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Background: Urolithiasis (Mutrakricchra) is an age-old disorder which has multi-factorial etiological as well as associated with re-occurrence. It is standout among the most troubling disorders related to urinary tract. Acharya Sushruta, a pioneer in the art of surgery, described the root causes and management of urolithiasis (Mutrakricchra). In present day restorative practice, a lot of the management/treatment choices are available which begins from the utilization of uresis-elevating specialist to dietary or nourishing enhancement consumption. Amalgamating the Ayurvedic principle/concept with current medicinal practice is a promising methodology used for the management of urolithiasis (Mutrakricchra) now a days. Objective: To prepare apamarg kshar and evaluate its potential against Urolithiasis (Mutrakrichra) by In-vitro technique. Materials and Methods: Apamarg kshar were prepared as per the methodology mentioned in Rasatarangni and the prepared Kshar is compressed in tablet dosage form. Various parameters of apmarg kshar tablets were evaluated. Results: Physicochemical and stability studies have not shown any remarkable variations with prepared tablet dosage form. In-vitro studies shows that 82 % of crystal inhibition at 550 µg/ml. Conclusion: The prepared tablet dosage form of Apamarg Kshar does not have remarkable variation during physicochemical and stability studies. The developed dosage form produces promising result in vitro against Urolithiasis (Mutrakrichra).

Oxalis Carniculata Linn belonging to Oxalidaceae family is a small herb with variety of biological activity. The leaves of Oxalis Carniculata was extracted with different solvents and the fractions were screened for antioxidant potential using in-vitro methods such as 2, 2-Diphenyl-2-Picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and H2O2 radical scavenging activity, and reducing power assay. Total flavonoid, phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity were determined spectrophotometrically. Among the six different fractions ethanolic fraction exhibited highest total flavonoid content (224.2±0.25 mg/g QAE) and methanolic fraction exhibited highest phenolic content (184.31±0.14 mg/g GAE) and total antioxidant capacity (232.79±0.17mg/g AAE). Further methanolic fraction showed highest DPPH and H2O2 radical scavenging activity with IC50 value 23.43±0.12 and 19.71±0.16 respectively. The major cause of skin photoaging is exposure to ultraviolet light that is coupled with the increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and decreased collagen synthesis. MMPs (especially MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-9) expressions are associated with the decreased elasticity of the dermis due to collagen degradation. In the present study, we have assessed the antioxidant effects of Oxalis Carniculata extract, correlated it with skin photoaging and postulated its mechanism of action by molecular docking study. The molecular docking study of flavones present in O. Carniculata revealed that the phyto-constituents of O. Carniculata species have similar mechanism of binding to that of standard drug with MMP-9 inhibitory action. These results can facilitate the further preclinical models, and clinical study upon skin protective potential against UV-induced skin aging of the O. Carniculata flavones.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has brought the entire world to a near lockdown. Having infected more than 6,54,08,787 people and claiming more than 15,09,743 lives as on 4th December 2020 it has made mankind to rethink over its claim of being highly advanced. Although we have come a long way both in terms of technology and medical advancements from 1918’s Spanish flu to latest novel coronavirus outbreak, still somehow we feel ourselves somewhat as helpless as we were back in 1918. There still remains a gap in understanding the full mechanism of the infection cycle of zoonotic diseases and their intensive relationships with their reservoir hosts. In this review we will be discussing why it’s still a challenge for us to fight these viral diseases and also how out of nowhere these diseases appear claiming millions of life every now and then. Also, we will try to understand how the reservoir ‘bats’ escape virulence.

Ativishadi churna is a traditional classical formulation pioneered by the science of Ayurveda. The very first reference regarding the formulation was documented in the Charka Samhita under title Ativishadi Yoga. The main indication of this formulation is to cure diarrhoea due to pitta dosha vitiation. It contains an equal part of powdered and dried Ativisha roots, Kutaj bark and Indrayava (dried Kutaj seeds). The polyherbal formulations comprise a wide range of bioactive compounds and the standardization of such formulations is a great concern these days. Hence, the present study evolves around standardizing Ativishadi Churna, for this purpose physicochemical parameters were performed of individual drugs by keeping the values of API as a standard. A complete pharmacognostic profile of ingredients has been validated to authenticate plant materials and to confirm the absence of any adulterants or impurities in the formulation. The preliminary phytochemical tests, Pharmacognostic and phytochemical standardization of the formulation were performed as a part of an SOP development. The formulation besides has been proven to possess antimicrobial properties against pathogens responsible for common infectious diseases in humans. The recent concern lies in the fact that some traditional medicines have been claimed to possess heavy metals. For this purpose, the heavy metal content has also been determined which shows that the formulation is devoid of heavy metals that may cause toxicity. The pharmacognostic and phytochemical study of this formulation would be very important for establishing standards in the future.

Background: Tribulus species spread in the warm, temperate regions and prevalent in zone where hot summers and dry soil present. Tribulus species comprises of more than 25 species. Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae) consists of ripe, dried, whole fruit and an annual herb, rarely perennial that grows worldwide, particularly in the temperate regions. It is used as traditional medicines in India, China, South Africa, Bulgaria and many other countries. It is used for strengthening (balya), nutritive (brimhan), rejuvenator (rasayan), diuretic (mutral), anti-inflammatory (shothahara), renal calculi (ashmari) and urolithiasis (Mutrakrichra). Objective: To prepare Gokshur tablet and evaluate its potential against Urolithiasis (Mutrakrichra) by in vitro technique. Materials and Methods: Gokshur kvatha churna was prepared as per the methodology mentioned in Sharandhar samhita and ghan was prepared by evaporating the watery portion from prepared kvatha. Prepared ghan was compressed into tablet, and quality of tablets were evaluated. Results: Physicochemical and stability studies have not shown any remarkable variations with prepared tablet dosage form. In vitro studies showed 58.24% of crystal inhibition at 650µg/ml. Conclusion: The prepared tablets of Gokshur ghan did not have remarkable variation during physicochemical and stability studies. The prepared tablets were able to show remarkable in vitro activity against Urolithiasis (Mutrakrichra).

Background: Urolithiasis (Mutrakricchra) is an age-old disorder which has multi-factorial etiological as well as associated with re-occurrence. It is standout among the most troubling disorders related to urinary tract. Acharya Sushruta, a pioneer in the art of surgery, described the root causes and management of urolithiasis (Mutrakricchra). In present day restorative practice, a lot of the management/treatment choices are available which begins from the utilization of uresis-elevating specialist to dietary or nourishing enhancement consumption. Methodologies created by amalgamating the Ayurvedic principle/concept with current medicinal practice are a promising methodology and even effectively used for the management of urolithiasis (Mutrakricchra). Objective: To prepare a poly herbal formulation and evaluate its potential against Urolithiasis (Mutrakrichra) by In-Vitro technique. Materials and Methods: Trikantakadi kvatha was prepared as per the methodology described in Ayurveda Sar Samgraha. Prepared Trikantakadi kvatha was converted in ghan by evaporating the watery portion and Trikantakadi kvatha ghan vati (TKGV) were prepared by adding excipients in prepared ghan. Various parameters performed for physicochemical and phytochemical characterization of raw material (crude herbs) and prepared tablet dosage form. Results: Physicochemical and phytochemical investigations are not shown any remarkable variations with prepared tablet dosage forms when compared with Trikantakadi kvatha churn. Prepared tablet (TKGV) shows crystal inhibition with passage of time the percentage of crystal inhibition also varied accordingly in the drug concentration (1000 µg/ml) showed the maximum 76.25% crystal inhibition. Conclusion: The prepared dosages forms were not exhibited any remarkable variation during physicochemical, phytochemical and thin-layer chromatography studies. However, the Trikantakadi kvatha ghan vati (TKGV) developed dosage forms are more stable than kvatha (Decoction) and produces promising result against Urolithiasis (Mutrakrichra).

A novel, sensitive, and specific gradient RP-HPLC method with UV detection is proposed for the simultaneous quantification of multicomponent liquid dosage form. The separation of the three drugs was achieved using a C18 column (250 mm×4.0 mm, 5 μ) as a stationary phase. No preliminary extraction procedure is required for liquid formulations and a very simple extraction procedure is required for tablets and creams. A mixture of two mobile phases was used with gradient time programing at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Detection was performed by using PDA detector at 270 nm. Phenylephrine HCl (RT=7.705 min), triprolidine HCl (RT=26.510 min) and dextromethorphan HBr (RT=29.166 min) were separated with good resolution in a single chromatographic run of 50 min. Each drug obeys Beer-Lambert's law in the linearity range of 0.080–0.12 mg/ml for dextromethorphan HBr with a correlation coefficient of 0.998, 0.040–0.060 mg/ml for phenylephrine HCl with a correlation coefficient of 0.996, and 0.010–0.015 mg/ml for triprolidine HCl with a correlation coefficient of 0.998. The recoveries for dextromethorphan HBr and phenylephrine HCl were found to be 99.35% and 99.53%, respectively and for triprolidine HCl was 98.88%. Validation results show satisfactory linearity, precision, accuracy and specificity.

Objective: This study was aimed at developing a stable and easily manufactured emulgel including green tea extract and avocado oil that is effective on the barrier function and hydration of the skin. Methods: Five formulations were prepared. An emulgel formulation containing 20% green tea extract and 5% avocado oil was designed as a result of pre-formulation studies. F2 was found to have best antiacne property. In vivo studies on twelve female subjects were evaluated by using non-invasive skin bioengineering techniques. Results: Finally, a cosmetically acceptable, stable and effective emulgel formulation for skin barrier function with good hydrating properties was obtained for skin hydration, protection and anti-acne purposes. Conclusion: An Emulgel containing green tea extract and avocado oil was developed which had the promising potential to be used for Acne treatment.

Liposomes as artificial colloidal vesicular structure having hydrophilic core in a lipid bilayer membrane became one of the most tremendously explored drug delivery system. These spherical vesicles consist of amphiphilic molecule like cholesterol, sterols and can be used to deliver both hydrophilic drugs as well as lipophilic drug. These vesicles are differentiated on the basis of size, composition, method of preparation and application. Liposomes are biodegradable, nonimmunogenic, biocompatible, provide targeted and prolonged release, change pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic attribute of drug, they find wide clinical application as diagnostic, antimicrobial, anticancer, vaccine adjuvant and cosmetics. Expanding application show promising sign for future development in liposome. The present review provides information about liposome in drug deliver, their composition, structure, different method of preparation, various types of liposome, clinical applications of liposome, strategies, marketed formulation.

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors have been found to reduce the relative risk of breast cancer in several experimental and clinical studies. Various mechanisms of anti-tumor activity of COX-2 inhibition have been reported viz. anti-proliferation, apoptosis, preventing invasion and metastasis, and potentiation of anti-tumor immune responses. In addition to this, previous work indicated that attenuation of pro-tumoral M2 polarization of macrophages could be another mechanism of anti-cancer activity of COX-2 inhibitors. This prompted our investigation of the pro-tumoral M2 polarization inhibitory potential of Etoricoxib, a selective COX-2 blocker. Treatment with Etoricoxib markedly inhibited hypoxic breast cancer cell induced macrophage M2 polarization to a greater extent compared to Flunixin meglumine, a preferential COX-2 inhibitor. Moreover, we found that Etoricoxib treatment results in suppression of pro-angiogenic and pro-invasive functions of tumor associated macrophages (TAMs). Our study provides evidence for potential applicability of Etoricoxib as an anti-breast cancer modality via targeting M2 polarization of macrophages.

Trigonella foenum graecum is a lemucilageinous plant and is grown mostly in Asia, the Mediterranean, and North African regions. The fenugreek seed contains 23-26% protein, 6-7% fat and 58% carbohydrates of which 25% is dietary fibre. It is commonly used as spice and seasoning in food preparations. It has been traditionally used for diseases like diabetes mellitus, fever, boils and carbuncles. The objective of this research is to extract and evaluate the mucilage of fenugreek seed mucilage. Seeds were collected and slurry was prepared using distilled water which was precipitated using ethanol. The precipitates were separated and dried. The dried mucilage was subjected to various phytochemical and physicochemical tests. The extracted mucilage shows the presence of carbohydrates, reducing sugar and mucilage whereas glycoside, alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids and tannins was absent. The moisture sorption test reveals that the mucilage can sorbed moisture and has ability of swelling in water as shown by result of swelling index test. Other physicochemical studies indicate that the mucilage has properties to be used as excipient. FTIR spectrum shows the presence of bonds it possesses. It can be concluded that the mucilage can be used to prepare dosage form. However, as it can absorb moisture, the prepared dosage form should be packed suitably to avoid the contact of moisture.