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Energy poverty is a phenomenon understood as the result of conditions extrinsic and intrinsic to the household, although it is within this space where it manifests with greater intensity. This article identifies and analyzes the strategies deployed by households and, particularly, by women as the main historical responsible parties for the management of household resources to mitigate the causes and consequences of energy poverty in an electricitydependent urban locality in Argentina. Using the focus group technique, the study takes the voices of the protagonists and their experiences to qualitatively identify and analyze the strategies and practices women deploy in their daily lives to alleviate the consequences of energy poverty. These strategies and practices impact the organization of household resources and the physical and mental health of women due to their role in domestic and caregiving tasks. Although the women's proposal is to build learning spaces about energy usage that bolster their strategies, this would further reinforce the gendered distribution of domestic labor, which is why this paper suggests the design of multi-scalar policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to address energy poverty from the social dimension of access to energy and its relationship with environmental variables such as relief, temperature, and precipitation in the municipalities of Mexico; through the construction of an energy poverty indicator using 2020 census data and cartographic analysis with GIS. The results for Mexico 2020 reveal that approximately 43.75% of the municipalities experience high and very high energy poverty. Regional differences in energy poverty are noted, three targeted sectors of energy poverty were located, to the north, west and south of Mexico. This can be explained by the marked economic and social differences that exist in the country. A relationship was found between energy poverty and social conditions that can be influenced by climate change. The incorporation of the spatial dimension may be relevant in the study of energy poverty in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The critique of academic colonialism in urban studies tends to suggest a pattern in which theories, ideologies, and urban policies invariably move from the central countries to the periphery, a reality to which they are not adapted. Within the framework of this critique and the search for non-parochialist urban studies, this paper presents a case in which these flows follow a reverse path, from the periphery to the center, so we tried to addressing a European case based on concepts, practices, and theories currently under development in Latin America. The production of housing in Marinaleda (Andalusia, Spain) shows connections with the cooperative experiences of Uruguay, with which it shares parameters of self-management and mutual aid. In Latin America, this type of experiences were analyzed from the perspective of Social Production of Habitat (PSH), from which the case is approached. The study is based on participant observations in Marinaleda, complemented by interviews with key informants and documentary analysis. The analysis shows that the European case is part of the most militant versions of the Latin American SHP, to the extent that - based on concrete connections - it recovers the forms of self-production typical of low-income sectors, disputes state resources, and bases its concrete practice on mutual aid, self-management, and rejection of private ownership. The article contributes to deepen the reflection on the complexity of the processes of diffusion of theories, ideologies, and transformative urban practices, presenting a little-known case in the international panorama. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the private listed real estate funds in Argentina as an expression of the process of real estate and housing financialization. Taking into consideration other national REITs regimes analyzed by current research, this paper argues that the limited expansion of these funds ought to be interpreted in light of the subordinate condition of Argentina in the process of financialization, which intensified both macroeconomic volatility and dependence on the hegemonic currency. In this context, the efforts to channel surplus from/ to housing, appear to the agents as an arduous process of marker making, in which fiscal incentives and credit orientation are unavoidable conditions. However, as explained, specific elements of housing production and capital market functioning in Argentina show tensions in their articulation, and a rather tailor-made development of real estate funds for national investors that take advantage of these fiscal benefits in conjunctures of "opportunity" for extraordinary gains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our main objective is to study, within the context of neoliberal reforms, the transition of a regulating State to an entrepreneurial State concerning urban management in Lima, Peru since 1990. For this we have carried out retro-progressive research. Firstly, we analyzed the regulatory framework that established real estate operations in the city. Secondly, we have come to understand the current situation, analyzing the case of Lince district to corroborate and diagnose an entrepreneurial urban development. The methodology applied was to analyze its urban management tools and interviews with neighborhood delegates in order to understand how the city changed not only in its surface, behind and beneath it, but also in its sociability. The results show that Lima, and Peru in general, assimilates the model of free market as the only way of creating a city and, consequently, with the endorsement of local authorities and real estate agencies, fragmenting and privatizing districts. This paper's contribution lies in pointing out how Lima, unlike its Latin American peers, has a laissez-faire approach that, far from regressing regulations both on a metropolitan and a local scale, has expanded them in the name of efficiency and the rationality of market logics, creating thus the paradox of a deregulated city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines seven tourist places in the Spanish province of Alicante, where it is possible to identify a greater presence or agency of LGBTQ+ communities. They are also coastal enclaves highly appreciated by heteronormative society and thus crossed by spatial conflicts and exclusion policies that allow their reality to be approached from an intersectional perspective. Our study reveals that, in addition to the gradients of dispossession and discrimination that non-normative inhabitants suffer transversally in society, the queer condition, upon intersecting with the class factor, causes differentiated experiences in terms of segregation, harassment and homophobic violence. In each location, the idiosyncrasy of the physical and cultural geography suggests specific analytical methodologies, mostly qualitative, which, together with an effort of queer pedagogy, invite us to reflect on other ways of producing and sharing knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is part of the construction of the theoretical and thematic background of the research project entitled "Disability in Urban Public Space. Public Policy, Materiality, and Inclusion in Bogotá D.C." and seeks to identify the trends and main currents related to the production of public space and its impact on social inclusion or exclusion, especially of people with disabilities. The issue is addressed by contemporary debates raised by different authors about the construction and social production of space and their influence on the physical-spatial reality of cities. The studies and theorizations of these authors are critically approached in order to build a reflection about the right to the city, the spatial inclusion/exclusion, and disability in public space. For this purpose, a systematized literature review was carried out based on the SALSA methodology (Search, AppraisaL, Synthesis, and Analysis). As a result of this review, it became evident that there is a systematic separation between the production of physical space and social space derived from the acts of dominant power mediated by expert technocrats who conceive, project, and materialize physical space and its difference from the practices, perceptions, and experiences of those who use it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses a set of situations of daily mobility referred to the social collective of femal domestic workers in the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Region. Our main objective is to identify--from a structural perspective--the general features o these workers' mobility and their relation to socia differentiation as a characteristic of the metropolitan city. Domestic workers represent a high proportion of the female metropolitan workers. This group ha been characterized by extremely vulnerable socia conditions and precarious labor relations. Regarding mobility, they make the longest trips, with mor transfers, and mainly by public transport. Th spatiality of their trips reveals the social geography of cities and their residential inequalities. W relied on the quantitative analysis of the mobility data generated by public institutions in terms o socio-territorial differentiation. Results show th metropolitan articulation and differentiation between residential and employment locations, where thre mobility subsystems can be distinguished: local subregional, and metropolitan. This approach help to understand the current metropolitan dynamic in terms of scenarios of multiple interactions and diverse social temporalities, evincing socio-spatia segregation processes in city and mobility model that favor inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Matters of care has been a relevant issue for several decades in feminist studies, particularly in relation to the power relations that have been built from their feminization, and the consequences they have had in all spheres of life. Despite their importance, the way care is spatialized has not been sufficiently treated based on the daily interrelations in which they are part of. Based on research taken place over the course of a decade by a collective group of researchers on the daily mobility practices as well as on care issues, we have been able to identify six categories that contribute to the spatialization of care from a relational spaces approach. Through mobile ethnographies of urban dwellers' daily lives, we were able to understand how care strategies and circulations take place, and their relation with subjects of care, practices, time spaces, places, affects, materialities and objects that support care in cities like Santiago, Concepción or Temuco. Understanding them from a perspective of relational space helps to visualize the complexity that care implies, and at the same time the intertwined implications of space that go beyond domestic space. This paper contributes to the existing work on the invisible aspects of care including the spatialization of care and to the discussion on the need to defamiliarize and collectivize care in Chile. This is particularly relevant today, as care became a major issue in Chile and globally due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as it was possible to identify the material reality of care in tangible ways, and also to question the ways we want to care for ourselves and our living space in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In December 1972, the Sub Department of Design of the Corporación de la Vivienda (CORVI) published a document with eighteen housing prototypes developed by its teams between 1966 and 1971. This document was the result of the previous experience of those teams in developing a large part of the social housing built in Chile, of the work of systematization and standardization of that set of works, and of the design indications given by the managers of these teams. Drawing on the document itself, secondary sources that report on CORVI's decisions, and interviews with Orlando Sepúlveda Mellado, an architect member of CORVI's design teams, this paper analyzes the practical meaning of "Tipología de viviendas racionalizadas 1966-1972" and suggests that it performs a non-canonical mode of the notion of typology, articulates a standardization of project ideas, and responds to the contingencies of the sociomaterial environment. This helps to conclude that the inaccuracies observed in the document are part of an objectual strategy of communication of the technical aspect that aims at its practicality, that is, to efficiently narrate the complexity of architectonic rationalization as a political and socio-technical program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a phenomenological and hermeneutic approach, the main goal of this paper is to analyze the productive effects since the arrival of the creative class to the pericentral neighborhood of La Floresta (Quito), a social group consolidated in the area during the Revolución Ciudadana administration (2007-2015). In the first part, a bibliographic review is carried out regarding the gentrification produced by artists, students, or the new middle class in general; and the peculiarities are presented of the constitution of the middle-class in Ecuador. In the second part, the results of the research are exposed, based on the analysis of census indicators, stakeholder interviews and a direct observation of land uses and its practices. It is concluded that the intensification of economic and social flows in the neighborhood supposes the constitution of La Floresta as a cultural centrality. A revaluation process that ends up triggering the displacement of the "social preservationists" and the consolidation of a "new creative class". From a multiscale approach, it warns about a possible revaluation process in the areas surrounding the cultural centrality, a cascade effect that could generate new gentrification effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real estate financialisation in Mexico is moving towards a process of increasing securitization based on investment instruments that entered the stock market. One of them is the Real Estate Investment Trusts (REIT, known in Mexico as FIBRAS), which group income-generating properties from the productive sector: offices, shopping centers, hotels, industrial buildings, among others. This paper examines the participation of this instrument in the financialized urbanization process through the analysis of its property portfolios and their diffusion in the urban system. The results show a process of specialization and diversification of the trusts; Its spatial logic reveals uneven patterns, with a greater presence of commercial properties and specialized services in the main metropolitan areas, while industrial and logistics warehouses were located in rural areas and the peripheries of urban centers that operate as nodes of the chains global value of manufacturing sectors. The expansion of properties in the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico reflect the role that this instrument plays in the consolidation of service-oriented enclaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the daily neighborhood experiences of senior citizens' and how they think and live in their current neighborhood. It is based on the results of participatory research conducted in 2019 with 51 long-term residents of three neighborhoods in Valparaiso, Chile. Based on accounts of their past and current experiences, the paper focuses on the nostalgias they express for their old neighborhoods that, according to them, are no longer existing today. These nostalgias give rise to dystopian representations and imaginaries that they associate with their present neighborhoods. From the analysis of these dystopian representations and imaginaries, the article shows that these inhabitants' neighborhood trajectory reveals a desired neighborhood community, linked to a past that never fully materialized. In this sense, the article poses that the neighborhood is thought and conceived as a dystopian place, in tension between desires and yearnings for an idealized past and disconformity for the current situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes expedients of daily mobility that -though fundamental for the sustainability of life, have been marginalized in territorial planning: the pedestrian trajectories of migrant women. The research explores urban walking practices in the La Chimba neighborhood, Santiago of Chile, using a qualitative perspective trough focus groups and directed interviews combined with shadowing techniques of women from the global south. From the observation of the rhythms, affects and wisdoms of the participants in the study, the paper concludes that personal pedestrian experiences depend principally on the (re)productive roles that they assume; the contingent otherness of their bodies; and the social and communitarian networks that they establish with their territory of arrival, sharing a common epistemic privilege to know the place they inhabit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking the specific case of Manizales (Colombia) as an example this paper shows how planning within the urbanization process has generated inequality and polarization since the 1930s and in doing so has brought about social injustice for groups lacking economic and political power. An example of this are the self-help neighborhoods located in the southern slopes of Manizales where injustices are clearly reflected in the local space. Based on a historical study, this paper explains the emergence of urban inequalities and reflects critically on planning processes by establishing how urban space is produced in terms of social, economic and politically-based relations, which are inevitably expressed in the spatial forms taken by the city. Finally, we stress the need to search for territorial justice within the contexts of spatial, historical and social assembly to generate more effective tools aimed at changing inequalities and polarization. This could be pursued by implementing spatiallysensitive policies and practices, thus shifting from a distributive model approach to procedural-based participatory and decision-making approaches through social action and concerted policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chile is once again facing an increased number of households living in informal settlements in the peripheries of main cities. However, this time the phenomenon does not only refer to non-paying lodgers, but also households who have experienced increased housing costs and high rates of Latin American immigrant population. This paper explores possible causal factors such as a socioeconomically exclusionary land and housing market that leaves substandard renting as the only 'formal' option available for the poor but one that is unsustainable for the most vulnerable population. Urban informality is also seen as a grey area where public policies, the denial of social rights and geographies of opportunities are confronted in contrast to previous ideas of informal settlements as a way to obtain state benefits in Chile. This paper presents and analyses disaggregated data from the 2017 CIS TECHO-Chile national survey of informal settlements and delivers a qualitative analysis on settlements in the city of Antofagasta, north Chile, a city with a growing number of informal settlements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-segregated social housing, or socially integrated housing, is a contemporary public policy challenge, known internationally as "inclusionary housing". In this paper we discuss its progress and weakness in Chile, the only Latin American country that has developed a national policy for socially integrated housing. We will critically analyze two experiences developed in the country based on two internationally disputed policy approaches: Ribera Norte in Concepción, a place-based approach; and San Alberto de Casas Viejas in Santiago, a peoplebased approach. Strictly speaking both experiences mix these two types of support, but in different ways. Based on a comparative analysis of its achievements and limitations, we argue for the need to redesign the current social integration housing policy, in order to improve its capacity to confront processes of sociospatial segregation, specifically the ghettoization of social housing and the expulsion of the new social housing outside cities.Non-segregated social housing, or socially integrated housing, is a contemporary public policy challenge, known internationally as "inclusionary housing". In this paper we discuss its progress and weakness in Chile, the only Latin American country that has developed a national policy for socially integrated housing. We will critically analyze two experiences developed in the country based on two internationally disputed policy approaches: Ribera Norte in Concepción, a place-based approach; and San Alberto de Casas Viejas in Santiago, a peoplebased approach. Strictly speaking both experiences mix these two types of support, but in different ways. Based on a comparative analysis of its achievements and limitations, we argue for the need to redesign the current social integration housing policy, in order to improve its capacity to confront processes of sociospatial segregation, specifically the ghettoization of social housing and the expulsion of the new social housing outside cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For Italians, the ZEN area (Zona Espansione Nord), Palermo, is an urban space associated with marginality and exclusion, drug trafficking, mafia, violence and deviant behavior. This paper analyzes the perception of ZEN residents about their urban space. To this end, different perceptive maps are used in order to identify visual and subjective representations as they enable the emergence of personal views about the urban space that are difficult to express in words. When drawing, respondents express their individual opinions and depict their neighborhood; these being critical for social research. In this way perceptive maps enable the graphical visualization of the fragmentation experienced by the urban space, which is expressed at different levels. They also identify certain infrastructures that serve as benchmarks and different types of perception that vary according to the level of educational achievement of respondents. This paper addresses the subjective dimension about the urban space and encourages us to reflect on the need to explore different methodologies to understand the complex individualities underlying this subjective dimension; it also acknowledges the important role of subjectivity within the study of urban phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For dwellers of informal settlements the value of housing is not only determined by its material aspects, but also by immaterial and political elements. The theoretical notion of 'home' by feminist geographers has gradually been introduced in housing studies as a way to counteract the view of housing just as a material need, as well as to introduce a gender approach to housing. Although women have played a key role in accessing housing in Chile, there has been little recognition of this in literature or in practice. The paper presents four aspects of the feminist literature of home in order to discuss a gender approach to the production of informal housing. In order to do this, the paper presents four dimensions: home-making and the emotions that drive it; home-making through the intersectionality of identities; home-making at different territorial scales; and home-making and its political dimension. The dimensions are discussed through a gender-approached research in informal settlements in Viña del Mar, using qualitative methodology with participatory photography and life stories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the feasibility of implementing solar heating in Bariloche (3,600 degrees/day, 8.4°C mean annual temperature) through heat pipe collectors and water contained in insulated water tanks for further use through floor heating systems. Dynamic thermal models are used to optimize the system in order to meet 13,000 kWh annual demand, which represents both a 50m2 single-family, non-insulated affordable housing unit (260kWh/m2) or a 100m2 insulated unit (130 kWh/m2.) Such a demand could be met through five standard collectors, each containing 20 pipes (2,088m2, opening area), and a 63m3 tank at a cost of USD 27,000 or eight collectors and an 11m3 tank at a cost of USD 11,650. This paper discusses the reasons why Bariloche, whose mean temperature is similar to that of developed countries located in cold areas, achieves more economical solutions such as: a) the use of vacuum collectors instead of flat-plate collectors; b) properly distributed solar resources and heat demand; and c) an affordable type of water tank that enables proper insulation. This study concludes there is potential for the implementation of this technology in large parts of South America requiring heating solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread presence of informal settlements has historically characterized the growth and consolidation process of Latin American cities. Initially, these self-production methods placed priority on the satisfaction of basic needs; however, the progressive consolidation experienced by these spaces triggered the emergence of informal commodification models to secure access to land and housing, such as tenancy. This paper aims to characterize the dynamic that governed the informal tenancy process in different settlements of Buenos Aires over the last decade by analyzing the profiles of relevant actors (tenants, offering parties and mediators) and the forms adopted by tenancy on a daily basis (circuits, conditions and economic agreements.) The cases analyzed in this paper (Settlement 31 and 31 bis, 20, 3, 21-24 and Rodrigo Bueno, all built on public lands) reveal a growing heterogeneity among actors and agreements that consolidate, through practices, a private land appropriation process and the exacerbation of intra-territorial inequalities, thus posing a challenge to rights-based urban policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main challenges facing academic centers within the so-called "knowledge society" is the openness and democratization of knowledge production processes. The first step in doing this is "learning to learn" from academic productive processes. Based on this premise, this paper analyzes the importance of collaborative tools and approaches to the production of knowledge in residential habitat at the Housing Institute (INVI), University of Chile. The methodology used in this study is based on the systematization of social practices, the use of digital tools that affect this productive process and the reflective analysis of the main problems that these presents. As a result, this paper lays the basis for the implementation of a CoLaboratory for Residential Habitat and Territory, which is intended to promote the systematization, reflection and learning about knowledge production processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the solutions used to resolve the housing problem of Roma people since the mid-twentieth century in cities of northwestern Spain. Its interest lies in a common trajectory and in various situations and responses, which have not been successful. We use a geographical methodology based on the diachronic approach, the dialectical method between the quantitative and qualitative, the comparative, and the consideration of habitat as an expressive element of spatial relations in the landscape. Among its main results, this paper interprets a cross-sectional reading of urbanism and architecture in the so-called nogo zones incorporating the necessary nuances to avoid simplistic generalizations. These explain different rhythms and experiences in the same development towards typical housing, emphasizing the substantive weight of territorial variables, the regional context, and local factors beyond political decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities are complex systems in constant evolution, whose planning faces increasingly unpredictable futures. Understanding the city as a complex selforganizing system, and based on information theory and thermodynamic theory of non-equilibrium and irreversibility, it is possible to establish the exchange of information that occurs between the urban system and the surrounding environment. This paper shows that facing an abrupt rise in uncertainty, the city can increase its complexity [1], its ability to anticipate the environment [2], its control over the environment [3], can adequately combine the previous strategies [4] or change its identity [5]. The methodology used in this article juxtaposes these predetermined conceptual premises five case studies of cities affected by social conflicts, natural disasters, and wars. The research results show the applicability of the coupling between the urban system and its environment and exemplify how the five strategies have intensely transformed the urban morphology and topology of cities such as Amsterdam, Nicosia, Barcelona, and Beirut. The overall conclusion of the article points out that memory is a critical factor in defining new urban futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2014 great Valparaíso fire had serious consequences on the urban areas of local hills as the result of their weak urban infrastructure and poor accessibility, thus affecting the most vulnerable population in the city. From a State perspective, this paper analyzes the "social housing" reconstruction proposals promoted by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development (MINVU). This exercise enables us to explore how the State addresses these urban reinvention processes and corroborate if they include the territory and solar power as energy-use strategies according to Act No. 20/25. From a systemic approach, the inclusion of these strategies would enable the reconstruction process to contribute to the energy resilience of Valparaíso. This paper focuses on Cerro Las Cañas as this was the area most affected by the fire; likewise, this study conducted a radiation simulation analysis in three representative urban areas and examined the provision of housing as defined by the State plan. The field work suggests that local residents are replicating the same settlement patterns used before the fire, disregarding the experience factor and the analysis reveals the possibility of implementing solar energy collection methods in terms of available energy and associated costs, thus increasing local energy resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban studies focused on spatial transformation processes have paid little attention to the emotional relationships between people and their transformed environments. Given its ambiguous definitions and concepts, this phenomenon has not been properly understood. Environmental psychology has thoroughly studied the individual-environment relationship through the analysis of the emotional attachment to a specific place. The present paper describes three possible approaches used by this discipline to study the subject-environment relationship: the analysis of the emotional affinity to places; the identification of the social meanings that create emotional attachment to spaces; and the exploration of the material practices that enable the creation and generation of feelings associated with places. Each approach is described and complemented with the outcomes of a research on the sociospatial relationships generated in four cases of socio-natural disasters in Chile. Finally, this paper considers the potential practices offered by emotional attachment in the reconstruction of residential habitat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inhabiting suggests interconnecting spaces and emotions. Early social life experiences provide the world with key connotations that grant ontological security to subjects. The emotional grid of habitation enables recreating spaces of certainty, even in ever-changing territories. The expansion of capital into rural areas imposes forms of territorialization that constrain every aspect of local life, reducing the dimensions upon which habitation forms and practices are based and jeopardizing emotional constructions associated to a given place. This paper suggests that, in such circumstances, the long-term presence of inhabitants -and other variables- depends on the modification of their emotional connection with their environment. The experience of small farmers in Colliguay, central Chile in their reconversion into apiculture reveal the reinvention of the local space and the generation of emotions associated with a territory that gives new meanings to once-ignored dimensions: these events take place in a scenario where life dimensions have been dramatically reduced (from seeds to pollen and from cattle to hives), which however enable the creation of emotional bonds to aspects related to this new activity. Together with highlighting the emergence of renewed types of emotional attachments in inhabited space, this paper stresses the access to autonomy and sustainability opportunities provided by these scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neoliberal city has recently become a central subject of study in urban studies. One of the aspects analyzed is the extension of the pressure exerted by the real estate market and urban renewal, an activity based in the constant destruction and reconstruction of cities. However, there are few studies focused on how these processes are experienced and perceived by dwellers within the context of their daily lives. Through the study of social conflicts against specific urban projects in defense of neighborhoods in Santiago Centro, Chile, this paper explores the nostalgia due to urban changes in the past. This research is based on an ethnographic field work conducted from 2014 to 2015 with groups of dwellers involved in the defense and promotion of the heritage value of the Matta Sur neighborhood. The aim of this paper is to analyze and question the use, presence and emergence of nostalgia within the space dimension and its current socio-cultural role in the production of cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The redistribution of benefits derived from urban regulations in the form of planning instruments is a goal sought by progressive local governments who focus on regulating the design of cities according to criteria of equity and opportunity. The so-called Compensatory Contribution, which is based on the redistribution of excess profits for the development of urban areas and buildings, implemented in the city of Rosario in 2000, is directly related to such an objective. The present paper is based on the analysis of this pioneering and unprecedented instrument in Argentina, which begins with a brief reference framework on the Latin American experience in the generation and redistribution of capital gains associated with public actions. There follows a description of the context in which this instrument was conceived, an analysis of its main characteristics and regulatory framework, and an overview of the challenges faced by this program during its implementation phase. This paper also describes the results and the scope for replication of this instrument. The present study was conducted within the framework of a call for research proposals sponsored by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, which is intended to create a list of noteworthy urban development instruments in order to disseminate their original and innovating features, thus contributing to confronting urban planning challenges in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes and interprets the changes produced in the neighborhoods of Agüita de la Perdiz and Las Tres Pascualas (Concepción - Chile) as a consequence of the arrival of university students. While international studies have recently mentioned the importance of studentification as trigger of physical, social, economic and cultural effects in traditional residential neighborhoods, Latin- American contributions on this topic are still few. From these premises, this paper aims to analyze the phenomenon of studentification by emphasizing the dissolution of community links, the economic heterogeneization of the neighborhood and the creation of a specific real estate market for the student sector as the main dynamics produced by their arrival and as facts that could be connected to economic policies of housing. In order to do so, the article employs a methodology based on combined quantitative and qualitative data from a fieldwork-based survey. Outcomes confirm the existence of common elements with other study cases, that, together with other specific ones, are explainable by the origins of both neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campamentos (informal settlements) are usually observed as units, islands within cities and located places of urban exclusion. This vision sets urban informality as enclaves. The campamentos in Alto Hospicio (North of Chile), which have played a central role in the development of the city, stress this static vision. Observing on experiences of residential mobilities of its inhabitants, we develop a relational perspective, which proposes to unveil how the campamento is produced by a set of interdependent relations with the city. Informality, vulnerability, and precariousness expand beyond the campamento "object". Three family stories are presented that contribute to develop a more situated analysis of the relationship between campamento and urban space, as well as to understand the development of a city of accelerated growth and vibrant transformation such as Alto Hospicio. The paper argues that the case of Alto Hospicio invites us to rethink the concept and treatment of urban informality beyond the campamentos, promoting the opening of new theoretical and empirical questions in Chilean urban studies to fully understand the experiences in which people build their place in the city under the current urban development (neoliberal) model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The forest fires of 2017 caused significant damage in the Maule Region, and forced a new process of reconstruction in rural areas that had been affected by the 2010 earthquake. This paper aims to identify the main differences in the technical-political logic of reconstruction of houses of each process. Using a qualitative methodology 15 interviews and a focus group with key actors were undertaken, along with analysis of secondary information to characterize the impact and identify the housing policy tools applied. The evidence shows the diversity of the approaches used in reconstruction. On the one hand, important advances were detected, such as the adaptation of technical regulations and policy (subsidies), greater openness to participatory processes, and planning carried out by the State and not left to the voluntarism of private groups. On the other hand, it was also possible to detect the existence of pending issues in the institutional structure of reconstruction, relations between relevant actors and community participation. Overall, in the process of reconstruction following forest fires, the State has assumed a greater role in the coordination of those actors involved and of support of the affected communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper questions the way in which household owners, residents in consolidated workingclass neighborhoods, mobilize their houses in their strategies for family life. This study was conducted in five informal neighborhoods in Bogotá, applying 355 surveys and 29 in-depth interviews using a biographical approach. The results show the economic centrality of housing for these vulnerable households. They confirm that their houses are increasingly important to contain crises and in good times the house is the first to be invested in. In terms of social mobility, in some cases, the house has allowed for children to study, but in others its construction has provoked disinvestment in human capital. In short, for these households, owning a house has a role in containing the insecurities -typical of current capitalism and the neoliberal state-of the social system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inclusion of Havana in the World Heritage List in 1982 contributed to a recognition of the values of the traditional city. This paper delves into the recent history of the 80's in the area of social housing. To help understand the transformations that have taken place, this work starts with a theoretical framework, and background to the Cuban context of the 1980s, beginning with the events of the Mariel and ending at the start of the "Special Period". This includes the General Housing Law approved in 1984 and modified in 1988, after the "Process of rectification of mistakes and negative trends", when the Group for the Integral Development of the City was created and the Microbrigades Movement was revitalized in 1986. This produced a transition from the industrialization of housing and open peripheral urbanization to a revalorization of the traditional city and craft technologies. In addition, heritage conservation was promoted as well as the insertion of new housing buildings in consolidated urban areas. Some prioritized programs formulated at the end of the 80's could not be continued because of the economic crisis that characterized the following decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historic areas of Latin American cities have seen a process of urban transformation. In the case of Valparaíso selective urban renovation in urban heritage areas such as the Concepción and Alegre hills driven by the tourist and real estate industries and promoted by the state through programmes and subsidies. From such interventions large homes changed from residential to tourist use, becoming hotels, restaurants, handicraft stores, gradually transforming residential neighbourhoods into enclaves for tourism. This paper seeks to understand how inhabitants have experienced these changes and hat it means for them. Through sixty interviews with residents of the Concepción and Alegre hills, the impact of tourism and real estate transformations on the quality of life of inhabitants is analyzed. The results show an urban and social reconversion that has valorized their homes and improved equipment and urban services in these sectors, while discontent over the loss of neighborhood life and forms of vulnerability of historical residents with economic difficulties to conserve and maintain their homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The promotion of urban integration in sectors characterized by the encroachment of drug trafficking poses particular challenges including avoidance of its expansion and existing segregation. In accordance with hypotheses of social and tactical urbanism and in pursuit of the improvement and revaluation of public space, this paper investigates the synergic relationships between segregation, security, drug trafficking, public space and citizen engagement, based on the characterization and critical analysis of a comprehensive intervention model designed for sectors with these characteristics in the city of Córdoba (Argentina). From this approach, feasible design and management tools to be implemented in neighborhoods with similar situations are presented and offered as a possible intervention model. Its application articulated to integral processes realizes that, in the face of the loss of value of educational and productive spaces, sports and leisure areas are effective ways of advancing in viable processes of integration in our cities. This implies a valorization of cultural variables and the participation of citizens in solving problems, in order to enhance the development of better integrative urban policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there has been a number of studies on the first Chilean neighborhood revitalization program known as "Quiero mi Barrio", their focus has centered on the exploration of impact evaluations, satisfaction surveys, institutional level analysis and citizen participation, amongst others. In other words, these studies regard this program as a rationally based action or technical instrument, an organized set of principles, objectives, concrete measures and coordinated actions. However, there is no research on the conception and formulation of this initiative, which suggests the need to analyze it as a non-rational process of collective action. Based on diverse approaches from the sociology of public action, the genealogical method developed by Foucault, the cognitive and mobility approaches to public policies and the analysis of 26 interviews with key informants and around 100 institutional documents and press releases, this paper examines three program constitutive events -its political process of development, the "social integration" term conceptualizations and the adoption of the neighborhood contract model- which demonstrate that its formulation is not based on rational planning but on a collective-based action process influenced by interests, values and representations where power and the diversity of approaches to an initial idea are fundamental to understand the nature of this initiative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the three housing complexes built by the Sugar Refinery Company of Viña del Mar (CRAV) in the city of Penco, in the Bío-Bío Region of Chile, which are today considered part of the architectural and historical heritage of that locality. Namely the CRAV Campus, Desiderio Guzmán and Villa Los Radales. The paper describes urbanarchitectural principles present in these groups, their programs, types of housing, surface and materiality. Additionally, the devices of social control deployed in order to discipline workers in their living spaces are also described. These three developments were part of a larger industrial area that defined the manufacturing character of the metropolitan area of the city of Conception, constituting a housing area adjacent to the production facilities of the CRAV-Penco. Furthermore, they provided workers with living standards associated with modernity, through access to quality housing and multiple urban facilities that fostered the creation of the socalled refining family. The CRAV Campus operated as a closed site subject to greater corporate control than the other two groups analyzed. Currently, these housing complexes constitute a recognizable industrial district in the town and is part of its tangible and intangible heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigration is one of the defining features of our time and calls into question processes of the construction of identity in relation to the experience of belonging and ties to space, territory and social worlds. This paper presents the perspectives of 14 Colombian immigrants regarding their lives in Santiago, analyzing how some features of the space make cultural trends and particular ways of dwelling visible. Santiago plays the role of the main character in their narratives, as it illustrates, reflects and participates in the construction of social issues. The article discusses how moving beyond localisms and incorporating a peripheral perspective can contribute to adding dynamism and depth to the understanding of social cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the debate on the relationship between social stratification and gentrification processes –which has prevailed in the Englishspeaking world. The objective of this approach is to interpret gentrification either as the result of the “natural" evolution of socio occupational structures in post-industrial societies of the Global North or as a revanchist mechanism for the colonization of central working-class areas. The relationship between the increase in research on gentrification and the expansion of the Latin American middle class over the last 10 years is not coincidental. Bearing in mind the different historic configuration of social classes in Latin America, this paper argues that the emergence of new social segments in urban central areas is the reason behind the dispute and displacement of lower-income groups. However, the analysis of the situation of Quito (2000-2010) shows that people are not “returning to central areas" but colonizing new peri-urban zones, thus adding depth to segregation and replacement processes in the periphery of the consolidated city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on the use, contents, relationships and political consequences of the concept of displacement within the context of human geography in order to place the debate on gentrification in the complex map of displacement at a global scale. By following an analytical approach and based on the empiric findings of a bibliographic review, the present paper organizes the use of the displacement concept into seven major thematic groups: 1) urban mobility and transport; 2) residential mobility; 3) migration; 4) extreme natural events; 5) political-military conflicts and tensions; 6) infrastructure and territorial planning projects; and 7) gentrification and urban renewal processes. This study concludes that the diversified uses of the displacement concept show the importance of population movement within the analysis of current socio-territorial processes. It is also concluded that research on gentrification may benefit from the findings of other studies on displacement since they refer to a larger debate associated with dispossession on a global scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metropolitan restructuring processes are often followed by issues such as involuntary resettlement. Even though it is hoped that such projects will compare with or improve preexisting living conditions, they instead intensified vulnerability. This paper is focused on the resettlement caused by the "Línea Amarilla" transport megaproject carried out in Lima-Peru, specifically around the "Patio Unión" housing complex. Both present and retrospective information were processed by using quantitative and qualitative methods in order to measure variations in housing and household conditions. These variations were related with the mechanisms and decisions that led the process. We found that affected populations chose to move to Patio Unión in order to stay close to their neighborhoods and maintain their economic subsistence networks. Nevertheless, the latter happened at the cost of losing conditions of habitability, broke apart extended families, undermining the social tissue and losing the investment and productive values of dwellings. The study concludes that the scope of resettlement and compensation mechanisms should expand in order to capture the complexity of housing as a fundamental asset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The national housing budget is determined by many variables in addition to that of housing deficit. Electoral competition is one of these variables and thus becomes a key aspect to study in order to understand one of the driving forces behind housing investment. Through quantitative-descriptive methods and correlational analysis, this paper uses secondary information to examine the Chilean public budget and the results of presidential elections over the 1990-2015 period. The results suggest that each administration modified the housing budget during electoral periods, a situation that grew in intensity when there was greater opposition. In addition, it is possible to observe that the ruling parties demonstrated their economic power through "costly gestures" with major investments and the provision of housing subsidies to validate their capacity. However at the same time, like in a "repetitive game" voters observed that these efforts were only made during electoral years, thus being interpreted as electoral populism instead of a demonstration of efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the mechanisms for residential access to deteriorated buildings in the historic central area of Lima, disputes over land use and evictions as a way of appropriating property. Based on qualitative information from field work in the center of Lima, it is suggested that Barrios Altos has been turning into a precarious urban area since the mid-twentieth century. This precarity is expressed mainly in property issues, residential strategies, and tenure. In this context evictions configure the strategies and actions of residents who live in the middle of the principal tensions in the area: the for an expansion of urban centralities for trade and services. This topic has the peculiarity of being disregarded by urban research; therefore, the aim is providing a critical point of view in the study of central historical areas and contributing to a better understanding of residential reproduction in working class sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the iron industry in Chile, which has played a key role in the modernization of the country, has historically been associated with the emergence of housing settlements for workers, thus generating different housing-industry and dwellersupervisor relationships. By the mid-20th century, the consolidation of the inter-municipality of Concepción as an industrial center and the contribution made by Compañía de Acero del Pacífico -CAP- gave rise to important housing developments. This paper explores the spatial aspects of these relationships and their urban contribution. These projects saw the emergence of new architectural typologies that expanded beyond the historical city, generating new neighborhood units that altered the public space and incorporating green areas to create a spatial link between these areas. This research identifies four typologies: adaptation within the traditional city, the first functional city implemented in Chile (CIAM), neighborhood units and segregated housing developments. It is observed that factors such as paternalism, cooperativism and social mobility are influenced by control, power and identity. These aspects, based on rationalist principles, although appropriated at the neighborhood scale, gave shape to the inter-municipality of Concepción up until the 1970s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the role of the State in the production and reproduction of residential habitat through the implementation of housing policies. Background studies are reviewed that account for the relationship between social housing, location and its effects on the spread of urban growth and residential segregation. Subsequently, this research analyzes the evolution of residential segregation in Córdoba over the 1991-2008 period and discusses the impact of social housing programs on the dynamics of such a phenomenon. In other words this paper studies the effects of recent State programs implemented in Cordoba over the last decades which, while providing goods (dwellings), their location in peri-urban areas has prevented inhabitants from accessing the advantages of centrality (provision of goods and services) and interacting with a diverse and varied environment. Finally, this research offers some reflections on the analysis and provides considerations that should be taken into account in the formulation of future social housing projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the importance of the social, cultural and territorial particularities that should be included in the social intervention agenda of the Habitability Program —a program overseen by the Ministry of Social Development. The inclusion of these dimensions is intended to contribute methodological differentiation and so improving the impact and sustainability of this Program and the quality of life of target families. Thus the question arises: What aspects of social, cultural and territorial variables should be included in the social component of the Habitability Program in order to strengthen the impact and sustainability of its intervention measures? Through a methodological qualitative strategy, an action-oriented research design and semi-structured interviews this exploratory paper provides a comparative analysis of three communes: Temuco, Arica and Camarones. The main findings of this research reveal the need to generate interventions consistent with contextual complexities, the importance of the environment as a variable and suggest the implementation of innovative practices when it comes to addressing cultural and territorial differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family-based farmers of Greater La Plata and Berazategui (Buenos Aires, Argentina) are conditioned by their position as leaseholders of land by which they live and work and by their fragile economicproductive situation. Low-cost dwellings with low habitability standards and poor insulating properties are observed. This paper proposes the exploration of alternative insulating materials through the reuse of resources. These materials may contribute to the improvement of both existent (recycling) and new dwellings. Such an exercise involved the measurement of the thermal transmittance of materials through hot box methods. Different analyses of the most representative materials were conducted during 2014; these elements were divided into four categories: natural fiber, plastic, paper and soil. Interviews and consultations were conducted in order to elaborate quantitative analyses that were contrasted with the opinion of potential users and the viewpoint of technicians involved in this social segment. Results show that corrugated cardboard and recycled polyethylene have good insulating properties, are affordable or obtained for free and reduce the amount of existing waste; likewise, users consider the use of these materials a possible solution if they solve sealing, humidity and condensation issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes a series of social housing projects implemented by the Land Loans Institute (ICT) in Bogota between 1964 and1973. During this time, a group of architects at the Design Department of this entity challenged the actions taken by the ICT and searched for solutions in areas such as urban planning, the relationship between housing and public space, constructive systems and the flexibility of housing. This paper is based on unpublished maps and interviews with architects involved at the ICT during the reference period. The research concludes thatthe analyzed projects were conducted within the context of a rise in continuous research and reflective process that contributed to the development of social housing in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a methodological approach to identify the residential habitat of inhabitants according to their culture; in this case that of the Mapuche people. To this end, a sample of a few families settled in Chomio, located in the Commune of Padre Las Casas, 10km southeast of Temuco were selected. The study used human science concepts of culture having determined that local architecture employs obsolete concepts. Such an approach allowed us to identify the different realities of the Mapuche people, described throughout this paper: High level of emotional cohesion among members of Mapuche families. A rigid huinca influence on the worldview of the Mapuche people. The Spanish Crown recognized the Mapuche people as an “Independent Nation" by Royal Decree issued by King Philip IV in 1643. However, 249 years later the newly independent Chile destroyed the socio-cultural organization of the Mapuche Nation. History has not revealed the real reasons underlying the implementation of the plan known to this day as “the pacification of Araucania". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]