Search

Abstract Feeding wild birds is a common and popular human-wildlife interaction throughout the world. However, controversy exists over the benefits and costs to the birds and humans involved. This bibliometric study documents wild bird feeding policies around the globe and examines environmental and socio-cultural factors which may influence the position adopted by these policies. We located 412 policies from 237 different countries, territories or dependencies (jurisdictions); 58.7% of jurisdictions had no information available online regarding wild bird feeding policy. Generalized Linear Modelling revealed that colder minimum ambient temperatures were associated with more pro-feeding policy settings. An index of controversy was calculated for each jurisdiction; most (77.6%) had no controversy. This study highlights the significant variation in policy settings for wild bird feeding across jurisdictions and controversy in almost a quarter of jurisdictions. Recommendations are made for the development of clear, consistent and readily available policy advice on this globally popular human-wildlife interaction. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • 59% of world's countries have no online wild bird feeding policy available. • Controversy over policy position evident in 22% of countries • 70% of located policies do not advise on provision of water for birds. • Pro-feeding policy is more likely in countries with lower temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study aims to provide a quantitative basis for the precision emission reduction of land-based total nitrogen (TN) pollutants in Qingdao, China. The total maximum allocated load (TMAL) of TN pollutants within jurisdictions in Qingdao was calculated by using a 3D hydrodynamic-water quality model and a linear programming model. The TMAL includes emission TMAL, point-source and nonpoint source TMAL, TMAL removed by municipal sewage treatment system (MSTS), and soil-retained and water-retained TMAL, which were calculated after the division of source units, establishment of the land-based TN load matrix, simulation of the concentration response matrix, setting of a dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentration control standard in the Qingdao coastal area, and calculation of TMAL. In the reliability analysis, a concentration under TMAL was considered to indicate satisfactory water quality criteria (relative standard deviation = 17%, Kappa = 0.55). The results showed that the emission TMAL density of nitrogen pollutants in source units was 1.8 ton/km2/a. Nonpoint and point source-produced TMAL densities were 17.0 ton/km2/a and 5.2 ton/km2/a, respectively. MSTS-removed TMAL density was 12.2 ton/km2/a. Soil- and water-retained TMAL were 4.0 ton/km2/a and 0.7 ton/km2/a, respectively. The summed F (D) ∗ proportions of 10 districts were, in descending order, Huangdao (22%), Laoshan (21%), Jimo (18%), Shibei (13%), Licang (7%), Pingdu (7%), Jiaozhou (4%), Shinan (3%), Laixi (3%) and Chengyan (2%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]