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This is the book of abstracts for the conference held in 2017 entitled: ''METADISCOURSE ACROSS GENRES: MAPPING INTERACTION IN SPOKEN & WRITTEN DISCOURSES'', also known as MAG2017. The 1st International Conference on Metadiscourse Across Genres took place in METU Northern Cyprus Campus, Cyprus between 30 March-1 April 2017 with the participation of Prof. Ken Hyland, Prof. Anna Mauranen and Prof. Annelie Adel as keynote speakers. This international conference aimed to disseminate current research work on Metadiscourse and related areas in line with various qualitative and quantitative approaches with special focuses on Discourse Analysis, Corpus Linguistics, Genre Analysis and eventually the first-of-its kind conference in the field of Metadiscourse has welcomed 110 participant and hosted 3 plenary talks and 94 research talks given by researchers from 40 countries from Japan, Mexico, Turkey to Botswana and United Kingdom. The book of abstracts includes the abstracts of the talks with various qualitative and quantitative approaches with special focuses on Discourse Analysis, Corpus Linguistics, Genre Analysis. We would like to acknowledge that the event was co-organized by individual researchers: Dr. Erdem Akbas (Erciyes University), Assoc Prof. Ciler Hatipoglu (Middle East Technical University) and Prof. Yasemin Bayyurt (Bogazici University) with the initial suggestion coming from Reza Abdi (University of Mohaghegh Ardabili).

Timely analysis of trends and issues in TVE can help TVE stakeholders cope with rather than oppose them. Educating in the direction of the trend and resolving the important issues can maximize TVE's chance of success. The purpose of this paper was to identify trends and issues in the TVE in 10 Indo-Pacific countries. To achieve this purpose, a cross-country analysis with a word cloud analysis was employed. Consequently, the following nine trends were identified: (1) Accelerated adaptation to emerging technologies and the evolution of industry; (2) Improving or diversifying TVE accessibility and increasing the enrollment rate; (3) Enhancing alignment between the TVE and higher education sectors; (4) Promoting employment-based, work-based, or competency-based learning models; (5) Strengthening TVE educators'/trainers' practical skills, industrial working experience, or qualification requirements; (6) Gearing TVE with lifelong learning; (7) Encouraging employer or industry involvement in TVE; (8) Enhancing quality assurance and autonomy in the TVE system; and (9) Providing more career counseling or career exploration. In addition, the following six issues were identified: (1) TVE does not have the same positive public image as academic education; (2) Insufficiency of qualified TVE trainers/teachers; (3) Extreme challenges to teach hands-on skills online; (4) Weak involvement of social partners; (5) Fragmentation of TVET management; and (6) The continued lack of a well-constructed qualification framework and quality assurance system.

The Center for English as a Lingua Franca (CELF), an initiative of a private university in Tokyo, was founded with serious consideration given to the pedagogical implications of the widespread use of English as a lingua franca (ELF). Such deliberation is not yet prevalent among academics and practitioners who should be most affected by ELF (Seidlhofer, 2011). Most ELF users have different first languages and do not usually interact with speakers of English as a first language, but rather with other ELF users. The transformation occurring in English as it is being used as a lingua franca need not be viewed as unusual but can be seen as part of the process of language evolution (Seidlhofer, 2011). In this paper we consider the implications of this process for teaching and learning in Japan, report on research in progress, and discuss how an ELF perspective may influence current pedagogical practices. [This paper was published in: P. Clements, A. Krause, & H. Brown (Eds.), "JALT2014 Conference Proceedings." p378-385. Tokyo: JALT.]

The aim of this paper is to provide an objective overview of the impact of teacher salaries on the educational achievements of students. It is often debated about teacher salaries and improvement or jeopardizing their standard, but educational consequences that may ensue as a result of these intentions are rarely addressed. Teacher's role in student's achievement outcomes is unquestionable. There are many factors that have an impact on student achievement, but this paper will analyze only the impact of teacher's income on student's achievement. A hypothesis for further study has been set by collecting and analyzing pedagogical documentation on teacher salaries and student's educational achievements. Qualitative approach to statistical results of PISA study published in 2013 analyzes following categories: reading, mathematics and science, student's sense of belonging to school and student's personal opinion on does school prepare them for adult life. The study of these elements in selected countries gives us a concrete insight into their interrelationship. The comparative analysis compared the educational achievements of students with the level of teacher's salaries in the following countries: Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Israel, Japan, Norway, South Korea, Spain and Switzerland. The results of the research show that the level of teacher's income has an impact on student's achievements. The paper confirms the facts that the teaching profession is more popular as incomes increase and therefore attracts more motivated and skilled individuals. [This paper was published in the SGEM2014 Proceedings, ISBN-978-619-7105-24-7 / ISSN 2367-5659, September 1-9, 2014, Vol. 3, pp. 383-390.]

This qualitative study explored influences that helped to shape Japanese L2 (Second language) English users' identity development. 81 Japanese undergraduates shared self-perceptions of their L2 English identity development from personal experiences, both domestically (in Japan) and internationally. The primary focus of this study was an exploration of enabling influences on Japanese L2 English identity development. A secondary focus was an exploration of constraining influences on Japanese L2 English user identity development. Findings from this study suggested that Japanese L2 English user identity development is influenced by the individual's awareness of what identity roles are accessible and available for negotiation, and what kind of learning occurs. Major influences that emerged through thematic analysis of the data indicated that "L2 English classroom-based experiences in Japan," engagement in "study abroad and volunteer abroad programs," and "overseas travel and living abroad with family" were the most commonly referred to enablers of Japanese L2 English user identity development. Additionally, "inadequate English language skills, insufficient exposure to English in daily life," and "hesitancy (and avoidance) to communicate in English" were the three most commonly referred to constraints of Japanese L2 English user identity development. [This paper was published in: "Proceedings of the International Conference on Education, Psychology, and Learning, ICEPL Summer 2018, Tokyo," 2018, pp. 17-30.]

As in many industrialized countries, Japan carried out a deregulation of higher education around the turn of the 21st century. This reform was based on New Public Management (NPM) principles, which should have been reflected in its most salient step: the incorporation of national universities in 2004. Although the way that the NPM principles were implemented in various countries was far from uniform, the Japanese version was no doubt quite peculiar. For example, from the outset, the management by objectives approach did not work well, due to deficits in the mechanism of ex-post evaluations. In addition, a roll-back of ministerial regulation emerged over time, under the guise of performance-based funding. As a result, universities rarely felt favored or promoted. Particularly in resource allocation among the institutions, they hoped for more transparency. It is assumed that this trend of re-regulation in the Japanese system will (in all likelihood) continue in the foreseeable future.

This paper was written to clarify misconceptions that East Asian students are somehow less autonomous than learners from other cultural backgrounds. Specifically, based on motivational levels, it examines Japanese university students' perceptions of their responsibility and ability of autonomous English learning and what they can do inside and outside the classroom. Three hundred and ninety-nine students from seven universities in Japan answered a 22-item questionnaire adapted from a recent study on learner autonomy. The results show that students, regardless of motivational level, have the same perceptions of responsibility to carry out the autonomous learning tasks. However, with regard to ability, highly motivated students tend to perceive themselves as being capable of being more involved in their own learning than unmotivated students. Nevertheless, they often do not act on these feelings due to a perception that it is the teacher's responsibility or from a lack of confidence. Pedagogical implications are considered and suggestions on further studies are encouraged. Study questionnaire is appended. (Contains 2 tables.) [This paper was published in: A. Stewart & N. Sonda (Eds.), "JALT2011 Conference Proceedings." p263-272. Tokyo: JALT.]

This paper explores the notions of globalization as embodied in Japanese educational reforms during the 1980s and 1990s. Modern institutional discourses of educational reform in Japan have shifted over time and all of these reform movements have been constructed by particular social and historical trajectories. Generally speaking, it has been taken for granted that the educational reform in Japan has been turning gradually toward globalization. However, this paper is trying to interrupt the notion that such globalization has constructed various notions of citizenship and nationalism.

This study explores the notions of globalization as embodied in Japanese educational reforms. Modern institutional discourses of educational reform in Japan have shifted over time and all of these reform movements have been constructed by particular social and historical trajectories. Generally speaking, it has been taken for granted that the educational reform in Japan has been turning gradually toward globalization. However, this paper is trying to interrupt the notion that such globalization has constructed various notions of citizenship and nationalism. Firstly, we argue that the Japanese version of globalization is associated with Westernization, especially Americanization economically and philosophically. Secondly, nationalism is a counter-reaction to globalization. Making contribution to the world society actually is to have a political influence in the world and even to spread the Japanese culture to the rest of the world. Thirdly, although it is common that Japanese companies make inroads into foreign markets, and foreign companies make inroads into Japanese markets, nationalism has become more intense in Japan. This paper concludes by pointing out that the Japanese globalization is an organizational-institutional globalization.

This paper proposes a lifelong model of technology education to promote the analysis and explanation of technology education. Including five stages, this model assumes that everyone in most countries/regions should have opportunities to learn about technology in every stage. Learning in the first three stages, awareness-literacy-specialization, mainly happens in schools, while learning in the last two stages, applications-growth, mainly happens after entering workplace. Learning in schools may be taught with activities that are infused in other classes or as a separate course. Learning after entering workplace may lean to non-formal and informal forms. Educators at each of the five stages of development should focus on their own special outcomes, and reach out for partnerships with educators at other levels of this lifelong learning process. (Contains 4 figures.) [This paper was published in: "The Second International Symposium on Educational Cooperation for Industrial Technology Education Proceedings" (pp. 269-274). Aichi University of Education, Japan.]

The purpose of this paper is to problematize that which has been taken for granted about the notion of multiculturalism in Japan. Multiculturalism is a "hot" issue in Japan. As the Japanese government started to promote "internationalization" since 1980s, slogans such as "international exchange," "cultural exchange," "understanding of other cultures," etc., have become the most popular hackneyed expressions among policy maker and educators. This paper demonstrates that the notion of multiculturalism in Japan is intricately and deeply embedded in Japanese society, Japanese culture and the Japanese educational system and that this type of multiculturalism excludes ethnic groups which have lived in Japan since old times.

The study of motivational tendencies in second language learners is complex because of the varied and dynamic nature of motivation. This paper attempts to add to the research by conducting a survey of a population of Japanese learners of English in Japan at both the senmon gakko and university level. The survey measured integrative and instrumental factors involved in student's motivational attitudes. It was thought that the senmon gakko students surveyed would show a higher incidence of instrumental motivational tendencies in comparison with the university students. The data showed that there was little difference between the two groups and, if anything, the university students showed a slightly higher incidence of instrumental motivation. The data also showed positively weighted factors of interests to students. The paper begins with a brief review of relevant previous studies then moves on to the methodology of the research, the results and finally to classroom implications of the study and concluding remarks. (Three appendixes are included: (1) English Survey; (2) Answer sheet; and (3) Descriptive Statistics. Contains 2 figures.)

It is generally considered that diagram use aids efficacy of math word problem solving. While understanding diagrams is considered important in both New Zealand and Japanese secondary schools, there is an additional emphasis in New Zealand schools for students to appreciate their use as tools for problem solving and communication. This study examined whether there are actual differences in the amount and quality of diagrams that students in New Zealand and Japan use when given math word problems to solve. The participants were 614 secondary school students from New Zealand and Japan, aged 13 to 15 years old, who were given one- and two-object math word problems (involving length or non-length components) to solve. The findings were that while the New Zealand students evidenced greater diagram use and provided more correct answers, they produced significantly more high quality diagrams only for the easiest problems given (the one-object problems with length story context). One implication of the findings is that greater emphasis needs to be placed on, and/or more effective strategies need to be used in, developing New Zealand students' skills in the use of diagrams for solving more complex types of problems. (Contains 5 tables.) [This paper has been published as: Manalo, E., & Uesaka, Y. (2006). Quantity and quality of diagrams used in math word problem solving: A comparison between New Zealand and Japanese students. "Refereed papers of the NZARE (New Zealand Association for Research in Education) National Conference 2006" (CD-ROM; ISSN 1176-4902). Wellington, New Zealand: NZARE.]

English for Academic Purposes (EAP Writing) is a compulsory course for English literature and language students at Obirin University. The first semester focuses on expository writing, typical of the TOEFL[R] writing exam. The second semester focuses on writing about literature. To facilitate their writing all students are provided with a user account for Criterion, a web-based essay management system. Essays submitted to Criterion are evaluated by computer, and returned to the writer in approximately one minute. Submitted essays are kept on the Criterion server, where they can be accessed and evaluated by teachers, and further revised by students. This paper will present an overview of the Criterion essay management system in the context of an English for Academic Purposes (EAP) Writing course. We will discuss student and teacher productivity, providing feedback on student writing, using corpus linguistic techniques in conjunction with Criterion, and learning outcomes. (Contains 1 table.) [This paper was published in: Gutierrez, T. (Ed.), Glocalization through CALL: Bringing People Together. JALTCALL 2005 Proceedings. The Japan Association for Language Teaching Computer Assisted Language Learning Special Interest Group (JALT CALL SIG), 2006. p141-145.]

Teachers can have a profound and long-term impact on learners and their learning outcomes. In its negative form, teachers' impact can provoke classroom-based learning anxiety (Williams & Andrade, 2008) and demotivation (Azer, 2005). Positive teacher influences, on the other hand, can contribute to learner knowledge, skill acquisition, and a positive learning environment (Jahangiri & Mucciolo, 2016). The current study was derived from an absence of contemporary research into Japanese learner perceptions of positive teacher attributes. This small mixed-methods study employed a questionnaire and a blog to elicit the participants' favorite teacher attributes and exemplify them in reflective, experiential-based, written blog accounts. Findings from the thirty-five Japanese undergraduates participating in this research indicated that learners most commonly perceived good teachers to be those who are friendly, knowledgeable, empathetic, enthusiastic about teaching, and humorous. [This paper was published in: "Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Teaching English at Tertiary Level," 2017, pp. 254-271.]

Edmodo has a significant role and place in the language teaching and learning contexts. However, there is no conclusive evidence on how Edmodo affects the language learning process. This study aims to present a review of the studies to make recommendations for teachers and researchers for further research. The study concludes that learners and teachers mainly have positive perceptions of and attitudes towards the use of Edmodo in the language learning process. It is also concluded that the use of Edmodo is efficient for fostering basic language skills, overall language proficiency, and communication skills. On the other hand, there are several drawbacks encountered during the utilization of Edmodo in language classes.

Numerous researches have demonstrated the enormous role of teachers in achievements of students. Educated and motivated teacher that cares about the success of students devotes more effort to preparing the lesson and thus provides the students better conditions for achieving results. The problem occurs when teachers are not equally qualified, motivated and prepared so it is justified to ask why some people even opt for the teaching profession if they have no motivation for this noble profession. The purpose of this study is to highlight the diversities of the admission requirements to teacher colleges in developed and developing countries. Diversity of admission requirements will show that the selection of candidates can affect students' later academic achievements. Comparative analysis between developed and developing countries, precisely Finland, Japan, Korea, Singapore and Croatia, India, Russia and Turkey, determines if there are any differences in the admission requirements among the selected countries. The analysis and the qualitative approach to the statistical indicators of PISA tests conducted in 2012 show which group of countries achieves better results and points to the correlation of students' achievements and the admission requirements. Research results show that the developed countries have strict entry requirements to teacher colleges and have better understanding of the importance of selecting the best candidates into the teaching profession. Developed countries achieved better results in PISA tests which indicates to a connection between the selection of more capable candidates for teaching profession and student achievement. Research confirms that the role of the teacher is very important and that the future reforms of primary education should be extended to higher education, that is teacher education because teachers play a major role in the educational process. [This paper was published in "2nd International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM2015, Conference Proceedings, Book 1, Psychology & Psychiatry, Sociology & Healthcare, Education" (vol 2, p17-24). Sofia, Bulgaria: STEF92 Technology. doi: 10.5593/SGEMSOCIAL2015/B12/S3.003.]

The mission of national colleges of technology (NCT's) in Japan and the universities of technology (UT's) in Taiwan is to pragmatically prepare quality engineers and technologists. In recent years, the partnership among NCT's and UT's is extended and expanded. This paper introduces the pragmatic and successful partnership between National United University (NUU), Miaoli, Taiwan and Kisarazu National College of Technology (KNCT), Chiba, Japan. The six key success factors are pointed out as follows: (1) Strong support from NUU's and KNCT's stakeholders, (2) Both NUU and KNCT focus on preparing quality engineers and technologists, (3) A shared focus is identified, (4) Good timing is selected for students' exchanges, (5) Multiple activities are arranged for students, and (6) Students are active partnership agents. Based on the past experiences, a checklist for pragmatic exchanges and cooperation to prepare quality engineers and technologists is suggested. It not only examines the current exchanges and cooperation but can also guide the future exchanges and cooperation.

The purpose of this paper was to explore high-school (grades 10-12) technology teachers' attitudes toward nuclear energy and their implications to technology education. A questionnaire was developed to solicit 323 high-school technology teachers' responses in June 2013 and 132 (or 41%) valid questionnaires returned. Consequently, the following five conclusions can be made: (1) Most high-school technology teachers in Taiwan are keen on news about Japan's Fukushima nuclear disaster, (2) The majority of high-school technology teachers oppose more nuclear power plants in Taiwan, are now "less supportive" of expanding nuclear power plants in Taiwan after Japan's Fukushima nuclear disaster, oppose to extend the operating lifespan of the operating nuclear power plants in Taiwan, and oppose the construction of a new nuclear reactor within 80 kilometers of their homes, (3) The majority of technology teachers in Taiwan are now more supportive than they were before Japan's Fukushima nuclear disaster of using clean renewable energy resources--such as wind and solar--and increased energy efficiency as an alternative to more nuclear power in Taiwan, and support a termination or moratorium on new nuclear power plant construction in Taiwan if increased energy efficiency and off the shelf renewable technologies such as wind and solar could meet our energy demands for the near term, (4) Nearly a half of high-school technology teachers in Taiwan do not know the evacuation route and what other steps to take in the event of the nearest nuclear power plant emergency, and (5) The majority of high-school technology teachers in Taiwan includes nuclear energy in their technology courses, and will enrich nuclear energy in their technology courses. An appendix presents the contingency table of Chi-square analyses.

Technology refers to making or doing things to extend human capability to meet our needs or wants. Both technology and engineering are closely related. The majority of faculty and students in both Kisarazu National College of Technology (Kisarazu Kosen or KNCT) and National United University (NUU) are in the field of engineering. Based upon a literature review and this author's understandings, this paper first introduces the STEM education promoted in the United States and argues the vital role of Technology and Engineering (T&E), then introduces the GO Tech promoted at NUU. GO Tech stands for both "Green Technology" and "Orange Technology." This author mainly argues that the students in both Japan and Taiwan need STEM education and should value the "T and E" in STEM, and states that "GO Tech" means "We should cherish the opportunity to learn 'T and E' and value both green and orange technologies." This author also wishes that more cooperation between Kisarazu Kosen and NUU is promoted to obtain positive synergies to help students' learning and pursue human sustainability and happiness.

This paper explores the PISA [Programme for International Student Assessment] achievement of twenty countries in light of some of their demographic differences. SES [student socioeconomic status], nuclear family, gender, home language, and native status were predictive of achievement for every country. Demographics accounted for as little as 8 percent to as much as 22 percent of individual score variance depending on the country and subject. Being male was almost a universal advantage in math, but was a far greater disadvantage in reading for every country. The relative performance of some countries changed when scores were adjusted for demographic differences; however, the Asian countries and Finland remained on top. Instructional strategies related to countries performing above expectations were explored.

Stress is simply the body's response to changes that create taxing demands. When one cannot cope with it, these cause distresses. Stress is not always bad. The manageable stress motivates individuals to achieve what he/she wishes to achieve. When one can cope with stress it is called "eustress" which is good. Education in many countries cause distress in children and there are many factors such as too much demands place on the child by parents and school system; severe competition and fear of failure, Child's inability to cope with pressure, ones fitness, socio-economic and family backgrounds, cost of learning and more over the system of education that places too many bureaucratic and systemic controls such as examinations which are not learner friendly. The paper examines the international perspectives around some of these issues. (Contains 6 footnotes.)

(Purpose) While numerous data and research indicate that the fiscal practice of institutions has been influenced by National University Corporation Act (NUCA), what exactly the effect NUCA has had on institutions is not known beyond anecdotal experiences and stories. The contribution of this paper is to provide hard evidence on such institutional perceptions. (Methodology) We employed two approaches to understanding the impacts of NUCA on the running of the national universities. First, we conducted descriptive analyses on national universities' fiscal conditions using selected financial indices in the period of 2004-06 using data retrieved from CNUFM. Second, we then analyzed the results of a survey conducted in early 2006. The postal survey was sent to the CFOs of all national universities and asked a total of 26 questions in regards to their perceptions of the impact of NUCA on their budgeting practice and educational quality at their institutions. From the 86 national universities, 84 CFOs responded. Through these two methods, we aim to understand the impact of NUCA quantitatively and qualitatively. (Results) As a result of the drastic change in the public funding scheme for national higher education in 2004, tax appropriations for higher education were substantially decreased, which has led to the decline in core funding for education and research for the majority of national universities. However, the extent of the financial impact of NUCA differs by institutional type. Those institutions with solid reputations and large financial resources, such as the former imperial universities, have been little influenced by NUCA. Our analyses found that the smaller the institution's financial resource, the more negative the impact of NUCA on the institution. A dichotomization among Japanese national universities is progressing. (Conclusions and Recommendations) The current funding policy in the allocation of tax appropriations needs to be revisited. Essentially, what current policy has done is simply to decrease spending on higher education in order to pay off public debt accumulated over the last 20 years. The impact generated by the sudden shift in 2004 was too drastic for the majority of national institutions, except some elite universities, to absorb. Policymakers need to take institutional missions and their fiscal conditions into consideration in the formula in order to minimize the damage caused by the ongoing decline in public support for higher education. The one-size-fits-all approach has brought unfairness to the market. (Contains 12 charts, 1 table, and 19 endnotes.)

This paper examines the "business" of language programs. In particular, it focuses on the economic impact of English as a Second language programs physically located in Calgary, Alberta, Canada which draw and serve foreign students. The impact such programs have on the wider community will also be explored. A bibliography is included. (Contains 3 tables.)

This paper tries to present a careful analysis of current trends and challenges to importing Japanese model of teachers' professional development. The objective is to examine what "we" can learn from Japanese approach to improving instruction, especially "Jugyou Kenkyu" (Lesson Study) as a collaborative research on the teaching-learning process. The intention is to clarify what we can learn from Japanese "Lesson Study" which is practiced in the United States and Iran's education context.

Institutionalizing organizational change has emerged as an issue among organization researchers and managers alike. Institutionalization of change is derived from change management theory in its emphasis on understanding the roots of organizational success and failure. The field of HRD appears particularly poised to help organizations institutionalize change. The purpose of this study was to identify what HRD interventions are being used to institutionalize organizational change in multinational corporations (MNCs). This paper presents empirical findings on the use of Cascade Training along with other methods, and the nature of significant differences found among companies from the four countries in their use of the HRD interventions. (Contains 1 figure and 8 tables.) [For complete proceedings, see ED491481.]

We are delighted to welcome you to the International Conference on Education and New Developments 2016--END 2016, taking place in Ljubljana, Slovenia, from 12 to 14 of June. Education, in our contemporary world, is a right since we are born. Every experience has a formative effect on the constitution of the human being, in the way one thinks, feels and acts. One of the most important contributions resides in what and how we learn through the improvement of educational processes, both in formal and informal settings. Our International Conference seeks to provide some answers and explore the processes, actions, challenges and outcomes of learning, teaching and human development. Our goal is to offer a worldwide connection between teachers, students, researchers and lecturers, from a wide range of academic fields, interested in exploring and giving their contribution in educational issues. We take pride in having been able to connect and bring together academics, scholars, practitioners and others interested in a field that is fertile in new perspectives, ideas and knowledge. We counted on an extensive variety of contributors and presenters, which can supplement our view of the human essence and behavior, showing the impact of their different personal, academic and cultural experiences. This is, certainly, one of the reasons we have many nationalities and cultures represented, inspiring multi-disciplinary collaborative links, fomenting intellectual encounter and development. END 2016 received 489 submissions, from 53 different countries, reviewed by a double-blind process. Submissions were prepared to take form of Oral Presentations, Posters, Virtual Presentations and Workshops. It was accepted for presentation in the conference, 133 submissions (27% acceptance rate). The conference also includes a keynote presentation from an internationally distinguished researcher, Professor Dr. Mojca Juriševic, Associate Professor of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, to whom we express our most gratitude. Also, we give a special thanks to Professor Emerita Nina K. Buchanan, PhD, University of Hawaii, USA and Professor Emeritus Robert A. Fox, PhD, University of Hawaii, USA for the special talk entitled "The Search for New Educational Forms in the United States and its International Implications." This volume is composed by the proceedings of the International Conference on Education and New Developments (END 2016), organized by the World Institute for Advanced Research and Science (W.I.A.R.S.) and had the help of our respected co-sponsor and media partner that we reference in the dedicated page. This conference addressed different categories inside the Education area and papers are expected to fit broadly into one of the named themes and sub-themes. To develop the conference program we have chosen four main broad-ranging categories, which also covers different interest areas: (1) In TEACHERS AND STUDENTS: Teachers and Staff training and education; Educational quality and standards; Curriculum and Pedagogy; Vocational education and Counseling; Ubiquitous and lifelong learning; Training programs and professional guidance; Teaching and learning relationship; Student affairs (learning, experiences and diversity; Extra-curricular activities; Assessment and measurements in Education. (2) In PROJECTS AND TRENDS: Pedagogic innovations; Challenges and transformations in Education; Technology in teaching and learning; Distance Education and eLearning; Global and sustainable developments for Education; New learning and teaching models; Multicultural and (inter)cultural communications; Inclusive and Special Education; Rural and indigenous Education; Educational projects. (3) In TEACHING AND LEARNING: Educational foundations; Research and development methodologies; Early childhood and Primary Education; Secondary Education; Higher Education; Science and technology Education; Literacy, languages and Linguistics (TESL/TEFL); Health Education; Religious Education; Sports Education. (4) In ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES: Educational policy and leadership; Human Resources development; Educational environment; Business, Administration, and Management in Education; Economics in Education; Institutional accreditations and rankings; International Education and Exchange programs; Equity, social justice and social change; Ethics and values; Organizational learning and change, Corporate Education. The proceedings contain the results of the research and developments conducted by authors who focused on what they are passionate about: to promote growth in research methods intimately related to teaching, learning and applications in Education nowadays. It includes an extensive variety of contributors and presenters, who will extend our view in exploring and giving their contribution in educational issues, by sharing with us their different personal, academic and cultural experiences. (Individual papers contain references.)

We are delighted to welcome you to the International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends (InPACT) 2016, taking place in Lisbon, Portugal, from 30 of April to 2 of May, 2016. Psychology, nowadays, offers a large range of scientific fields where it can be applied. The goal of understanding individuals and groups (mental functions and behavioral standpoints), from this academic and practical scientific discipline, is aimed ultimately to benefit society. This International Conference seeks to provide some answers and explore the several areas within the Psychology field, new developments in studies and proposals for future scientific projects. The goal is to offer a worldwide connection between psychologists, researchers and lecturers, from a wide range of academic fields, interested in exploring and giving their contribution in psychological issues. The conference is a forum that connects and brings together academics, scholars, practitioners and others interested in a field that is fertile in new perspectives, ideas and knowledge. There is an extensive variety of contributors and presenters, which can supplement the view of the human essence and behavior, showing the impact of their different personal, academic and cultural experiences. This is, certainly, one of the reasons there are nationalities and cultures represented, inspiring multi-disciplinary collaborative links, fomenting intellectual encounter and development. InPACT 2016 received 332 submissions, from 37 different countries, reviewed by a double-blind process. Submissions were prepared to take form of Oral Presentations, Posters, Virtual Presentations and Workshops. It was accepted for presentation in the conference 96 submissions (29% acceptance rate). The conference also includes: (1) A keynote presentation from Prof. Dr. Richard Bentall (Institute of Psychology, Health & Society of the University of Liverpool, United Kingdom); (2) Three Special Talks, one from Emeritus Professor Carlos Amaral Dias (University of Coimbra, Director of Instituto Superior Miguel Torga, Vice-President of the Portuguese Association of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, Private practitioner of psychiatry and psychoanalysis, Portugal) and Prof. Clara Pracana (Full and Training member of the Portuguese Association of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, Portugal), another from Emeritus Professor Michael Wang (University of Leicester, United Kingdom), and a third one from Dr. Conceição Almeida (Founder of the Portuguese Association of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytical Psychotherapy, and Vice-President of the Board. Member of the Teaching Committee, Portugal); (3) An Invited Talk from Dr. Ana Vasconcelos (SAMS--Serviços de Assistência Médico-Social do Sindicato dos Bancários de Sul e Ilhas, founding member of the Portuguese Association of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, and member of NPA-Neuropshycanalysis Association, Portugal). Thus, we would like to express our gratitude to all our invitees. This volume is composed by the abstracts of the International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends (InPACT 2016), organized by the World Institute for Advanced Research and Science (W.I.A.R.S.). This conference addresses different categories inside Applied Psychology area and papers fit broadly into one of the named themes and sub-themes. To develop the conference program six main broad-ranging categories had been chosen, which also cover different interest areas: (1) In CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: Emotions and related psychological processes; Assessment; Psychotherapy and counseling; Addictive behaviors; Eating disorders; Personality disorders; Quality of life and mental health; Communication within relationships; Services of mental health; and Psychopathology. (2) In EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: Language and cognitive processes; School environment and childhood disorders; Parenting and parenting related processes; Learning and technology; Psychology in schools; Intelligence and creativity; Motivation in classroom; Perspectives on teaching; Assessment and evaluation; and Individual differences in learning. (3) In SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: Cross-cultural dimensions of mental disorders; Employment issues and training; Organizational psychology; Psychology in politics and international issues; Social factors in adolescence and its development; Social anxiety and self-esteem; Immigration and social policy; Self-efficacy and identity development; Parenting and social support; and Addiction and stigmatization. (4) In LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY: Violence and trauma; Mass-media and aggression; Intra-familial violence; Juvenile delinquency; Aggressive behavior in childhood; Internet offending; Working with crime perpetrators; Forensic psychology; Violent risk assessment; and Law enforcement and stress. (5) In COGNITIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY: Perception, memory and attention; Decision making and problem-solving; Concept formation, reasoning and judgment; Language processing; Learning skills and education; Cognitive Neuroscience; Computer analogies and information processing (Artificial Intelligence and computer simulations); Social and cultural factors in the cognitive approach; Experimental methods, research and statistics; and Biopsychology. (6) In PSYCHOANALYSIS AND PSYCHOANALYTICAL PSYCHOTHERAPY: Psychoanalysis and psychology; The unconscious; The Oedipus complex; Psychoanalysis of children; Pathological mourning; Addictive personalities; Borderline organizations; Narcissistic personalities; Anxiety and phobias; Psychosis; Neuropsychoanalysis. The proceedings contain the results of the research and developments conducted by authors who focused on what they are passionate about: to promote growth in research methods intimately related to Psychology and its applications. It includes an extensive variety of contributors and presenters by sharing their different personal, academic and cultural experiences. Authors will be invited to publish extended contributions for a book to be published by inScience Press. We would like to express thanks to all the authors and participants, the members of the academic scientific committee, partners and, of course, to the organizing and administration team for making and putting this conference together. (Individual papers contain references.) [Abstract modified to meet ERIC guidelines.]

We are delighted to welcome you to the International Conference on Education and New Developments 2015-END 2015, taking place in Porto, Portugal, from 27 to 29 of June. Education, in our contemporary world, is a right since we are born. Every experience has a formative effect on the constitution of the human being, in the way one thinks, feels and acts. One of the most important contributions resides in what and how we learn through the improvement of educational processes, both in formal and informal settings. Our International Conference seeks to provide some answers and explore the processes, actions, challenges and outcomes of learning, teaching and human development. Our goal is to offer a worldwide connection between teachers, students, researchers and lecturers, from a wide range of academic fields, interested in exploring and giving their contribution in educational issues. We take pride in having been able to connect and bring together academics, scholars, practitioners and others interested in a field that is fertile in new perspectives, ideas and knowledge. We counted on an extensive variety of contributors and presenters, which can supplement our view of the human essence and behavior, showing the impact of their different personal, academic and cultural experiences. This is, certainly, one of the reasons we have many nationalities and cultures represented, inspiring multi-disciplinary collaborative links, fomenting intellectual encounter and development. END 2015 received 528 submissions, from 63 different countries, reviewed by a double-blind process. Submissions were prepared to take form as Oral Presentations, Posters, Virtual Presentations and Workshops. It was accepted for presentation in the conference, 176 submissions (33% acceptance rate). The conference also includes a keynote presentation from an internationally distinguished researcher, Professor Dr. Martin Braund, Adjunct Professor at Cape Peninsula University of Technology in Cape Town, South Africa and Honorary Fellow in the Department of Education at the University of York, UK, to whom we express our most gratitude. This volume is composed by the proceedings of the International Conference on Education and New Developments (END 2015), organized by the World Institute for Advanced Research and Science (W.I.A.R.S.) and had the help of our respected media partners that we reference in the dedicated page. This conference addressed different categories inside the Education area and papers are expected to fit broadly into one of the named themes and sub-themes. To develop the conference program we have chosen four main broad-ranging categories, which also cover different interest areas: (1) In TEACHERS AND STUDENTS: Teachers and Staff training and education; Educational quality and standards; Curriculum and Pedagogy; Vocational education and Counseling; Ubiquitous and lifelong learning; Training programs and professional guidance; Teaching and learning relationship; Student affairs (learning, experiences and diversity); Extra-curricular activities; Assessment and measurements in Education. (2) In PROJECTS AND TRENDS: Pedagogic innovations; Challenges and transformations in Education; Technology in teaching and learning; Distance Education and eLearning; Global and sustainable developments for Education; New learning and teaching models; Multicultural and (inter)cultural communications; Inclusive and Special Education; Rural and indigenous Education; Educational projects. (3) In TEACHING AND LEARNING: Educational foundations; Research and development methodologies; Early childhood and Primary Education; Secondary Education; Higher Education; Science and technology Education; Literacy, languages and Linguistics (TESL/TEFL); Health Education; Religious Education; Sports Education. (4) In ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES: Educational policy and leadership; Human Resources development; Educational environment; Business, Administration, and Management in Education; Economics in Education; Institutional accreditations and rankings; International Education and Exchange programs; Equity, social justice and social change; Ethics and values; Organizational learning and change. The proceedings contain the results of the research and developments conducted by authors who focused on what they are passionate about: to promote growth in research methods intimately related to teaching, learning and applications in Education nowadays. It includes an extensive variety of contributors and presenters, who will extend our view in exploring and giving their contribution in educational issues, by sharing with us their different personal, academic and cultural experiences. (Individual papers contain references.)

We are delighted to welcome you to the International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends (InPACT) 2015, taking place in Ljubljana, Slovenia, from 2 to 4 of May. Psychology, nowadays, offers a large range of scientific fields where it can be applied. The goal of understanding individuals and groups (mental functions and behavioral standpoints), from this academic and practical scientific discipline, is aimed ultimately to benefit society. This International Conference seeks to provide some answers and explore the several areas within the Psychology field, new developments in studies and proposals for future scientific projects. The goal is to offer a worldwide connection between psychologists, researchers and lecturers, from a wide range of academic fields, interested in exploring and giving their contribution in psychological issues. The conference is a forum that connects and brings together academics, scholars, practitioners and others interested in a field that is fertile in new perspectives, ideas and knowledge. There is an extensive variety of contributors and presenters, which can supplement the view of the human essence and behavior, showing the impact of their different personal, academic and cultural experiences. This is, certainly, one of the reasons there are nationalities and cultures represented, inspiring multi-disciplinary collaborative links, fomenting intellectual encounter and development. InPACT 2015 received 368 submissions, from 31 different countries, reviewed by a double-blind process. Submissions were prepared to take form of Oral Presentations, Posters, Virtual Presentations and Workshops. 112 submissions were accepted for presentation in the conference (30% acceptance rate). The conference also includes a keynote presentation from Miguel Angel Gonzalez Torres, MD, PhD, working at the Department of Neuroscience in The University of the Basque Country (Spain), the Psychiatry Department in Basurto University Hospital (Bilbao, Spain), and Centro Psicoanalítico de Madrid, Spain, to whom we express our most gratitude. This volume is composed by the proceedings of the International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends (InPACT 2015), organized by the World Institute for Advanced Research and Science (W.I.A.R.S.) and co-sponsored by the respected partners we reference in the dedicated page. This conference addresses different categories inside Applied Psychology area and papers fit broadly into one of the named themes and sub-themes. To develop the conference program six main broad-ranging categories had been chosen, which also cover different interest areas: (1) Clinical Psychology: Emotions and related psychological processes; Assessment; Psychotherapy and counseling; Addictive behaviors; Eating disorders; Personality disorders; Quality of life and mental health; Communication within relationships; Services of mental health; and Psychopathology. (2) Educational Psychology: Language and cognitive processes; School environment and childhood disorders; Parenting and parenting related processes; Learning and technology; Psychology in schools; Intelligence and creativity; Motivation in classroom; Perspectives on teaching; Assessment and evaluation; and Individual differences in learning. (3) Social Psychology: Cross-cultural dimensions of mental disorders; Employment issues and training; Organizational psychology; Psychology in politics and international issues; Social factors in adolescence and its development; Social anxiety and self-esteem; Immigration and social policy; Self-efficacy and identity development; Parenting and social support; and Addiction and stigmatization. (4) Legal Psychology: Violence and trauma; Mass-media and aggression; Intra-familial violence; Juvenile delinquency; Aggressive behavior in childhood; Internet offending; Working with crime perpetrators; Forensic psychology; Violent risk assessment; and Law enforcement and stress. (5) Cognitive and Experimental Psychology: Perception, memory and attention; Decision making and problem-solving; Concept formation, reasoning and judgment; Language processing; Learning skills and education; Cognitive Neuroscience; Computer analogies and information processing (Artificial Intelligence and computer simulations); Social and cultural factors in the cognitive approach; Experimental methods, research and statistics; and Biopsychology. (6) Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytical Psychotherapy: Psychoanalysis and psychology; The unconscious; The Oedipus complex; Psychoanalysis of children; Pathological mourning; Addictive personalities; Borderline organizations; Narcissistic personalities; Anxiety and phobias; Psychosis. The proceedings contain the results of the research and developments conducted by authors who focused on what they are passionate about: to promote growth in research methods intimately related to Psychology and its applications. It includes an extensive variety of contributors and presenters by sharing their different personal, academic and cultural experiences. Educational Psychology oral presentations include: (1) The academic performance of third and fourth year college students of World Citi Colleges with absentee parents (Elenita M. Tiamzon, Mª Cristina J. Estioco, Jaime R. Buniao, Mª Isidora B. Dayanghirang, Karren L. Fortes, and Mª Doris P. Puzon); (2) Developing creative and meaning potential in EFL writing through problem-based instruction (Tat Heung Choi); (3) School bullying from the Russian teachers' point of view (Alexandra Bochaver, Kirill Khlomov, and Alisa Zhilinskaya); and (4) CSCL in non-technological environments: Evaluation of a Wiki system with integrated self- and peer assessment (Gudrun Wesiak, Margit Höfler, Mohammad AL-Smadi, and Christian Gütl). Educational Psychology poster presentations include: (1) Can parental monitoring and the unplugged drug use prevention program contribute to a change in alcohol consumption among Slovak adolescents? (Olga Orosová, Marianna Berinsterová, Beáta Gajdošová, and Anna Janovská); (2) Transitioning to high school: The perception of students with ASD as opposed to their peers (Ariane Leroux-Boudreault, and Nathalie Poirier); (3) The change of volunteer students and the users: Evaluations of volunteering program in elementary school in Japan (Kie Sugimoto, Sachiko Kurosawa, Eriko Suwa, Kosuke Aoyagi, Kaoru Hirakue, and Junko Hidaka); (4) In defense of Homo Ludens and playful as a space for teaching-learning in higher education: The playful and creative possibility in teaching (Maria Vitoria Campos Mamede Maia, and Maria Isabel Luna Simões Hallak); and (5) The ludic as strategy for propitiate the learning in EJA: Infantilization or space for creation? (Maria Vitoria Campos Mamede Maia, and Priscilla Frazão). Educational Psychology virtual presentations include: (1) Constructive and apparent non-conformists in school (Ryszarda Ewa Bernacka); (2) How do future teachers handle feedback regarding their teaching skills? (Kristin Behnke); and (3) Before and after inspection: Attitudes of headmasters towards external evaluations (Kristin Behnke). An author index is included. (Individual papers contain references.) [Psiterra co-sponsored the 2015 InPACT conference. Abstract modified to meet ERIC guidelines.]

This edited volume contains the papers presented in the 2nd ESREA|ReNAdet meeting that was jointly organised with the VET & CULTURE Network in the University of Tallinn (Estonia), 9-11 November 2011. The papers that appear in the volume discuss the future (or the futures) of adult educators in respect to issues of developing their identities and professional status, issues of networking and/or unionizing and collaborating among different "types" of adult educators and related staff in adult education in general, and issues of power and authority in the adult-educator interaction. The selected number of contributions that appear in the volume focus on following themes: (1) Perceptions of adult educators: by adults-students, policy makers and in public; (2) Theoretical, political and practical discourses on adult educators: the future of adult education as an academic field; (3) Context and environment of adult education and different "types" of adult educators; (4) Ownership of the adult educators' profession and professional borders: is there a professional future for adult educators?; and (5) Learning, becoming, being and growing as professional adult educator, including issues of ageing and gender. Following a preface, "Creating a Space for Learning-- Reflections" (Marin Gross and Larissa Jogi), papers include: (1) Reflective Learning in Blended Process: Becoming an Adult Educator (Helena Koskinen); (2) The Status and Training Needs of Adult Educators in Hungary (Eva Farkas); (3) Adult Educator Development and Burnout: Self-Management of Generic Competences in Problem Prevention (Joanna Pitura); (4) Adult Educators--A Threatened Species in Our Education Systems (Markus Weil); (5) Changing Demands of Society and the Validity of the Training Programme for Adult Educators in Japan: Limitations on Its Present Curriculum after the 2011 Great Eastern Japan Earthquake and Future Possibilities (Naoko Suzuki); (6) The Relations of the Actors in Research, Practice and Finnish Adult Education: What Research Means for Actors of Vocational Education? (Sini Terasahde); (7) The Impact of the Validation Process on the Professional Development of Adult Educators (Simona Sava, Mariana Crasovan, and Andreea Siliman); (8) The Identity of Adult Educators in the Context of the Open University as Perceived by Themselves and Their Students: A Case Study (Maria Gravani and Georgios K. Zarifis); (9) The Relations of the Actors in Research, Practice and Policy in Norwegian Adult Education: What Research Means for Actors of Vocational Education? (Gerd Stolen); (10) Cooperation as a Central Element of Future-Oriented Adult Education (Christina Buschle, Rudolf Tippelt, and Sandra Fuchs); (11) Academic Identity of Adult Education (Anja Heikkinen); (12) The Use of Experiential Learning in the Adult Education Field (James Bradley); and (13) Interactive Professionalization in Continuing Education and Training: The Bielefeld Approach (Wolfgang Juette, Markus Walber, and Julia Behrens). An index is also included. Individual papers contain references, tables, and figures. (Contains 29 footnotes.) [Abstract modified to meet ERIC guidelines.]

(Purpose) The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between certain characteristics of US states and their budgeting systems for higher education (HE), and to derive implications for Japanese HE budgeting policy from the results. (Methodology) The US's State Higher Education Executive Officers (SHEEO) conducted a 30-item questionnaire survey on state higher education budgeting for all 50 states from January to March in 2008 (response rate: 78%). Following general and simple analyses, the following four hypotheses were formed and examined with empirical analyses: (H1) there is a significant correlation between the importance of HE budget in the overall state budget and the adoption of funding formulae; (H2) inflation and fluctuation in enrolment affect whether the funding formula approach or the baseline-incremental approach is selected; (H3) justifications of public financing to the state HE sector are influenced by the cost-sharing status between households and the state government; and (H4) the governors' budget proposal and the legislative passed budget are influenced by certain external factors. (Results) H1 was proved with satisfactory statistical significance. However, H2 showed a result opposite to that originally expected, and H3 could not be proved statistically. These results indicate that the funding formula approach is used more frequently by states which recognize their HE budget as more important comparative to other states and which have experienced greater fluctuations in inflation than the other states over recent years. With regards to H4, the financial burden of households did not affect the justifications selected. Governors' proposals were significantly influenced by the budget volume of primary and secondary education, while legislative passed budgets were largely determined by state unemployment rate. (Conclusions) The results show that funding formulae are in use in more unstable situations and that the decision makers executive and legislative branches do not recognize the importance of the bases of budgeting requests and justifications on the providers' side. (Recommendations) The budgeting system for Japanese national universities is simply dominated by fiscal reform measures, and has much to learn from the strategic decision-making involved in US state HE budgeting systems. (Additional Data) Manuscript contains 16 tables, 13 figures and 35 endnotes.

Two-year colleges in Japan have traditionally absorbed the major portion of female college entrants due at least partially to long-held gender stereotypes: women are to prepare themselves for marriage and homemaking at a two-year college. Recently, Japanese women began to explore selfhood outside the traditional realm of motherhood and womanhood. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether traditional gender stereotypes continue to influence the decision of Japanese female students as to whether to pursue a two-year college education. A sample of 214 Japanese female students currently enrolled in a two-year college participated in this study. The 18-item survey questionnaire was developed to examine factors perceived influential by Japanese women on their decision to choose a two-year college. The items were adopted based on a review of literature pertinent to gender-roles and women in higher education in Japan, and the government surveys on Japanese women's life course plans. This study employed SPSS for analyzing the data collected through the survey questionnaire. Factor analysis extracted three factors: Traditional Gender Expectations, Career and Marriage and Career Interests. Students in this study ranked Career Interests highest, followed by Traditional Gender Expectations and Career and Marriage. The results suggest that women's choice of two-year college was based first on their concern for job and financial security, second for marriage and family and third for the dual goals of pursuing both a career and marriage and family. While women in the present study uphold traditional roles, building career and financial independence are stronger reasons for their college choice. Two-year college administrators and faculty need to carefully consider the factors underlying women's decision to chose a two-year college, and evaluate whether the role of two-year colleges is satisfactorily meeting the expectations of contemporary women. (Contains 3 tables.)

Although there are have been some studies on National Human Resource Development and HRD practices in certain countries, literature shows that we have just scratched the surface in terms of the number of countries we know about. This exploratory study reviews research associated with HRD policies and practices in Brazil, China, India, Italy, Japan, Lebanon and Qatar. National policies on HRD were examined and a comparison of HRD practices in selected countries was made.

This document presents the proceedings of the Wilderness Education Association's 2005 National Conference on Outdoor Leadership. Following a brief history of the Wilderness Education Association (WEA), 21 conference papers are presented. Topics of the conference papers include: wilderness education curriculum, programs, history, environmental ethics, expedition experiences, cross-cultural expedition, judgment and decision-making, journal writing, leadership, and liability. This paper outlines several paradigms of the adventure and experiential education fields and their relevance in forming a community of people. While there is little in the way of new ideas it is the coming together of different foundations of their adventure field in a usable way for a variety of different groups. This approach has been successfully implemented for school, corporate, family and expedition based groups. (Individual papers contain references.) [Abstract modified to meet ERIC guidelines.]

The last few decades saw a dramatic progress in computer technology, which challenged many taken-for-granted assumptions about human communication. In terms of language classroom settings, integrating computers into teaching and learning brings certain communication patterns and, at the same time, poses the question about adaptation of classroom communicative practices. In order to understand a ubiquitous influence of technology in the field of Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL), it is important to examine what actually happens in classrooms with and without computers and how the teacher and the students use languages in different contexts. This study proposes a research design that includes micro and macro perspectives by combining two kinds of theoretical framework: IRE (initiation, response and evaluation) framework and a systemic functional framework. A step-by-step procedure is described using a case study that examined the uses of computers as well as classroom discourse structure in an English as a foreign language (EFL) class. Appended are: (1) Teacher Questionnaire; and (2) Student Questionnaire. (Contains 1 table and 2 figures.)

With the end of high growth in the Japanese economy, the women of Japan face a new challenge. Many of them have to be breadwinners as well as homemakers. The purpose of this study was to analyze and to synthesize the life course plans of contemporary Japanese women from essays written by junior college students. A typical woman of this sample would like to marry in her 20s and combine work and home. She would also like to achieve a sense of self-worth through working outside home and earning her own income. Findings and their implications, including the educational importance of the present study, are discussed. (Contains 1 table.)

Recent research focusing on Human Resource Development (HRD) in East Asia is attracting increasing attention. The purpose of the study is to explore the definition and practice of HRD, together with influencing cultural factors, in Mainland China, Taiwan, and Japan. The results indicate a difference in the definition and implementation of HRD among these three areas, and that the nature and role of HRD are influenced by cultural factors specific to each region examined. [For complete proceedings, see ED491481.]