fourier spectrum should be re-cut by power spectral density and the information in each frequency band can be sequentially extracted. Secondly, the window width of power spectral density is gradually increased to expand the variability of the sweep frequency. Finally, the harmonic spectral kurtosis of each component should be calculated using the prior parameters of the rotating equipment. A variable spectral segmentation Harmogram (VS-Harmogram) with multiple sets of boundaries would be constructed. The validity of the method can be verified by using the fault signals of rolling bearings in rotating equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piezoelectric actuators have been widely used in hard disk drives to form dual stage actuations for position control. Early designs, categorized as milli-actuators, typically place piezo elements on suspension base plate to swing suspension to induce motion of the head, located at the suspension tip. In recent years, micro-actuators with piezo elements next to the magnetic heads are introduced to improve positioning accuracy. These micro-actuators are first reviewed in this paper. An analytic model is then derived to understand key design parameters related to the micro-actuator performance and to compare designs. With the guidance of the model, the paper explores improvement directions for future micro-actuators. Combining the milli-actuator and micro-actuator to form triple stage actuations is shown to not only provide better position control accuracy than the dual stage actuations, but also expand micro-actuator design space for further performance enhancement, which provides a path for hard disk drive industry to keep growing track density for higher storage capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile Crowdsensing (MCS) has shown the greatest potential that allows smart devices to collect and share different sensing data. Mobile users (or participants) send the desired sensing data to the service providers and collect rewards. However, the reward needs to be given such as, it does not increase platform costs. On the other hand, the unsatisfactory reward may reduce the interest of the participant which may degrade the quality data. Therefore, increasing sensing data quality with a constrained budget is a crucial challenge. There has been extensive research on the reward mechanism for MCS, but, most of the work is on the basic assumption that participant will complete their assigned task positively. In this paper, we propose an efficient user selection mechanism for Mobile Crowdsensing System (MCS) by considering the Probability of Success (PoS) of users (i.e. participant may fail to complete the assigned task with some probability). For the selection of an efficient user, the proposed mechanism also accounts the parameters like data quality and platform cost. We also propose a reward calculation model for the selected users. Minimizing the platform cost with a constrained budget is an NP-hard problem. To provide a sub-optimal solution to this problem Chaotic Krill-Herd optimization algorithm is used. The extensive simulation results reveal that the proposed method outperforms the existing work by considerable margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Logical gates have been used in implementation of logic sequential and combinational circuits especially in computers, DSPs and microprocessors. They are mostly fabricated based on CMOS technology that provides a few nano-seconds of delay for each digital gate. Due to limitations in more scaling CMOS transistors and cause of short channel effects, some engineers and researchers believe that there is a huge demand for new devices and fabrication technologies to produce faster logic gates. In this paper, a new architecture for NAND gate is presented which operates based on mechanical resonance of a network of weakly coupled resonators that resonate in radio frequencies. This design is achieved by employing the associative memory property of Hopfield neural networks and the theory of weakly coupled resonators. The main advantage of the proposed design is in its capability to reach out delay times of the order of 1 nano-seconds or even less. One solution to decrease the delay time can be increasing the resonance frequency of resonators which are processing elements of resonators network. In this paper just the new idea of implementation NAND gate based on weakly coupled RF MEMS resonators is presented and evaluated. Other criteria like gate power consumption, effects of temperature, fan in, fan out and noise margin are not discussed. Regarding the rapid growth in MEMS technology, resonators with super high frequency (SHF 3–30 GHz) are now available and those with Extremely High frequency (EHF 30–300 GHz) will soon be in market which enables the presented design to achieve higher speeds. In addition, mechanical resonators are more fault tolerant than CMOS circuits when utilized in harsh environments which exposed to ionic beams or electron beam radiations. In space applications, the satellite and payload are exposed to huge bombardments of space electrons and ions beams. So, the proposed NAND gate can be a good solution for enhancing reliability of devices and systems exposed to space radiations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work reported in this paper describes the design and simulation of a novel current mirror readout circuit based MOSFET integrated cantilever structure for micro-gram (μ g) mass sensing applications. The proposed mass sensing structure consist of silicon cantilever as the micromechanical structure, MOSFET as strain sensing element and current mirror as a readout circuit. In this paper, studies have been carried out on three structures (a) n-channel MOSFET based resistive loaded current mirror integrated cantilever mass sensor (b) p-channel MOSFET based resistive loaded current mirror integrated cantilever mass sensor and (c) n- and p- channel MOSFETs based dual current mirror integrated cantilever mass sensor. The input MOSFET(s) of the current mirror acts as the reference transistor(s) while the output MOSFET(s) of the mirror circuit acts as strain sensing element(s) to measure the cantilever deflection under externally applied load. The structural and the electrical characteristics of the sensors were simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics and TSPICE software respectively. Simulation results showed a sensitivity of 21.89 μ V/ μ g, 1 μ V/ μ g and 115.57 μ V/ μ g for nMOS, pMOS and dual channel cantilever mass sensor. The fabrication steps and mask layout of the proposed sensor have also been presented in this paper. The novelty of this work is emphasized by the innovative integration of a CMOS current mirror circuit with a cantilever for mass sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotor turn short circuit fault of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) in the distribution system has a significant issue caused by unbalance loading. This fault has a significant electromagnetic impact on the rotor winding in relation to the machine's external equipment. As a result, while designing the power system distribution network, the PMSMs rotor winding short circuit current limitation receives majority of attention. For simulation a 3-phase short-circuit model of synchronous generator is developed here by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Therefore, a method is used to determine a PMSM's internal winding quantity in the event of a short circuit, as well as its location within the distribution network. The PMSM is energized with a small sinusoidal voltage at standstill situation in this suggested approach to compute the synchronous inductance and winding resistance through the output current. It has been demonstrated that the number of shorted windings may be calculated using the variation of output current caused by an internal winding short circuit event under zero fault resistance condition. Except for intricate machine modelling or investigation of machine internal winding short circuit models comprising several tappings, this useful technique can be used to determine fault intensity for a specific synchronous machine. This paper primarily addressed on fault extremity protection strategies using before-fault and after-fault activities by employing harmonic filters. A three-phase synchronous machine model with a protective system is implemented in the distribution network using MATLAB/SIMULINK is taken into consideration in order to verify the findings. The results presented in this work are vital to a complete solution that includes fault reduction techniques. Harmonics elimination and instant fault mitigation techniques with load unbalancing are analyzed based on effective outcomes to judge the system stability and feasibility of the short circuit current intensity assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a comprehensive three-step framework for fault classification in underground cable systems. The first step involves the implementation of the Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) technique to detect the fault instances, which will help in precisely tracking the affected portions. The second step focuses on parameter estimation techniques, followed by the third step, which incorporates classification techniques. The study employs a range of evolutionary optimization algorithms, including Ant Colony Optimization, Bacteria Foraging Optimization, Simulated Annealing, Genetic Algorithm, and Particle Swarm Optimization. These algorithms are effectively employed to track and estimate parameters like amplitude, phase, frequency, and damping factor associated with various types of permanent faults, such as L-G fault, L-L fault, L-L-G fault, and L-L-L-G fault generated in the underground cable. The optimized parameters extracted through these algorithms are utilized as features within a Support Vector Classifier for fault classification. The overall accuracy of the classifier using these features is reported to be 0.944, which is quite high and indicates a strong performance in classifying faults. The study includes a brief comparison of the performance of these bio-inspired algorithms. The effectiveness of the tracking algorithms is validated through the use of laboratory-tested current signals. In addition, the signals are subjected to varying signal-to-noise ratios to evaluate the robustness of the tracking algorithm. A comparative analysis is performed to estimate the accurate parameters and highlights the significant tracking ability of the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, which outperforms other algorithms.The Root Mean Squared Percentage Error (RMSPE) for the L-G fault in PSO is 0.3082, showing superior performance compared to other algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fault level is increasing day-by-day due to huge expansion of electrical network. To cope with the increasing fault level, Fault Current Limiter (FCL) is a good solution. Presently, use of DC loads as well as DC transmission is increasing a lot. Each DC load contains a rectifier circuit with it which helps it to convert the AC power source to DC source. Faults may occur at different positions of the network. This paper gives a detailed discussion on the working analysis of a PMFCL for faults occurring at different position in the rectifier circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the capacitive behaviour of a Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasound Transducer (CMUT). A Finite Element Method (FEM)-based simulation is proposed to characterize the capacitance of CMUT with different geometrical parameters. The structure of the CMUT under scrutiny consists of an aluminum top electrode on a thin movable membrane of silicon nitride (Si3N4) separated by an air gap from the bottom electrode. The capacitance of the CMUT plays an important role in its proper functionality. The current study attempts to explore the calculation and variation of capacitance with different geometrical parameters. Because of the smaller dimension of the device, the effect of fringing is also taken into account. A new empirical formulation has been developed to study the capacitance of the CMUT with vented cavities, and the accuracy of the theory is justified with FEM simulation for single-vented CMUT. The analytical results are validated with simulation and published experimental results. Keeping the similar geometrical shape of the fabricated structure, this model predicts 94.28 kHz resonant frequency which is very close to the experimental result (106 kHz). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical and/or chemical changes in various module components frequently cause the electrical performance of PV modules to degrade, preventing them from operating at their peak potential. When PV producers choose the technology for their PV modules, reliability estimation of the modules is a key consideration. We never get actual PV power output as per the manufacturer's datasheet. It is simply because of degradation and some climatological parameters. So, reliability estimation is always an important task for PV scientists. In this research paper, the authors have performed a reliability analysis based on some figures of merits such as Fill Factor (FF), Efficiency, and regression analysis of different parameters. We usually do not get the actual PV power as per the manufacturer's specification, this happens the change in electrical parameters and external climatologically parameters degradation, which is a function of the internal electrical parameters or figures of merit. As a result, reliability estimation becomes a crucial duty for scientists to complete the data that may be provided to users. Since poly-Si technology for PV modules has been proven to be reliable in the eastern region, a study has been conducted in this work to evaluate the degradation by analyzing the values of various electrical parameters. The unique contribution of this research work has been that instead of other loading techniques in this research work authors have used the supercapacitor-based loading mechanisms. The primary focus of this research is on the performance assessment of poly-Si PV modules that were deployed in the Eastern Indian Climatic Zone under various environmental circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining importance nowadays as these are the best option for green transportation. But the charging of the electric vehicle is again a challenging task as it takes hours to charge the EV which is not acceptable to the customers. Also, if we charge the EV using a conventional grid it is again an extra burden on the grid. So, we need to find some solution for these issues and the best solution is using a battery swapping station instead of a battery charging station which will take just 2 min to swap the battery instead of charging. And to reduce the burden on the grid we can use solar or other renewable energies to charge the batteries at swapping stations. In this paper, solar power is used to charge the battery packs and if in an emergency situation solar power is not sufficiently available to ensure the availability of fully charged battery packs then the power can be taken from the grid or other renewable energy sources. Solar power is forecasted using the long short-term memory (LSTM) model for better power scheduling to the grid or other renewable energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floating solar photovoltaic (FSPV) is an emerging type of solar energy that aims to help the environment by supplying green and clean energy. Since the technology is new and in its initial stage of development, evaluating the long-term performance, effective control, and feasibility studies of FSPV facilities are necessary for optimization of output and accuracy. The effective analysis and calculation of FSPV panel performances are crucial in determining actual performance, long-term operation, feasibility, and carbon-saving capacity of FSPV systems. This paper presents an analysis and comparison of floating solar power plant installed in saline water under salty humid weather with respect to FSPV plant installed on general lake water and investigates the output for its lifecycle and efficiency. The findings of this research can be useful for policymakers, investors, and engineers involved in the planning and implementation of FSPV projects. A 10 MW capacity floating solar plant is simulated on the brackish water of Chilika Lake covering three districts of Odisha state of India. Factors like wind speed, albedo, temperature, and soiling is considered for better accuracy. The proposed model is simulated in the system advisor model. The payback period and energy outcomes for various soiling conditions along with varied degradations are analyzed, and it is found that the total loss in energy outcome is 4.075 percent annually with a 5.8% increment in the payback time of the installed solar power plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel microelectromechanical system (MEMS) inertial switch with self-latching mechanism and adjustable acceleration threshold is proposed. The switch consisted of a proof mass suspended by flexible springs. Permanent magnets, ferromagnets and planer coils were integrated in the device to realize the latching and threshold tuning mechanism. The centrifugal experiment and laser based position measurement have been conducted to measure the acceleration threshold and the stiffness of the spring respectively. The inertial threshold value and the spring stiffness were measured as 5.27 g and 163.12 N/m. The discrepancy between measured acceleration threshold results (5.27 g) and the analytical acceleration threshold results (5 g) is mainly due to the dimension errors during device fabrication. By applying a reverse current of 0.1 A, the switch can be unlatched from its 'on-state'. Experiment also demonstrates that by applying a current varying from − 0.5 A to 0.5 A, the threshold value can be adjusted from 6 g to 3.75 g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piezoelectric actuator (PEA) is widely applied in the field of micro/nano high precision positioning. However PEA has the phenomenon of hysteresis non-linearity between input voltage and output displacement, owing to the natural property of piezoelectric materials. The PEA hysteresis can be compensated by the hysteresis models and control methods, which make the input voltage and output displacement more linearity. The research work on tracking control of PEA trajectories by using various feedforward-feedback controller has been being a hot topic. This paper presents a feedforward-feedback controller based on the modified Prandtl–Ishlinskii (PI) (MPI) model and submodel and the incremental proportional-integral–differential(IPID) controller for tracking control the trajectories of PEA. The polynomial model is adopted as submodel, and parameters of MPI model and submodel are calculated by matlab optimization tool box. The proposed hybrid controller is compiled by C language in VC + + environment. A series of comparative experiments are validated on a platform of commercial PEA. Comparing with the classical PI model, Bouc-Wen model, and other MPI models based IPID controller, the proposed hybrid controller has better control performance. According to the experimental results of the sinusoidal and triangular trajectories of different peaks and the mix sinusoidal and triangular trajectories, the proposed hybrid control method is feasible and effective in improving the tracking control accuracy of PEA trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel biosensor, the graded channel gate-all-around (GC-GAA) silicon nanowire-FET biosensor, which utilizes dielectric modulation through a cavity carved from the drain side for label-free biomolecule detection. The biomolecules that become fixed in the cavity region alter the device's electrical properties, such as impedance, resistance, capacitance, and charge field effect, resulting in changes in the biosensing device's threshold voltage, drain current, and sub-threshold slope. The cavity length varies between 10 and 14 nm, and different dielectric constants are used. The study investigates the effect of various biomolecules on the device's performance, including drain current (for dielectric constant = 1 and3.57), sub-threshold slope, threshold voltage, switching ratio, energy band, transconductance, and electric field. The obtained drain currents for device-1 are 2.96 µA and 2.75 µA with threshold voltage of 0.78 V and 0.76 V for S_D/D_S graded channel respectively for copper as gate metal. Similarly the drain currents for device-2 are 0.97 µA and 1.13 µA with threshold voltage of 0.73 V and 0.68 V for S_D/D_S graded channel respectively. However, for device-3 the drain currents are 0.91 µA and 1.08 µA with threshold voltage of 0.73 V and 0.67 V. The results indicate that higher dielectric constants result in higher drain current levels and increased device sensitivity. The GC-GAA-NWFET biosensor demonstrated high sensitivity (~ 138 mV) and low leakage current, making it a promising candidate for biosensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unique mechanical properties of graphene have made it a topic of enormous research interest over the last few years. Studying graphene's pull-in instability is key for its application in nanoelectromechanical systems. Understanding the thresholds of this instability helps prevent failure in graphene-based nanoelectromechanical systems, such as sensors and actuators, maintaining device performance and lifespan. In this paper, based on stress-driven nonlocal elasticity, a new size-dependent multi-beam shear model was presented to investigate the pull-in instability of multilayer graphene/substrate nano-sensors. The sensor bends towards the graphene layer because of the thermomechanical mismatch during the fabrication process. Therefore, the curvature effect is included in the proposed model. Also, the impact of the Casimir force is considered in the modeling. A finite element method has been used to simulate the nano-sensor and to obtain the pull-in instability. For validation, the pull-in voltage values obtained from the presented methodology have been compared with the results of others. Finally, considering different numbers of graphene layers and geometrical parameters such as length, initial gap, and curvature, it can be seen how these parameters affect the instability voltage of this nano-sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A1An example of a research plan - skeleton paper with conceptual figures with hypothetical data trends Graph: Fig. A2An example of a skeleton paper in bullet form with data and references Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. [Extracted from the article]

This paper proposes a novel disturbance observer (DOB) based on the free-chattering sliding-mode control (SMC) to compensate the changing of the disturbance and uncertain values of a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) gyroscope. First, the mathematical model of the MEMS system is briefly described. Second, the SMC without the sign function was designed to deal with the problem of tracking references of the MEMS system. Due to the chattering occurs from switching control value, this paper used the sliding phase control without the sign function. Third, a DOB was proposed without the information of control inputs. To delete the conjunction of the first derivative disturbance value, a low-pass-filter was applied to drive the feedback disturbance value for compensating the perturbations of the MEMS system. Fourth, the stability of proposed control method was fulfilled the Lyapunov condition. The simulation results are used to verify the correction of the proposed theory. The effectiveness of the novel disturbance observer based on free-chattering control is a good result of tracking control performances for MEMS system. The tested disturbances and uncertainties on x- and y-axis were mostly rejected. The settling time and overshoot values are very small, the maximum settling-time value is 0.3 s. The steady-state are e x ∈ (- 10.09 , 10.03) × 10 - 4 and e x ∈ (- 13.29 , 14.88) × 10 - 4 , for x- and y-axes, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detection and measurement of specific molecules in person's blood is always important in determining his or her health status. Immediate diagnostic methods are essential in this regard, especially when a particular disease is spreading. In this paper, an implantable and real-time molecule detector is proposed for blood analysis which is possible to fabricate using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology. Inspired by mechanical resonator sensors which are proposed to droplet analysis for lab-on-a-chip applications, a design based on a micro-mechanical resonator is proposed in this work as an implantable biosensor. It can be used inside a needle and its application is suggested in this paper. In order to evaluate the quality of the proposed design, simulations are performed by COMSOL and the results are presented. Also, the fabrication method of this design is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue consists of 13 refereed papers presented at 2016 Symposium on Design, Test, Integration and Packaging of MOEMS and MEMS (DTIP) held in Budapest, Hungary on May 30-June 2, 2016, and 10 refereed papers presented at 2017 Symposium on DTIP held in Bordeaux, France, May 29 - June 1, 2017. Authors of selected papers from the symposium were invited to submit full length papers for possible inclusion in this special issue of Microsystem Technologies (MST). [Extracted from the article]

Radio Frequency (RF) Nano Electro Mechanical Switches (NEMS) using Carbon Nanotube (CNTs) are preferred for electronic switching due to its high stiffness, switching speeds and ultra-low mass over several GHz range. CNT switch for microwave and millimeter wave applications utilizing a maximum of three CNTs with fixed starting positions of CNTs from zero level offset to obtain better isolation (S21) of the switch in DOWN State has already been studied. The motive of this paper is to obtain better RF performance in terms of return loss (S11) and isolation loss by modelling the switch in DOWN-state by varying the random positioning of CNTs, interelement spacing between CNTs, number of CNTs and frequency is predicted and reported using XG—Boost approach. Time-consuming optimization methods to predict the S-parameters in customized Electromagnetic (EM) simulators such as HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) have been resolved using the proposed XG-Boost regression approach. In this paper, the proposed XG-Boost approach minimizes the switch design time with random placement of CNTs by 99.81% compared to the conventional EM simulator which requires about 120 h for 400 simulations in an Intel-Core processor (2.50 GHz) with 8 GB RAM. To validate the results, they are compared to the HFSS model, and a high degree of agreement is found. Mean Square Error (MSE) of the switch in the DOWN- state after comparing the EM simulation values and XG-Boost regression values is 6.832e−03. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nonlinear static and vibration response of micro composite sandwich plate with honeycomb core have been investigated in this paper. The displacement–strain of skins via higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT) is obtained. In frame work Halpin–Tsai model the composites plate with two layers of Graphene platelet reinforcement (GPLRC) with uniform distribution pattern and a hexagonal honeycomb core is considered. The governing equations of sandwich plate are derived by implementing Hamilton's principle and solved Perturbation method. For investigating the accuracy, this paper is validated with other previous researches and a good correlation is observed between the results. Finally, the important findings of this research indicate that the ratio of core thickness, inclined angle, and thickness to inclined length have significant effects on nonlinear frequencies–amplitude and deflection response. Based on the results of this article designers can development of different parts of aircraft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Authors of selected papers from the conference were invited to submit full length papers for possible inclusion in this special issue of Microsystem Technologies (MST). This special issue consists of selected papers presented at the 4th international conference on Energy Systems, Drives and Automations (ESDA2021), held in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, on 30-31 Dec. 2021. [Extracted from the article]

After the review, 17 research papers were selected for publication in this special issue. This special issue consists of selected papers presented at the Fifth International Conference on Microelectronics, Circuits and Systems (Micro 2018), organized at Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India on May 19-20, 2018. Authors of selected papers from the conference were invited to submit full length papers for possible inclusion in this special issue of Microsystem Technologies (MST). [Extracted from the article]

Micro-mixers and piezoelectric pumps have been studied as independent parts, which achieves only single mixing or pumping functions. A new valveless piezoelectric mixing pump (VPMP) driven by a sinusoidal signal is proposed in this paper to achieve a structure with both pumping and mixing functions. It accomplishes this by placing obstacles in the pump chamber and in the flow channel then adding active mixing. Because it is small in size, has a simple structure and is easy to control, it can be used in micro mixing applications. In this study, numerical simulation analysis using the Fluent software tests if the new VPMP has good mixing and pumping performance, and analyzes the effect of the obstacles. Simultaneously, the results of numerical simulation are verified with experiments. It was proven that the flow rate of the VPMP can reach 12.26 mL/min, and that the liquid can achieve uniform mixing. Moreover, the obstacle placed in the pump chamber has a more obvious impact on the mixing capability, and the obstacle placed in the channel has a more obvious impact on the flow rate. In addition, with the increase of the amplitude of driving signal, the flow rate of the VPMP increased correspondingly. With the increase of the frequency, the flow rate first increased and then decreased. The capability of mixing increased with an increase of working frequency. The experimental results showed that the VPMP can achieve good pumping and mixing performance, and that one structure can possess both mixing and pumping functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal Oxide sensors, thanks to their low cost, small size and wide recovery, are increasingly used in various industrial applications for the detection of gases and gas mixtures. However, due to their operating principle, these sensors are not selective enough, thereby preventing the expansion of their fields of application. The scientific community has tackled this issue by proposing methods and algorithms to improve the selectivity of these sensors. This paper provides an overview of existing approaches for detection and identification in the general case, as well as those used in the context of gas discrimination. A discussion of the methods used and the results announced is proposed to highlight their performance and to identify promising research directions and perspectives to allow a significant advance in research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates a low leakage power 8 T (LP8T) SRAM cell with high read and write stability. The proposed LP8T (PLP8T) SRAM cell has separate write and read bit lines. As an outcome, the read disturbance is removed. Furthermore, the utilization of a schmitt-trigger (ST) inverter enhances the read stability. Moreover, the write assist technique can enhance the writing ability. When compared to conventional-6 T SRAM, the PLP8T SRAM cell improves HSNM, RSNM, and WSNM by 1.4× 2.3 × and 1.3× respectively. The PLP8T SRAM's read and write access times are lowered by 53.24 and 42.18%, respectively. The PLP8T SRAM has a 50% lower read and write power than conventional-6 T SRAM. In addition, there will be a sufficient improvement when compared to chang10T, HSWA9T, SEDFC8TT, and ST11T SRAM cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a wide stopband low-pass filter (LPF) is proposed using the one-cell triangle and cascaded triangle defected ground structure (DGS). In this proposed structure, no coupling load is applied. The performance characteristics of the proposed low-pass filter were studied in both electromagnetic and equivalent simulations for the one-cell and cascaded triangle DGS. The equivalent circuit of the proposed low-pass filter is extracted with the help of electromagnetic (EM) simulation. The proposed low-pass filter is analyzed with both EM and equivalent simulations using the HFSS and ADS FEM tools, respectively. The performance characteristics of the proposed one-cell triangle arrowhead, such as cut-off frequency, stopband attenuation at the resonance frequency, passband width, stop bandwidth, and insertion losses, are 14 GHz, − 29 dB, 11.4 GHz, 15.5 GHz, and < 0.2 dB, respectively. Additionally, the performance characteristics of the 3-cell triangle arrowhead, such as cut-off frequency, stopband attenuation at the resonance frequency, passband width, stop bandwidth, and insertion losses, are 17.4 GHz, − 28 dB, 13.5 GHz, 20.1 GHz, and < 0.12 dB, respectively. The proposed structure shows good agreement between both EM and equivalent simulations. With this, the proposed LPF structure is utilized in wide stopband applications for satellite and radar communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-performance semiconductor devices and ultra-thin packaging rely on ultra-thin silicon dies. The packaging assembly yield and device reliability are significantly influenced by the quality of ultra-thin wafers and dies. In the semiconductor manufacturing process, a backgrinding process is employed to create ultra-thin wafers. However, abrasive forces can induce subsurface damage (SSD). In particular, SSDs have a negative impact on the mechanical strength and reliability of the die. Additionally, productivity considerations are crucial for industrial applications. Therefore, it is imperative to optimize grinding parameters while considering both SSD and productivity. This paper presents a method for optimizing the polishing parameters of the backgrinding sequence based on the SSD model. Cutting depth and SSD are derived using the analogy between scratch theory and the material removal mechanisms of backgrinding. Subsequently, we calculate an inefficiency score that considers polishing time and SSD to determine the optimal process parameters. Furthermore, we conducted a backgrinding simulation using the optimized parameters to confirm the effects of optimizing the process parameters. To validate the simulation, we performed a grinding sequence using a self-produced back-grinding device and measured the roughness of the ground wafer to compare and verify the trends observed in the simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]