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Abstract Postoperative pancreatic fistula is a critical complication after distal pancreatectomy. The aim of this systematic review is to assess new reports on the main pancreatic stump closure techniques (stapler and hand-sewn suture) in distal pancreatectomy, to define their influence on postoperative pancreatic fistula rates. A literature review was performed following PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD42023408181). The survey was conducted in Medline (via PubMed) and EMBASE. Clinical trials and cohorts were included if they assessed pancreatic fistula rates after distal pancreatectomy, and excluded if they used a fistula rating system other than the ISGPF one. The risk of bias was assessed using the Study Quality Assessment Tools | NHLBI, NIH. A meta-analysis was presented as forest-plots. Eleven articles were included, representing 1498 patients. No significant difference was found between Suture and Bare stapler (95% CI 0.91–1.68) or Bare stapler and Reinforced stapler for A-graded fistula rates (95% CI 0.78–1.28) and B-graded fistula rates (I-squared = 0.0%, p = 0.784). Most articles showed unclear risk of detection bias. This meta-analysis found no difference in fistula rates between stump closure techniques. This choice should be made by surgeons' and hospital administration's preferences.

Abstract Craving is a key symptom of nicotine addiction, driving the urge to seek cigarettes. It is often strongly influenced by social and environmental cues associated with the typical use of the substance. In both clinical and laboratory setting, craving can be experimentally triggered using cue reactivity paradigms, where nicotine-related cues are presented to evoke, and then assess, the desire to smoke. In the last few years, virtual reality (VR) has begun to attract a lot of interest in recreating realistic simulations to investigate craving through cue-reactivity exposure. However, a direct comparison between VR and non-immersive devices (e.g. 2D images presented using monitor) regarding their effectiveness in triggering cravings is still missing. In this study, we investigated differences in craving responses by comparing immersive and non-immersive nicotine-related cue-reactivity paradigms. A group of smokers (N = 23, F = 15, Mage = 23.2y.o.) and non-smokers (N = 22, F = 13, Mage = 23.7y.o.) participated in two sessions of cue reactivity exposure, featuring neutral and smoking-related scenarios presented through VR (immersive) and 2D display images (non-immersive). Each session included recording of physiological activity (skin conductance level), self-reported cigarette craving, and an assessment of the overall quality of the experience. Results showed that smokers experienced increase in cigarette cravings after exposure to nicotine-related cues compared to neutral scenarios. Moreover, self-report craving was higher after the VR cue reactivity compared to the 2D modality. A positive relationship between scores in the nicotine dependence questionnaire and self-report craving during VR cue-reactivity session was found, but not for the non-immersive session. Regarding physiological responses, smokers exhibited significantly higher skin conductance levels compared to non-smokers during the VR cue reactivity session. In contrast, no significant differences between the two groups were observed during the 2D display exposures. Participants evaluated the VR paradigm as more realistic tool to recreate credible simulations of real-life situations, and a positive correlation between self-reported craving and vividness of experience was found in the smokers’ cohort. The present study provides further elements supporting the use of VR in the cue-reactivity paradigm for craving assessment, compared to non-immersive devices. Future studies will aim to confirm the effectiveness of VR as a better tool in assessing craving during clinical treatment.

Abstract The common bottlenose dolphin is a cosmopolitan species that can be found worldwide in all oceans except polar and sub-polar waters. This wide distribution is associated with a certain level of morphological variation, which seems consistent with the presence of a globally distributed pelagic/offshore ecotype and several coastal/inshore ecotypes distributed along the continental shelf. In the Mediterranean Sea, the common bottlenose dolphin is a regularly occurring species and the second most sighted cetacean after the striped dolphin. According to some studies, the Mediterranean bottlenose dolphin is more closely related to the Atlantic coastal ecotype, while others suggest a closer link with the pelagic ecotype. This apparent contradiction could stem from the coexistence of two ecotypes also within the Mediterranean Sea, as suggested by genetic analyses. We analysed data collected from 2004 to 2019 by 43 different research groups, distributed in different areas of the basin, and shared on the web-based GIS platform Intercet. We analysed the distribution and movements of 4919 bottlenose dolphins, individually identified through their natural dorsal fin markings, in relation to bathymetry and in particular to the 200-meter isobath that marks the edge of the continental shelf. In addition, we reconstructed the associations between individuals within connectivity networks, to identify possible segregations between ecotypes. Our results show that most bottlenose dolphin geographical units find their habitat over the continental shelf, while the analysed data do not support the coexistence of different ecotypes (pelagic vs. coastal) living in parapatry, as described in the adjacent waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean.

Abstract Despite their widespread adoption, particle-scale simulation methods, such as the Discrete Element Method (DEM), for electrically charged particles in several natural processes and industrial transformations do not include realistic polarization effects. At close distances, these can dominate the particle motion and are impossible to predict by the commonly adopted Coulomb point-charge approximation. Sophisticated mathematical tools can account for uneven charge distributions, predicting an attractive force between a charged particle and a neutral particle or possible attraction between two like-charged particles. Such approaches are accurate but too complex for implementation in DEM simulations of many interacting particles. We propose a novel, simpler yet realistically accurate effective dipole model. By attributing a net charge and an induced effective dipole to each sphere, the interaction force between charged polarizable particles is computed in closed form. A comparison of a rigorous solution and the proposed dipole approach for two spherical particles reveals significant improvement over the commonly employed Coulomb law. The effects of particle size ratio and charge ratio on the interaction force are discussed. Then, the dynamic DEM simulation of a shaker filled with a binary mixture of differently sized particles that are all positively charged is shown to predict the counterintuitive formation of fine-on-coarse aggregates.

Abstract Imaging the entire cardiomyocyte network in entire small animal hearts at single cell resolution is a formidable challenge. Optical microscopy provides sufficient contrast and resolution in 2d, however fails to deliver non-destructive 3d reconstructions with isotropic resolution. It requires several invasive preparation steps, which introduce structural artefacts, namely dehydration, physical slicing and staining, or for the case of light sheet microscopy also clearing of the tissue. Our goal is to provide 3d reconstructions of the cardiomyocyte network in entire hydrated murine hearts, and to develop a methodology for quantitative analysis of heart pathologies based on X-ray phase contrast computed tomography (XPCT). We have used XPCT at two beamlines of the extremely brilliant source (EBS) at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) to scan wild-type murine hearts at high resolution, as well as a series of murine hearts of different pathological models, at reduced resolution and higher throughput. All hearts were obtained from the small animal facility of the university medical center in Göttingen. The hearts were fixed in formalin, stored and measured non-destructively in phosphate buffer solution. The high resolution dataset allows to discern individual cardiomyocytes in the tissue. All datasets have been analyzed using semi-automated image segmentation of the ventricles, rotation into a common coordinate system, classification into different anatomical compartments, and finally the structure tensor approach. A 3d streamline representation of the cardiomyocyte orientation vector field is provided. The different cardiovascular disease models are analysed based on metrics derived from the 3d structure tensor. An entire hydrated murine heart has been covered at an isotropic voxel size of 1.6 $$\upmu$$ μ m (distributed over several volumes). A binned and fused dataset of this heart is available at 3.2 $$\upmu$$ μ m, and has been analyzed by the structure tensor approach to yield the ventricular cardiomyocyte network or mesh, i.e. the aggregation of the cardiomyocyte chains in particular in the ventricular wall. Semi-automatic determination of structural metrics is already achieved and the corresponding tools and resulting data are made publically available. XPCT using extremely brilliant undulator radiation is close to achieve single cell reconstruction in an entire small animal organ.

Abstract When considering airborne epidemic spreading in social systems, a natural connection arises between mobility and epidemic contacts. As individuals travel, possibilities to encounter new people either at the final destination or during the transportation process appear. Such contacts can lead to new contagion events. In fact, mobility has been a crucial target for early non-pharmaceutical containment measures against the recent COVID-19 pandemic, with a degree of intensity ranging from public transportation line closures to regional, city or even home confinements. Nonetheless, quantitative knowledge on the relationship between mobility-contagions and, consequently, on the efficiency of containment measures remains elusive. Here we introduce an agent-based model with a simple interaction between mobility and contacts. Despite its simplicity, our model shows the emergence of a critical mobility level, inducing major outbreaks when surpassed. We explore the interplay between mobility restrictions and the infection in recent intervention policies seen across many countries, and how interventions in the form of closures triggered by incidence rates can guide the epidemic into an oscillatory regime with recurrent waves. We consider how the different interventions impact societal well-being, the economy and the population. Finally, we propose a mitigation framework based on the critical nature of mobility in an epidemic, able to suppress incidence and oscillations at will, preventing extreme incidence peaks with potential to saturate health care resources.

Abstract Hierarchical generative models can produce data samples based on the statistical structure of their training distribution. This capability can be linked to current theories in computational neuroscience, which propose that spontaneous brain activity at rest is the manifestation of top-down dynamics of generative models detached from action-perception cycles. A popular class of hierarchical generative models is that of Deep Belief Networks (DBNs), which are energy-based deep learning architectures that can learn multiple levels of representations in a completely unsupervised way exploiting Hebbian-like learning mechanisms. In this work, we study the generative dynamics of a recent extension of the DBN, the iterative DBN (iDBN), which more faithfully simulates neurocognitive development by jointly tuning the connection weights across all layers of the hierarchy. We characterize the number of states visited during top-down sampling and investigate whether the heterogeneity of visited attractors could be increased by initiating the generation process from biased hidden states. To this end, we train iDBN models on well-known datasets containing handwritten digits and pictures of human faces, and show that the ability to generate diverse data prototypes can be enhanced by initializing top-down sampling from “chimera states”, which represent high-level features combining multiple abstract representations of the sensory data. Although the models are not always able to transition between all potential target states within a single-generation trajectory, the iDBN shows richer top-down dynamics in comparison to a shallow generative model (a single-layer Restricted Bolzamann Machine). We further show that the generated samples can be used to support continual learning through generative replay mechanisms. Our findings suggest that the top-down dynamics of hierarchical generative models is significantly influenced by the shape of the energy function, which depends both on the depth of the processing architecture and on the statistical structure of the sensory data.

Abstract Millions of individuals surviving a stroke have lifelong gait impairments that reduce their personal independence and quality of life. Reduced walking speed is one of the major problems limiting community mobility and reintegration. Previous studies have shown positive effect of robot-assisted gait training utilizing hip exoskeletons for individuals with gait impairments due to a stroke, leading to increased walking speed in post-treatment compared to pre-treatment assessments. However, no evidence emerged of a significant increasing in walking speed attributable to device usage compared to walking without the device. In this pilot investigation, we observed that hip flexion/extension assistance delivered by a portable bilateral powered hip exoskeleton increased overground self-selected walking speed by 20.2 ± 5.0% on average among six chronic post-stroke survivors. When comparing walking with and without the hip exoskeleton within the same experimental session, the observed speed increment resulted in statistically and clinically meaningful improvement (0.14 ± 0.03 m/s > minimal clinically important difference, p = 0.015). The increased walking speed was the result of a higher self-selected cadence and longer step length both on the paretic and nonparetic limbs. By facilitating gait, a bilateral hip exoskeleton could be a viable technology for extending locomotor mobility and facilitating gait training of individuals affected by post-stroke hemiparesis.

Abstract This study investigates the dissemination of archaeological information on Twitter/X through the lens of cultural evolution. By analysing 132,230 tweets containing the hashtag #archaeology from 2021 to 2023, we examine how content and context-related factors influence retweeting behaviour. Our findings reveal that tweets with positive sentiment and non-threatening language are more likely to be shared, contrasting with the common negativity bias observed on social media. Additionally, content authored by experts, particularly those with archaeological or historical expertise, is more frequently retweeted than content from popular figures lacking domain-specific expertise. The study also challenges the notion that pseudoarchaeology spreads rapidly and caution against overestimating its impact. Our results align with other studies on the spread of misinformation and “toxic” behaviour on social media, showing that the sharing of negative and hostile content by a vocal minority of users is mediated by other factors pertaining to the context of the communication. These insights underscore the nuanced dynamics of archaeology communication, emphasizing the importance of expert-led and positively charged narratives in engaging the public on social media.

Abstract To test for rates of inpatient palliative care (IPC) in metastatic testicular cancer patients receiving critical care therapy (CCT). Within the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database (2008–2019), we tabulated IPC rates in metastatic testicular cancer patients receiving CCT, namely invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube (PEG), dialysis for acute kidney failure (AKF), total parenteral nutrition (TPN) or tracheostomy. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models addressing IPC were fitted. Of 420 metastatic testicular cancer patients undergoing CCT, 70 (17%) received IPC. Between 2008 and 2019, the rates of IPC among metastatic testicular cancer patients undergoing CCT increased from 5 to 19%, with the highest rate of 30% in 2018 (EAPC: + 9.5%; 95% CI + 4.7 to + 15.2%; p = 0.005). IPC patients were older (35 vs. 31 years, p = 0.01), more frequently had do not resuscitate (DNR) status (34 vs. 4%, p

Abstract Despite the international effort to improve laboratory animal welfare through the 3R principles (Reduce, Refine, Replace), many scientists still fail to implement and report their assessment of pain and well-being, likely due to concerns regarding the potential effects of analgesics on experimental outcomes. This study aimed to determine whether refining our viral encephalitis model with perioperative analgesia could enhance well-being and recovery after intracerebral virus infection without impacting disease outcomes. We routinely use the Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV) model to study virus-induced epilepsy. Given the crucial role of immune cell activation in acute seizure development, we evaluated the effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) meloxicam on inflammation, neurodegeneration, and neuronal cell proliferation at 7 days post-infection (dpi). Overall, the impact of virus infection on well-being was less severe than anticipated, and meloxicam treatment did not affect well-being or nest building behavior in TMEV-infected mice. Furthermore, meloxicam treatment did not influence key experimental readouts such as seizure burden, central inflammatory response, neurodegeneration, or neuronal proliferation within the hippocampus. Notably, animals experiencing seizures displayed heightened inflammatory responses and neurodegeneration, which were not influenced by meloxicam treatment. In summary, perioperative analgesia did not compromise key outcome measures such as seizure frequency, inflammation, and neurodegeneration or -regeneration in the TMEV model. However, it also did not add any significant benefits to well-being in the first week after intracranial injections.

Abstract The transcriptional regulation of gene expression in the latter stages of follicular development in laying hen ovarian follicles is not well understood. Although differentially expressed genes (DEGs) have been identified in pre-recruitment and pre-ovulatory stages, the master regulators driving these DEGs remain unknown. This study addresses this knowledge gap by utilizing Master Regulator Analysis (MRA) combined with the Algorithm for the Reconstruction of Accurate Cellular Networks (ARACNe) for the first time in laying hen research to identify master regulators that are controlling DEGs in pre-recruitment and pre-ovulatory phases. The constructed ARACNe network included 10,466 nodes and 292,391 edges. The ARACNe network was then used in conjunction with the Virtual Inference of Protein-activity by Enriched Regulon (VIPER) for the MRA to identify top up- and down-regulated master regulators. VIPER analysis revealed FOXO1 as a master regulator, influencing 275 DEGs and impacting pathways related to apoptosis, proliferation, and hormonal regulation. Additionally, CLOCK, known as a crucial regulator of circadian rhythm, emerged as an upregulated master regulator in the pre-ovulatory stage. These findings provide new insights into the transcriptional landscape of laying hen ovarian follicles, offering a foundation for further exploration of follicle development and enhancing reproductive efficiency in avian species.

Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate the potential preventive use of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) to modulate inflammatory responses in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) skin. Initially, in vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of various concentrations of butyric acid, acetic acid and propionic acid, as well as their combination, on the cytotoxicity and cell viability of three different cell lines. The results determined the safe concentration of SCFAs, which was then used for an in vivo study. Fish were allocated into six groups and administered different combinations of SCFAs via intramuscular injection, followed by an injection of carrageenan as an inflammatory agent. Skin samples were taken from the injection site three hours post-administration and used to analyse gene expression and immunohistochemistry. The results demonstrated that treatment with SCFAs resulted in increased expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes and leucocyte markers in the inflamed skin of fish. The highest gene expression and recruitment of acidophilic granulocytes were observed in fish injected with propionic acid and carrageenan. It is concluded that acetic acid is the most effective anti-inflammatory SCFA tested in gilthead seabream exposed to acute inflammation induced by carrageenan injection. Acetic acid exhibited the most pronounced direct anti-inflammatory effect, although propionic acid appeared to play a significant role in several mechanisms contributing to the resolution of inflammation and recruitment of immune cells to the site of carrageenan-inflamed area in gilthead seabream skin.

Abstract Calcinosis cutis affects 20–40% of patients with systemic sclerosis. This study tests the hypothesis that calcium-chelating polycarboxylic acids can induce calcium dissolution without skin toxicity or irritancy. We compared citric acid (CA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to sodium thiosulfate (STS) for their ability to chelate calcium in vitro using a pharmaceutical dissolution model of calcinosis (hydroxyapatite (HAp) tablet), prior to evaluation of toxicity and irritancy in 2D in vitro skin models. Resultant data was used to predict therapeutic concentrations for application in a validated 3D skin irritation model (SkinEthic™; EpiSkin SA) and to assay maximal percutaneous absorption. Dissolution performance was further assessed via ability to dissolve a calcified matrix laid down in vitro. Pharmacological dissolution studies identified that polycarboxylic acids were superior to STS in dissolving HAp tablets. In vitro, compounds had little effect on cell numbers at concentrations of

Abstract This research investigates the concentrations, sources, and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 $$\mu$$ m or less (PM $$_{10}$$ ) from critical urban centers in northern Mexico: Metropolitan Monterrey Area (MMA), Chihuahua (CHI), and Ciudad Juárez (CDJ). Advanced gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS and GC-NCI-MS) revealed significant PAHs concentrations, with levels in MMA reaching 108.89 ± 99.90 ng/m $$^3$$ , CHI at 100.69 ± 122.60 ng/m $$^3$$ and CDJ at 73.26 ± 90.85 ng/m $$^3$$ . Significantly, 3-nitrofluoranthene (3N-FLA) and 1-nitropyrene (1N-PYR), known for their potent toxicity, were among the most prominent NPAHs, with total concentrations in MMA, CHI, and CDJ at 470.32 pg/m $$^3$$ , 247.26 pg/m $$^3$$ , and 193.20 pg/m $$^3$$ , respectively. Source apportionment using diagnostic ratios (DRs) and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that biomass burning, vehicular emissions, and industrial activities were the primary sources of MMA. At the same time, CHI and CDJ were influenced more by industrial and diesel emissions. Health risk assessments based on benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) concentrations and excess cancer risk (ECR) demonstrated moderate to significant cancer risks, with CDJ exhibiting the highest NPAHs-related risk. This study makes several significant contributions: it presents the first analysis of PAHs and NPAHs levels in these urban areas, identifies key emission sources, and quantifies associated health risks, providing essential data for developing targeted public health policies and environmental regulations.

Abstract Wealth inequality is one of the most profound challenges confronting society today. However, an important issue in addressing inequality lies in formalizing the diversity of individual perspectives regarding what constitutes a fair distribution of resources. We tackle this topic by simulating wealth inequality through the allocation of bonus endowments in both Dictator Game (DG) and Ultimatum Game (UG) settings and capturing distributive decisions. By integrating a computational model, we quantify individual differences in the interplay between financial self-interest and competing pro-social motivations that emerge in the context of pre-existing wealth inequity. Our behavioral results show that, on average, pre-existing wealth influences distributive preferences across both allocations and proposals. Yet, inequality elicits non-uniform fairness concerns. Using a hierarchical clustering approach, we objectively categorise participants’ behavior elucidating four distinct decision strategies: ‘Pro-Self’, ‘Table Egalitarianism’, ‘Total Egalitarianism’, and ‘Moral Opportunism’. A balanced distribution of strategies is observed during allocations (DG), whereas Table Egalitarianism prevails in strategic proposals (UG), highlighting the influence of strategic considerations on decision strategy. Furthermore, we demonstrate an association between strategies across decision contexts. Our findings thus contribute a principled framework to formalize distributive preferences, revealing that, with respect to both altruistic allocations and strategic proposals, competing ideals of fairness underlie distributive preferences under wealth inequality.

Abstract Fibromyalgia is a musculoskeletal syndrome characterized by chronic widespread pain that is often associated with systemic manifestations. Since mitochondria are the main source of cellular energy, we hypothesized that fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) could be linked to mitochondrial impairment. Aim was to study mitochondrial dysfunction in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from 50 patients with primary FMS and 20 apparently healthy controls. Although no differences in mitochondrial basal respiration were observed between patients with primary FMS and healthy controls, a lower median bioenergetic health index (BHI; − 22.1%, p = 0.03), a proxy of mitochondrial function, was found in patients. According to fibromyalgia severity score (FSS), a composite of widespread pain index and symptom severity scale, a lower median BHI (− 18.7%) was found in patients with a FSS ≥ 20 compared to those with a FSS

Abstract Patients with carotid stenosis can receive indication for either carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or carotid artery stenting (CAS), with both techniques having an impact on the autonomic function and baroreflex control. Seventy carotid stenosis patients randomly assigned to CEA or CAS were enrolled. After exclusion of some recordings, 33 CEA (age 67.79 ± 5.32 yrs, 26 males) and 25 CAS (age 70.32 ± 3.63 yrs, 14 males) were admitted to analysis. Autonomic and baroreflex sensitivity markers were derived from the analysis of heart period and systolic arterial pressure spontaneous variability derived in supine position and during active standing (STAND), before (PRE) the intervention and after a 6 and 12-month follow-up (FU6, FU12). CEA had a preserved response of autonomic and baroreflex control to STAND in PRE and FU6, suggesting an early improvement. CAS had a similar response at PRE but a blunted one at the follow-ups. When directly compared, the two groups had a similar autonomic function, with CAS having a reduced baroreflex control in PRE and lower autonomic function at FU6. All the differences disappeared at the long-term follow-up, showing a similar long term effect of the surgical procedures, suggesting that CEA and CAS induced a similar long-term impairment of autonomic and baroreflex controls.

Abstract An interconnected system employing Kinect Azure and Fitbit Sense for continuous and non-intrusive data collection was used in the PRO-HOME protected discharge program, aiming at monitoring functional and clinical parameters in hospitalized older patients at different risks of frailty. The present study shows the findings on 30 older patients included in the PRO-HOME project. The Fitbit Sense recorded the mean daily and hourly number of steps, mean daily walked distance, and time spent inactive. Moreover, Kinect infrared camera captured gait speed and daily mean latero-lateral (body sway) and antero-posterior oscillations (lean-in). Patients underwent a standard Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) to compute the Multidimensional Prognostic Index (MPI), including basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL, IADL), cognition (Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, SPMSQ) and nutrition, risk of pressure sores (Exton-Smith Scale, ESS), comorbidity, number of drugs and cohabitation status. Significant correlations between the mean hourly number of steps and MPI (p = 0.022), IADL (p = 0.013), SPMSQ (p = 0.006), ESS (p = 0.009), and both mean and maximum automated gait speed (p = 0.046 and p = 0.048) were found. Automated gait speed was also correlated with mean walked distance per day (p = 0.007) and lean-in (p = 0.047). Domotic technological monitoring through Fitbit Sense and Kinect Azure provides information on multidimensional frailty, including mobility and cognitive and functional status, in older people.

Abstract This study presents a comprehensive multimodal analytical study of an Egyptian ritual Bes-vase, of the 2nd century BCE employing cutting-edge proteomics, metabolomics, genetics techniques, and synchrotron radiation-based Fourier Transformed Infrared microSpectroscopy (SR µ-FTIR) to characterize organic residues of its content. We successfully identified the presence of various functional, bioactive, psychotropic, and medicinal substances, shedding light on the diverse components of a liquid concoction used for ritual practices in Ptolemaic Egypt. Using LC-MS/MS with a new methodological approach, we identified key proteins and metabolites, enabling the identification of botanical sources, confirmed by genetic sequences. Our analyses revealed traces of Peganum harmala, Nimphaea nouchali var. caerulea, and a plant of the Cleome genus, all of which are traditionally proven to have psychotropic and medicinal properties. Additionally, the identification of human fluids suggests their direct involvement in these rituals. Furthermore, metabolomics and SR µ-FTIR analyses also revealed the presence of fermented fruit-based liquid and other ingredients such as honey or royal jelly. The identification of specific chemical compounds, such as alkaloids and flavonoids, provides insight into the psychoactive and therapeutic uses of these in ancient ritual practices. This multidisciplinary study highlights the complexity of ancient cultures and their interactions with psychoactive, medicinal, and bioactive substances. These findings contribute to our understanding of ancient belief systems, cultural practices, and the utilization of natural resources, ultimately enhancing our knowledge of past societies and their connection to the natural world.

Abstract Students play a key role in university social responsibility (USR), as they are the protagonists of change and the fundamental axis in the teaching-learning process. This study aims to assess the factors associated with the perception of university social responsibility among dental students from two universities in the Peruvian capital. This analytical cross-sectional study assessed 754 students from two Peruvian universities between May and July 2023. The study utilized a validated 51-item questionnaire to assess sociodemographic factors and dental students’ perception of USR. A Poisson regression model with robust variance and prevalence ratio (PR) was used to assess the influence of variables such as age, sex, marital status, type of university, academic year, and awareness of taking subjects related to USR. The significance was set at p

Abstract The field of photonic integrated circuits has witnessed significant progress in recent years, with a growing demand for devices that offer high-performance reconfigurability. Due to the inability of conventional tunable directional couplers (TDCs) to maintain a fixed phase while tuning the reflectivity, Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) are employed as the primary building blocks for reflectivity tuning in constructing large-scale circuits. However, MZIs are prone to fabrication errors due to the need for perfect balanced directional couplers to achieve 0-1 reflectivity, which hinders their scalability. In this study, we introduce a design of a TDC based on coupling constant tuning in the thin film Lithium Niobate platform and present an optimized design. Our optimized TDC design enables arbitrary reflectivity tuning while ensuring a consistent phase across a wide range of operating wavelengths. Furthermore, it exhibits fewer bending sections than MZIs and is inherently resilient to fabrication errors in waveguide geometry and coupling length compared to both MZIs and conventional TDCs. Our work contributes to developing high-performance photonic integrated circuits with implications for various fields, including optical communication systems and quantum information processing.

Abstract Classifying individuals based on metabotypes and lifestyle phenotypes using exploratory factor analyses, cluster definition, and machine-learning algorithms is promising for precision chronic disease prevention and management. This study analyzed data from the NUTRiMDEA online cohort (baseline: n = 17332 and 62 questions) to develop a clustering tool based on 32 accessible questions using machine-learning strategies. Participants ranged from 18 to over 70 years old, with 64.1% female and 35.5% male. Five clusters were identified, combining metabolic, lifestyle, and personal data: Cluster 1 (“Westernized Millennial”, n = 967) included healthy young individuals with fair lifestyle habits; Cluster 2 (“Healthy”, n = 10616) consisted of healthy adults; Cluster 3 (“Mediterranean Young Adult”, n = 2013) represented healthy young adults with a healthy lifestyle and showed the highest adherence to the Mediterranean diet; Cluster 4 (“Pre-morbid”, n = 600) was characterized by healthy adults with declined mood; Cluster 5 (“Pro-morbid”, n = 312) comprised older individuals (47% >55 years) with poorer lifestyle habits, worse health, and a lower health-related quality of life. A computational algorithm was elicited, which allowed quick cluster assignment based on responses (“lifemetabotypes”). This machine-learning approach facilitates personalized interventions and precision lifestyle recommendations, supporting online methods for targeted health maintenance and chronic disease prevention.

Abstract A Right Ear Advantage (REA) is well-established in perceptual tasks but it has been found also during imagery. It is ascribed to the left temporoparietal activity for language, and it can be absent/reversed in some clinical conditions including auditory hallucinations. We applied 1-Hz repetitive TMS over TP3/TP4 (left/right language areas) identified through neuronavigation in 18 healthy participants, before administering a modified white noise (WN) speech illusion paradigm: a voice was presented at one ear, at the same or lower intensities with respect to binaural WN. In some trials the voice was not presented, but participants were anyway instructed to report in which ear they believed perceiving it in all trials. Results confirmed the REA both when the voice was present (perceptual REA) and when it was absent (imaginative REA). Interestingly, results suggested that the correct localization of the voice when the stimulus was ambiguous (presented at low intensity and “masked” by WN) was better when TMS was applied over the right/left hemisphere, in male participants with a low/high proneness to unusual experiences (e.g., auditory hallucinations), respectively. This interaction must be further explored to shed light on the relationship between hemispheric asymmetries and auditory hallucinations, in healthy and clinical samples.

Abstract Elastic fibers are crucial for aortic valve (AoV) function and are generated and maintained by valvular interstitial cells (VICs). VICs exhibit diverse phenotypes, yet the specific subpopulation responsible for producing and regulating elastic fibers remains unclear. This gap in knowledge is significant, given that elastin (Eln) abnormalities lead to congenital AoV defects and initiate AoV diseases. This study characterizes the timing of Eln expression in murine AoV, revealing it peaks during late embryogenesis and early postnatal stages, decreasing in adulthood. Spatial transcriptomics and RT-qPCR indicate that Eln expression correlates with genes associated to elastogenesis, including Acta2, a smooth muscle cell marker. While Eln expression is not exclusive to a single VIC subpopulation, RNAscope and immunofluorescence demonstrate a population of Eln-expressing VICs that co-express alpha smooth muscle actin and melanocytic markers. As previously reported in adult mice, we show a relationship between AoV pigment and elastic fiber patterning during early postnatal stages and further show that melanocytes may play a critical role in elastogenesis. In summary, Eln is expressed in the AoV during early postnatal stages by cells co-expressing markers of various types, highlighting the complexity of VICs phenotypes and their role in elastic fiber regulation.

Abstract In nature, intelligent living beings have developed emotions to modulate their behavior as a fundamental evolutionary advantage. However, researchers seeking to endow machines with this advantage lack a clear theory from cognitive neuroscience describing emotional elicitation from first principles, namely, from raw observations to specific affects. As a result, they often rely on case-specific solutions and arbitrary or hard-coded models that fail to generalize well to other agents and tasks. Here we propose that emotions correspond to distinct temporal patterns perceived in crucial values for living beings in their environment (like recent rewards, expected future rewards or anticipated world states) and introduce a fully self-learning emotional framework for Artificial Intelligence agents convincingly associating them with documented natural emotions. Applied in a case study, an artificial neural network trained on unlabeled agent’s experiences successfully learned and identified eight basic emotional patterns that are situationally coherent and reproduce natural emotional dynamics. Validation through an emotional attribution survey, where human observers rated their pleasure-arousal-dominance dimensions, showed high statistical agreement, distinguishability, and strong alignment with experimental psychology accounts. We believe that the framework’s generality and cross-disciplinary language defined, grounded on first principles from Reinforcement Learning, may lay the foundations for further research and applications, leading us toward emotional machines that think and act more like us.

Abstract The ultrastructure of human oocytes has been described only qualitatively. To offer a precise organelle spatial distribution and organelle volume during the main maturation stages, we previously conducted stereological studies on prophase-I (GV) and metaphase-I (MI) oocytes, and here we present results on metaphase-II (MII) oocytes. Five donor oocytes from different donors were processed for transmission electron microscopy, and quantification of organelle distribution was performed using point-counting stereology. Statistical tests compared the means of the relative volumes occupied by organelles among oocyte regions. The most abundant organelles were elements of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), such as SER small vesicles, SER medium vesicles, SER large vesicles and SER isolated tubules, along with mitochondria, followed by SER tubular aggregates, cortical vesicles and lysosomes. Significant differences between oocyte regions were found for lysosomes, cortical vesicles and SER large vesicles. Comparisons of MII oocytes to previous findings in GV and MI oocytes evidenced specific patterns of organelle distribution and relative volumes. This final evaluation thus enables to track organelle spatial reorganization across oocyte stages, which, in addition to gathered knowledge, may be useful to assist in improvements of stimulation protocols, in-vitro maturation media and cryopreservation techniques.

Abstract Aquatic species living in productive coastal habitats with abundant primary producers have evolved in highly dynamic diel and seasonally fluctuating environments in terms of, for example, water temperature and dissolved oxygen. However, how environmental fluctuations shape the thermal tolerance of marine species is still poorly understood. Here we hypothesize that the degree of predictability of the diel environmental fluctuations in the coastal area can explain the thermal response of marine species. To test this hypothesis, we measured the thermal tolerance of 17 species of marine ectotherm from tropical, warm temperate and cold temperate latitudes under two levels of oxygen (around saturation and at supersaturation), and relate the results to their site-specific temperature and oxygen fluctuation and their environmental predictability. We demonstrate that oxygen and temperature fluctuations at tropical latitudes have a higher predictability than those at warm and cold temperate latitudes. Further, we show that marine species that are adapted to high predictability have the potential to tune their thermal performance when exposed to oxygen supersaturation, despite being constrained within a narrow safety margin. We advocate that the predictability of the environmental fluctuation needs to be considered when measuring and forecasting the response of marine animals to global warming.

Abstract Understanding the role of open vegetation, particularly in white-sand ecosystems (WSE) and savannas, is crucial for elucidating their role in Amazonian biotic diversification. These ecosystems predominantly develop on sandy terrains, suggesting that the geological substrate significantly influences the vegetation upon it. Therefore, the interaction between landscape changes and biotic diversification is closely tied to the dynamics and resilience of these sandy substrates. Current WSE and savannas in lowland Amazonia colonized fluvial sediments deposited during the past 120 ka, with marked synchronicity over the last 23 ka, as shown by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and radiocarbon ages of such sandy substrates. In contrast, sandy substrates supporting open vegetation in highland areas, unsuitable for Quaternary sand accumulation, would have persisted beyond the Quaternary, as ancient sedimentary rocks in these areas are prone to developing sandy soils. The current distribution of open vegetation ecosystems in lowland Amazonia is coupled with the deposition and erosion of sandy sediments by Quaternary fluvial systems, while weathering sandy substrates in highland areas serve as long-term and resilient refugia beyond the Quaternary. The contrasting spatiotemporal dynamics of landscape changes in lowland and highland areas has implications for biodiversification or extinction events leading to current biogeography patterns in Amazonia.

Abstract The repeatability of two biometers (Lenstar-LS900 and Eyestar-900) to measure ocular parameters and intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation, and their agreement were evaluated. 134 eyes of 134 participants were measured thrice with each biometer. Axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT) and keratometry (K) were evaluated. The IOL power was calculated using different formulas. The repeatability limit (RLimit), the mean differences (MD) and the limits of agreement (LoA) were calculated. The RLimits for all parameters were higher with Lenstar compared to Eyestar. RLimits were lower than 0.50 D except for Barrett Universal II (0.54 D) and Haigis (0.51 D) formulas with the Lenstar. Mean differences were lower than 0.01 mm for AL, ACD and LT, and lower than 0.03 D for K. MD ranged from 0 to 0.02 D for all formulas except for Barrett and Hill. When dividing the sample into subgroups (short, normal and long eyes), the MDs were similar for the IOL power and were lower than 0.03 D, except for the Barrett and Hill formulas. Both biometers provide repeatable biometry and IOL power calculations. The LoA interval for the IOL power calculation was between 0.75 and 1.50D, which was similar among the subgroups.

Abstract Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides, particularly MoS2, are interesting materials for many applications in aerospace research, radiation therapy and bioscience more in general. Since in many of these applications MoS2-based nanomaterials can be placed in an aqueous environment while exposed to ionizing radiation, both experimental and theoretical studies of their behaviour under these conditions is particularly interesting. Here, we study the effects of tiny imparted doses of 511 keV photons to MoS2 nanoflakes in water solution. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in which ionizing radiation on 2D-MoS2 occurs in water. Interestingly, we find that, in addition to the direct interaction between high-energy photons and nanoflakes, reactive chemical species, generated by γ-photons induced radiolysis of water, come into play a relevant role. A radiation transport Monte Carlo simulation allowed determining the elements driving the morphological and spectroscopical changes of 2D-MoS2, experimentally monitored by SEM microscopy, DLS, Raman and UV–vis spectroscopy, AFM, and X-ray photoelectron techniques. Our study demonstrates that radiolysis products affect the Molybdenum oxidation state, which is massively changed from the stable + 4 and + 6 states into the rarer and more unstable + 5. These findings will be relevant for radiation-based therapies and diagnostics in patients that are assuming drugs or contrast agents containing 2D-MoS2 and for aerospace biomedical applications of 2DMs investigating their actions into living organisms on space station or satellites.

Abstract The combined release of the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) and the mirid Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) provides effective biological control of the tobacco whitefly (Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)) in greenhouse eggplant. However, knowing how plants’ trichomes affect pest-predator interactions could improve whitefly management. Here, the effect of two varieties with either the presence or absence of trichomes was assessed on naturally occurring whitefly populations and predator abundance in a first experiment under field conditions. Predator-prey models were developed to assess the effect of trichomes on pest and predator population dynamics under field conditions. In a second semi-field experiment, the occurrence and oviposition preferences of B. tabaci and A. swirskii in the same eggplant varieties were compared. Significantly higher numbers of whitefly and mite, adults and eggs, were found on the hairy variety in both experiments. However, no differences were found in N. tenuis abundance between varieties under field conditions. Predator-prey models showed that whitefly growth rate increased in the hairy variety. N. tenuis and A. swirskii showed different fitness parameters according to the variety, with the former displaying better performance in the hairless variety and the latter in the hairy variety. Both predators effectively controlled the increase in whitefly populations in both varieties. Overall, the findings suggest that the hairless variety is more effective in deterring whiteflies. Additionally, the higher population of A. swirskii on the hairy variety indicates that this predator benefited from both the presence of trichomes and the prey.

Abstract We revisit Duff, Okun, and Veneziano’s divergent views on the number of fundamental constants and argue that the issue can be set to rest by having spacetime as the starting point. This procedure disentangles the resolution in what depends on the assumed spacetime (whether relativistic or not) from the theories built over it. By defining that the number of fundamental constants equals the minimal number of independent standards necessary to express all observables, as assumed by Duff, Okun, and Veneziano, it is shown that the same units fixed by the apparatuses used to construct the spacetimes are enough to express all observables of the physical laws defined over them. As a result, the number of fundamental constants equals one in relativistic spacetimes.

Abstract We continue our investigation of the response tensors in planar Hall (or planar thermal Hall) configurations where a three-dimensional Weyl/multi-Weyl semimetal is subjected to the combined influence of an electric field $${\textbf{E}}$$ E (and/or temperature gradient $$\nabla _{{\textbf{r}} } T$$ ∇ r T ) and an effective magnetic field $${\textbf{B}}_\chi$$ B χ , generalizing the considerations of Phys. Rev. B 108 (2023) 155132 and Physica E 159 (2024) 115914. The electromagnetic fields are oriented at a generic angle with respect to each other, thus leading to the possibility of having collinear components, which do not arise in a Hall set-up. The net effective magnetic field $${\textbf{B}}_\chi$$ B χ consists of two parts—(a) an actual/physical magnetic field $${\textbf{B}}$$ B applied externally; and (b) an emergent magnetic field $${\textbf{B}}_5$$ B 5 which quantifies the elastic deformations of the sample. $${\textbf{B}}_5$$ B 5 is an axial pseudomagnetic field because it couples to conjugate nodal points with opposite chiralities with opposite signs. Using a semiclassical Boltzmann formalism, we derive the generic expressions for the response tensors, including the effects of the Berry curvature (BC) and the orbital magnetic moment (OMM), which arise due to a nontrivial topology of the bandstructures. We elucidate the interplay of the BC-only and the OMM-dependent parts in the longitudinal and transverse (or Hall) components of the electric, thermal, and thermoelectric response tensors. Especially, for the co-planar transverse components of the response tensors, the OMM part acts exclusively in opposition (sync) with the BC-only part for the Weyl (multi-Weyl) semimetals.

Abstract Hydrocephalus is a commonly encountered pathology in the neurosurgical practice. Since the first permanent ventriculo-subarachnoid-subgaleal shunt described by Mikulicz in 1893, there were multiple attempts to find solutions for draining the excess production/less reabsorption of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the brain. Nowadays, the most common technique is the ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS), whereas the ventriculoatrial shunt (VAS) is applied only in some rare conditions. To date there are still no specific guidelines or strong evidence in literature that guide the surgeon in the choice between the two methods, and the decision usually relies on the confidence and expertise of the surgeon. Considering the lack of established recommendations, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of these two shunting techniques. This systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA protocol (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). No chronological limits of study publications were included. Prospective and retrospective clinical studies, and reports of case series with at least five patients per group and reporting data on comparison between VAS and VPS techniques were eligible for inclusion. Nine studies reporting 3197 patients meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were identified and included in the quantitative synthesis. The risk of shunt dysfunction/obstruction was significantly lower in the VAS group [odds ratio (OR) 0.49, 95%-CI 0.34–0.70, I2 0%]. The risk of infection was not significantly different between the two groups (OR 1.02, 95%-CI 0.59–1.74, I2 0%). The risk of revision was not significantly different between the two groups; however, the heterogeneity between the studies was significant (OR 0.73, 95%-CI 0.36–1.49, I2 91%). Additionally, the risk of death was not significantly different between the two groups; however, the heterogeneity between the studies was high (OR 1.93, 95%-CI 0.81–4.62, I2 64%). VAS remains a safe surgical alternative for hydrocephalus. The results of this study highlight a lower risk of shunt dysfunction/obstruction variable in the VAS group, with no significant statistical differences regarding the occurrence of at least one infection-related complication. In consequence, the choice between these two techniques must be tailored to the specific characteristics of the patient. Protocol Registration: The review protocol was registered and published in Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) ( www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO ) website with registration number: CRD42023479365.

Abstract Deep neural networks can improve the quality of fluorescence microscopy images. Previous methods, based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), require time-consuming training of individual models for each experiment, impairing their applicability and generalization. In this study, we propose a novel imaging-transformer based model, Convolutional Neural Network Transformer (CNNT), that outperforms CNN based networks for image denoising. We train a general CNNT based backbone model from pairwise high-low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) image volumes, gathered from a single type of fluorescence microscope, an instant Structured Illumination Microscope. Fast adaptation to new microscopes is achieved by fine-tuning the backbone on only 5–10 image volume pairs per new experiment. Results show that the CNNT backbone and fine-tuning scheme significantly reduces training time and improves image quality, outperforming models trained using only CNNs such as 3D-RCAN and Noise2Fast. We show three examples of efficacy of this approach in wide-field, two-photon, and confocal fluorescence microscopy.

Abstract The fundamental question of how forces are generated in a motile cell, a lamellipodium, and a comet tail is the subject of this note. It is now well established that cellular motility results from the polymerization of actin, the most abundant protein in eukaryotic cells, into an interconnected set of filaments. We portray this process in a continuum mechanics framework, claiming that polymerization promotes a mechanical swelling in a narrow zone around the nucleation loci, which ultimately results in cellular or bacterial motility. To this aim, a new paradigm in continuum multi-physics has been designed, departing from the well-known theory of Larché–Cahn chemo-transport-mechanics. In this note, we set up the theory of network growth and compare the outcomes of numerical simulations with experimental evidence.

Abstract The red-legged partridge Alectoris rufa plays a crucial role in the ecosystem of southwestern Europe, and understanding its genetics is vital for conservation and management. Here we sequence, assemble, and annotate a highly contiguous and nearly complete version of its genome. This assembly encompasses 96.9% of the avian genes flagged as essential in the BUSCO aves_odb10 dataset. Moreover, we pinpointed RNA and protein-coding genes, 95% of which had functional annotations. Notably, we observed significant chromosome rearrangements in comparison to quail (Coturnix japonica) and chicken (Gallus gallus). In addition, a comparative phylogenetic analysis of these genomes suggests that A. rufa and C. japonica diverged roughly 20 million years ago and that their common ancestor diverged from G. gallus 35 million years ago. Our assembly represents a significant advancement towards a complete reference genome for A. rufa, facilitating comparative avian genomics, and providing a valuable resource for future research and conservation efforts for the red-legged partridge.

Abstract Observations of turbulence in the oceanic environment are sparse, with very few cases of coherent measurements with significant spatio-temporal extent due primarily to limitations of current observational tools. Here we propose submarine cables with embedded optical fibres as a potential solution to fill this observational gap, and utilise a recent 12-h observational optical fibre data set from a fast-flowing tidal channel to demonstrate such potential. Firstly, the presence of turbulent-scale signals driven by flow-topography interaction is shown at frequencies of 1 Hz and higher. These signals are consistent with the timing of the tidal flow as recorded by a nearby conventional sensor. Secondly, we show the presence of surface gravity waves with periods of 10 s, which are tight in frequency space further offshore but leak energy into the turbulent frequency range on parts of the cable closer to shore. This is compatible with shoreward-propagating surface waves that break in shallow water. Finally, we fit a theoretical spectral structure to the observations to show that much of the collected data (i) has a spectral slope that is consistent with the turbulent inertial subrange, and (ii) has a range of spectral energy consistent with that expected from turbulence generation by bottom drag acting on the tidal flow. In combination, these results highlight the potential for optical fibre sensing of turbulence, and call for a targeted experiment to characterise the fibre’s turbulence-sensing capabilities.

Abstract Stegosaur tracks were unknown until the identification of Deltapodus more than 20 years ago. Currently, the Iberian Peninsula, especially Teruel Province, is one of the areas globally with the most occurrences of these tracks. However, their identification, based on the global record, is problematic due to their similarities with sauropod tracks. A review of the largest number of analyzed Deltapodus tracks globally, including the holotype of D. ibericus and a description of new occurrences, has been carried out. Our research shows substantial morphological variations, but all the studied tracks can be considered D. ibericus based on the manus morphology and the morphometric data. These variations are related to substrate differences and/or different dynamic foot postures (possibly ontogenetically related) during locomotion, as evidenced by changes within the same trackway. We provide detailed comparisons via 3D modeling with sauropod tracks, and our data show that they generally have proportionally longer manus and wider pes because of the differences in the metapodial bones. The scarcity of stegosaur trackways in the fossil record has prevented the identification of gregarious behavior in this group of herbivorous dinosaurs. Two of the studied tracksites show evidence of this behavior, being the only examples among stegosaurs described thus far in the fossil record.

Abstract Oyster reefs near estuarine channels have experienced substantial mortality over the last decades, primarily due to bank erosion, potentially exacerbated by boat activity. Using aerial imagery, we measured bank erosion along the Intracoastal Waterway and its main tributaries in the Guana-Tolomato-Matanzas estuary, finding that erosion outweighs progradation. This notably threatens oyster reefs and their filtration capabilities. By modeling the impact of bank erosion on oyster habitats and filtration using hydrodynamic, water quality, and particle tracking models, we observed a 12% filtration reduction due to reef mortality. Erosion results in an exponential decrease in reef area and filtration services, due to the removal of channel-adjacent reefs, which play a critical role in water filtration. If current erosion rates continue, simulations suggest a potential 20% filtration reduction over 100 years, potentially worsening water quality. Our findings highlight the urgency to protect and restore reefs near banks to mitigate erosion and maintain filtration services.

Abstract In this work, we present a novel preclinical device utilizing Torsional Wave Elastography (TWE). It comprises a rotational actuator element and a piezoceramic receiver ring circumferentially aligned. Both allow the transmission of shear waves that interact with the tissue before being received. Our main objective is to demonstrate and characterize the reliability, robustness, and accuracy of the device for characterizing the stiffness of elastic materials and soft tissues. Experimental tests are performed using two sets of tissue mimicking phantoms. The first set consists of calibrated CIRS gels with known stiffness value, while the second test uses non-calibrated manufactured phantoms. Our experimental observations show that the proposed device consistently and repeatably quantifies the stiffness of elastic materials with high accuracy. Furthermore, comparison with established techniques demonstrates a very high correlation (> 95%), supporting the potential medical application of this technology. The results obtained pave the way for a cross-sectional study aiming to investigate the correlation between gestational age and cervical elastic properties during pregnancy.

Abstract The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has provoked more than 6 million deaths worldwide. The scarcity of effective treatments and its virulence converted the vaccines into an essential tool to face it. The most used vaccines were the mRNA, adenovirus vector, and inactivated whole-virus. However, nowadays, infants aged

Abstract Skin pigmentation is negatively associated with circulating vitamin D (VD) concentration. Therefore, genetic factors involved in skin pigmentation could influence the risk of vitamin D deficiency (VDD). We evaluated the impact genetic variants related to skin pigmentation on VD in Mexican population. This cross-sectional analysis included 848 individuals from the Health Worker Cohort Study (ratio males to females ~ 1:3). Eight genetic variants: rs16891982 (SLC45A2), rs12203592 (IRF4), rs1042602 and rs1126809 (TYR), rs1800404 (OCA2), rs12913832 (HERC2), rs1426654 (SLC24A5), and rs2240751 (MFSD12); involved in skin pigmentation were genotyped. Skin pigmentation was assessed by self-report. Linear and logistic regression were used to assess the association between the variants of interest and VD and VDD, as appropriate. In our study, eight genetic variants were associated with skin pigmentation. A genetic risk score built with the variants rs1426654 and rs224075 was associated with lower VD levels (β = − 1.38, 95% CI − 2.59, − 0.17, p = 0.025). Nevertheless, when examining gene–gene interactions, we observed that rs2240751 × rs12203592 were associated with VD levels (P interaction = 0.021). Whereas rs2240751 × rs12913832 (P interaction = 0.0001) were associated with VDD. Our results suggest that skin pigmentation-related gene variants are associated with lower VD levels in Mexican population. These results underscore the importance of considering genetic interactions when assessing the impact of genetic polymorphisms on VD levels.

Abstract This paper presents lightweight tooling concepts based on additive manufacturing, with the aim of developing advanced tooling systems as well as installing sensors for real-time monitoring and control during the anchoring and manufacturing of aeronautical parts. Leveraging additive manufacturing techniques in the production of tooling yields benefits in manufacturing flexibility and material usage. These concepts transform traditional tooling systems into active, intelligent tools, improving the manufacturing process and part quality. Integrated sensors measure variables such as displacement, humidity and temperature allowing data analysis and correlation with process quality variables such as accuracy errors, tolerances achieved and surface finish. In addition to sensor integration, additive manufacturing by directed energy arc and wire deposition (DED-arc) has been selected for part manufacturing. The research includes the mechanical characterisation of the material and the microstructure of the material once manufactured by DED-arc. Design for additive manufacturing" principles guide the design process to effectively exploit the capabilities of DED-arc. These turrets, equipped with sensors, allow real-time monitoring and control of turret deformation during clamping and manufacturing of aeronautical parts. As a first step, deformation monitoring is carried out within the defined tolerance of ± 0.15, which allows a control point to be established in the turret. Future analysis of the sensor data will allow correlations with process quality variables to be established. Remarkably, the optimised version of the turret after applying DED technology weighed only 2.2 kg, significantly lighter than the original 6 kg version. Additive manufacturing and the use of lightweight structures for fixture fabrication, followed by the addition of sensors, provide valuable information and control, improving process efficiency and part quality. This research contributes to the development of intelligent and efficient tool systems for aeronautical applications.

Abstract The shock index (SI) has been associated with predicting transfusion needs in trauma patients. However, its utility in penetrating thoracic trauma (PTTrauma) for predicting the Critical Administration Threshold (CAT) has not been well-studied. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of SI in predicting CAT in PTTrauma patients and compare its performance with the Assessment of Blood Consumption (ABC) and Revised Assessment of Bleeding and Transfusion (RABT) scores. We conducted a prognostic type 2, single-center retrospective observational cohort study on patients with PTTrauma and an Injury Severity Score (ISS) > 9. The primary exposure was SI at admission, and the primary outcome was CAT. Logistic regression and decision curve analysis were used to assess the predictive performance of SI and the PTTrauma score, a novel model incorporating clinical variables. Of the 620 participants, 53 (8.5%) had more than one CAT. An SI > 0.9 was associated with CAT (adjusted OR 4.89, 95% CI 1.64–14.60). The PTTrauma score outperformed SI, ABC, and RABT scores in predicting CAT (AUC 0.867, 95% CI 0.826–0.908). SI is a valuable predictor of CAT in PTTrauma patients. The novel PTTrauma score demonstrates superior performance compared to existing scores, highlighting the importance of developing targeted predictive models for specific injury patterns. These findings can guide clinical decision-making and resource allocation in the management of PTTrauma.

Abstract The epilepsy diagnosis still represents a complex process, with misdiagnosis reaching 40%. We aimed at building an automatable workflow, helping the clinicians in the diagnosis of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). We hypothesized that neuronal avalanches (NA) represent a feature better encapsulating the rich brain dynamics compared to classically used functional connectivity measures (Imaginary Coherence; ImCoh). We analyzed large-scale activation bursts (NA) from source estimation of resting-state electroencephalography. Using a support vector machine, we reached a classification accuracy of TLE versus controls of 0.86 ± 0.08 (SD) and an area under the curve of 0.93 ± 0.07. The use of NA features increase by around 16% the accuracy of diagnosis prediction compared to ImCoh. Classification accuracy increased with larger signal duration, reaching a plateau at 5 min of recording. To summarize, NA represents an interpretable feature for an automated epilepsy identification, being related with intrinsic neuronal timescales of pathology-relevant regions.

Abstract Muscle ultrasound has been shown to be a valid and safe imaging modality to assess muscle wasting in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). This typically involves manual delineation to measure the rectus femoris cross-sectional area (RFCSA), which is a subjective, time-consuming, and laborious task that requires significant expertise. We aimed to develop and evaluate an AI tool that performs automated recognition and measurement of RFCSA to support non-expert operators in measurement of the RFCSA using muscle ultrasound. Twenty patients were recruited between Feb 2023 and July 2023 and were randomized sequentially to operators using AI (n = 10) or non-AI (n = 10). Muscle loss during ICU stay was similar for both methods: 26 ± 15% for AI and 23 ± 11% for the non-AI, respectively (p = 0.13). In total 59 ultrasound examinations were carried out (30 without AI and 29 with AI). When assisted by our AI tool, the operators showed less variability between measurements with higher intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs 0.999 95% CI 0.998–0.999 vs. 0.982 95% CI 0.962–0.993) and lower Bland Altman limits of agreement (± 1.9% vs. ± 6.6%) compared to not using the AI tool. The time spent on scans reduced significantly from a median of 19.6 min (IQR 16.9–21.7) to 9.4 min (IQR 7.2–11.7) compared to when using the AI tool (p

Abstract Interacting with the environment often requires the integration of visual and haptic information. Notably, perceiving external objects depends on how our brain binds sensory inputs into a unitary experience. The feedback provided by objects when we interact (through our movements) with them might then influence our perception. In VR, the interaction with an object can be dissociated by the size of the object itself by means of ‘colliders’ (interactive spaces surrounding the objects). The present study investigates possible after-effects in size discrimination for virtual objects after exposure to a prolonged interaction characterized by visual and haptic incongruencies. A total of 96 participants participated in this virtual reality study. Participants were distributed into four groups, in which they were required to perform a size discrimination task between two cubes before and after 15 min of a visuomotor task involving the interaction with the same virtual cubes. Each group interacted with a different cube where the visual (normal vs. small collider) and the virtual cube's haptic (vibration vs. no vibration) features were manipulated. The quality of interaction (number of touches and trials performed) was used as a dependent variable to investigate the performance in the visuomotor task. To measure bias in size perception, we compared changes in point of subjective equality (PSE) before and after the task in the four groups. The results showed that a small visual collider decreased manipulation performance, regardless of the presence or not of the haptic signal. However, change in PSE was found only in the group exposed to the small visual collider with haptic feedback, leading to increased perception of the cube size. This after-effect was absent in the only visual incongruency condition, suggesting that haptic information and multisensory integration played a crucial role in inducing perceptual changes. The results are discussed considering the recent findings in visual-haptic integration during multisensory information processing in real and virtual environments.

Abstract The 3.1 target of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations aims to reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births by 2030. The last updates on this target show a significant stagnation in the data, thus reducing the chance of meeting it. What makes this negative result even more serious is that these maternal deaths could be avoided through prevention and the wider use of pharmacological strategies and devices to stop postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). PPH is the leading obstetric cause of maternal mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite low-cost devices based on the uterine balloon tamponade (UBT) technique are already available, they are not safe enough to guarantee the complete stop of the bleeding. When effective, they are too expensive, especially for LMICs. To address this issue, this study presents the design, mechanical characterisation and technology assessment performed to validate a novel low-cost UBT kit, particularly a novel component, i.e., the connector, which guarantees the kit’s effectiveness and represents the main novelty. Results proved the device’s effectiveness in stopping PPH in a simulated scenario. Moreover, economic and manufacturing evaluations demonstrated its potential to be adopted in LMICs.