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Estaquier et al. provide commentary on our paper that elucidated the mechanism by which HIV-1 causes cell death in activated CD4 T lymphocytes. We showed that proviral DNA integration triggers DNA-PK dependent death signaling, leading to p53 phosphorylation and cell demise (Cooper A et al. Nature 498:376-379, 2013). They have raised several hypothetical points that we further clarify here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and 2 (HTLV-2) are two closely related human retroviruses. HTLV-1 is associated with an aggressive Adult T-cell Leukemia (ATL) while there is no evidence for an association of HTLV-2 with any human malignancies. The two viruses encode transactivator proteins, Tax-1 and Tax-2 respectively. In ATL, Tax-1 is thought to play a central role in the transformation of a normal T-cell into a leukemic cell; however, it has not been entirely clear how post-translational modifications of Tax-1 influence its transforming activity. Here, we discuss three recent papers that report on the ubiquitination and sumoylation of Tax-1 and Tax-2. We comment on their divergent findings implicating the importance (or lack of importance) of these modifications and other events on Tax activation of NF-κB as related to cellular transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery of HIV-1 as the cause of AIDS was one of the major scientific achievements during the last century. Here the events leading to this discovery are reviewed with particular attention to priority and actual contributions by those involved. Since I would argue that discovering HIV was dependent on the previous discovery of the first human retrovirus HTLV-I, the history of this discovery is also re-examined. The first human retroviruses (HTLV-I) was first reported by Robert C. Gallo and coworkers in 1980 and reconfirmed by Yorio Hinuma and coworkers in 1981. These discoveries were in turn dependent on the previous discovery by Gallo and coworkers in 1976 of interleukin 2 or T-cell growth factor as it was called then. HTLV-II was described by Gallo's group in 1982. A human retrovirus distinct from HTLV-I and HTLV-II in that it was shown to have the morphology of a lentivirus was in my mind described for the first time by Luc Montagnier in an oral presentation at Cold Spring Harbor in September of 1983. This virus was isolated from a patient with lymphadenopathy using the protocol previously described for HTLV by Gallo. The first peer reviewed paper by Montagnier's group of such a retrovirus, isolated from two siblings of whom one with AIDS, appeared in Lancet in April of 1984. However, the proof that a new human retrovirus (HIV-1) was the cause of AIDS was first established in four publications by Gallo's group in the May 4th issue of Science in 1984. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In HIV-infected people, resting CD4+ T cells are the main reservoir of latent virus and the reason for the failure of drug therapy to cure HIV infection. Still, we do not have a complete understanding of the factors regulating HIV replication in these cells. A recent paper in Cell describes a new trick that the virus uses to infect resting T cells. Interaction between the viral gp120 and cellular HIV coreceptor, CXCR4, during viral entry initiates signaling that activates cofilin, the main regulator of actin polymerization. As a result of this activation, actin is depolymerized, thus destroying the natural barrier to HIV replication. I discuss implications of this study for our understanding of HIV biology and development of novel anti-HIV therapeutic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the conference paper "T-cell based sieve analysis ties HLA A*02 to vaccine efficacy and IgA-C1 immune correlate in RV144 Thai trial" by T. Hertz and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the conference paper "E-DNA IM or ID delivery prime enhances antibody and T cell responses following recombinant gp120 env boost," by J. Yan and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the research paper "Identification of HIV-1-specific regulatory T cells using HLA-class-II tetramers," by M. Angin and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the research paper "Longitudinal assessment of HIV-1-specific T-cell responses generated during acute subtype C HIV-1 infection and associations with viral set point," by M. Radebe and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the research paper "Increased mucosal CD4+ T-cell activation following vaccination with an adenoviral vector in rhesus macaques," by I. Bukh and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the research paper "Recombinant DNA/MVA/ChAdV-63-elicited T cells specific for conserved regions of the HIV-1 proteome recognize HIV-1 infected cells and suppress HIV-1," by T. Ahmed and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the research paper "Early presentation of HIV-1 KF11Gag and KK10Gag protective epitopes facilitate rapid CD8+ T cell activation and killing of virus infected cells," by H. N. Kløverpris and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the research paper "The increased sensitivity of CTLs induced by vaccinia vector is developed as intrinsic feature in vivo and independent of microenvironment in vitro," by Z. Hu and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the research paper "Rapid evolution of HIV-1 to functional CD8+ T-cell rResponses in humanized BLT mice," by T. E. Dudek and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the research paper "The roles of HIV-1 specific CD8+ T cell responses and HLA class I alleles on viral control and viral escape in HIV-1 infected Thai individuals," by S. Buranapraditkun and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the research paper "Different memory T cell phenotypes are elicited by Ad5 and rare adenoviruses," by P. Penaloza and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the research paper "Evaluation of the dual IFNγ/IL-2 fluorospot-assay with flow cytometry for detection of HLA-restricted HIV-specific T-cell responses in HIV controllers," by N. Keane and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the research paper "Assessment of T cell immune responses towards HIV-1 epitopes designed by reverse immunogenetic approach: proof-of-concept in HIV+ Cameroonian children," by E. Nemes and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the research paper "Infrequent, low magnitude HIV-specific T cell responses in HIV-uninfected participants in the 1% tenofovir microbicide gel trial (CAPRISA004)," by W. A. Burgers and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the research paper "T cell immune quiescence as a contributor to resistance to infection among HIV Exposed Seronegative (HESN) commercial sex workers from Nairobi, Kenya," by K. R. Fowke and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the research paper "Impact of the innate environment on maintaining memory T-cell numbers in the female genital tract: implications for mucosal vaccine efficacy?," by S. Dabee and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the research paper "HIV triggers immunoregulatory dendritic cells and regulatory T cells through the non-canonical NF-kB pathway," by O. Manches and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the conference paper "Two independent functions of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells discriminated by CD16 during HIV-1 infection," by H. Liang and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the research paper "Regulatory B cells are induced in untreated HIV-1 infection and suppress HIV-1 specific T cell responses," by J. Liu and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the conference paper "Quality of T-cell responses versus reduction in viral load: results from an exploratory phase II clinical study of Vacc-4x, a therapeutic HIV vaccine" by P.F. McKay and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the research paper titled," Cloned the Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) modulates alternative splicing in CD4+ T cells in vivo," is presented.

An abstract of the research paper titled,"The Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) modulates alternative splicing in CD4+ T cells in vivo," is presented.

An abstract of the research paper titled,"Predominant role of Tax sumoylation in Tax-induced NF-kB activation in T cells," is presented.

An abstract of the research paper titled,"Control of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and T-cell turnover by the Human T-cell leukemia virus type 13 (HTLV-p13)," is presented.

An abstract of the research paper titled," TP53 and p16INK4A mutations in adult-T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) in Bahia (Brazil) ," is presented.

An abstract of the research paper titled," Cytoplasmic and nuclear events controlling Tax-mediated activation of the NF-kB pathway: involvement of TNF-receptor associated protein 2(TAB2), IKKgamma/NEMO and calreticulin ," is presented.

An abstract of the research paper titled "Inverse Correlation Between Tax and CD25 Expressions in HTLV-1 Infected CD4 T-cells In-Vivo," by Kenyta Tezuka, Runze Xun, Mami Tei Takaharu Ueno and others is presented.

An abstract of the research paper titled "HTLV-1 Propels Thymic Human T-Cell Development in "Human Immune System" Rag2-/- IL-2R gamma c-/- Mice" presented by Nicolas Gadot, Louis Gazzolo, Julien Villaudy, Jean-Yves Scoazec and others is presented.

An abstract of the research paper titled " Activation of HTLV-1 Expression in Chronically-Infected CD4+ T cells: Mechanisms and Implications for Pathogenesis," by Alison Swaims, Hsin-Ching Lin, Peter Simon, Celine Granier, Yingyu Zhang, Arthur Roberts and Satish Devadas is presented.