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Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) arises from many heterogeneous disease pathways that alter the function and structure of the kidney irreversibly, over months or years. The diagnosis of CKD rests on establishing a chronic reduction in kidney function and structural kidney damage, which presents with varied clinical manifestations. CKD may be associated with elevation of serum prolactin (PRL) levels. In addition to sexual dysfunction, PRL may have several biologic actions that participate in the atherosclerotic process and lead to insulin resistance. It may also be associated with endothelial dysfunction and lipid profile abnormalities. Objective The objective of this work was to evaluate serum PRL level in male patients with CKD. Patients and methods This study was conducted on 90 male participants, aged 30–60 years old. They were divided into two groups: group 1 comprised 60 male participants diagnosed with CKD, and group 2 included 30 age-matched healthy individuals as a control group. CKD group was subdivided into compensated CKD and CKD on hemodialysis. Results Among 60 patients with CKD, 48 (80%) patients had elevated serum PRL compared with normal serum PRL in group 2. A significant positive correlation was found between PRL and serum creatinine (r=0.259, P<0.05) and a negative correlation was observed between PRL and estimated glomerular filtration rate (r=−0.259, P>0.05). Patients with CKD on hemodialysis had higher PRL level compared with patients with compensated CKD (P<0.05). Conclusion CKD is associated with hyperprolactinemia which was found in most patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Irisin is an adipo-myokine, which has broad implications for metabolism and energy homeostasis. However, evidence about its association with diabetic nephropathy (DN) is limited. Aim To evaluate serum irisin level and its relation to DN in patients with type 2 diabetes. Patients and methods This case–control study was conducted on 60 patients with type 2 diabetes and 30 healthy age-matched and sex-matched individuals. Patients were divided into three groups according to urinary albumin–creatinine ratio (ACR), namely, normoalbuminuric group, which included 15 patients; microalbuminuric group, which included 30 patients; and macroalbuminuric group, which included 15 patients. Detailed history, clinical examination, and anthropometric measurements were assessed for all participants. Fasting blood glucose and 2-h postprandial blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, urea, creatinine, uric acid, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and irisin were measured for all participants. Glycosylated hemoglobin and urinary ACR were measured for patients only. Results Irisin was significantly lower in diabetic groups compared with controls. Irisin was positively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate but negatively correlated with fasting blood glucose, creatinine, and ACR. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that lower irisin level was considered as an independent predictor for DN. Conclusion Serum irisin is significantly related to diabetic kidney disease, and it might be progressively decreasing with development of the different stages of DN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major microvascular complication of diabetes. Aim of the work To study the association between serum apolipoprotein B (Apo-B) and DR in type 2 diabetes. Patients and methods This comparative study was conductedon75patients with type2diabetes recruited from the Endocrinology and Ophthalmology Departments of Al-Zahraa University Hospital. They were divided into three groups according to DR grading: group A included 31 patients without DR, group B included 27 patients with nonproliferativeDR, and group C included 17 patients with proliferative DR. Detailed history, clinical examination, and anthropometric measurementswere assessed for all selected patients. Fasting and 2-h postprandial blood glucose levels, glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol (CHO), triglycerides (TG), lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and Apo-B were measured. Fundus examination was done for all participants. Results CHO, TGs, LDL-C, and Apo-B were statistically significantly higher in group C followed by group B and then group A. However, HDL-C was statistically significantly lower in group C followed by group B and then group A. A significant positive correlation was found between DR on one hand and age, diabetes duration, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin, CHO, TGs, LDL-C, and Apo-B on the other hand. DR correlated negatively with HDL-C. Conclusion Serum Apo-B levels may be a strong biomarker for DR than traditional lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]